Literatura académica sobre el tema "Charte del 1814"

This article, following the scholarship on war and society studies, “[…] aims to reconstruct the rise of Don Giacinto Cafiero, experienced merchant, and one of the most important asientist active in the Kingdom of Naples between the 1799 Revolution and the French decade (1806-1815). In detail, the article tries to clarify the tricky role of Cafiero, his commercial activity, his profits and his logistical network during the years of the “Partito Generale de Viveri e foraggi” (1800-1804). Therefore, we shall reconstruct the most important aspects of this task such as bread-making or the supplying of garrisons, fortresses and prisons. Furthermore, the description will also deal with some collateral questions including piracy issues, port administration and charter contracts.

Las relaciones entre la Iglesia y el Estado han estado vinculadas a los avatares de la historia de España y por los avatares que ha pasado la sociedad española, en las distintas épocas, desde constitucionalismo español, especialmente desde los siglos XIX al XXI. No hay que olvidar que la esencialidad de lo que consideramos hoy nación española está estrechamente vinculada a la creencia y pertenencia a la Iglesia católica desde tiempo inmemorial, incluso durante la dominación árabe, y que se concretará en el reinado de los Reyes Católicos. Es notorio que las influencias cristianas y católicas arraigaron en la mentalidad del pueblo español que unió la fe con su españolidad. Han sido siete Constituciones, tres Cartas otorgadas y otras que no llegaron a promulgarse. Pero la riqueza acumulada en dichas relaciones ha sido determinante a la hora de establecer unos lazos de colaboración entre ambas entidades. _____________________________The relationships between Church and State have been linked to the vicissitudes of Spanish History and the vicissitudes of Spanish Society, through its diverse periods since the Spanish Constitutionalism, especially since the XIX century, to the XXI century. It cannot be forgotten that the essentiality of what we know as the Spanish Nation is closely linked to the believing and belonging to the Catholic Church since old times, even during the Arabic domain, materialized during the ruling of the Catholic Monarchs. It is remarkable that the Catholic and Christian influences enrooted in the mentality of the Spanish people that united faith with its Spanish identity. It has been seven Constitutions; three Granted Charter and others Charter unpublished. However, the accumulated richness in those relationships has been decisive at the moment of establishing the bow of collaboration between both entities.

Resum: Un dels primers autors de milacres amb nom i cognoms coneguts, va ser el cronista de València, Vicent Boix i Ricarte (1813-1880). Aquella activitat seua va ser esporàdica, però és molt possible que el seu inici es puga situar el 1855, data del quart centenar de la canonització del sant. En aquella celebració, a més, Boix va ser l’encarregat d’elaborar el llibre commemoratiu i, d’aquell any és la publicació de la seua obreta Els bandos de Valènsia o la paraula de sen Vicent Ferrer, que analitzem en aquest article.Paraules clau: Vicent Boix, milacres, treatre valencià, segle XIXAbstract: One of the first authors of milacres with name and surname known, was the historian of Valencia, Vicent Boix i Ricarte (1813-1880). That activity was sporadic, but it is very possible that its beginning can be placed on 1855, date of the fourth centenary of the canonization of St. Vicente Ferrer. In that celebration, in addition, Boix was the one in charge to elaborate the commemorative book and of that year it is the publication of Els bandos de Valènsia o la paraula de sen Vicent Ferrer, that analyzes in this article.Keywords: Vicent Boix, milacres, valencian theatre, 19th. century

Resumen. Francisco Eduardo Tresguerras (Celaya, Guanajuato, 1759-1833) es un personaje reconocido por su labor en el ámbito artístico durante los siglos XVIII y XIX, destacándose como arquitecto neoclásico en su natal Celaya y lugares circunvecinos. Sabemos además que a la par de sus actividades en el arte ocupó cargos públicos en el Ayuntamiento de Celaya, una faceta por cierto muy poco abordada, ya que entre 1807 y 1830, fue maestro mayor de Obras Públicas, síndico procurador del Ayuntamiento (1811-¿1820?), secretario del Ayuntamiento (1823), procurador segundo (1824), alcalde de primer voto y juez de Hacienda Pública (1827 pero rechazó el cargo), alcalde constitucional (1828), diputado suplente del Congreso de Guanajuato por el partido electoral de Allende (1828) y formó parte de la Junta de Sanidad (1828).Este transitar entre el siglo xviii y xix es una de las particularidades del celayense que nos permiten conocer los sutiles cambios que hicieron la diferencia entre la administración colonial y los gobiernos conformados una vez consumada la Independencia. Dicho lo anterior, se trata de abordar a lo largo de este artículo dos cuestiones: por un lado, la identificación y descripción de los cargos en los cuales Tresguerras se desempeñó como funcionario público y, por otro, revisar la influencia social que tuvo en las decisiones de su localidad, analizando las circunstancias en las cuales combinó el arte con la función pública. Abstract. Francisco Eduardo Tresguerras (Celaya, Guanajuato, 1759-1833) is identified as a neoclassical artist duringeighteenth and nineteenth centuries, standing as neoclassical architect in his native Celaya and surrounding places. We also know that alongside his artistic activities, he held a seat in public offices, an aspect very little studied: between 1807 and 1830 he was Master of Public Works, Elected City Attorney (1811-¿1820?), City Clerk (1823), Second Official Attorney (1824),Mayor of first vote and Judge of Public Finance (1827 but rejected the charge), Constitutional Mayor (1828), Acting Deputy of the Congress of Guanajuato for the Allende political party (1828), and also served on the Board of Health (1828).This move between the eighteenth and nineteenth century is one of the peculiarities of him that lets us know the subtle changes that made the difference between the colonial administration and the governments formed after Independence accomplished. That said, it is addressing throughout this paper two issues: on the one hand, the identification and description of the charges in the Tresguerras which served as a public official, and secondly, to review the social influence it had on the decisions of its location, analyzing the circumstances in which he combined art with function public.

Organic–inorganic metal-halide-based hybrid perovskite solar cells (SCs) have attracted a great deal of attention from researchers around the globe with their certified power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) having now increased to 25.2%. Nevertheless, organic–inorganic hybrid halide perovskite SCs suffer the serious drawback of instability with respect to moisture and heat. However, all-inorganic perovskite SCs have emerged as promising candidates to tackle the thermal instability problem. Since the introduction of all-inorganic perovskite materials to the field of perovskite photovoltaics in 2014, a plethora of research articles has been published focusing on this research topic. The PCE of all-inorganic PSCs has climbed to a record 18.4% and research is underway to enhance this. In this review, I survey the gradual progress of all-inorganic perovskites, their material design, the fabrication of high-quality perovskite films, energetics, major challenges and schemes opening new horizons toward commercialization. Furthermore, techniques to stabilize cubically phased low-bandgap inorganic perovskites are highlighted, as this is an indispensable requirement for stable and highly efficient SCs. In addition, I explain the various energy loss mechanisms at the interface and in the bulk of perovskite and charge-selective layers, and recap previously published reports on the curtailment of charge-carrier recombination losses.

Basing on the orbitals localization method which provides the most accurate (in a Frobenius norm sense) approximation for the reduced one-particle density matrix of the molecule, the model is proposed for partitioning the dipole moment of the molecule into additive contributions, defined in CLPO basis. By augmenting the proposed model with the Ruedenberg scheme for partitioning the nuclear contribution to the dipole moment, the contributions to the dipole moment associated with particular covalent bonds and lone pairs of the atoms were determined. Using the datasets composed of 11410 12-atomic molecules with zero total charge and the set of 613 conformations of electroneutral 2'-deoxycytidine-5'-monophosphate molecule, it has been found that the error in approximating the total dipole moment of the molecule by the sum of localized contributions, determined in the framework of the proposed model, is close to 10%, and is noticeably below the similar error when only the NPA charges are used to compute the approximate dipole moment. The typical angle between the true dipole moment vector and the dipole moment vector approximated with the proposed model is 5.5 deg.

The article is to research the possibilities and prospects of using graphical technical analysis for forecasting the movement of asset prices by an Internet trader using the example of Bitcoin (BTC – BitCoin). The theoretical and methodological aspects of cryptocurrency technical analysis in the conditions of modern financial markets were analyzed. A comparative analysis of short- and medium-term technical analysis strategies in Internet trading was carried out. Cryptocurrency-applied technical analysis was used to determine current trends of the Bitcoin growth cycle. The research methods included comparative analysis, and graphical and analytical methods of technical analysis such as the method of observing price movement, capitalization analysis, pattern identification, support/resistance levels identification, indicators use and comparison, and bars analysis (Japanese candles). Cryptocurrency analysis used the Traidingview platform data from BINANCE, BITSTAMP and CRYPTOCAP exchanges. Considering the example of the analysis of the medium-term agreement with patterns and indicators of the BTC instrument, the most likely movement of the asset price is calculated in several stages. In the first stage, the classification of analysis tools and the possibility of applying several of them were investigated. The second stage involved analyzing the difference and risk of using different time frames for investment and finding rational ways of applying the available information to analyze the subsequent deal. In the third stage, a comparative analysis of the transaction with the BTC instrument was carried out, and the likely movement of the cryptocurrency price was determined. Based on the research, the only possible scenario for the behavior of the BTC instrument has been developed, namely: a drop in price and accumulation in the further bearish market. It is substantiated that the best option for analysis is the collection of all available information from the chart and its further analytical summation to obtain the most likely trend of the instrument's movement, as well as the analysis of the speculative value of the deal. The considered approaches to the technical analysis of the Bitcoin cycle create a scientifically based practical tool for Internet trading.

Resumen:El artículo pretende analizar la evolución de la protección de la integridad personal en España desde la aprobación de la Constitución de 1978 hasta el presente.En primer lugar, se aborda el contexto en el que la Constitución fue aprobada y las opciones que al constituyente se le abrían. Se destaca que por primera vez en España se reconocía un específico derecho a la integridad, lo que no es habitual, al lado de la tradicional prohibición de torturas y penas o tratos inhumanos o degradantes que arrancó ya con la constitución de 1812.Era necesario analizar la protección de la integridad en el Derecho Internacional de los derechos humanos que España ha incorporado a su Orden jurídico, así como la Carta de Derechos fundamentales de la Unión Europea Que sí proclama el derecho a la integridad. En este sentido es destacable como el Tribunal Europeo de Derechos Humanos ha inferido el derecho a la integridad de la forma más generosa a través de una interpretación evolutiva del derecho a la vida privada.Sin embargo, no es fácil determinar ni cuál es el bien jurídico protegido ni cuáles las posiciones iusfundamentales que contiene; es decir, qué se protege y cuáles son las situaciones de la vida cuya vulneración el titular del derecho puede defender, llegado el caso, activando la labor tutelar de los tribunales. Por ello ha sido fundamental también el intenso desarrollo legislativo que lo ha concretado en diversos sectores del ordenamiento así como las medidas de protección en favor de los más vulnerables.Summary:1. The 1978 Context in which the right to integrity was recognized. 1.1 Overview of International Law and Foreign Constitutional Law. 1.2 The options of the Constituent Power in the process of drafting Article 15 of the Spanish Constitution. 2. The evolutionary interpretation of international law. 2.1 The extension of the protection field of Article 3 ECHR. 2.2 The inclusion of contents of the right to integrity into the right to respect for private life. a) Right to a criminal protection of the integrity. b) Right to authorize or refuse medical treatments. c) Right to sexual and reproductive life. The problem of abortion. d) Face to pollution. e) In the home. 3. Specific recognition of the right to integrity in the charter of fundamental rights of the European Union. 4. Determination of the fundamental positions under the right to integrity. 4.1 Procedural violation of the prohibition of torture. 4.2 Regarding health protection and in the heath field. a) Overlap with the right to health. b) Consent to medical treatment. c) Donations and transplants. d) Abortion as a potential exercise of the right to integrity by the pregnant woman. f) In the field of medical and scientific experiments. 4.3 Right to integrity against pollution. 4.4 Right to protection. 4.5 The guarantee to not suffer legal physical interventions and the exclusion of the indemnity guarantee. 4.6 In the special relationships of subjection. 4.7 In the labor market. 5. Conclusion: what object and what content?AbstractThe article tries to analyze the evolution of the protection of integrity in Spain since the Constitution came into force in 1978. First of all, it is addressed the context in which the Constitution was approved as well as the options opened to Constituent Power. It is underlined that, for the first time in Spain, a specific right to integrity is declared, something unusual at that time, together with the traditional prohibition of torture and inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment, already introduced in the Constitution of 1812.It was necessary to analyze how the protection of integrity in International Law on Human Rights, as well as the right to the integrity of the person, proclaimed specifically in the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union. In this sense, it is remarkable how the European Court of Human Rights has inferred a right to the integrity from the right to respect for private and family life, by interpreting evolutionarily the Convention.However, it is not easy to determine neither the object of the right to integrity nor what are the fundamental positions, the life situations, whose violation should permit person to claim in Courts of Justice, by activating their protective function. For the rest, it has also been crucial the intense legislative development that has implemented, in various sectors of the legal system,measures of protection in favor of the most vulnerable people.

"Every ultimate fact is but the first of a new series and every general law only a particular fact of some more general law presently to disclose itself. Ralph Waldo Emerson was not a scientist but he wrote many wise things about human ways and notions. The words of this quotation condense with brevity the whole history of the studies relative to that branch of oceanography devoted to sea behaviour about our shores. Within the last half century there has been a great deal of research on the subject although with different ends in view; some were concerned with marine life and fisheries, some with variation of gravity, others with hydrography and others with the movement of the mobile material on the sea bed, currents and tides. Another type of research of no less importance was the delving into relevant historical records of centuries past of Dutch, French and Italian sea-going map makers. In this connection it was a well known Italian engineer who brought to light the works of a great English chart maker of the Mediterranean, Admiral Henry Smyth (1810) who for twenty years sailed that sea. It is only within recent years that there has been a dissemination of the data collated by these specialist compartmental researches through such Associations as this and it is all to the good of man. The difficulties of hydrodynamic studies are too well-known to require emphasis here excepting to underline the fact that most of the popular quantitative formulae are of a semi-empirical nature. It is therefore easy to appreciate the divergences of opinions of what is essential to a clear understanding and evaluation of the factors that must weigh in the diagnosis of beach behaviour subjected to the complex sea action. It is the purpose of this paper to examine briefly those things recorded from authoritative observations of the phenomena and the reasons and the remedies more usually proposed, or executed for the given conditions in various countries. The author has already suggested elsewhere that the personal approach to these problems should be definitely linked to a sea-sense, in other words a keen interest in and contact with the sea in all its moods.

ABSTRACT: Asia is the second region after Africa to have the tallest prevalence of stunting in the world. Indonesia is one of the countries in Southeast Asia with the fifth highest prevalence of stunting in the world at 37%, or nearly 9 million children who experience stunting. This study aims to examine the factors that influence and risk the occurrence of stunting in children in Indonesia. The research method uses a type of qualitative research with a traditional literature review. This study found that stunting is influenced by several complex factors not only at the individual level but also at the family and community levels. A comprehensive synthesis of the available evidence on the determinants of stunting in children in Indonesia outlines who is most vulnerable to stunting, which interventions are successful, and what new research is needed to fill knowledge gaps. Keywords: Indonesian toddlers, stunting factors References: Adair, L. S., & Guilkey, D. K. (1997). 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Pediatr Neonatol, 59(4), 380–389. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pedneo.2017.11.019 Oddo, V. M., Rah, J. H., Semba, R. D., Sun, K., Akhter, N., Sari, M., De Pee, S., Moench-Pfanner, R., Bloem, M., & Kraemer, K. (2012). Predictors of Maternal and Child Double Burden of Malnutrition in Rural Indonesia and Bangladesh. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 95(4), 951–958. https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.111.026070 Prado, E. L., & Dewey, K. G. (2014). Nutrition and brain development in early life. Nutrition Reviews, 72(4), 267–284. https://doi.org/10.1111/nure.12102 Prakhasita, R. C. (2019). Hubungan Pola Pemberian Makan Dengan Kejadian Stunting Pada Balita Usia 12-59 Bulan di Wilayah Kerja Puskesmas Wedi Surabaya. Universitas Airlangga. Reynaldo, Martorell., & Young, M. F. (2012). Patterns of Stunting and Wasting: Potential Explanatory Factors. Advances in Nutrition, 3(2), 227–233. https://doi.org/10.3945/an.111.001107 Rosiyati, E., Pratiwi, E. A. D., Poristinawati, I., Rahmawati, E., Nurbayani, R., Lestari, S., Wardani, P. S., & Nugroho, M. R. (2019). Determinants of Stunting Children (0-59 Months) in Some Countries in Southeast Asia. Jurnal Kesehatan Komunitas, 4(3), 88–94. https://doi.org/10.25311/keskom.vol4.iss3.262 Sari, M., De Pee, S., Bloem, M. W., Sun, K., Thorne-Lyman, A. L., Moench-Pfanner, R., Akhter, N., Kraemer, K., & Semba, R. D. (2010). Higher Household Expenditure on Animal-Source and Nongrain Foods Lowers the Risk of Stunting Among Children 0-59 Months Old in Indonesia: Implications of Rising Food Prices. Journal of Nutrition, 140(1), 195–200. https://doi.org/10.3945/jn.109.110858 Satriawan, E. (2018). Strategi Nasional Percepatan Pencegahan Stunting 2018-2024. [National Strategy for the Acceleration of Stunting Prevention] Semba, R. D., Kalm, L. M., De Pee, S., Ricks, M. O., Sari, M., & Bloem, M. W. (2007). Paternal Smoking is Associated with Increased Risk of Child Malnutrition Among Poor Urban Families in Indonesia. Public Health Nutrition, 10(1), 7–15. https://doi.org/10.1017/S136898000722292X Semba, R. D., Moench-Pfanner, R., Sun, K., De Pee, S., Akhter, N., Rah, J. H., Campbell, A. A., Badham, J., Bloem, M. W., & Kraemer, K. (2011). Consumption of Micronutrient-fortified Milk and Noodles is Associated with Lower Risk of Stunting in Preschool-Aged Children in Indonesia. Food and Nutrition Bulletin, 32(4), 347–353. https://doi.org/10.1177/156482651103200406 Shieh, S. J., Chen, H. L., Liu, F. C., Liou, C. C., Lin, Y. in H., Tseng, H. I., & Wang, R. H. (2010). The Effectiveness of Structured Discharge Education on Maternal Confidence, Caring Knowledge, and Growth of Premature Newborns. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 19(23–24), 3307–3313. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2702.2010.03382.x Stewart, C. P., Iannotti, L., Dewey, K. G., Michaelsen, K. F., & Onyango, A. W. (2013). Contextualising Complementary Feeding in a Broader Framework for Stunting Prevention. Matern Child Nutrition, 9(2), 27–45. https://doi.org/10.1111/mcn.12088 Tim Nasional Percepatan Penanggulangan Kemiskinan. (2017). 100 Kabupaten/Kota Prioritas Untuk Intervensi Anak Kerdil (Stunting). Titaley, C. R., Ariawan, I., Hapsari, D., Muasyaroh, A., & Dibley, M. J. (2013). Determinants of the Stunting of Children in Indonesia: A Multilevel Analysis of the 2013 Indonesia Basic Health Survey. Nutrients, 11, 1160. UNICEF. (2015a). UNICEF’ s Approach to Scaling Up Nutrition for Mothers and Their Children. Programme Division, February 9. UNICEF. (2015b). UNICEF’s Approach to Scalling Up Nutrition For Mothers and Their Children. UNICEF. (2018). Progress For Every Child in The SDG Era. United Nations. (2021). United Nations Sustainable Development Goal 2: Zero Hunger. https://sdgs.un.org/goals/goal2 United Nations Children’s Fund. (2013). Improving Child Nutrition: The Achievable Imperative for Global Progress. Worku, B. N., Abessa, T. G., Wondafrash, M., Vanvuchelen, M., Bruckers, L., & Kolsteren, P. (2018). The Relationship of Undernutrition/Psychosocial Factors and Developmental Outcomes of Children in Extreme Poverty in Ethiopia. BMC Pediatrics, 18(1), 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12887-018-1009-y World Bank Group. (2016). World Development Report 2016: Digital Dividends. World Health Organization. (2010). Nutrition Landscape Information System (NLIS) Country Profile Indicators: Interpretation Guide. World Health Organization. (2012). The Sixty Fifth World Health Assembly: Maternal, Infant, and Young Child Nutrition. World Health Organization. (2014). Global Nutrition Targets 2025: Stunting Policy Brief (No.WHO/NMH/NHD/14.3).

L'estate nel Mediterraneo è caratterizzata da un clima caldo e secco, con un'alta variabilità spaziale in temperatura e precipitazione. È un’importante zona di transizione, influenzata sia dal clima tropicale che da quello delle medie latitudini, al centro quindi di importanti teleconnessioni, fra le quali quella col monsone indiano estivo tramite il meccanismo "monsoon-desert". Questo fenomeno è identificato alla base dei processi che inducono la subsidenza atmosferica nel Mediterraneo orientale, ma può anche modulare su scala interannuale la variabilità della subsidenza e quindi le precipitazioni nella regione. Il calcolo della correlazione tra intensità del monsone indiano e la subsidenza nel Mediterraneo centrale-orientale mostra come nell’ultimo periodo la relazione si sia indebolita. Ovvero la correlazione è positiva e statisticamente significativa, circa dal 1948 ai primi anni duemila, mentre è molto minore e non statisticamente significativa successivamente. L’altro fenomeno molto importante per la variabilità di temperatura e precipitazione nel Mediterraneo ed anche in Europa è SNAO (Summer North Atlantic Oscillation), indice bastato sulle differenze di Sea Level Pressure fra Lisbona e Reykjavik per i mesi di Luglio e Agosto. In questo caso, la teleconnessione sembra costante nel tempo anche se rimane più significativa negli ultimi anni solo nel Mediterraneo orientale. Tra le possibili cause di questa variabilità delle teleconnessioni si può ipotizzare l’influenza data dall’Artico e dallo scioglimento costante del ghiaccio marino nella regione. Infatti, esperimenti eseguiti con un modello di circolazione generale dell’atmosfera con diverse distribuzioni nel tempo del ghiaccio marino in Artico mostrano come la teleconnessione rimanga più influente considerando una distribuzione di ghiaccio marino stabile nel tempo e che quindi la riduzione nella sua estensione potrebbe affievolire l'effetto delle teleconnessioni atmosferiche in Europa e nel Mediterraneo.

La tesi tenta di approcciare il concetto di rigidità costituzionale dalla prospettiva delle fonti pattizie: particolare attenzione è posta ad alcune esperienze costituzionali del diciannovesimo secolo, quali le Chartes francesi del 1814 e del 1830 e lo Statuto albertino; successivamente, l'analisi investe l'attuale scenario internazionale. L'obiettivo è provare a distinguere il concetto teorico di rigidità costituzionale dalle diverse modalità con le quali esso è garantito.
This PhD dissertation attempts to approach the concept of constitutional rigidity from the specific point of view of conventional sources: particular attention is devoted to the constitutionalism of the 19th Century, mainly to Statuto albertino and French Chartes of 1814 and 1830: thereafter, the analysis concerned the current international scenario. The purpose is to separate the theoretical concept of constitutional rigidity from the ways in which it is concretely guaranteed.

Examining board: Prof. Roberto Barsotti (Universidad de Florencia) ; Prof. Juan A. Carrillo Salcedo (Universidad de Sevilla) ; Prof. Antonio Cassese (Instituto Universitario Europeo, supervisor) ; Prof. Luis M. Diéz-Picazo (Instituto Universitario Europeo) ; Prof. Augusto M. Morello (Universidad de La Plata)
Defence date: 11 December 1992
PDF of thesis uploaded from the Library digitised archive of EUI PhD theses completed between 2013 and 2017

As shown in a movie by Ettore Scola, a precinematic device called ‘mondo niovo’ could entertain people by illustrating the ‘new world’ opened by the French Revolution. After 1797 in the territories of the former Republic of Venice Venetian patricians, Terraferma nobles, officials, landowners, merchants, intellectuals and whoever intended to be part of the ruling class had to deal with this ‘new world’. Following careers and lives of those men between 1797 and 1815 is the only way to consider this short but chaotic period as a whole, as Venice and Veneto alternated between Austrian and Napoleonic rule, changing government four times. Therefore, this research adopts a prosopographical approach in order to analyse formal and informal powers of Venetian elites (public roles, kinships and networks). The aim is to examine factors of social mobility in terms of continuity and change, thus describing a regional ruling class at the beginning of the Nineteenth century.

This chapter focuses on the early French in Illinois and tells the story of the state's first black settler, Jean Baptiste Point Du Sable. The scant documentary records of colonial Illinois include the report of a crude census conducted in 1732. Negroes at that time numbered 69 men, 33 women, and 64 children, as compared with 159 white men, 39 women, and an uncertain number of children. The chapter considers a number of factors that connect Jean Baptiste De Saible and the ancient Du Sable family of French ancestry, and suggests that his patronage may be accounted for by a custom of the times: Negro and Indian slavery. It then turns to Du Sable, who spent the years from 1805 to 1814 in and about St. Charles, Missouri. In June 1813, Point Du Sable transferred a house, lot and other property in St. Charles to Eulalie Barode, his grand-daughter, wife of Michael Derais. On October 10, 1814, Du Sable “applied for the benefit of the law relative to insolvents.” He died soon thereafter.

Depuis le 23 octobre 1822, la bourse de Londres enregistre l’échange sulfureux et enthousiaste d’un nouveau titre sur son marché des emprunts étrangers : l’obligation de l’État de Poyais. À la tête de ce territoire inconnu se trouve Gregor MacGregor, un ancien mercenaire écossais et nouveau Cacique flamboyant de ce territoire alors inconnu. Ce dernier emprunte plusieurs centaines de milliers de livres sterling au sein du centre financier le plus important du monde, gonflé à bloc par les prêts accordés aux récentes indépendances latino-américaines. Or, Poyais n’existe pas. C’est, du moins, ce dont MacGregor sera rapidement accusé par la presse et l’opinion publique de l’époque. L’ancien mercenaire incarne dès lors, et aujourd’hui encore, la figure de l’escroc par excellence, à l’origine de la fraude la plus audacieuse de l’Histoire. Des figures telles que « Bernie » Madoff ou Charles Ponzi font encore souvent pâle figure face à celui reconnu pour être parvenu à faire croire l’entier de la communauté financière de Londres de l’existence d’un pays imaginaire. Ce livre propose une déconstruction et une réécriture de l’histoire du Poyais. En retraçant minutieusement la genèse, le développement, et la chute du projet de Poyais à l’aune des multiples traces laissées par MacGregor, l’idée d’émettre une dette souveraine sur le marché des capitaux londonien dans les années 1820 apparaît ainsi moins comme une fraude financière monumentale que comme une tentative ratée de financer l’établissement d’une colonie privée et de soutenir la création d’un nouvel État en Amérique centrale. Dans la lignée des travaux issus de la micro-histoire appliquée à l’histoire globale, cette étude de cas offre également une lunette à travers laquelle se révèlent nombre de dynamiques politiques, économiques, légales ou sociales propres aux transformations financières et impériales qui traversent l’Atlantique du début du XIXe siècle. En narrant l’histoire d’un emprunt raté, cette réinterprétation du Poyais contribue ainsi à l’étude de la formation de relations transatlantiques de crédits et commerciales, se forgeant entre la City de Londres et les nouveaux souverains issus des révolutions latino-américaines.

Dès 1854, le poète et historien Jean-Dominique Fuss s’indigne de la ‘dantomanie’ de ses contemporains et reproche aux ‘dantomanes’ un manque de goût et de génie issu d’un excès d’admiration pour le Moyen-Âge. L’idée que les appropriations dantesques dans la littérature et les beaux-arts des XVIIIe et XIXe siècles soient inférieures à celles de la (post)modernité a persisté jusqu’à nos jours. Le but de la présente étude est de réajuster l’opinion dominante de la critique en montrant la complexité, l’originalité et la valeur artistique des œuvres canonisées et non-canonisées qui composent le corpus. Parmi les ‘dantomanes’ dévalorisés des XVIIIe et XIXe siècles se trouvent des personnalités aussi éminentes que Giacomo Leopardi, Victor Hugo, Gérard de Nerval, Charles Baudelaire, Gustavo Adolfo Bécquer et Emilia Pardo Bazán, mais aussi des artistes, des écrivains et des écrivaines qu’il est temps de sortir de l’oubli, notamment Caterina Franceschi Ferrucci, Sofia Giacomelli, Julio Monreal, Vicente Colorado ou Henri Cantel. Leurs œuvres sont souvent en avance sur leur temps, faisant ressortir des aspects de la Divine Comédie que la critique n’abordera qu’au XXIe siècle. L’analyse comparatiste et intermédiale permet non seulement de redécouvrir les mythopoétiques dantesques des XVIIIe et XIXe siècles, mais aussi de mieux comprendre les tensions et les apories de la Divine Comédie elle-même, montrant ainsi qu’il faut cesser de considérer les productions dantesques des XVIIIe et XIXe siècles comme de ‘mauvaises copies’ de ‘l’original’, et que la Divine Comédie et ses réappropriations s’éclairent de manière réciproque.

This chapter presents an English translation of selected passages from John Warren’s Lectures on Anatomy, delivered between 1783 and 1812. Most of the lectures deal with technical aspects of anatomy, ranging from the structure and parts of the body through characteristics of bones and ligaments to making anatomical preparations. Here Warren offers valuable insights into American medical history and progress. The present selection focuses on the history and theory of anatomy that Warren taught as part of his course over the first three decades in the history of Harvard Medical School (HMS). Warren was one of the founders of HMS on September 19, 1782, with Aaron Dexter and Benjamin Waterhouse. He served as the school’s first Professor of Anatomy and Surgery.

The focus turns to Peru in this chapter, which offers an ideal case study for understanding the power struggles between the royal military and the republic of letters. One of the most successful military officers and viceroys of the empire, Fernando de Abascal, was vehemently committed to expanding his prerogatives and the military’s, while quashing efforts to implement liberal measures in his jurisdiction. With the support of one of the largest armies of the Spanish Empire, Abascal succeeded in both undertakings. Only a weak liberal opposition developed in Peru, a liberalism mainly concerned not to declare independence from Spain or claim autonomy within the Spanish Empire but to overcome the overwhelming power of the viceroy and his army. Abascal ruled as a virtual military dictator, confirming Liberals’ protests against him and establishing a model for future military caudillos.

This paper discuss the production of international textiles in statesponsored manufactures in Sweden-Finland between 1740 and 1810. The data set is based on the general summaries of manufacture output collected by municipal authorities during this period. The summaries include annual data on the production of the most important wool and silk textiles, wool and silk knitwear, as well as cotton and linen textiles. More specifically the paper analyze the type of fashion that was produced in Swedish textile manufactures during the period and how international influences affected the Swedish product range. In a subsequent forthcoming investigation I will discuss what the change in the Swedish textile production range towards the end of the eighteenth century says about Swedish and Nordic textile fashion in a European and international context.

This chapter examines the philosophy of Karl Marx (1818–1883) and Ludwig Feuerbach (1804–1872). Marx's ideas made German philosophy the most directly powerful in historical terms. The dogmatism with which Marx offered simple solutions to difficult problems sprang from a will not only to personal power, but also and especially to social change, and underlying the latter was an understandable indignation at the moral condition of the bourgeoisie. Feuerbach's Das Wesen des Christentums (The Essence of Christianity, 1841) was the most influential among the works of left-wing Hegelians. His magnum opus consists, like Kant's Critiques, of two parts, an analytics and a dialectics. In the first part, Feuerbach seeks to find meaning in religion by revealing its true—that is, its anthropological—essence. In the second, he attacks its untrue—that is, its theological—essence, by trying to uncover contradictions in Christian dogma.

This chapter analyzes the emergence of a decidedly modern “literary” sensibility in southern writing during the latter half of the civil war period (1814–1820) that reflects the transformations of the republican state in Haiti under Pétion. A first part establishes the contours of Pétion’s “new” republicanism, which he elaborated within the Atlantic world transformations of the mid-1810s. Next, it analyzes the new republican publications that resulted from the North/South paper war, paying specific attention to southern writers’ efforts to define their intellectual production according to the emergent concepts of literature and criticism. In a second part, the chapter traces how this nascent notion of literary writing, forged in the crucible of civil war, gained hegemony under Jean-Pierre Boyer’s reunified republican state after the fall of Henry Christophe in 1820. Here, it performs a close analysis of the southern republican writer Hérard Dumesle’s Voyage dans le Nord d’Hayti, ou Révélations des lieux et des monuments historiques (1824), arguing that his piece of early domestic Haitian travel writing fixes the terms of the previous paper war between North and South from the position of southern republican hegemony.

This chapter focuses on a particular character in colonial (and neocolonial) linguistic enquiry: the missionary. Through an analysis of two nineteenth-century descriptions of isiXhosa (van der Kemp 1804 and Boyce 1844), I show how missionaries projected their experiences, desires, and imaginations on to these texts. They did not create linguistic descriptions, but rather poetic voices and texts that were both disciplined (creating linguistic order) and excessive (creating disorder). The two texts show traces of what is conventionally repressed and erased in linguistic description. Van der Kemp’s word list inscribes complex practices of frontier speech (rather than representing isiXhosa), and Boyce’s grammar is strangely affective and emotional, creating linguistic forms that are phantasmatic. Both texts are deficient, if we read them as representations of a language called isiXhosa; yet they are exuberant, when we read them as poetry and art, revealing desires, fantasies, and the limits of colonial control.

Abstract This chapter begins by studying Fernández de Lizardi’s (1776–1827) novel El Periquillo Sarniento (The Mangy Parrot, 1816), considered the first Mexican novel. The twentieth century opens with Santa (1903) by Federico Gamboa (1864–1939), borrowing from realist and naturalist styles. A watershed moment in the country’s history was the Mexican Revolution. Its violence and failure inspired novels by Mariano Azuela (1873–1952), among others. Two masterpieces published in 1955, Agustín Yáñez’s (1904–1980) Al filo del agua (The Edge of the Storm, 1955) and Juan Rulfo’s (1917–1986) Pedro Páramo (1955), open the era of the modern novel in Mexico. The mid-century generation modernized Mexican fiction by moving away from regional themes with works by Carlos Fuentes (1928–2012), and Elena Garro (1916–1998), among others. The 1960s in Mexico were marked by the 1968 Tlatelolco massacre, a moment of change expressed in the novels of La onda (The Wave), by José Agustín (1944) and Gustavo Sáinz (1940–2015). In the 1970s, Luis Zapata’s (1951–2020) El vampiro de la colonia Roma (Adonis García: a Picaresque Novel 1979) became a milestone in Mexican homosexual literature. In the 1980s, Fernando del Paso’s (1935–2018) Noticias del Imperio (News from the Empire, 1986) revisits the period of Emperor Maximilian in a masterful historical novel. Another important 1990s movement is the Generación del Crack (Generation of the Crack). Notwithstanding Mexico City’s magnetic pull, writers from the north of Mexico also write from or about the marginal “provinces.” The chapter closes by looking at a talented group of women writers, such as Fernanda Melchor (1982-) and Valeria Luiselli (1983).

Chapter 4 examines the crucial four-year period from the rise of the Whig Party to national power in 1840 to the dissolution of the bachelor’s mess of Buchanan and King in 1844. During this period of intense partisanship, the friendship of Buchanan and King grew increasingly intimate. First in 1840 and again in 1844, each man aspired for his party’s presidential and vice presidential nominations, respectively. The struggle occasioned a great deal of personal gossip from their political enemies, including Sarah Childress Polk, wife of future president James Polk. In April 1844, King’s appointment as the American minister to France ended his mess with Buchanan. Nevertheless, the separation brought on a regular, if one-sided correspondence. The chapter devotes special attention to the surviving letters from this critical period of their relationship, including an especially revealing post from Buchanan in which he complains of his failure to woo new members to join him in his solitary congressional mess. Ultimately, Buchanan’s failure to attract new messmates paralleled the earlier failed efforts to obtain the Democratic presidential and vice presidential nominations in 1840 and 1844.

The queen’s trial in October 1793 provides an opportunity to assess how her garden patronage came to be perceived as dangerous, a threat to the Republic, evidence of the queen’s duplicity that justified her execution. This chapter argues that memories of Marie-Antoinette’s gamescapes were not erased after her death but re-emerged in entertaining new venues, the jardin spectacles after 1795. The transposition of the affectivity from the picturesque gamescape is considered in relation to the development of patriotic sentiments in the planting of liberty trees. At the same time, the savants at the newly established Jardin des Plantes attempted to recuperate discourses of regeneration and rejuvenation formerly associated with the queen for the newly established national botanical garden.

This article focuses on the translation of part of the Tianxian xinchuan 天仙心傳, a text with a composite content that deals both with self-cultivation and ritual practice. The Tianxian xinchuan was written between 1832 and 1834 and it is included in Min Yide’s 閔一得 anthology of Taoist texts Gu shuyinlou cangshu 古書隱樓藏書. Its teachings were reportedly transmitted by Shen Yibing 沈一炳 to his disciple Min Yide and are linked to the figure of Li Niwan 李泥丸, a mythical transcendent. This text is related to the content of other works contained in Min Yide’s anthology, such as the Tianxian daocheng baoze 天仙道程寶則, the Tianxian jieji xuzhi 天仙戒忌須知, the Er Lan xinhua 二懶心話 and the Taiyi jinhua zongzhi 太一金華宗旨. The portion translated here is Min Yide’s commentary to the section entitled “Internal Chapter” and it focuses on what was considered the highest level of self-cultivation of his tradition.

Con el propósito de extraer conclusiones en torno a la aportación de innovaciones estéticas en la comunicación visual de la arquitectura y el paisaje en las décadas de los años cincuenta y sesenta del siglo XIX en España, utilizo en el proceso de mi investigación la metodología comparativa de vistas similares tomadas por distintos autores. Fotografías, que tras una detenida operación de lectura, muestran episodios narrativos que me ofrecen la posibilidad de detectar valores plásticos en sus composiciones, superando el planteamiento mimético como fin último del reciente procedimiento de captar imágenes y encaminándose hacia nuevos estadios de expresión fotográfica. Un modelo de ello es la comparación de encuadres semejantes sobre un mismo motivo mediante una selección de fotografías tomadas por Charles Clifford (Newport, Gales del Sur, 1819[1] - Madrid, 1863), máximo exponente de la fotografía de arquitectura en España durante la segunda mitad del siglo XIX, y José Martínez Sánchez (Bicorp, Valencia, 1807- Valencia, 1874). Las fotografías ejemplares de arquitecturas monumentales, obras públicas y paisajes que ambos toman van más allá del pensamiento dominante de la época que consideraba la fotografía como una descripción literal de un determinado hecho y logran extraer un orden estético de una configuración existente. La comparación de sus vistas del Puente del Diablo y de la Puerta de Alcalá y su reducción a esquemas básicos de composición es muy productiva como procedimiento analítico de indagación sobre los códigos narrativos de representación que utilizaban los citados autores, y resulta interesante por los diferentes posicionamientos a la hora de enfrentarse a una misma arquitectura.Se desprende tras el desarrollo de este estudio, y se puede extender a una parte mayoritaria del conjunto de su obra, que el aislamiento del motivo, ya sea un monumento, una obra pública, una estatua, una fuente, una arquitectura efímera o un arco de triunfo, desligándolo de su entorno, es una constante en el lenguaje visual de Charles Clifford. [1] Según FONTANELLA, Lee, Clifford en España: un fotógrafo en la corte de Isabel II. Madrid: El Viso, 1999, p.25.

The “invisible fortress”: the Chappe optical telegraph in the Napoleonic FranceEven in the defensive and fortifying processes, two aspects can be found: the material component and the immaterial one. If all the constructive, material and structural procedures are the first, for example, all that concerns remote communications (maximum optics) belongs to the second, an indispensable tool to complete an optimal strategy for offensive and/or defensive operations. Remote optical transmissions are closely connected to the management of defensive systems: this is also what happens with the optical telegraph of Claude Chappe, conceived during the French Revolution and adopted by Napoleon for the potential inherent in the strategic and territorial logic, as for the organization, structuring and sending of encrypted messages (which since the sixteenth century had also seen the interest of Leon Battista Alberti. The densest part of the network spreads to France, from Paris to the borders of the nation. In Europe, you will see achievements in Spain, up to Russia. The Lyon-Paris-Venice line also led to the construction of a Lombard-Piedmontese section. The present contribution stems from a conspicuous research, founded on the twenty-year collaboration of Marotta with the FNARH (Fédération Nationale des Associations de Recherche Historique sur la Poste et les Télécommunications). The system included the installation in high positions (hills, towers or bell towers) of a mechanical device, which could be reached at a distance of kilometers. On top of a fixed pole of about 5 m, the apparatus consisted of a central axis (ordinateur) at the ends of which two mobile arms (indicateurs) were fixed which allowed (in the variation of the reciprocal positions and inclinations) to realize multiple signals, at the base of an entire encrypted visual alphabet, arrived in 1841 up to 61000 messages. Multiple types of models made. The contribution will return the chronological developments of the system, in time and space of territories involved, with the relative comparisons of types, models and languages, also through 3D modeling.

J-PARC (Japan Proton Accelerator Research Complex) is a multi-purpose research facility for materials and life sciences, nuclear and particle physics, and nuclear engineering with extremely high power proton beams of 1 MW. The accelerator complex consists of a 400-MeV linac, a 3-GeV Rapid Cycling Synchrotron (RCS), and a 50-GeV Main Ring synchrotron (MR). Its goals are to provide MW-class beams at 3 GeV and at several 10 GeV, while it is a challenge to localize and suppress beam loss to the level to allow hands-on maintenance of accelerator components. The RCS scheme is adopted to realize them, which is advantageous over conventional Accumulation Ring (AR) regarding less beam loss problems due to lower beam current and easier construction and operation of a linac. RCS, however, required various challenging technologies such as ceramic ducts to reduce eddy current effects, high field Radio Frequency (RF) system, and paint injection technique (an injection scheme to reduce phase space density of the beam) to reduce space charge effects. The linac has also unique technologies to minimize beam loss, such as compact electromagnet Drift Tube Quadrupoles (DTQ’s) to control beam envelopes precisely, and a fast beam suspending system in Machine Protection System (MPS) with Radio Frequency Quadrupole linac (RFQ). The beam commissioning of the linac started in Nov. 2006, and its design energy of 181 MeV in the first construction phase was achieved in Jan. 2007. RCS beam commissioning started in Sep. 2007 and the beam was accelerated to the designed energy of 3 GeV in Oct. 2007. MR beam commissioning started in May 2008, and the beam acceleration to 30 GeV was established in Dec. 2008. The first neutron and muon beams were produced in May and Sep. 2008, respectively, at Materials and Life science experimental Facility (MLF). The linac commissioning has resulted in very stable beam with short down time. RCS commissioning quickly achieved beam acceleration and extraction, and paint injections are being studied intensively. RCS recorded the highest beam power of 0.21 MW in Sep. 2008 with beam loss well localized at the collimators. The linac beam energy will be upgraded to 400 MeV with Annular Coupled Structure linac (ACS) in order to increase the beam power to 1 MW. In the second construction phase, upgrade of the linac with 600-MeV Super-Conducting Linac (SCL) for Accelerator-Driven nuclear waste transmutation System (ADS) and upgrade of MR energy from 30 to 50 GeV are planned.

Patients need the ability to accurately and efficiently communicate their preferences across outcome domains to their healthcare providers.1-7 No existing system provides an efficient and timely approach to collect and communicate patient preferences across outcome domains to support shared decision making (SDM) in orthopaedic practice.2-4,8-19 The overarching goal of this research is to design, build, and test an app that collects baseline patient preferences and health status across orthopaedic outcomes and reports this information to the provider for use in patient care. A core component of the app is a Direct-Weighting (DW) preference assessment approach, originated from our prior research, and applied in a touchscreen based interactive design. It is envisioned that patients will use the app after scheduling a first visit to a surgeon for a new orthopaedic condition. Direct weighting (DW) approaches calculate patient-specific preference weights across outcomes by asking patients to disperse portions of a hypothetical “whole” across outcomes in a manner that reflects a patient’s preferences.20 DW has low respondent burden but it requires respondents to make “implicit” comparisons which may be difficult to conceptualize.20 However, the DW approach has become generally accepted in the quality-of-life literature and it has been shown that patients dividing up pieces of a “pie” across quality-of-life domains yields valid representations of patient preferences across the domains.20-22 However, the DW approach has not been validated with specific clinical scenarios using a clinically focused set of outcomes or by using a mobile software app. Drawing on prior research, we iteratively design and develop the app with input from prior DW research, informaticians, and clinicians. We use a qualitative approach to pilot test the app with 20 first-time visit patients presenting with joint pain and/or function deficiency. Participants were interviewed about their outcome preferences for care, used the app to prioritize outcome preferences, answered interview questions about their experience using the app, and completed a mHealth App Usability Questionnaire (MAUQ). Interview questions focused on the utility and usability of the mobile app for communicating with their provider, and capability of the app to capture their outcome preferences. Results validated five core preference domains, with most users dividing their 100-point allocation across 1-3 domains. The tool received moderate to high usability scores. Patients with older age and lower literacy found the DW approach more difficult in terms of allocating 100 points across 5 domains. Suggestions for DW interface interaction improvement included instantiation of a token/points oriented DW preference scoring methodology rather than a 1-10 sliding scale approach for improved preference weighting cognition and SDM with a provider. As more patient reported outcome (PRO) apps hit the marketplace across a broad spectrum of health conditions, these results provide evidence for a DW approach and interactive design for patients to communicate their treatment preferences to their providers.References:1.Baumhauer JF, Bozic KJ. Value-based Healthcare: Patient-reported Outcomes in Clinical Decision Making. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2016;474(6):1375-1378.2. Slim K, Bazin JE. From informed consent to shared decision-making in surgery. J Visc Surg. 2019;156(3):181-184.3. Damman OC, Jani A, de Jong BA, et al. The use of PROMs and shared decision-making in medical encounters with patients: An opportunity to deliver value-based health care to patients. J Eval Clin Pract. 2020;26(2):524-540.4. Sorensen NL, Hammeken LH, Thomsen JL, Ehlers LH. Implementing patient-reported outcomes in clinical decision-making within knee and hip osteoarthritis: an explorative review. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2019;20(1):230.5. Kamal RN, Lindsay SE, Eppler SL. Patients Should Define Value in Health Care: A Conceptual Framework. J Hand Surg Am. 2018;43(11):1030-1034.6. Charles C, Gafni A, Whelan T. Decision-making in the physician-patient encounter: revisiting the shared treatment decision-making model. Social Science & Medicine. 1999;49(5):651-661.7. Niburski K, Guadagno E, Mohtashami S, Poenaru D. Shared decision making in surgery: A scoping review of the literature. Health Expect. 2020.8. Selten EM, Geenen R, van der Laan WH, et al. Hierarchical structure and importance of patients' reasons for treatment choices in knee and hip osteoarthritis: a concept mapping study. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2017;56(2):271-278.9. Kannan S, Seo J, Riggs KR, Geller G, Boss EF, Berger ZD. Surgeons' Views on Shared Decision-Making. J Patient Cent Res Rev. 2020;7(1):8-18.10. Briffa N. The employment of Patient-Reported Outcome Measures to communicate the likely benefits of surgery. Patient Relat Outcome Meas. 2018;9:263-266.