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Chavaillaz, Yann. "La vitesse du changement climatique et ses implications sur la perception des générations futures". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016SACLV021.
Texto completoIn most climate studies, climate change is approached by focusing on the evolution between a fixed current baseline and a future period, emphasizing stronger warming as we move further over the 21st century. Under climate conditions that are continuously evolving, human and natural systems might have to constantly adapt to a changing climate. This thesis proposes an alternative approach to climate projections. Here, I consider and analyze indicators of the pace of changes relative to temperature, precipitation and vegetation in order to be relevant for both urban and rural populations. An ensemble of CMIP5 simulations from 18 climate models is selected. The pace is represented by differences between two subsequent 20-year periods. Considering the pace of change would be beneficial for climate impacts and adaptation analyses.The models predict that the warming rate strongly increases without any mitigation policies (RCP8.5 scenario). It is twice as high by the end of the century compared to the current period, and even three times higher in some regions. Significant shifts in temperature distributions between two subsequent 20-year periods are projected to involve almost half of all land surfaces and most tropical areas by 2060 onwards (i.e. at least four times as many regions than currently). In these regions, an extremely warm year with a return period of about 50 years would become quite common only 20 years later. The fraction of the world population exposed to such shifts might reach about 60% (6 billion people, i.e. seven times more than currently). Low mitigation measures (RCP6.0) allow the warming rate to be kept at current values, and reduce the fraction of the world population exposed to significant shifts of temperature distributions by one third.Under RCP8.5, rainfall moistening and drying rates both increase by 30-40% above current levels. As we move further over the century, their patterns become geographically stationary and the trends become persistent. The stabilization of the geographical rate patterns that occurs despite the acceleration of global warming can be physically explained: it results from the increasing contribution of thermodynamic processes compared to dynamic processes in the control of precipitation change. The combination of intensification and increasing persistence of precipitation rate patterns may affect the way human societies and ecosystems adapt to climate change, especially in the Mediterranean basin, Central America, South Asia and the Arctic. Such an evolution in precipitation has already become noticeable over the last few decades, but it could be reversed if strong mitigation policies were quickly implemented (RCP2.6).Changes in vegetation could be visual landmarks of climate change. In mid- and high-latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere, the phenology of grass and trees follows the warming rate. Without any mitigation policies, the start of spring occurs earlier, and its duration is extended faster as we move over the century. The vegetation cover becomes denser, regardless of the selected pathway, in proportion to the temperature rise. The seasonal cycle of mid-latitude crops also depends on the temperature, and the seasonal cycle of tropical crops directly follows the features of the wet season. In all other latitudes, no robust evolution of the seasonal cycle is projected. The pace of change of vegetation cover since 1880 already doubled before 1950, mainly due to a strong change in land use. This pace is then projected to be stable over the entire 21st century if the vegetation dynamically interacts with the climate system in the models. This corresponds to a reduction of land-use change and to the acceleration of changes of vegetation cover under climate change
Bourgeois, Timothée. "Effets des perturbations anthropiques sur la biogéochimie dans l'océan côtier à l'échelle globale". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017SACLV015.
Texto completoThe coastal ocean suffers from the convergence of multiple anthropogenic stressors with climate change at the forefront. Combined stresses from global warming, ocean acidification, eutrophication and deoxygenation threaten coastal ecosystems and thus their services that humans rely on. Unfortunately, the coastal ocean's large spatiotemporal heterogeneity limits our understanding of the biogeochemical processes involved and their responses to anthropogenic perturbations. The current database of coastal observations remains insufficient, and global biogeochemical ocean models have long been inadequate to the study of the global coastal ocean. Indeed, the spatial resolution of these models has been too coarse to resolve key small-scale coastal processes. However, continual improvements in computational resources now allow global simulations to be made with sufficiently high model resolution that begins to be suitable for coastal ocean studies. In this thesis, we propose to study the evolution of the coastal ocean biogeochemistry at the global scale over recent decades using higher resolution versions of the global physical-biogeochemical model NEMO-PISCES. After evaluating of the global representation of the coastal biogeochemistry in this ocean model, we estimate the current role of the coastal ocean in the ocean uptake of anthropogenic carbon and we study the impact of the anthropogenically driven changes in riverine inputs on the coastal biogeochemistry. From simulations made at 3 different spatial resolutions (200 km, 50 km, 25 km), we esteem that the 50-km model grid offers the best compromise between quality of results and computational cost. The upgrade to 25 km does not appear to provide significant improvement in model skill of simulating coastal biogeochemical fields. After evaluating the model, we provide an estimate of the coastal-ocean sink of anthropogenic carbon, the first study to do so with a global 3-D model. In our simulation, the coastal zone absorbs only 4.5% of the anthropogenic carbon taken up by the global ocean during 1993-2012, less than the 7.5% proportion of coastal-to-global-ocean surface areas. Coastal uptake is weakened due to a bottleneck in offshore transport, which is inadequate to reduce the mean anthropogenic carbon concentration of coastal waters to the average level found in the open-ocean mixed layer. Finally, the anthropogenic perturbation in riverine delivery of nutrients to the ocean has limited impact on the coastal carbon cycle when integrated across all coastal regions, but locally it can induce sharp biogeochemical contrasts. For example, the North Sea shows minor biogeochemical changes following the moderate local trend in nutrient riverine inputs, which is in dramatic contrast to the East China Sea where extensive deoxygenation and acidification are driven by sharp increases in riverine nutrient inputs
Royer-Gaspard, Paul. "De la robustesse des modèles hydrologiques face à des conditions climatiques variables". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021SORUS466.
Texto completoAmong the many challenges that climate change poses, the ability of hydrological models to adequately perform over a large range of climatic conditions is key its impacts on the regime of rivers. However, modern hydrological models still lack of robustness. The causes are yet uncertain and may be manifold: (calibration, measurement errors, model structure). This thesis aims at identifying solutions for model improvement by a series of diagnoses conducted on a large catchment set. After a study of the types of climatic changes challenging model robustness the most, we set up a comparison of different calibration methods. It revealed that the choice of the optimized objective function had a significant impact on model robustness. The way potential evaporation is computed also influences model robustness, although our comparison of a few potential evaporation models show rather heterogeneous results across the catchment set. A method specifically designed to diagnose structural weaknesses impacting model robustness, based on an analysis of performance trade-offs in a multi-objective framework, was then proposed and applied to the GR4J model. A couple of major structural deficiencies was identified. These deficiencies likely prevent the model from providing robust simulations in different streamflow ranges simultaneously. An attempt to modify the structure of GR4J yielded to an encouraging yet modest improvement of its performance. Despite the light enhancement of hydrological model robustness achieved in this work, it may pave the way to further advances toward model structural development
Dreveton-Le, Goff Christine. "Etude de l'équilibre climatique du modèle Arpège". Toulouse 3, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995TOU30101.
Texto completoDantec-Nédélec, Sarah. "Evaluation multi-échelle des bilans d'énergie et d'eau du modèle ORCHIDEE sur la Sibérie et leur réponse à l'évolution du climat". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017SACLV009.
Texto completoThe natural evolution of the climate, disturbed since the industrial revolutions, is strongly marked in the high latitudes especially in Siberia where a temperature anomaly of +0.8°C has been observed since the 2000s against an average anomaly of + 0.4°C for The mid-latitudes. Siberia is covered by permafrost, giving it particularities, especially for the hydrological regimes of rivers. Climatic projections predicting up to +5°C warming by 2100, it is essential to evaluate their impacts. Physical-based numerical modeling is an interesting tool to answer these questions. Thus, in order to evaluate the hydrological response to climate change in Siberia we worked on the multi-scale evaluation of energy and water balances with the ORCHIDEE model. This model was adapted to the characteristics of cold environments, with an improvement of the representation of the snow, a consideration of the freezing of the soil water and a map of vegetation more representative of the Siberian vegetation. An evaluation in forced mode i.e. without coupling with the atmosphere was carried out initially. Thus, we evaluated ORCHIDEE at the present time (1979-2009) at the site scale, concentrating on the soil moisture and soil temperature data available. A sensitivity analysis of the model allowed to identify the most influential parameters on the balance of energy and water in the soil. Their on-site calibration allowed to show that the ORCHIDEE model is able to correctly simulate the vertical transfers of heat and water and the resulting water and soil temperature contents. We then extended the evaluation to the Siberian region by comparing simulation results with remote sensing data, allowing an evaluation over a substantial time series and over a large area. We collected a large number of observations such as albedo data, water equivalent for snow ..., on which we compared the simulation results. This work allowed to show that the model simulates satisfactorily the energy and water balance in Siberia, but also to highlight the importance of the choice of climatic forcing. Thus, the use of a second climatic forcing enabled to show the importance of rain/snow partitioning and the possible underestimation of precipitation in forcing. The validated model was then used to carry out impact studies, using 2 climatic forcings on the future time (2005 to 2099) under scenario of emission of greenhouse gases RCP8.5. Thus, we were able to evaluate the variability related to forcing and the impact of climate change on the variables of energy and water balance. A boundary around latitude 60°N has been defined in the analysis of future precipitation and chosen to orient our analysis in two zones on either side of the boundary. We analyzed the seasonal cycles of the surface variables allowing us to highlight the impacts of global warming in relation to the increase in the air temperature and their spatial differences. We have shown that the melting of the snowpack is earlier in the South and generates a temporal advance of the spring flood peak for the Lena and the Amur. On the Ob and Yenisei, changes have also been shown (a decrease in flow over time for the Ob and an increase for the Yenisei, without any change in temporal phasing), which could lead to socio-economic impacts Important for local populations. This study also allowed us to show that the new climatic conditions are more favorable to vegetation. We also showed the coherence of the two climate projections studied
Fouqueray, Timothée. "Adaptations aux incertitudes climatiques de long terme : trajectoires socio-écologiques de la gestion forestière française". Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SACLA029.
Texto completoAdapting forest management to climate change (CC) is a key issue, as forests are crucial for mitigation policies and the provision of many ecosystem services (ES). Understanding the magnitude of the progress made in this respect can help shape further adaptation developments and avoid the putative maladaptive side effects of forest management evolutions. Here, I aim to bridge the knowledge gap of adaptation implementation in French forests.Chapter 1: Based on semi-structured interviews with foresters, my findings highlight unprecedented aspects of adaptations: (i) a focus on productive ES at the expense of other essential services such as water supply or natural habitats; (ii) adaptations rely on technical changes in forest management and do not deal with climate impacts through organizational or economic tools; and (iii) envisaging ecological processes through adaptations is instrumental and limited to small spatial and temporal scales. My results also extend the existing body of knowledge to the framework of forest management: (i) CC is not the main driver of forestry changes; (ii) extreme events are windows of opportunity to stimulate adaptive changes; and (iii) proactive adaptation to unexperienced hazards is very weak.Chapter 2: Assessment of the diversity of research projects in the forest sciences focusing on CC. I categorized projects according to discipline and main focus, using data from the online description of French public calls for proposals and from selected projects. Since 1997, mitigation research has gradually given way to adaptation. Despite pledges for the inclusion of social sciences, research rarely draws on the social sciences and focuses on ES of economic interest. Biomass production is paramount, being addressed either directly or through projects on tree species of industrial interest. Hence, instead of a diverse search for adaptation strategies, climate research is geared toward a few ES. Without denying the need for timber and biofuel production, I encourage public funders to complement current calls for proposals with more diverse approaches beneficial for both biomass production and other ES.Chapter 3: I study how multiple mechanisms for the mitigation of CC have been developed, drawing on a combination of reducing and offsetting greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. While mechanisms are mandatory for certain economic sectors, some business that are not required to mitigate their GHG emissions would nevertheless like to do so. I examine two study cases in France to analyze how public and private foresters seized this opportunity to obtain complementary funding from such companies for forestry operations. I focus on offset contracts issued by associations linking public sector forestry agencies, forest landowners, and offset funders. Carbon mitigation was a reason shared by all contractors to commit to the agreement, although it concealed multifarious motivations. Hence, I argue that voluntary offset contracts act like a Trojan horse by enabling foresters to dialogue with entities that would otherwise not be interested in supporting forest management. Regional embedding was crucial to overcoming the mitigation challenges.Chapter 4: To gain insight on how can socio-economic adaptive tools complement technical evolutions of forestry, I designed Foster Forest, a participatory simulation of forest management. It combines a role-playing game, an agent-based model, and a scenario of CC with high uncertainties. Drawing from multiple applications in French regions, I show that climate change is not a short-term matter of concern for private and public foresters. I analyze the emergence of socio-economic changes (mainly payment for carbon storage) in the provision of ES, and participants’ negotiations to spontaneously change the simulation rules. I also highlight how collective adaptive action was steered by stakeholders with a public interest role
Loubier, Jean-Christophe. "Perception et simulation des effets du changement climatique sur l'économie du ski et la biodiversité (Savoie et Haute-Savoie)". Grenoble 1, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004GRE10055.
Texto completoMartin, Éric. "Modélisation de la climatologie nivale des Alpes françaises. Application des techniques de régionalisation à l'étude de l'impact d'un changement climatique sur l'enneigement". Toulouse 3, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995TOU30262.
Texto completoLoubier, Jean-Christophe. "Perception et simulation des effets du changement climatique sur l'économie du ski et la biodiversité". Phd thesis, Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 2004. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00006990.
Texto completoBotsyun, Svetlana. "Modélisation de l'impact de l'évolution tectonique himalayennes et tibétaines sur le climat et les isotopes stable de l'oxygène au Cénozoïque". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017SACLV006.
Texto completoThe timing and rate of surface elevations of the Himalayas and the Tibetan Plateau remain controversial and their impact on Asian climate and the onset of monsoon systems in this area is highly debated. Stable oxygen paleoaltimetry is considered to be a very efficient and widely applied technique, but has limitations from two sides: 1) the link between stable oxygen composition of precipitation and climate is not well established, 2) Cenozoic climate over Asia is poorly reconstructed. With a purpose of filling the gap in our knowledge of climate variability over Asia during the Cenozoic, we use the isotope-enabled atmospheric general circulation model LMDZ-iso to understand the links between the growth of mountains, associated climate changes and δ18O in paleo-precipitation. Our results show a significant influence of the Paratethys retreat, the latitudinal displacement of India and the height of the Tibetan Plateau on Asian hydrological cycle. For the purpose of understanding where and how the climatic changes linked with the growth of mountains affect δ18O in precipitation, we develop a theoretical expression for the precipitation composition based on the Rayleigh distillation and show that only 40% of sampled sites for paleoaltimetry depict signal attributed to topography changes. We conclude that the Himalayas may have attained their current elevation later than expected. Realistic Cenozoic boundary conditions allow us reconstructing δ18O in paleoprecipitation for several periods during the Cenozoic (for 55 Ma, 42 Ma, 30 Ma and 15 Ma). The focus has been put on the Eocene (42 Ma), since paleoelevation reconstructions are particularly controversial for this time. We show that Eocene precipitation δ18O is rather insensitive to topographic height in Asia. However, carbonate δ18O still records paleo-elevation because the fractionation between calcite and water is sensitive to temperature, which partly depends on altitude. Comparison of simulated Eocene δ18O patterns with data from the carbonate archives suggest that the Himalayas and the Tibetan Plateau did not reach present-day (> 3000 m) elevations during the Eocene
Chavaillaz, Yann. "La vitesse du changement climatique et ses implications sur la perception des générations futures". Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016SACLV021/document.
Texto completoIn most climate studies, climate change is approached by focusing on the evolution between a fixed current baseline and a future period, emphasizing stronger warming as we move further over the 21st century. Under climate conditions that are continuously evolving, human and natural systems might have to constantly adapt to a changing climate. This thesis proposes an alternative approach to climate projections. Here, I consider and analyze indicators of the pace of changes relative to temperature, precipitation and vegetation in order to be relevant for both urban and rural populations. An ensemble of CMIP5 simulations from 18 climate models is selected. The pace is represented by differences between two subsequent 20-year periods. Considering the pace of change would be beneficial for climate impacts and adaptation analyses.The models predict that the warming rate strongly increases without any mitigation policies (RCP8.5 scenario). It is twice as high by the end of the century compared to the current period, and even three times higher in some regions. Significant shifts in temperature distributions between two subsequent 20-year periods are projected to involve almost half of all land surfaces and most tropical areas by 2060 onwards (i.e. at least four times as many regions than currently). In these regions, an extremely warm year with a return period of about 50 years would become quite common only 20 years later. The fraction of the world population exposed to such shifts might reach about 60% (6 billion people, i.e. seven times more than currently). Low mitigation measures (RCP6.0) allow the warming rate to be kept at current values, and reduce the fraction of the world population exposed to significant shifts of temperature distributions by one third.Under RCP8.5, rainfall moistening and drying rates both increase by 30-40% above current levels. As we move further over the century, their patterns become geographically stationary and the trends become persistent. The stabilization of the geographical rate patterns that occurs despite the acceleration of global warming can be physically explained: it results from the increasing contribution of thermodynamic processes compared to dynamic processes in the control of precipitation change. The combination of intensification and increasing persistence of precipitation rate patterns may affect the way human societies and ecosystems adapt to climate change, especially in the Mediterranean basin, Central America, South Asia and the Arctic. Such an evolution in precipitation has already become noticeable over the last few decades, but it could be reversed if strong mitigation policies were quickly implemented (RCP2.6).Changes in vegetation could be visual landmarks of climate change. In mid- and high-latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere, the phenology of grass and trees follows the warming rate. Without any mitigation policies, the start of spring occurs earlier, and its duration is extended faster as we move over the century. The vegetation cover becomes denser, regardless of the selected pathway, in proportion to the temperature rise. The seasonal cycle of mid-latitude crops also depends on the temperature, and the seasonal cycle of tropical crops directly follows the features of the wet season. In all other latitudes, no robust evolution of the seasonal cycle is projected. The pace of change of vegetation cover since 1880 already doubled before 1950, mainly due to a strong change in land use. This pace is then projected to be stable over the entire 21st century if the vegetation dynamically interacts with the climate system in the models. This corresponds to a reduction of land-use change and to the acceleration of changes of vegetation cover under climate change
Tang, Chao. "Model estimations of possible climate changes of surface solar radiation at regional scales over Southern Africa and the South West Indian Ocean". Thesis, La Réunion, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LARE0055/document.
Texto completoChanges in Surface Solar Radiation (SSR) have the potential to significantly impact diverse aspects of the climate system, and notably the socio-economic development of any nation. To identify the possible impacts of climate change on SSR at regional scales (~50 km) over Southern Africa and the South West Indian Ocean (SA-SWIO; 0-40°S ; 0- 100°E) up to the end of the 21st century, a slice downscaling experiment consisting of simulations covering three temporal windows: a) the present 1996-2005; b) the future 2046-2055 and 2090-2099 conducted with the Regional Climate Model (RCM) RegCM version 4, driven by the European Center for Medium-range Weather Forecasting (ECMWF) ERA-Interim reanalysis (ERAINT, only present) and 2 Global Climate Model (GCMs: HadGEM2-ES and GFDL-ESM2M) from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5) under RCP8.5 scenario, are performed and evaluated. Since the slice simulation is of limited temporal coverage, number of regional and driven global models and climate change forcings, mainly because of the limit of available computational resources, the study towards a comprehensive knowledge of SSR changes in context of climate change is thus extended: an ensemble consisting of outputs from 20 regional climate downscaling realisations based on 5 RCMs that participated in the Coordinated Regional Downscaling Experiment (CORDEX) program (CORDEX-Africa) along with their 10 driving GCMs from CMIP5 covering southern Africa (0-40°S; 0- 100°E) during the period of 1990-2099 is analyzed under RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 up to 2099.The slice experiment indicates that 1) RegCM4 simulates present-day seasonal climatology, (surface air temperature, precipitation and SSR) quite well, but has a negative total cloud cover bias (about -20% in absolute percentage) when forced by the ERAINT and the two GCMs. 2) Internal variability of RegCM4-simulated annual means SSR (about 0.2 W/m2) is of one order smaller than the model bias compared with reference data. 3) RegCM4 simulates SSR changes in opposite signs when driven by the different GCMs under RCP8.5 scenario. 4) Electricity potential calculated using first-order estimation based on the RegCM simulations indicates a change less then 2% to 2099 with respect on present level.It is also found from the ensemble study that: 1) GCMs ensemble generally overestimates SSR by about 1 W/m2 in austral summer (December, January, and February, short as DJF) and 7.5 W/m2 in austral winter (June, July and August, short as JJA), while RCMs ensemble mean shows underestimations of SSR by about -32 W/m2 and -14 W/m2 in summer and winter seasons respectively when driven by GCMs. 2) Multi-model mean projections of SSR change patterns simulated by the GCMs and their embedded RCMs are fairly consistent. 3) GCMs project, in their multi-model means, a statistically significant increase of SSR of about 8 W/m2 in RCP4.5 and 12 W/m2 in RCP8.5 by 2099 over Centre Southern Africa (SA-C) and a highly confident decreasing SSR over Eastern Equatorial Africa (EA-E) of about -5 W/m2 in RCP4.5 and -10 W/m2 in RCP8.5 during the DJF season. RCMs simulate SSR change with statistical confidence over SA-C and EA-E area as well with a little spatial extension compared to GCMs. However, in the JJA season, an increase of SSR is found over EA-E of about 5 W/m2 by 2099 under RCP4.5 and 10 W/m2 under RCP8.5, of similar amplitudes in both the GCMs and RCMs simulations. 4) Significant cloudiness decrease (about -6 % to 2099) is found over continent of SA for GCMs and also shown in RCMs. 5) Larger SSR changes are found in the RCP8.5 scenario than in the RCP4.5 scenario in 2099, with about 2.5 W/m2 enhanced changes in GCMs and about 5 W/m2 in RCMs. 6) Either the biases or the changes pattern of SSR are overall correlated with the patterns of total cloud cover from RCMs in CORDEX-Africa program (for RegCM4 as well). The slice experiment indicates that
Dantec-Nédélec, Sarah. "Evaluation multi-échelle des bilans d'énergie et d'eau du modèle ORCHIDEE sur la Sibérie et leur réponse à l'évolution du climat". Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017SACLV009/document.
Texto completoThe natural evolution of the climate, disturbed since the industrial revolutions, is strongly marked in the high latitudes especially in Siberia where a temperature anomaly of +0.8°C has been observed since the 2000s against an average anomaly of + 0.4°C for The mid-latitudes. Siberia is covered by permafrost, giving it particularities, especially for the hydrological regimes of rivers. Climatic projections predicting up to +5°C warming by 2100, it is essential to evaluate their impacts. Physical-based numerical modeling is an interesting tool to answer these questions. Thus, in order to evaluate the hydrological response to climate change in Siberia we worked on the multi-scale evaluation of energy and water balances with the ORCHIDEE model. This model was adapted to the characteristics of cold environments, with an improvement of the representation of the snow, a consideration of the freezing of the soil water and a map of vegetation more representative of the Siberian vegetation. An evaluation in forced mode i.e. without coupling with the atmosphere was carried out initially. Thus, we evaluated ORCHIDEE at the present time (1979-2009) at the site scale, concentrating on the soil moisture and soil temperature data available. A sensitivity analysis of the model allowed to identify the most influential parameters on the balance of energy and water in the soil. Their on-site calibration allowed to show that the ORCHIDEE model is able to correctly simulate the vertical transfers of heat and water and the resulting water and soil temperature contents. We then extended the evaluation to the Siberian region by comparing simulation results with remote sensing data, allowing an evaluation over a substantial time series and over a large area. We collected a large number of observations such as albedo data, water equivalent for snow ..., on which we compared the simulation results. This work allowed to show that the model simulates satisfactorily the energy and water balance in Siberia, but also to highlight the importance of the choice of climatic forcing. Thus, the use of a second climatic forcing enabled to show the importance of rain/snow partitioning and the possible underestimation of precipitation in forcing. The validated model was then used to carry out impact studies, using 2 climatic forcings on the future time (2005 to 2099) under scenario of emission of greenhouse gases RCP8.5. Thus, we were able to evaluate the variability related to forcing and the impact of climate change on the variables of energy and water balance. A boundary around latitude 60°N has been defined in the analysis of future precipitation and chosen to orient our analysis in two zones on either side of the boundary. We analyzed the seasonal cycles of the surface variables allowing us to highlight the impacts of global warming in relation to the increase in the air temperature and their spatial differences. We have shown that the melting of the snowpack is earlier in the South and generates a temporal advance of the spring flood peak for the Lena and the Amur. On the Ob and Yenisei, changes have also been shown (a decrease in flow over time for the Ob and an increase for the Yenisei, without any change in temporal phasing), which could lead to socio-economic impacts Important for local populations. This study also allowed us to show that the new climatic conditions are more favorable to vegetation. We also showed the coherence of the two climate projections studied
Monerie, Paul-Arthur. "Le changement climatique en région de mousson africaine : évolution des champs pluviométriques et atmosphériques dans les simulations CMIP3 et CMIP5 sous scénario A1B et rcp45 (1960-1999, 2031-2070)". Phd thesis, Université de Bourgogne, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00955371.
Texto completoLorenzato-Doyle, Gabriel. "Changements démographiques et marché immobilier : une analyse macroéconomique". Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/66596.
Texto completoBecker, Melanie. "Apport des méthodes statistiques modernes à l'analyse du signal marégraphique". La Rochelle, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008LAROS237.
Texto completoThe knowledge of the variations of the mean sea level is essential for a better understanding of the global climatic changes. The tide-gauge records represent the principal source of information on the mean sea level secular trend during the last century. However, the long tide-gauge records are often affected by natural or anthropogenic processes which are not related to the climatic changes. These pertubations make difficult estimating of the secular trend in the sea level. We propose, in the first part, an approach for detecting the weak pertubations of amplitude, abrupt and fast, in the tide-gauge records using the theory of the signal detection. We show that the algorythm is particulary effective for the analysis of the coherence of the tide-gauge networks. In the second part, we analysed the coherence of the sea level over the period 1915-2007 between the tide-gauges of Brest and Newlyn. We use the advanced statistical methods such as Singular Spectrum Analysis (SSA) and the wavelets analysis in order to separate the significant components from the noise and to determine the principal time scales of the variability in these series. In the third part, we study the correlations between the tide-gauges in the western Europe and the indices characterizing of the North Atlantic climate (NAO, EA, MOI) and the periods of drought and moisture (SC-PDSI, precipitations)
Al, Bluwi Ibrahim. "Méthodes inspirées de la robotique pour la simulation des changements conformationnels des protéines". Phd thesis, INSA de Toulouse, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00737553.
Texto completoBernard, Marianne. "Changements climatiques et herbivorie : influence sur la régénération et le potentiel d'avenir des forêts mélangées". Thesis, Montpellier, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018MONTG052/document.
Texto completoThere is growing concern about the future of temperate mountainous forests, because of climate change and of the difficulties in regenerating forests caused by large ungulates pressure. Herbivore ungulate populations have strongly increased since the middle of the XXth century in the northern hemisphere. By their selective browsing due to their dietary preferences, they exert a strong pressure on regeneration, which intensity on each tree species varies with their palatability. The response of regeneration to climate change in terms of growth and survival is still poorly known, but some results suggest it could be affected differentially given the different autecologies of the species. In such a global changes context, mixed forests are considered a valuable option of adaptation. How would the regeneration phase respond to those two pressures, and what could be the future of a mixed stand in such a context? This study focuses on the effects of browsing by large ungulates and climate change on mixed silver fir, Norway spruce and beech stand regeneration. We show that the lower amount of light reaching the ground in mixed stands does not affect beech regeneration germinating. We demonstrate a quasi-substitution of silver fir by Norway spruce saplings when submitted to high browsing pressure. At the finer scale of foliar traits, we find different responses among the three species to varying climate and browsing pressure, silver fir being the only species expressing an answer to browsing (increase in shoot mechanical resistance and in foliar C:N). Our results also demonstrate a decrease in browsing with increasing winter temperature, and a stronger effect of browsing than of spring temperature on saplings growth for silver fir, beech and sycamore maple. Finally, our simulations of the dynamics of a mixed silver fir-Norway spruce-beech stand suggest a shift in tolerance to drought thresholds due to browsing, and confirm the possible eradication of silver fir in scenarios combining browsing and climate change. This work highlights the influence of large ungulates interacting with climate conditions on forest regeneration dynamics, and the importance to consider this pressure in research protocols aiming at studying the behaviour of regeneration in changing climate contexts
Doucet-Généreux, Pierre-Louis. "Simulation des débits d'étiage dans un contexte de changements climatiques : incertitude liée au choix du modèle et au critère de calage". Mémoire, Université de Sherbrooke, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11143/8057.
Texto completoJézéquel, Aglaé. "Approches statistique et épistémologique de l'attribution d'événements extrêmes". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SACLV055.
Texto completoExtreme events are an expression of natural climate variability. Since anthropogenic emissions affect global climate, it is natural to wonder whether recent observed extreme events are a manifestation of anthropogenic climate change. This thesis aims at contributing to the understanding of the influence of anthopogenic climate change on observed extreme events, while assessing whether and how this scientific information - and more generally, the science of extreme event attribution (EEA) - could be useful for society. I propose statistical tools to achieve the former, while relying on qualitative interviews for the latter.The statistical part focuses on European heatwaves. I quantify the role played by the atmospheric circulation in the intensity of four recent heatwaves. This analysis is based on flow analogues, which identify days with a similar circulation pattern than the event of interest. I then disentangle the influence of climate change on the dynamical and non-dynamical processes leading to heatwaves. I calculate trends in the occurrence of circulation patterns leading to high temperatures and trends in temperature for a fixed circulation pattern, applied to the 2003 Western Europe and 2010 Russia heatwaves. I find that the significance of the results depend on the event of interest, highlighting the value of calculating trends for very specific types of circulation.The epistemological part evaluates the potential social uses of extreme event attribution. I assess how it could inform international climate negotiations, more specifically loss and damage, in response to a number of claims from scientists going in this direction. I find that the only potential role EEA could play to boost the loss and damage agenda would be to raise awareness for policy makers, aside from the negotiation process itself. I also evaluate how the different motivations stated by EEA scientists in interviews fare compared to the existing evidence on social use of this type of scientific information. I show that the social relevance of EEA results is ambiguous, and that there is a lack of empirical data to better understand how different non-scientific stakeholders react and appropriate EEA information
Mateescu, Marcel. "Étude statistique des chroniques des paramètres climatiques en Europe dans la période instrumentale : l'analyse des cycles par la méthode fréquentielle ondelette". Nice, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011NICE2045.
Texto completoServonnat, Jérôme. "Variabilité climatique en Atlantique Nord au cours du dernier millénaire : evaluation de l'influence du forçage solaire avec le modèle IPSLCM4". Versailles-St Quentin en Yvelines, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010VERS0055.
Texto completoMy work during my PhD has been the evaluation of the influence of solar forcing on climate variability during the last millennium with the IPSLCM4_v2 coupled model. I achieved two numerical simulations of the climate of the last millennium for this purpose. The first one consists in a millennium-long control integration, and the second one (SGI) was forced by reconstructions of the Total Solar Irradiance, CO2 concentrations and orbital parameters during the last millennium. The main results of my thesis are : the forcings significantly affect the temperature variance for geographical extent wider than 5. 106km² (extent of Europe). This result brought the spatial framework for model-data comparisons. The simulated amplitude of the Northern Hemisphere temperature variability is in agreement with the temperature reconstructions. A mismatch has been evidenced between SGI and the reconstructions between 1000 and 1200 AD, during the so-called Medieval Warm Period. The study of the forcings signature in Europe has shown that solar forcing appears clearly in numerical simulations from the ANR ESCARSEL project, but it much weaker in the studied temperature reconstruction. The conclusion of my work is that the solar forcing used in the simulation does not allow explaining totally the secular temperature evolution between 1000 and 1850 AD, either on the Northern Hemisphere or in Europe
Vezy, Rémi. "Simulation de pratiques de gestion alternatives pour l'adaptation des plantations pérennes aux changements globaux". Thesis, Bordeaux, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017BORD0939/document.
Texto completoIn this thesis, we used two complementary mathematical models to simulate the future behavior of coffee plantations under climate change (1979 - 2100). We studied their carbon, water, and energy balances to better understand and predict the effects of these changes on coffee production. The addition of shade trees above the coffee layer leadto higher yield compared to full sun management under increased temperature.However, coffee yield was predicted to decrease compared to current levels by 2100,whatever the shade tree species or management
Chataigner, Yohann. "Modélisation du transfert thermique dans un remblai sur pergélisol et élaborations de stratégies pour faire face aux changements climatiques". Thesis, Université Laval, 2008. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2008/25207/25207.pdf.
Texto completoAmat, Amandine. "Le changement climatique de la simulation aux modes d'existence : étude de trajectoires climatiques de villes et d'entreprises en Alsace". Thesis, Strasbourg, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016STRAG023/document.
Texto completoThis thesis focuses on the ultimatum imposed by the climate change phenomenon in contemporary Western society : changing the model of society or risk collapse (Diamonds, 2006). The major ordealt hat is required was that of otherwise inhabit the Earth around another project : the fight against climate change. Many publications (Aykut, 2012 ; Dahan, 2015 ; Latour, 2015 ; Roques, 2013 ;Stengers, 2009) describe the inability of state institutions to build a common project to respond to climate challenges. In this situation, the "critical" studies note the important place that has taken the simulation at the expense of concrete and sustainable action. Climate modelling, political and economic simulations, sociological diagnoses, literary fiction, climate change is largely invested by the narrative. Our field immersions have shown that other scales of action are already actively seized ofthe climate deal. Cities and businesses are in fact more likely to take a position in the energy and climate challenge. It follows that some statements, by their position mediators had given way to concrete experiments. Taking a pragmatic approach, inspired by the l’Enquête sur les modes d’existence proposed by Latour, and enriched by the model of Économies de la Grandeur of Boltanski and Thevenot, this thesis attempts to describe the various modes of existence of the climate problem from territorial collectives. We also assuming the rear of influence cultural plans and attachments in producing climate strategies by local actors
Jenouvrier, Stéphanie. "Influence de la variabilité environnementale sur les stratégies démographiques des populations de prédateurs supérieurs : la communauté d'oiseaux marins en Antarctique". Paris 6, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004PA066413.
Texto completoMagand, Olivier. "Bilan de masse de surface antarctique : techniques de mesure et analyse critique". Phd thesis, Grenoble 1, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009GRE10042.
Texto completoThe study of the cryosphere, which is one of the main active component in the global climate system, including global sea level, represents a major interest in the understanding of the current climatic changes. The polar zones are, at the moment, the world areas where the climatic changes appear in a spectacular way, and this reinforces the necessity of a better understanding of the total and surface mass balance of the ice sheets. Indeed, the Antarctic mass balance (surface and total), is not well known yet and is not correctly represented in current climatic models; this matter of fact contributes to strong uncertainties about future climate projection as well as associated potential contribution on sea level change. As a consequence, the continuation of studies on total and surface mass balance (and future change) in the different Antarctic regions, in response to the actual (and future climate), appears essential. In the framework of the present manuscript, I propose to reduce uncertainties in the Antarctic surface mass balance (SMB) estimates, inducing the possibility to optimize the reconstruction of the accumulation parameter over the continent with atmospheric general circulation (climatic) models and interpolation maps of in situ observations
Quilcaille, Yann. "Retour sur les scénarios climatiques et d'émissions à l'aide d'un modèle compact du système Terre". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SACLV041.
Texto completoThis thesis puts into perspective different elements of socio-economic scenarios from a climate change modelling point of view. These elements contribute at improving the comprehension of the current state of climate sciences regarding the scenarios. In the meantime, these elements demonstrate the potential of the recent reduced-form Earth System Model OSCAR v2.2.The first element concerns the uncertainty of emissions. Although emission inventories are uncertain, we ignore what impact on climate change have these uncertainties. We quantify this impact for fossil-fuel emissions, the major contributor to climate change. We show that the uncertainties in emissions are expected to increase with the use of non-conventional fuels, but that they do not increase significantly the uncertainty from Earth system modelling in variables, such as the increase in global surface temperature.The second element is a climate assessment of the recent Shared Socio-economic Pathways (SSP) scenarios. We identify loopholes in the SSP database, and we complete it to calculate the climate projections under these scenarios. Our conclusions suggest inconsistencies in CO2 emissions from Land Use Change (LUC) calculated by the Integrated Assessment Models and in the associated land variables. We identify trade-offs between greenhouse gases in the mitigation of climate change. Using a robust assessment, new carbon budgets are proposed. The uncertainties in increases in global surface temperature are discussed.The third element concerns the negative emissions. Most climate scenarios limiting global warming well below 2°C above preindustrial levels, thus respecting the Paris Agreement, use negative emissions. Using a developed version of OSCAR v2.2, we evaluate the implications for the Earth system of different aspects of different Carbon Dioxide Removal (CDR) technologies. We identify the reversibility in the different components of the Earth system and calculate the cooling potential of carbon dioxide removal technologies. We also show that the potential of afforestation/reforestation techniques may be impeded by the change in albedo, and that the potential of oceanic enhanced weathering may be lower than expected.Overall, this thesis identifies loopholes in the current development of scenarios. Some do not hinder current conclusions regarding climate change, such as the uncertainties in emission inventories. Others call for further analysis, such as the inconsistencies in the use of CO2 emissions from LUC or the eventual overestimation of the potential of some CDR technologies. It emphasizes the need for an urgent mitigation of climate change
Fléchon, Elsa. "Définition d'un modèle unifié pour la simulation physique adaptative avec changements topologiques". Thesis, Lyon 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LYO10284/document.
Texto completoThe work made during my PhD, respond to the problematic of physical simulation of the behavior of deformable objects subject to topological changes in interactive time. My work resulted in the definition of a new unified model coupling a complete topological model and a physical model for physical simulation of deformable objects decomposed in surface as volume elements, while performing during this simulation topological changes such as cutting or subdivision local of a mesh element. This operation allowed us to propose an adaptive method where mesh elements are refined during the simulation according to a geometric criterion. For the topological model of our unified model, we made the choice of combinatorial maps and more particularly linear cellular complexes. Their main advantage of the latter is the simplicity of its equations, its intuitive implementation, its interactivity and its ease to handle topological changes. Finally, the definition of a unified model allowed us to propose a model avoiding duplication of information and facilitate the update after topological changes
Vo, Ngoc Duong. "Modélisation hydrologique déterministe pour l'évaluation des risques d'inondation et le changement du climat en grand bassin versant. Application au bassin versant de Vu Gia Thu Bon, Viet Nam". Thesis, Nice, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015NICE4056/document.
Texto completoClimate change due to the increase of greenhouse gas emissions is considered to be one of the major challenges to mankind in the 21st century. It will lead to changes in precipitation, atmospheric moisture, increase in evaporation and probably a higher frequency of extreme events. The consequences of these phenomena will have an influence on many aspects of human society. Particularly at river deltas, coastal regions and developing countries, the impacts of climate change to socio-economic development become more serious. So there is a need for a robust and accurate estimation of the variation of natural factors due to climate change, at least in the hydrological cycle and flooding events to provide a strong basis for mitigating the impacts of climate change and to adapt to these challenges. The aim of this study is to present a methodology to assess the impacts of different climate change scenarios on a flood prone area of a coastal river basin in the central region of Viet Nam – Vu Gia Thu Bon catchment. The hydrological simulations are based on a validated deterministic hydrological model which integrates geology, soil, topography, river systems and climate variables. The present day climate, over the period of 1991-2010 was reasonably simulated by the hydrological model. Future climate (2091-2100) information was obtained from a dynamical downscaling of the global climate models. The study also analyzes the changes in the flood dynamics of the study region, the hydrological shift and the uncertainties of climate change simulation
Jouan, David. "Evolution de la variabilité de la fréquence et de l'intensité des tempêtes en Europe de l'Ouest". Rennes 2, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005REN20030.
Texto completoIn the context of global warming, this study focuses on the variation of the storm activity in term of intensity and frequency. In this work, a relationship is establish between wind speeds at ground level and parameters that characterize the structure of the vorticity fields at 850hPa level by using a PCA. The transfer's relationship is then found by applying a classical Multiple Regression. The Gumbel distribution is used to assess the 50-year return period. This downscaling model results and the return period of extreme winds results are in accordance with observation data in the North part of France, but are underestimated in the South part. These relations are then implemented to present climate scenario of ARPEGE, the Atmospheric General Circulation Model (AGCM) of Météo-France. Comparing results from present climate scenario and observations data indicates that the number and the intensity of cyclones are underestimated by the model, especially over the Mediterranean region, but the spatial pattern is in accordance with observations
Botsyun, Svetlana. "Modélisation de l'impact de l'évolution tectonique himalayennes et tibétaines sur le climat et les isotopes stable de l'oxygène au Cénozoïque". Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017SACLV006/document.
Texto completoThe timing and rate of surface elevations of the Himalayas and the Tibetan Plateau remain controversial and their impact on Asian climate and the onset of monsoon systems in this area is highly debated. Stable oxygen paleoaltimetry is considered to be a very efficient and widely applied technique, but has limitations from two sides: 1) the link between stable oxygen composition of precipitation and climate is not well established, 2) Cenozoic climate over Asia is poorly reconstructed. With a purpose of filling the gap in our knowledge of climate variability over Asia during the Cenozoic, we use the isotope-enabled atmospheric general circulation model LMDZ-iso to understand the links between the growth of mountains, associated climate changes and δ18O in paleo-precipitation. Our results show a significant influence of the Paratethys retreat, the latitudinal displacement of India and the height of the Tibetan Plateau on Asian hydrological cycle. For the purpose of understanding where and how the climatic changes linked with the growth of mountains affect δ18O in precipitation, we develop a theoretical expression for the precipitation composition based on the Rayleigh distillation and show that only 40% of sampled sites for paleoaltimetry depict signal attributed to topography changes. We conclude that the Himalayas may have attained their current elevation later than expected. Realistic Cenozoic boundary conditions allow us reconstructing δ18O in paleoprecipitation for several periods during the Cenozoic (for 55 Ma, 42 Ma, 30 Ma and 15 Ma). The focus has been put on the Eocene (42 Ma), since paleoelevation reconstructions are particularly controversial for this time. We show that Eocene precipitation δ18O is rather insensitive to topographic height in Asia. However, carbonate δ18O still records paleo-elevation because the fractionation between calcite and water is sensitive to temperature, which partly depends on altitude. Comparison of simulated Eocene δ18O patterns with data from the carbonate archives suggest that the Himalayas and the Tibetan Plateau did not reach present-day (> 3000 m) elevations during the Eocene
Bourgeois, Timothée. "Effets des perturbations anthropiques sur la biogéochimie dans l'océan côtier à l'échelle globale". Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017SACLV015/document.
Texto completoThe coastal ocean suffers from the convergence of multiple anthropogenic stressors with climate change at the forefront. Combined stresses from global warming, ocean acidification, eutrophication and deoxygenation threaten coastal ecosystems and thus their services that humans rely on. Unfortunately, the coastal ocean's large spatiotemporal heterogeneity limits our understanding of the biogeochemical processes involved and their responses to anthropogenic perturbations. The current database of coastal observations remains insufficient, and global biogeochemical ocean models have long been inadequate to the study of the global coastal ocean. Indeed, the spatial resolution of these models has been too coarse to resolve key small-scale coastal processes. However, continual improvements in computational resources now allow global simulations to be made with sufficiently high model resolution that begins to be suitable for coastal ocean studies. In this thesis, we propose to study the evolution of the coastal ocean biogeochemistry at the global scale over recent decades using higher resolution versions of the global physical-biogeochemical model NEMO-PISCES. After evaluating of the global representation of the coastal biogeochemistry in this ocean model, we estimate the current role of the coastal ocean in the ocean uptake of anthropogenic carbon and we study the impact of the anthropogenically driven changes in riverine inputs on the coastal biogeochemistry. From simulations made at 3 different spatial resolutions (200 km, 50 km, 25 km), we esteem that the 50-km model grid offers the best compromise between quality of results and computational cost. The upgrade to 25 km does not appear to provide significant improvement in model skill of simulating coastal biogeochemical fields. After evaluating the model, we provide an estimate of the coastal-ocean sink of anthropogenic carbon, the first study to do so with a global 3-D model. In our simulation, the coastal zone absorbs only 4.5% of the anthropogenic carbon taken up by the global ocean during 1993-2012, less than the 7.5% proportion of coastal-to-global-ocean surface areas. Coastal uptake is weakened due to a bottleneck in offshore transport, which is inadequate to reduce the mean anthropogenic carbon concentration of coastal waters to the average level found in the open-ocean mixed layer. Finally, the anthropogenic perturbation in riverine delivery of nutrients to the ocean has limited impact on the coastal carbon cycle when integrated across all coastal regions, but locally it can induce sharp biogeochemical contrasts. For example, the North Sea shows minor biogeochemical changes following the moderate local trend in nutrient riverine inputs, which is in dramatic contrast to the East China Sea where extensive deoxygenation and acidification are driven by sharp increases in riverine nutrient inputs
Hamisultane, Hélène. "Evaluation des dérivés climatiques sur degrés-jours". Phd thesis, Université de Nanterre - Paris X, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00283848.
Texto completoLuu, Nhat Linh. "The role of human-induced climate change on extreme convective precipitation events in the south of France : a high-resolution model simulation approach". Electronic Thesis or Diss., université Paris-Saclay, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020UPASV018.
Texto completoThe France-Mediterranean area is frequently exposed to heavy precipitation events in the autumn whose daily accumulation can sometimes exceed 300 millimeters. There are a few studies showing the increasing trend in the frequency and intensity of these events (e.g. Vautard et al., 2015; Ribes et al., 2019). However, a formal extreme event attribution that links those changes to human-induced climate change for this area has never been done. This PhD subject aims at quantifying the role of human-induced climate change in altering the statistical properties of extreme convective precipitation event occurring over the France-Mediterranean focusing on the Cevennes mountain range and using a high-resolution model approach including convection-permitting model for the first time. I first analyze the EURO-CORDEX ensemble, which includes different combinations of global climate models and regional climate models. Then I conducted a set of numerical simulations with the WRF model at a convection-permitting resolution. I also compared the simulations with observations and high-resolution re-analyses. The results show that regional models can reproduce extreme convective rainfall events with better agreement with observations by increasing their horizontal resolution, especially to convection-permitting resolution (approx. 3 km). By using these simulations, I show that human-induced climate change consistently makes the 100-year 3-hourly and daily precipitation event at least 2 times more likely under current climate. The results also suggest the need of using multi-model approach to reduce the uncertainties in this type of impact study
Magand, Olivier. "Bilan de Masse de Surface Antarctique : Techniques de mesure et analyse critique". Phd thesis, Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00374371.
Texto completoQuilcaille, Yann. "Retour sur les scénarios climatiques et d'émissions à l'aide d'un modèle compact du système Terre". Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SACLV041/document.
Texto completoThis thesis puts into perspective different elements of socio-economic scenarios from a climate change modelling point of view. These elements contribute at improving the comprehension of the current state of climate sciences regarding the scenarios. In the meantime, these elements demonstrate the potential of the recent reduced-form Earth System Model OSCAR v2.2.The first element concerns the uncertainty of emissions. Although emission inventories are uncertain, we ignore what impact on climate change have these uncertainties. We quantify this impact for fossil-fuel emissions, the major contributor to climate change. We show that the uncertainties in emissions are expected to increase with the use of non-conventional fuels, but that they do not increase significantly the uncertainty from Earth system modelling in variables, such as the increase in global surface temperature.The second element is a climate assessment of the recent Shared Socio-economic Pathways (SSP) scenarios. We identify loopholes in the SSP database, and we complete it to calculate the climate projections under these scenarios. Our conclusions suggest inconsistencies in CO2 emissions from Land Use Change (LUC) calculated by the Integrated Assessment Models and in the associated land variables. We identify trade-offs between greenhouse gases in the mitigation of climate change. Using a robust assessment, new carbon budgets are proposed. The uncertainties in increases in global surface temperature are discussed.The third element concerns the negative emissions. Most climate scenarios limiting global warming well below 2°C above preindustrial levels, thus respecting the Paris Agreement, use negative emissions. Using a developed version of OSCAR v2.2, we evaluate the implications for the Earth system of different aspects of different Carbon Dioxide Removal (CDR) technologies. We identify the reversibility in the different components of the Earth system and calculate the cooling potential of carbon dioxide removal technologies. We also show that the potential of afforestation/reforestation techniques may be impeded by the change in albedo, and that the potential of oceanic enhanced weathering may be lower than expected.Overall, this thesis identifies loopholes in the current development of scenarios. Some do not hinder current conclusions regarding climate change, such as the uncertainties in emission inventories. Others call for further analysis, such as the inconsistencies in the use of CO2 emissions from LUC or the eventual overestimation of the potential of some CDR technologies. It emphasizes the need for an urgent mitigation of climate change
Quintana, Seguí Pere. "Simulation hydrologique en région méditerranéenne avec SAFRAN-ISBA-MODCOU : amélioration de la physique et évaluation des risques dans le cadre du changement climatique". Phd thesis, Toulouse 3, 2008. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/1804/.
Texto completoThe SAFRAN-ISBA-MODCOU model is assessed and its physics are improved. The SAFRAN meteorological analysis is first validated in detail. The surface model ISBA is then modified to better describe the hydraulic conductivity in the soil. A strategy of calibration is defined and applied at the scale of France. The improved model is then used to assess the impacts of climate change in the Mediterranean region. A regional climate model is downscaled by two different methods. The study shows that the uncertainties related to the downscaling are important. Uncertainty related to the impact model is smaller, but must be taken into account for the extremes. In this region, the extremes of riverflows, and sometimes the means, will increase during the first half of the twenty-first century. At the end of the century, the scenario indicates a decline of the average of riverflows and the extremes will remain stable, leading to increased variability
Feng, Yang. "Study of the climate variability and the role of volcanism in the North Atlantic-Mediterranean sector during the last millennium". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022SORUS038.
Texto completoThe PhD work aims at studying the role of volcanism in influencing winter climate variability (especially, NAO) over the North Atlantic-Mediterranean sector at inter-annual scale. The first part is devoted to characterizing the simulated NAO signal in winters following stratospheric volcanic eruptions using three long transient simulations of the past millennium (500-1849 CE) by IPSL-CM6A-LR in the frame of PMIP4. The robustness and sensitivity of the response related to the latitude, season and strength of the eruptions are also explored. The second part extends further to decrypt the physical mechanism regarding different components of volcanic radiative forcing (the surface cooling and stratospheric warming). The work focuses on three 25-members ensemble simulations by IPSL-CM6A-LR following the VolMIP protocol for the well observed Mt. Pinatubo tropical eruption (Philippines, June 1991). Sensitivity experiments indicate that the surface positive NAO signature in our model experiments is primarily attributable to heating in the lower tropical stratosphere which generates stronger subtropical zonal winds through the thermal wind balance and accelerates the polar vortex. Stationary planetary wave propagations are also playing indispensable modulations effects
Monfort, Amélie. "Réception sociale des modes de gestion du risque de submersion marine : une approche d’évaluation de la simulation participative appliquée aux littoraux français métropolitains". Electronic Thesis or Diss., La Rochelle, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023LAROS014.
Texto completoIn France, coastal risk management is a central topic in discussions regarding the adaptation of coastal areas to climate change. Since the 2010s, this has been based on the promotion of alternative measures to hard defense, through soft solutions and the managed retreat of goods and activities. However, the implementation of these measures remains challenging for local stakeholders due to socio-technical and institutional factors. The originality of this thesis lies in examining the conditions of “social reception” of alternative measures, through a participatory simulation (PS) during which participants experiment with various strategies for managing the risk of coastal flooding. The PS is based on territorial archetypes and deployed in partnership with field organizations. Using a combination of quantitative and qualitative methods, game and “reality” frameworks, and a territorial approach to design, this study provides an exploratory analysis of how the PS influences the social reception dynamics among local risk managers in different metropolitan areas. We study the various ways in which the PS can be used by partners to implement or enhance local policies on coastal flooding and to explore the conditions offered for debate and reflexive experimentation according to the territorial anchoring of the PS. We examine the factors that influence the reception of measures, notably related to temporal scales and the weight of geographical configurations. Finally, we investigate the individual effects of the PS on representations of complexity, management strategies and the identification of adaptation levers
Jézéquel, Aglaé. "Approches statistique et épistémologique de l'attribution d'événements extrêmes". Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SACLV055/document.
Texto completoExtreme events are an expression of natural climate variability. Since anthropogenic emissions affect global climate, it is natural to wonder whether recent observed extreme events are a manifestation of anthropogenic climate change. This thesis aims at contributing to the understanding of the influence of anthopogenic climate change on observed extreme events, while assessing whether and how this scientific information - and more generally, the science of extreme event attribution (EEA) - could be useful for society. I propose statistical tools to achieve the former, while relying on qualitative interviews for the latter.The statistical part focuses on European heatwaves. I quantify the role played by the atmospheric circulation in the intensity of four recent heatwaves. This analysis is based on flow analogues, which identify days with a similar circulation pattern than the event of interest. I then disentangle the influence of climate change on the dynamical and non-dynamical processes leading to heatwaves. I calculate trends in the occurrence of circulation patterns leading to high temperatures and trends in temperature for a fixed circulation pattern, applied to the 2003 Western Europe and 2010 Russia heatwaves. I find that the significance of the results depend on the event of interest, highlighting the value of calculating trends for very specific types of circulation.The epistemological part evaluates the potential social uses of extreme event attribution. I assess how it could inform international climate negotiations, more specifically loss and damage, in response to a number of claims from scientists going in this direction. I find that the only potential role EEA could play to boost the loss and damage agenda would be to raise awareness for policy makers, aside from the negotiation process itself. I also evaluate how the different motivations stated by EEA scientists in interviews fare compared to the existing evidence on social use of this type of scientific information. I show that the social relevance of EEA results is ambiguous, and that there is a lack of empirical data to better understand how different non-scientific stakeholders react and appropriate EEA information
Dinh, Thi Lan Anh. "Crop yield simulation using statistical and machine learning models. From the monitoring to the seasonal and climate forecasting". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022SORUS425.
Texto completoWeather and climate strongly impact crop yields. Many studies based on different techniques have been done to measure this impact. This thesis focuses on statistical models to measure the sensitivity of crops to weather conditions based on historical records. When using a statistical model, a critical difficulty arises when data is scarce, which is often the case with statistical crop modelling. There is a high risk of overfitting if the model development is not done carefully. Thus, careful validation and selection of statistical models are major concerns of this thesis. Two statistical approaches are developed. The first one uses linear regression with regularization and leave-one-out cross-validation (or LOO), applied to Robusta coffee in the main coffee-producing area of Vietnam (i.e. the Central Highlands). Coffee is a valuable commodity crop, sensitive to weather, and has a very complex phenology due to its perennial nature. Results suggest that precipitation and temperature information can be used to forecast the yield anomaly with 3–6 months' anticipation depending on the location. Estimates of Robusta yield at the end of the season show that weather explains up to 36 % of historical yield anomalies. The first approach using LOO is widely used in the literature; however, it can be misused for many reasons: it is technical, misinterpreted, and requires experience. As an alternative, the “leave-two-out nested cross-validation” (or LTO) approach, is proposed to choose the suitable model and assess its true generalization ability. This method is sophisticated but straightforward; its benefits are demonstrated for Robusta coffee in Vietnam and grain maize in France. In both cases, a simpler model with fewer potential predictors and inputs is more appropriate. Using only the LOO method, without any regularization, can be highly misleading as it encourages choosing a model that overfits the data in an indirect way. The LTO approach is also useful in seasonal forecasting applications. The end-of-season grain maize yield estimates suggest that weather can account for more than 40 % of the variability in yield anomaly. Climate change's impacts on coffee production in Brazil and Vietnam are also studied using climate simulations and suitability models. Climate data are, however, biased compared to the real-world climate. Therefore, many “bias correction” methods (called here instead “calibration”) have been introduced to correct these biases. An up-to-date review of the available methods is provided to better understand each method's assumptions, properties, and applicative purposes. The climate simulations are then calibrated by a quantile-based method before being used in the suitability models. The suitability models are developed based on census data of coffee areas, and potential climate variables are based on a review of previous studies using impact models for coffee and expert recommendations. Results show that suitable arabica areas in Brazil could decrease by about 26 % by the mid-century in the high-emissions scenario, while the decrease is surprisingly high for Vietnamese Robusta coffee (≈ 60 %). Impacts are significant at low elevations for both coffee types, suggesting potential shifts in production to higher locations. The used statistical approaches, especially the LTO technique, can contribute to the development of crop modelling. They can be applied to a complex perennial crop like coffee or more industrialized annual crops like grain maize. They can be used in seasonal forecasts or end-of-season estimations, which are helpful in crop management and monitoring. Estimating the future crop suitability helps to anticipate the consequences of climate change on the agricultural system and to define adaptation or mitigation strategies. Methodologies used in this thesis can be easily generalized to other cultures and regions worldwide
Truong, Chi Quang. "Integrating cognitive models of human decision-making in agent-based models : an application to land use planning under climate change in the Mekong river delta". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 6, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA066580.
Texto completoThe initial goal of this thesis has been then to address this problem by proposing, on one hand, a cognitive approach based on the Belief-Desire-Intention (BDI) paradigm to represent the decision-making processes of human actors in agent-based models and, on the second hand, a validation of this approach in a complete land-use change model in which most of the factors cited above have also been simulated.The outcome of this work is a generic approach, which has been validated in a complex integrated land-use change model of a small region of the Vietnamese Mekong Delta. Our main contributions have been:The integration of the BDI architecture within an agent-based modeling platform (GAMA); The design of the Multi-Agent Based Land-Use Change (MAB-LUC) framework that can take into account the farmers’ decision-making in the land-use change processes;The proposal of a solution to assess the socio-economic and environmental factors in land-use planning and to integrate the MAB-LUC framework into the land-use planning process of. I conclude by showing that this work, designed in a generic fashion, can be reused and generalized for the modeling of complex socio-ecological systems where individual human factors need to be represented accurately
Malet-Damour, Bruno. "Contribution à l'étude des dispositifs de guides lumineux tubulaires (D.G.L.T.) appliqués au bâtiment : expérimentation, modélisation et validation". Thesis, La Réunion, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LARE0026/document.
Texto completoDesigning a building with comfort and energy conservation concerns is a key issue. In the alarming global context, both on energy-climate that the building sector is singled out. In France, the lighting is among the poor performers compared to other European countries. The country lags behind in quality tertiary or residential lighting in terms of energy performance, visual comfort or health. The organization of "2015, Année de la Lumière en France" by the ONU, UNESCO and the CNOP shows a change which tends to take place in the popular consciousness. Reunion Island, considering its strong solar radiation, is a land of choice to experiment with innovative devices in the contribution of daylight in buildings. For this purpose, the physical approach of the phenomenon provides prediction prospects, where the theoretical study of today will be tomorrow's building. Starting with a generalist approach, this PhD thesis aims to be as comprehensive as possible in the literature review, experimental and modelling study of the TDGS (Tubular Daylight Guide Systems) applied to the building. Our bibliographic survey has revealed that, this process is commonly marketed and installed internationally on the buildings concerned about their environmental impact or well-being of their occupants. However, the literature also shows they are poorly studied, and the approaches cannot be applied to all types of climates. In this context, a full-scale experimental study, including many scenarios was conducted to understand the phenomena involved.The semi-empirical modelling has both strengths and weaknesses. With simplicity, it remains limited to a configuration or a particular climate. In this issue, this research offers a solution: a numeric tool of dedicated modelling environment, ensuring the generation of the models according to need, called HEMERA. It uses the power of genetic algorithms to provide an effective solution to a local problem. The computer code CODYRUN is the support of the validation of the model developed as part of this work, and adjusted specifically for the climate of Reunion Island. This software profits an experience and a development of over 20 years in the PIMENT laboratory
Gential, Luc. "Modélisation du bilan de masse en surface de la calotte glaciaire antarctique". Phd thesis, Grenoble 1, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007GRE10092.
Texto completoThe Antarctic ice sheet surface mass balance (SMB, snow accumulation minus ablation) is sensitive to climate parameters and directly contributes to global mean sea level variations. Therefore, in the perspective of climate change, it is useful to develop tools that can simulate the physical processes involved in the Antarctic surface mass balance. The approach developed in this thesis consists in using a cascade of atmospheric models from large scale to local scale. Thus, a regional climate model (Modèle atmosphérique régional, hereinafter referred to as MAR), forced by European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) reanalysis, provides a diagnostic physical-based rain- and snowfall disaggregation model with meteorological fields at the regional scale (typically 40-km resolution). In a first part, it is shown that the SMB calculated by MAR is in good agreement with observations in most regions. Nonetheless, runoff appears to be overestimated; the problem vanishes when introducing a dependency of albedo with solar zenithal distance. In a second part, it is shown that although the parameterizations invoked in the disaggregation model are fairly simple, the knowledge of small-scale topography (5-km resolution) is efficiently used to improve the spatial variability of precipitation - and therefore SMB - over coastal regions of Antarctica. Model validation is carried out with the help of snow height measurements provided by automatic weather stations. Over the coastal place of Law Dome, the net accumulation gradient is mostly due to orographic forcing of precipitation (rather than blowing snow). The disaggregation model dramatically underestimates precipitation over the Antarctic Plateau, where polar stratospheric clouds associated with radiative cooling could play a role in the formation of precipitation during the polar night
El, Haddad Imad. "Fraction primaire et secondaire de l'aérosol organique : méthodologies et application à un environnement urbain méditerranéen, Marseille". Thesis, Aix-Marseille 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011AIX10029.
Texto completoTougher particulate matter regulations around the world and especially in Europe point out the need of source apportionment studies in order to better understand the different primary and secondary sources of organic aerosol, a major fraction of particulate matter that remains not well constrained. The work carried out in this thesis takes part of the FORMES project whose main objective is the source apportionment of the organic aerosol using different approaches, including mainly CMB modelling, AMS/PMF and radiocarbon (14C) measurements. The aerosol characterisation was performed within two intensive field campaigns conducted in two contrasted urban environments: Grenoble during winter and Marseille during summer. The present work focuses on the Marseille case study that presents a particularly complex environment, combining an intense photochemistry to a mixture of primary emissions including shipping and industrial emissions. Primary organic carbon (POC) apportioned using CMB modelling contributed on average for only 22% and was dominated by vehicular emissions accounting on average for 17% of OC. Even though, industrial emissions contribute for only 2.3% of the total OC, they are associated with ultrafine particles and high concentrations of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and heavy metals such as Pb, Ni and V, which most likely relate them with acute health outcomes. Whereas in Grenoble the organic aerosol was dominated by wood burning smoke (70% of OC), this source was negligible in Marseille contributing for less than 1% of OC. The main result from this source apportionment exercise is that 78% of OC mass cannot be attributed to the major primary sources and remains un-apportioned; this fraction is mostly associated with secondary organic aerosol. Radiocarbon measurements suggest that more than 70% of this fraction is of modern origins, assigned predominantly to biogenic secondary organic carbon (BSOC). Therefore, contributions from three traditional BSOC precursors, isoprene, α-pinene and β-caryophellene, were considered using a marker based approach. The aggregate contribution from BSOC derived from these precursors was estimated at only 4.2% of total OC. As a result, these estimates underpredict the high loading of OC. This underestimation can be associated with (i) uncertainties underlying the marker-based approach, (ii) presence of other SOC precursors and (iii) further processing of fresh SOC, as indicated by organosulfates (RSO4) and HUmic LIke Substances (HULIS) measurements. This HULIS can contribute up to 40% of the unattributed OC