Literatura académica sobre el tema "Chicago Ethical Society"

The public increasingly views DNA testing as an unassailable way to verify the identity of historical figures. The Chicago Historical Society explored the appropriateness of DNA analysis and other forensic scientific methods to authenticate Lincoln assassination-related artifacts in its collection. The study concluded that DNA testing would damage or destroy the artifacts. More importantly, it determined that DNA and other scientific analysis of historical artifacts or historical figures' remains should be done only in the context of an ethical framework. The article discusses the development of ethical guidelines for museums and historians to follow when considering such studies.

This paper examines the influence of Frank Knight on James Buchanan during the latter's time as a student at the University of Chicago through to the successive periods of his life. We maintain that Knight's approach to economics and politics – in which individual freedom, (institutional) rules of the game and ethical rules are all paramount in explaining behaviours in both the market and the public sector – strongly influenced Buchanan's interdisciplinary intellectual enterprise. In this context, we stress Knight's influence on Buchanan's catallactic approach to both the formation of rules at the constitutional level and ordinary level, as well as for the behaviour of individuals interacting in the market and public sector. In this inheritance, the relevance of ethical values for economic progress and protection of a good, free society increased during Buchanan's last period of scientific research, with positive and normative levels always carefully distinguished, as in the Frank Knight tradition.

Jane Addams was not a theologian or a minister; she held no university position. However, in her role as head resident of the Hull-House settlement she became a social theorist of democracy and one of its most influential interpreters. Her primary interest was not in religious institutions, but in the moral and ethical concerns of public life in American society. Was it a good society? Did the people share in a common life? Were the least of them nurtured and protected? In 1892, Addams declared, “This renaissance of the early Christian humanitarianism is going on in America, in Chicago, if you please, without leaders who write or philosophize, without much speaking, but with a bent to express in social service and in terms of action the spirit of Christ.”

Saul Bellow, as a cerebral, analytical, and philosophical writer, unflinchingly describes the world and gives the readers tremendous thoughts about life and society. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1976 for his human understanding and subtle analysis of contemporary culture. In Mr. Sammler’s Planet, Bellow shows the readers a death-burdened, rotting, spoiled, sullied, exasperating, sinful earth. This insane world is full of droll mortality and morbid entertainments. The coexistence of rationality and bestiality in man is vividly displayed in this novel. In his Introduction to Ethical Literary Criticism, Professor Nie Zhenzhao formulated the theory of the Sphinx factor as composed of the human factor and the animal factor, and the combination of the two makes an integrated man. The animal factor in the novel is fully demonstrated in the black pickpocket’s bestiality, Mr. Sammler’s voyeurism, the Holocaust, killings and thefts. However, the human factor is not so salient as the animal factor in this novel. I argue that the tension between the two factors not only intensifies the conflicts but shows how the author perceives the world. Bellow shows a strong contempt for the world. A pessimistic and critical outlook is conveyed in Bellow’s understanding of cities, represented by Chicago and New York. Robbery, cheating, speculation, beauty, money and lust construct a corrupted panorama of industrial cities. This is one of the reasons why Bellow highlights the animal factor more than the human factor. He seeks to criticize the American city from different perspectives of city culture, including the corruption of the bureaucracy, vices in public transport, changes in the urban landscape, competition between the pursuit of art and the pursuit of money.

Background: Supraclavicular brachial plexus block is a good alternative to general anesthesia in surgeries of elbow, forearm, wrist and hand. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of dexamethasone as an adjuvant with bupivacaine in supraclavicular brachial plexus block in upper limb surgeries.Methods: This study was carried out on 60 adult patients of both sexes planned for upper limb surgery during the period from May 2015 to Jan 2016 after approval by the institutional Ethical Committee. Inclusion criteria were American Society of Anesthesiologists physical Status I-II and age between 18 and 50 years. Patients were randomly allocated to two groups of 30 patients each [group I (bupivacaine alone) and group II (bupivacaine + dexamethasone)]. Group I received 30ml of 0.5% bupivacaine with 2ml normal saline while group II received 30ml of 0.5% bupivacaine with 2ml (8mg) dexamethasone for supraclavicular brachial plexus block. Statistical analysis was performed with SPSS for Windows (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA), version 16.0. For analysis of demographic data and comparison of groups, χ2, unpaired Student's t-test and Mann-Whitney U-test were performed. Power of significance p-value of <0.05 was considered to be statistically significant. We evaluated onset, quality and duration of sensory and motor block along with side effects if any.Results: The mean onset of sensory and motor block in Group I and II was statistically insignificant. The duration of motor and sensory block was significantly prolonged in Group II than in Group I. There were no statistically and clinically significant differences in respiratory and hemodynamic parameters.Conclusions: We conclude that dexamethasone as an adjuvant in supraclavicular brachial plexus block prolongs the duration of motor and sensory block with insignificant side effects.

David K. Dunaway and Willa K. Baum, eds. Oral History: An Interdisciplinary Anthology. Nashville: American Assocation for State and Local History, 1984. Pp. xxiii, 436. Paper, $17.95 ($16.15 to AASLH members); cloth $29.50 ($26.95 to AASLH members). Review by Jacob L. Susskind of The Pennsylvania State University at Harrisburg. Salo W. Baron. The Contemporary Relevance of History: A Study in Approaches and Methods. New York: Columbia University Press, 1986. Pp. viii, 158. Cloth, $30.00; Stephen Vaughn, ed. The Vital Past: Writings on the Uses of History. Athens: The University of Georgia Press, 1985. Pp. 406. Paper, $12.95. Review by Michael T. Isenberg of the United States Naval Academy. Howard Budin, Diana S. Kendall and James Lengel. Using Computers in the Social Studies. New York and London: Teachers College Press, 1986. Pp. vii, 118. Paper, $11.95. Review by Francis P. Lynch of Central Connecticut State University. David F. Noble. Forces of Production: A Social History of Industrial Automation. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1984. Pp. xviii, 409. Paper, $8.95. Review by Donn C. Neal of the Society of American Archivists. Alan L. Lockwood and David E. Harris. Reasoning with Democratic Values: Ethical Problems in United States History. New York and London: Teachers College Press, 1985. Volume 1: Pp. vii, 206. Paper, $8.95. Volume 2: Pp. vii, 319. Paper, $11.95. Instructor's Manual: Pp. 167. Paper, $11.95. Review by Robert W. Sellen of Georgia State University. James Atkins Shackford. David Crocketts: The Man and the Legend. Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press, 1986. Pp. xxv, 338. Paper, $10.95. Review by George W. Geib of Butler University. John R. Wunder, ed. At Home on the Range: Essays on the History of Western Social and Domestic Life. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press, 1985. Pp. xiii, 213. Cloth, $29.95. Review by Richard N. Ellis of Fort Lewis College. Sylvia R. Frey and Marian J. Morton, eds. New World, New Roles: A Documentary History of Women in Pre-Industrial America. New York, Westport, Connecticut, and London: Greenwood Press, 1986. Pp. ix, 246. Cloth, $35.00. Review by Barbara J. Steinson of DePauw University. Elizabeth Roberts. A Woman's Place: An Oral History of Working-Class Women, 1890-1940. New York: Basil Blackwell, 1985. Pp. vii, 246. Paper, $12.95. Review by Thomas T. Lewis of Mount Senario College. Steven Ozment. When Fathers Ruled: Family Life in Reformation Europe. Cambridge, Massachusetts, and London: Harvard University Press, 1983. Pp. viii, 283. Cloth, $17.50; Paper, $7.50. Review by Sanford Gutman of State University of New York, College at Cortland. Geoffrey Best. War and Society in Revolutionary Europe, 1770-1870. New York: Oxford University Press, 1986. Pp. 336. Paper, $9.95; Brian Bond. War and Society in Europe, 1870-1970. New York: Oxford University Press, 1986. Pp. 256. Paper, $9.95. Review by Bullitt Lowry of North Texas State University. Edward Norman. Roman Catholicism in England: From the Elizabethan Settlement to the Second Vatican Council. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 1986. Pp. 138. Paper, $8.95; Karl F. Morrison, ed. The Church in the Roman Empire. Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press, 1986. Pp. viii, 248. Cloth, $20.00; Paper, $7.95. Review by Raymond J. Jirran of Thomas Nelson Community College. Keith Robbins. The First World War. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1984. Pp. 186. Paper, $6.95; J. M. Winter. The Great War and the British People. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1986. Pp. xiv, 360. Cloth, $25.00. Review by Roger D. Tate of Somerset Community College. Gerhardt Hoffmeister and Frederic C. Tubach. Germany: 2000 Years-- Volume III, From the Nazi Era to the Present. New York: The Ungar Publishing Co., 1986. Pp. ix, 279. Cloth, $24.50. Review by Abraham D. Kriegel of Memphis State University. Judith M. Brown. Modern India: The Origins of an Asian Democracy. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 1985. Pp. xvi, 429. Cloth, $29.95; Paper, $12.95. Review by Steven A. Leibo of Russell Sage College.

The scientific nature of a theory or theories is tested for very different reasons, such as insufficiently developed methodological apparatus, obvious partiality and insufficiency, small probability, ethical unacceptability of the results, etc. The latest theories represent a special object of attention. Since there is a large number of various multidisciplinary legal theories today, only those most intriguing ones will be presented and commented upon, those that are used in order to communicate results that compel serious questioning of their scientific value or point at the goals which are contained in their deeper layers as less noticeable or undisclosed. Today, at the end of the 20th and the beginning of 21st century, the state and law are increasingly being studied in a more multidisciplinary manner. Thus the conditions have been created for a "big opening up of consolidated schools and trends, and for a significant thematic expansion of the legal interest towards the topics and areas that were usually outside the interests of lawyers. In addition to the traditional topics from the theory of justice to the legal science, and from the theory of norm to the theory of organization, there is an increased affirmation of the studies of the constitutionalism as a distinctive theory of law, feminist studies and studies of the so-called "female law", critical legal studies, new institutionalistic theories, multiculturalism, communitarianism, sociological-anthropological legal pluralism, all the way to the functionalistic and informatics legal theories, including bioethics with bio-jurisprudence and the movement of law and literature. Different novelties which contain the presented latest multidisciplinary theories with selectively expressed remarks, are not the only novelties, or the remarks for that matter, but what is common with all of these theories is the same methodological shortcoming consisting of a randomly selected number of elements (like, for instance, in the teaching of Michael Voltzer) or assumptions (for instance, in the teachings of the Chicago Law School, multiculturalists or feministic jurisprudence). To each such selection, at least the same number of other equally important assumptions, elements or properties may be added, which is a remark that also relates to some contemporary natural science teachings (for instance, the teachings of Lon L. Fuller or John M. Finnis, who will not be the subject of this work). As if it has been forgotten that a correct scientific assumption must start from what has already been scientifically proven or at least objectified, and not from what is the result of one's own observation of the permanent or unavoidable in the human nature and society, since this observation is extremely volatile, and hence, relative, which also makes it scientifically unimportant. And only when the unimportant has been discarded, can arguments be derived and judgements can be passed, and they show that the stated teachings can hardly stand the test of their scientific statements in the methodological and epistemological sense of meaning, as has been properly noticed by Karl Popper when he claims that behind the universal words and their meanings there is a much more important problem: "the problem of universal laws and their truthfulness; i.e., the problem of regularity". And that also sets quite different "intellectually important goals" such as the formulation of the problem, attempt to set up theories that would resolve the formulated problems and the critical consideration itself of the mutually contradicted theories. These goals enable the researcher to take as a scientific position only such critical position "which does not search for verification, but for key tests that could rebut the theory that is being tested, without ever being able to definitely confirm it". Other significant remarks stem from the stated basic methodological and epistemological remark, and these are: relativity with regards to the value sense or justification (for instance, of the justice and the role of the law-maker and Supreme Court when legitimizing secessionist clause), obvious unacceptability of the final scientific claims owing to their untruthfulness (in Popper's sense of the strictest testing of scientific positions): for instance, creation of some forms of territorial autonomy on the basis of racial, gender or sexual characteristics or determination of the state and its organization contrary to their nature and purpose, or unethical conduct and exaggeration (as in the case of the Chicago School of Economics or different feministic theories and schools of thought) that lead to unilateral approach when the scientific positions are developed consistently and until the end. But, the political benefit from the claims stated in these theories that are used to propose, proclaim as final or justify socially dubious projects about which members of the society have not been properly informed, is more than obvious. It is not difficult to notice that the latest sociological and anthropological teachings, and only partially or indirectly the system-cyber and bioethical theories, complement wonderfully and support other presented theories which in a somewhat self-proclaimed and utopian manner deal with the resolving of contemporary legal and social issues. Yet, the most interesting is the inconsistent position of the most important multidisciplinary theories with regard to the ethical problems which are either excluded, where the positivistically directed scientific apparatus has been developed and reliable within its limits, or over-exaggerated, where such scientific apparatus is insufficient or lacking, or they are made relative, when the results do not coincide with the goals set in advance. This reveals two faces of Janus of the presented multidisciplinary theories, which have obtained a strong impetus at the very end of the "dispersed" 20th century and the same type of the beginning of the 21st century. One side of that face represents the damage inflicted on the science and the society by well-paid "academic scribblers" or "hired publicists", as such persons were called by Charles Right Mills. The other side, however, represents an encouragement in terms that not all the representatives of these theories have opted for such kind of "bread-winning", but are truly engaged in a great legal and social experiment that is currently going on. Still, the idea persisted to separate what was natural according to the gender features, to join and equalize what was unnatural or ascriptive with the natural and traditional features, to make a state renounce the right to its own existence, to bring down individuals or social groups to subjects that should behave strictly in accordance with the economic formulas, etc. Such dissolution of the traditional notions, values and forms may serve as an important foundation for political doctrines and practice, the goal of which is a new redistribution of power that would be controlled in the future by one world government supported by the global law order. Perhaps due to their value neutrality or practical ethical direction the system-cyber and bioethical theories are more valuable for the achievement of the global harmony and the rule of law as a desirable goal in the foreseeable future, since they have a respect for what is common for all (existence of organization and system, application of information technologies, right to dignified life and death, humane medical treatment, etc.) without imposing self-proclaimed "most important" social values and formulas. The contemporary multidisciplinary theories are interesting and challenging. They are also useful, at least because they force today's jurists to wake up and get out from the daily routine created by the satisfaction with what has already been achieved. But, we shall still have to wait for some more serious scientific results of these theories, unless it happens that they (together with the presented theories) become forgotten in the meantime like any other thing that falls out of fashion.

In addition to direct effects on detainees, interrogators, intelligence agencies, and law, the U.S. torture program had additional corrupting influences on other aspects of society. This chapter explores the effects that the torture program had on civil society by exploring its effects on the profession of psychology and on the largest U.S. psychological professional organization, the American Psychological Association (APA). We briefly summarize public knowledge regarding the involvement of psychologists in the CIA and DoD "enhanced interrogation" torture programs. We then describe the public response of the APA as news of this knowledge emerged. However, the public response did not match the APA’s behind-the-scenes actions, as was revealed by a 2015 Independent Review of APA leaders' potential complicity with the torture program conducted by Chicago attorney David Hoffman. The resultant Hoffman Report found a pattern of backchannel collaboration ("collusion") to ensure that APA ethics guidelines on psychologists' interrogation support did not constrain psychologists beyond permissive DoD rules. We then put psychology's interrogation controversy in the context of broader issues regarding the ethics of “operational psychology,” that is, the use of psychological knowledge and expertise by psychologists to further military and intelligence operations. We argue that certain operational psychology applications conflict with the ethics of the profession, and question whether practitioners of such applications properly belong to the profession of psychology. We conclude with a call for a Truth Commission to document the involvement of psychologists in post-9/11 detention and interrogation processes, and to focus on lessons learned regarding professional relations with the security sector, so that future generations of psychologists are less likely to repeat post-9/11 mistakes.