Tesis sobre el tema "Changements climatiques – Modèles mathématiques"
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Vidil, Christophe. "Gestion des eaux pluviales et changements climatiques : Étude de deux secteurs urbains". Thesis, Université Laval, 2012. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2012/28896/28896.pdf.
Texto completoDreveton-Le, Goff Christine. "Etude de l'équilibre climatique du modèle Arpège". Toulouse 3, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995TOU30101.
Texto completoLe, Mezo Priscilla. "Variabilité des écosystèmes marins de l'échelle inter-annuelle au dernier cycle glaciaire-interglaciaire". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017SACLV003.
Texto completoClimate variability influences marine primary productivity and marine species distribution over all timescales, from seasonal to interannual variability and glacial-interglacial cycles. The links between climate and marine ecosystems are still sparsely known so that the predictions of futur changes are difficult. Moreover, because paleoclimate recorders extracted from marine archives are often linked to the functionning of the ecosystem, this lack of knowledge limits our ability to reconstruct past climate variability.This thesis work aims at improving our knowledge of these links between climate and marine ecosystems : we have looked into marine productivity changes during the last glacial-interglacial cycle, but we also examined the "end-to-end" ecosystem response to inter-annual to decadal variability in a pre-industrial climate. This work uses a climate model (IPSL-CM), a bio-geochemical model (PISCES) and a model of high trophic levels (APECOSM).First, we show that the link between Indian summer monsoon intensity and marine primary productivity in the Arabian Sea is indirect. Indeed, it appears necessary to consider the monsoon pattern, such as the Findlater Jet position, which drives the Ekman dynamics in the region, as well as its intensity to understand the productivity changes.Second, we study the marine productivity changes off the Congo river mouth and their links with the river runoff and the African atmospheric dynamics. This work shows that the relationship between monsoon intensity and trade winds intensity, often used to reconstruct past changes, is not always verified. Depending on the climate, thermal or dynamical effects are more or less prominent drivers of the simulated changes in precipitation and winds. Productivity off the Congo river mouth, which is mainly located in the subsurface, seems more affected by the ocean and atmosphere dynamics than by the river supply in nutrients.Third, we study the inter-annual variability effects over past productivity changes and over the climatic signal potentially recorded in the biological climate proxies.Finally, the last part of the thesis focuses on high trophic levels marine organisms response to climate variability at different frequencies. This study shows that marine organisms response to environmental changes varies with the organism' size and habitat
Coulombe, Sébastien. "Détermination de l'incertitude associée à la détection de l'effet des changements climatiques sur le rendement des strates d'épinette noire de la forêt boréale". Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/21095.
Texto completoBrechet, Thierry. "Politiques de lutte contre lechangement climatique et modélisation macroéconomique : un modèle d'équilibre général pour l'économie belge". Paris 1, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000PA010032.
Texto completoDarnault, Romain. "Étude de l'évolution des versants de montagne et des déstabilisations gravitaires associées par une approche couplée d'observations sismotectoniques, de datations géochronologiques et de modélisations". Nice, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012NICE4027.
Texto completoLandslides have been often studied, but rarely on the valley scale. The set of parameters controlling the evolution of slope can be observed with this scale, and in Particular those responsible for the triggering of landslides. The study led in the High Tinée Valley (Argentera‐Mercantour) brings new evidences to understand slopes’ destabilisations: 10Be dating of polished glacial surfaces: Three stage of glacial recession have been measured around 15 ka, 11 ka and 8‐9 ka. These ages are similar to data acquired previously in Northern and Central parts of Alps. It suggests that climate fluctuations are homogeneous on the Alps scale. Periods of glacier retreat are chronologically concordant with gravity events measured in the Alps. A strong increase of river incision from 4 ka to reach incision rate greater than 1 cm. An‐1 around 1,2 – 0,7 ka has been measured. This period is concordant with dating acquired on the basal sliding of La Clapière landslide between 1,8 and 0,6 ka. Field investigations associated with numerical models allowed observing of the subertical and parallel to the valley fracture propagation, from the slope toe to the top of the landslides. These new data have resulted in a model of the mountain slope destabilization involving several factors: (i) Glacial incision and effects from ice melt involve a destabilisation of the valley and the initiation of landslides. (ii) River incision participates to the slope destabilisation. (iii) Mechanical damage of the slope accelerates the weathering and the gravity process
Thuiller, Wilfried. "Impact des changements globaux sur la biodiversité en Europe : projections et incertitudes". Montpellier 2, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003MON20101.
Texto completoLe, Roux Renan. "Modélisation climatique à l’échelle des terroirs viticoles dans un contexte de changement climatique". Thesis, Rennes 2, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017REN20057/document.
Texto completoAt vineyard scale, climate variability can be significant in magnitude and play a key role in vine and wine characteristics. Adaptation of viticulture to climate change requires knowledge about future fine-scale climate evolution. This study aims to integrate local scale in future climate projections, coupling dynamic and statistical modelling. A first step consisted in producing temperature maps at 1 km resolution using WRF in a vineyard area (Marlborough, New-Zealand) and evaluating model uncertainties. It revealed that dynamical models do not represent well local climate variations. Using a high density temperature data logger network, the second part is dedicated to developing a non-linear statistical model to map temperature at very fine scale in famous sub-appellations of the Bordeaux vineyard area (Saint-Émilion). Following, a method, coupling dynamical and statistical modelling, is proposed to integrate local scale in climate change projections. This thesis highlights that using simultaneously statistical and dynamical models can be an approach to reduce model uncertainties
Drugé, Thomas. "Contribution des aérosols aux scénarios climatiques en Méditerranée pour le XXIème siècle à l'échelle régionale". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Toulouse 3, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019TOU30328.
Texto completoThe Euro-Mediterranean region is subject to high aerosol loads of various origins and with high spatial and temporal variability. The climate of this region will be impacted by their direct effect on radiation but also by their semi-direct and indirect effects on clouds and atmospheric dynamics. This thesis work, which is part of the Med-CORDEX and ChArMEx research programmes, will address through regional climate modelling the question of the direct radiative effect of the various aerosols over the historical period, their evolution between the period 1971-2000 and the period 2021-2050 as well as the sensitivity of the future climate of this region to these aerosols. In order to take into account as fully as possible anthropogenic aerosols in the ALADIN-Climat regional climate model, used throughout this thesis work, a new simplified aerosol module to represent nitrate and ammonium particles has been implemented in its interactive aerosol scheme TACTIC. A set of simulations, taking into account or not nitrate and ammonium particles, were carried out over the period 1979-2016. The results showed the significant impact of these atmospheric particles on the Euro-Mediterranean climate with a contribution of 40% to the total AOD (at 550 nm) and a direct radiative forcing higher than that of sulphate and organic carbon particles from 2005. Over a longer period of time and using different scenarios, results show a decrease of total AOD of 35% over Europe between 1971-2000 and 2021-2050. This is mainly due to the decrease of the sulphate aerosols AOD, partly offset by the increase of nitrates. Nitrate particles will also have the highest total AOD contribution over Europe, of 45%, during the future period. This evolution of the various aerosols will impact their direct radiative forcing, with a significant decrease in that exerted by sulphate particles and an increase in that of nitrate and ammonium aerosols. These changes, which are robust under the different scenarios, explain on an annual average about 6% of the expected global warming over Europe between the two periods, mainly due to aerosols-radiation interactions but also to a change in cloud albedo (first indirect effect) and atmospheric dynamics over this region
Sandu, Irina. "Impact de l'aérosol sur le cycle de vie des nuages de couche limite". Toulouse 3, 2007. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/116/.
Texto completoAnthropogenic aerosols may have a noticeable impact on the life cycle of boundary layer clouds, via their effects on radiation and precipitation efficiency. It is however difficult to document such impacts from observations. The interactions between aerosol particles and the dynamics of boundary layer cloud systems (typically marine stratocumulus) have therefore been explored with high resolution numerical models (LES), that now include detailed parameterizations of turbulence, radiative transfer and microphysics. In this study, the focus is on the coupling between aerosol impacts on cloud microphysics and the diurnal cycle of stratocumulus clouds. LES simulations of a 36 hours cycle are performed with aerosol concentrations typical of pristine and polluted air masses, successively. Although the simulations start from the same initial state, they rapidly diverge. The increased concentration of cloud condensation nuclei yields to an increased droplet concentration, a reduction of the droplet sizes and the inhibition of the droplet sedimentation and precipitation formation. The liquid water content at cloud top hence increases and the cloud top entrainment is strengthened. Moreover, the absorption of solar radiation at cloud base is no longer balanced by the droplet and drizzle evaporation, and the decoupling of the cloud layer is reinforced. Overall, the polluted cloud layer is better coupled during the night and more decoupled during the day than its pristine counterpart. Measurable signatures of these impacts are identified to help at designing observational studies of aerosol impacts on the dynamics on boundary layer clouds
Martin, Éric. "Modélisation de la climatologie nivale des Alpes françaises. Application des techniques de régionalisation à l'étude de l'impact d'un changement climatique sur l'enneigement". Toulouse 3, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995TOU30262.
Texto completoDumas, Patrice. "L'évaluation des dommages du changement climatique en situation d'incertitude : l'apport de la modélisation des coûts de l'adaptation". Paris, EHESS, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006EHES0072.
Texto completoThe purpose of this thesis is the improvement of climate change damage assessment by the mean of : the use of a threshold damage function and an evaluation of the costs of adapting to a changed climate. Simulation and optimization compact climate economy integrated assessment models are solved to assess the damages. A stochastic threshold damage function leads to a precautionary effect for climate policies. In a cost-benefit framework, the threshold acts as a soft ceiling. Turning to the representation of adaptation, adaptive capital is split in categories corresponding with temperature ranges in optimization models. In simulation, a Kalman filter is used to model climate change detection. The results show strong anticipations. Additional costs arise mainly from over-investment allowing to follow climate change. The costs are not very sensitive to the amount of uncertainly, but they rise sharply in the case of no anticipation
Coulomb, Renaud. "Fossil fuels and climate policy". Paris, EHESS, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013EHES0137.
Texto completoThis thesis studies the interactions between carbon regulation and fossil fuels extraction. It addresses various questions: what is the optimal extraction path of polluting fossil fuels? What is the optimal carbon tax to implement? When investing in Carbon Capture and Starage technology (CCS) systems and carbon-free power plants? What are the impacts of optimal carbon taxation on profits of fossil fuels owner s? In a11 of the five chapters of this dissertation, we explore Hotelling-like models, close to Chakravorty et al. (2006b ). In these models, utility comes from the consumption of energy resources and the accumulation of C02 i n the atmosphere is regulated. At least two energy resources and carbon-emitting exhaustible resource and a carbon free renewable one, are available. The baseline model is modified throughout this dissertation, and changes concern: the environmental constraint (a carbon cap over C02 concentration and/or a damage function), the availability of CCS technology and its field of application, the duration of clean capital (CCS systems renewables plants) , the natural dilution (constant, proportional to the stock, or negligible) and the existence of several polluting resources. The first part studies the optimal use and deployment of carbon capture and renewables, when an environmental regulation is imposed through a cap over the C02 concentration. The second part deals with the optimal carbon taxation and carbon capture when marginal damages increase with the carbon stock and a carbon cap over the C02 concentration is set. The last part studies how owners of an averagely carbon-emitting resource (oil, gas) can benefit from carbon taxation
Dulac, William. "Méthodes pour l'évaluation de l'activité cyclonique tropicale en changement climatique". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Toulouse 3, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023TOU30315.
Texto completoGiven their devastating impact on the populations and infrastructures of the countries concerned the future evolution of tropical cyclone activity in the context of global warming is an issue of great importance. Two methods exist for assessing tropical cyclone activity under climate change in climate models: the use of cyclone detection algorithms (trackers) or the use of cyclogenesis indices, which translate statistical relationships linking observed cyclone activity to large-scale atmospheric variables. These two methods tend to provide opposite projections in climate simulations. Motivated by this disagreement, this thesis proposes to explore these two approaches, with the aim of making improvements to each. Firstly, the CNRM tropical cyclone tracker is applied to the ERA5 reanalysis of the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts, and evaluated using the IBTrACS database of cyclone observations. Its performance is evaluated in terms of detection probability and false alarm rate (POD and FAR), after optimizing detection parameters and applying an appropriate mid-latitude system filter. Several metrics for assessing the similarity of the tracks detected in ERA5 with those observed are then proposed and compared. These innovative metrics are complementary to POD and FAR, and show that optimizing detection parameters is accompanied by a slight improvement in track similarity. New cyclogenesis indices are then constructed on ERA5 by Poisson regression between large-scale thermal and dynamic predictors, and the IBTrACS database. The regressions are run at different spatial and temporal resolutions, as well as on a global scale and for different ocean basins. The increased temporal resolution enables the equatorial bias present in the most commonly used indices to be corrected. However, the interannual variability of the indices appears to be robust to changes in the weighting coefficients of the large-scale variables. Following this observation, the contribution of adding predictors to the regressions is evaluated on ERA5 as well as in the ARPEGE model; on the one hand by explicitly adding a diagnostic of the El Niño (ENSO) variability mode to the index, and on the other hand by replacing the relative humidity at 600 hPa by the integrated moisture saturation deficit on the column (VPD). The addition of ENSO diagnostics improves the interannual variability of the index in most ocean basins. Correlations with observed series are made statistically significant at the 95% threshold in all basins except the North Atlantic. The use of the VPD cancels out the upward trends in the historical period observed in indices based on relative humidity. The resulting index is therefore in better agreement with observations. When applied to very high-resolution ARPEGE climate simulations, under the RCP8.5 scenario, the VPD also amplifies the decrease in cyclonic activity
Henriet, Fanny. "Essais sur l'économie du changement climatique". Paris, EHESS, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012EHES0025.
Texto completoThis thesis focuses on several issues related to climate policies. The first chapter focuses on the optimal extraction of a polluting non-renewable resource when there is an environmental regulation and when a clean technology can be developed through research and development. The second chapter examines the introduction of a carbon capture and storage technology. When all emissions can not be captured, because of technical constraints, this technology should be used before any environmental damages occurs. The third chapter examines the optimal tax system changes when an externality is discovered in a model à la Mirlees with heterogeneous agents. If productivity and the cost of access to a clean substitute are negatively correlated, there should be no indirect taxes, in the absence of externalities. With externality, it is optimal to tax the dirty good, less than the Pigovian rate, and the clean good. In the fourth chapter, we build, calibrate and simulate a stylized model designed to assess the magnitude of the carbon tax that would allow the French economy to divide by four its CO2 emissions in forty years. The magnitude of the carbon tax required is quite unrealistic. The fifth chapter discusses the ecological discount rate that should be used to assess projects aiming at improving the environment. We study the properties of the standard discount rate and the ecological discount rate. We also discuss a version of the precautionary principle
Rajaud, Amélie. "Reforester les tropiques semi-arides ? : Enjeux, contraintes et opportunités climatiques dans la perspective du changement global". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016SACLV066.
Texto completoIn the face of evergrowing global deforestation, numerous forest protection and restoration projects have been deployed at the international scale. The goal of this thesis is to provide adaptation planning in the vulnerable tropical semi-arid regions with scientific material about reforestation project constraints and opportunities at the global scale, inthe context of climate change. The literature review (chapter 1) confirms that reforestation projects aimed at warmingmitigation hold a better chance of success under tropical lattitudes. Indeed, both biochemical and biophysical effects of the vegetation on climate converge toward a global cooling effect. As reforestation in tropical semi-arid regions aims at satisfying various ecosystemic services, it holds beneficial promises at both the global and the local scale. However, due to scarce water resources, implementing a tree cover in semi-arid conditions could turn out unsustainable in the long run. A bioclimatological is applied, in chapter 2, to a multimodel ensemble of projections in order to draw the evolution of global tropical semi-arid territory under several climate change scenarios (RCP). The present tropical semi-arid territory is expected to remain mostly so in future conditions. However, up to 25% of the this territory on average will evolve towards arider conditions, and up to 11% towards wetter conditions. Nevertheless, the tropical semi-arid territory will increase by the end of the 21st century, by up to 13% on average (RCP 8.5). This increase results from a migration outside of the tropical belt, consistent with the Hadley circulation widening hypothesis under climate change. Chapter 3 proposes a methodology aimed at analysing the implications of this evolution for the climatic potential of tree cover sustainability. The global vegetation model (ORCHIDEE, developed at IPSL), used to simulate this potential, accounts mechanistically for all the climatic factors of the plant's growth. A typology of result profiles from the simulation experiments partitions the territory into subregions characterized by a specific relation between the tree development and the tree cover density: five types range from the least (Type 1) to the most (Type 4) favourable ones. A reference experiment is performed using observational climate data (from the Climatic Research Unit). Covering almost half of the territory, Type 1 is characterized by the impossibility to maintain a tree cover for the highest cover densities. The second type in order of surface occupation is Type 4 (28% of the territory). More favourable, it is characterized by high tree development for any tree cover density. The "tree cover potential" of each type is characterized by its optimum: the tree cover density that realises the best compromise between tree development and total productivity. In Chapter 4, the same methodology is applied to future climate projections for RCP 8.5. The ORCHIDEE model is thus forced with global climate model outputs, for the beginning and the end of the 21st century. By the end of the century, Type 1 represents no more than 25% of the tropical semi-arid territory on average, while Type 4 becomes the dominant one (49% of the territory). Because of the stability of the tree cover potential whithin each type, the evolution toward a more or less favourable type can be directly interpreted in terms of an increasing or a decreasing potential. The results show that the tree cover potential in the tropical semi-arid territory does not systematically suffer from the general decrease that could be expected from increasing aridity. A complementary experiment suggests that the main reason for this result lies is the atmospheric CO2 fertilization effect. Interpreting these results for reforestation strategy recommandations, suggests that, for the long term, areas of the tropical semi-arid territory where reforestation would be advised against are overall relatively small
Ladant, Jean-Baptiste. "Interactions climat-calotte durant la greenhouse Crétacé-Paléogène (120-34 Ma) : influence de la paléogéographie et du CO2 atmosphérique". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015SACLV019.
Texto completoOn geological timescales, global climate proxies indicate that variations of large magnitude occur between the Cretaceous and the Cenozoic. On the long term, these variations are mostly determined by the equilibrium between the greenhouse gases composition of the atmosphere, primarily the CO2, and continental weathering set up by the spatial location of Earth’s landmasses. Here, the links between paleogeography and CO2 are looked upon in a climate-ice sheet interactions framework during a greenhouse period of Earth history (120 – 34 Ma). A suite of models involving both coupled and ice sheet models have been used to demonstrate that paleogeographic reorganizations have regulated the presence of ice over Antarctica during the Cretaceous. In a second time and using a similar setup, a new method for climate-ice sheet coupling have been developed and applied to the Eocene-Oligocene (EO) glaciation to yield a new scenario of ice evolution, in good agreement with data. Two feedbacks related to this glaciation and the coeval atmospheric CO2 fall are investigated. First, it is shown that the EO glaciation generates an intensification of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current. Second, within a data-model study demonstrating active Asian monsoons as old as the mid-Eocene, it is shown that the climatic change at the end of the Eocene is responsible for a reduction in the intensity of the Asian monsoon. Finally, with the aim of analysing the effect of paleogeographic changes on marine biogeochemistry during the Cenozoic, sensitivity tests to Drake Passage and Panama Seaway have been carried out
Ndiaye, Abdourakhmane. "Changements climatiques : de la modélisation du phénomène à son éducation. Application au cas des enseignants sénégalais du primaire. Le climat, du savoir scientifique aux modèles d’intégration assignée (Integrated Assessements Models) 1 Environmental education to education for sustainability development : challenges and issues Education for sustainable development : a conceptual and methodological approach De l’éducation au développement durable (EDD) aux Objectifs du Développement Durable (ODD), de nouvelles prescriptions pour les pays du Sud ? Integrated assessment models and other climate policy tools Eduquer aux changements climatiques au Sénégal, une initiation au modèle REDOC via les représentations sociales". Thesis, Université Clermont Auvergne (2017-2020), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019CLFAD007.
Texto completoOur research has been focused on clarifying the scope, characteristics and principles of Climate ChangeEducation for Sustainable Development (CCESD) in order to implement curricula. This issue is part ofa dual framework : an interdisciplinary approach (linking Climate Science, Economics and EducationSciences) and the integration of CCESD into the primary cycle of the Senegalese education system. Ourresearch methodology was based on two inputs : the dynamics of complex systems (Forrester, 1969,Morin, 1977, 1980) to provide knowledge and the REDOC model (Representations, EducationalApproach, Didactic Tools and Skills) to understand teachers’ representations. The results of our researchled us to identify two postulates, facilitating a CCESD. On the one hand, the register of knowledge thatmust be activated to implement CCESD (four types : scientific knowledge, institutional knowledge,measured knowledge and pedagogical knowledge). On the other hand, the analysis of learners'representations is a necessary and essential step to set up a diversified and complementary set ofpedagogies, develop appropriate didactic tools and propose a contextualised skills referenceframework. In our research, the representations of Senegalese primary school teachers were discussedon the basis of a survey. We highlighted their representations of sustainable development, climatechange or global warming. In the case of Senegal, we observed that the issue of climate change had tobe linked to other controversial issues in the school system : the status of teachers, the quality ofinfrastructure, the issue of public health, the problem of the lack of school canteens, etc. Another wayof reminding us that the goals of sustainable development (SGD) are systemic and that qualityeducation (SDG 4) can be a key driver for change
Lefebvre, Vincent. "Modélisation numérique du cycle du carbone et des cycles biogéochimiques : application aux perturbations climatiques de l’Ordovicien terminal, du Dévonien terminal et du Miocène moyen". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Lille 1, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009LIL10047.
Texto completoCarbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas known to be a primary driver of the Earth climate at a geological time scale. Its variation during the Phanerozoic determines icehouse and greenhouse periods. Brief perturbations, marked by carbon cycle and consequently atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration changes, occur during the Phanerozoic. During the PhD a numerical carbon cycle box model has been updated based on a previous version published by Grard et al. (2005). The modelisations realized during the PhD alowed to test different processes leading to a carbon cycle destabilization over several million of years. During the middle Miocene, we propose an intensification of the burial of continental organic carbon by burying 1.5x10*18 mol C in 3 millions of years. This process constitutes the more acceptable scenario that could explain the positive ?*13C excursion of the middle Miocene. Modeling on the Late Ordovician has led to the suggestion of a new hypothesis explaining the Hirnantian cooling : the installation of a continental basaltic province. Finally, the modeling on the Late Devonian has tested the hypothesis that a long-term (more than 10 Myr) geodynamical process such as a major orogeny could lead to a short-term (less than 2 Myr) carbon cycle perturbation associated to the initial mountain uplift. We show that the Eovariscan orogeny can be at the origin of the two Kellwasser events at the Frasnian-Famennian boundary
Vezy, Rémi. "Simulation de pratiques de gestion alternatives pour l'adaptation des plantations pérennes aux changements globaux". Thesis, Bordeaux, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017BORD0939/document.
Texto completoIn this thesis, we used two complementary mathematical models to simulate the future behavior of coffee plantations under climate change (1979 - 2100). We studied their carbon, water, and energy balances to better understand and predict the effects of these changes on coffee production. The addition of shade trees above the coffee layer leadto higher yield compared to full sun management under increased temperature.However, coffee yield was predicted to decrease compared to current levels by 2100,whatever the shade tree species or management
Regnier, Baptiste. "Modélisation du taux de développement d'insectes ravageurs des cultures face au réchauffement climatique : le cas des foreurs de tige du maïs". Electronic Thesis or Diss., université Paris-Saclay, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023UPASB007.
Texto completoWhile we are observing a decline in insect biodiversity in relation to global changes, some species of crop pests continue to threaten food security worldwide. This is the case for lepidopterans maize stem borers, which pose a major threat to maize production. It is therefore essential to contribute to a better understanding of the impact of global changes and particularly of global warming on maize stem borer populations. Pest responses to global warming can result in contrasting responses depending on the species and trait studied. Among these traits, development rate, i.e. the inverse of development time, is of primary importance given its close dependence to ambient temperature. The development rate quantifies the developmental progression of life stages per unit of time, so that mathematical modeling approaches of the relationship between development rate and temperature can contribute to assess the impact of climate warming on crop pest populations. The objective of this work is to contribute to improve the quantification of the relationship between development rate and temperature by mathematical modeling approaches, and to evaluate the impact of global warming on the development rate of maize stem borers in tropical and temperate climates.Fitting models of developmental rate as a function of temperature to empirical data acquired by rearing individuals at different temperatures has been a widespread method for several decades. Numerous modeling studies have been published, but modeling practices vary considerably within the literature, both in terms of the mathematical models fitted and the experimental protocol, as well as the statistical methods of inference and model selection. In response to this limitation, a study of the influence of experimental protocol on model fitting using a simulation approach, as well as a literature review to establish common and shared modeling and model selection practices were conducted.As a result of global warming, the development time of insect pests could be accelerated or slowed, with impacts to be assessed on pest populations and associated crops. The impacts of different climate warming scenarios on the development time of maize stem borers were evaluated via a mathematical modeling approach for four maize stem borers in temperate and tropical regions. Results show that insect response differs between species and scenarios. This study predicts changes in development time, the magnitude and direction of which depend notably on the optimal temperature for development. While a predominantly shorter development time is expected, the simulations suggest a delay or even a halt for species whose environmental temperature is close to their optimal development temperature. The integration of the non-linear relationship of development rate to temperature thus provides information on future changes in the temporal dynamics of populations. Our analyses indicate that in the absence of mitigating factors such as acclimation, adaptation or dispersal, the developmental time of maize stem borers will be altered, with consequences for their phenology, inter-specific interactions within agro-ecosystems, as well as for maize cultivation and associated crop protection practices
Rajaud, Amélie. "Reforester les tropiques semi-arides ? : Enjeux, contraintes et opportunités climatiques dans la perspective du changement global". Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016SACLV066/document.
Texto completoIn the face of evergrowing global deforestation, numerous forest protection and restoration projects have been deployed at the international scale. The goal of this thesis is to provide adaptation planning in the vulnerable tropical semi-arid regions with scientific material about reforestation project constraints and opportunities at the global scale, inthe context of climate change. The literature review (chapter 1) confirms that reforestation projects aimed at warmingmitigation hold a better chance of success under tropical lattitudes. Indeed, both biochemical and biophysical effects of the vegetation on climate converge toward a global cooling effect. As reforestation in tropical semi-arid regions aims at satisfying various ecosystemic services, it holds beneficial promises at both the global and the local scale. However, due to scarce water resources, implementing a tree cover in semi-arid conditions could turn out unsustainable in the long run. A bioclimatological is applied, in chapter 2, to a multimodel ensemble of projections in order to draw the evolution of global tropical semi-arid territory under several climate change scenarios (RCP). The present tropical semi-arid territory is expected to remain mostly so in future conditions. However, up to 25% of the this territory on average will evolve towards arider conditions, and up to 11% towards wetter conditions. Nevertheless, the tropical semi-arid territory will increase by the end of the 21st century, by up to 13% on average (RCP 8.5). This increase results from a migration outside of the tropical belt, consistent with the Hadley circulation widening hypothesis under climate change. Chapter 3 proposes a methodology aimed at analysing the implications of this evolution for the climatic potential of tree cover sustainability. The global vegetation model (ORCHIDEE, developed at IPSL), used to simulate this potential, accounts mechanistically for all the climatic factors of the plant's growth. A typology of result profiles from the simulation experiments partitions the territory into subregions characterized by a specific relation between the tree development and the tree cover density: five types range from the least (Type 1) to the most (Type 4) favourable ones. A reference experiment is performed using observational climate data (from the Climatic Research Unit). Covering almost half of the territory, Type 1 is characterized by the impossibility to maintain a tree cover for the highest cover densities. The second type in order of surface occupation is Type 4 (28% of the territory). More favourable, it is characterized by high tree development for any tree cover density. The "tree cover potential" of each type is characterized by its optimum: the tree cover density that realises the best compromise between tree development and total productivity. In Chapter 4, the same methodology is applied to future climate projections for RCP 8.5. The ORCHIDEE model is thus forced with global climate model outputs, for the beginning and the end of the 21st century. By the end of the century, Type 1 represents no more than 25% of the tropical semi-arid territory on average, while Type 4 becomes the dominant one (49% of the territory). Because of the stability of the tree cover potential whithin each type, the evolution toward a more or less favourable type can be directly interpreted in terms of an increasing or a decreasing potential. The results show that the tree cover potential in the tropical semi-arid territory does not systematically suffer from the general decrease that could be expected from increasing aridity. A complementary experiment suggests that the main reason for this result lies is the atmospheric CO2 fertilization effect. Interpreting these results for reforestation strategy recommandations, suggests that, for the long term, areas of the tropical semi-arid territory where reforestation would be advised against are overall relatively small
Lefebvre, Vincent. "Modélisation numérique du cycle du carbone et des cycles biogéochimiques : application aux perturbations climatiques de l’Ordovicien terminal, du Dévonien terminal et du Miocène moyen". Thesis, Lille 1, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009LIL10047/document.
Texto completoCarbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas known to be a primary driver of the Earth climate at a geological time scale. Its variation during the Phanerozoic determines icehouse and greenhouse periods. Brief perturbations, marked by carbon cycle and consequently atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration changes, occur during the Phanerozoic. During the PhD a numerical carbon cycle box model has been updated based on a previous version published by Grard et al. (2005). The modelisations realized during the PhD alowed to test different processes leading to a carbon cycle destabilization over several million of years. During the middle Miocene, we propose an intensification of the burial of continental organic carbon by burying 1.5x10*18 mol C in 3 millions of years. This process constitutes the more acceptable scenario that could explain the positive ?*13C excursion of the middle Miocene. Modeling on the Late Ordovician has led to the suggestion of a new hypothesis explaining the Hirnantian cooling : the installation of a continental basaltic province. Finally, the modeling on the Late Devonian has tested the hypothesis that a long-term (more than 10 Myr) geodynamical process such as a major orogeny could lead to a short-term (less than 2 Myr) carbon cycle perturbation associated to the initial mountain uplift. We show that the Eovariscan orogeny can be at the origin of the two Kellwasser events at the Frasnian-Famennian boundary
Meilland, Auriane. "Articulation entre priorités de développement nationales et objectifs d'atténuation du changement climatique - analyse, modélisation et implications pour la négociation internationale sur le climat". Electronic Thesis or Diss., université Paris-Saclay, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024UPASB015.
Texto completoClimate change mitigation goals and development priorities are closely linked. For the most part, however, they remain discussed in separate arenas, both within individual countries and at the international stage, where development is addressed in the context of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and mitigation is tackled by the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). In such a context, are countries' development strategies consistent with their climate mitigation targets? Can this assessment shed new light on how fair countries' contributions to the Paris Agreement are? To address these questions, including for countries in which existing data and analyses are limited, the present thesis builds and provides first applications of a model-based, data-sober methodology. Its aim is to examine the conditions under which climate mitigation targets, as expressed in Nationally Determined Contributrions, and other long-term national development goals, as expressed in official development planning documents, are compatible.In the absence of a comprehensive dataset on countries' development priorities, we first collect and analyse the long-term national development documents of 121 countries to extract stated development priorities. In doing so, we show that the SDGs are comprehensive enough to be a relevant framework to map development priorities. We then build a flexible methodology based on the computable general equilibrium (CGE) model KLEM to assess the compatibility between some of the development priorities expressed in the development plans, and national mitigation targets. We demonstrate that CGE assessments of climate policies are sensitive to the choice of macroeconomic closure of the model - a point that, to our knowledge, had not been made in the climate modeling literature - and consequently include sensitivity analyses on this dimension in our methodology. We provide first applications of the methodology to Malawi, Colombia and Iraq, and discuss directions for future developments. Third, we review the tools currently used to assess the fairness of national mitigation targets: none would, at the same time, include the wide range of (sometimes contradictory) equity principles in the literature, while providing conclusive judgements. We build a survey collecting citizens' attitudes towards international equity in France and the US. Its results suggest that such surveys with a normative intent, if expanded, could legitimize the use of a narrower range of principles, thus improving - without fully reaching - the conclusiveness of these tools. We conclude by discussing how integrating other development priorities in the debates on fairness may help overcome this stumbling block
Taconet, Nicolas. "Dynamics and distribution of climate change impacts : insights for assessing mitigation pathways". Thesis, Marne-la-vallée, ENPC, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021ENPC0001.
Texto completoBecause climate change affects economies at different scales, quantifying its impacts is particularly challenging. Yet, understanding climate change impacts is key to design appropriate mitigation and adaptation response. Damage assessment allows to set global targets and regional policies against the cost of inaction, and to prepare for adaptation by highlighting future vulnerabilities and hotspots. This thesis analyse how the dynamics and distribution of climate change impacts affects the assessment of mitigation pathways. First, I show that climate system dynamics matters to evaluate the resulting economic impacts, which increases the present value of mitigation actions. Second, using different assessments of climate change impacts aggregated at the country level, I analyse the distributional effects of different emission pathways. Finally, I show how spillovers and structural change affect the distribution of impacts, through the example of heat stress on productivity
Antunes, Nicolas. "Application d'algorithmes prédictifs à l'identification de niches écoculturelles des populations du passé : approche ethnoarchéologique". Thesis, Bordeaux, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015BORD0173/document.
Texto completoThe geographic distribution of human populations is the result of both historical contingency and environmental factors. This study identifies culture-environment relations for well-documented present-day and historic populations in order to evaluate whether the same phenomena operated inprehistoric contexts, which are only known from archaeological sites. After reviewing the different concepts used to describe the ecological space occupied by a species (or specific population), it is shown that the niche concept is well-suited for identifying and measuring environmental factors that can influence the distribution of a culture at a particular place and time. In order to better understand the potential distributions of present and past cultures, this study employs the method known aseco-cultural niche modeling (ECNM). ECNM uses predictive algorithms along with occurrence and environmental data in order to examine the possible influences of environmental factors on cultural trajectories. The results presented here are derived from an optimized ECNM approach that permits one to obtain high-resolution environmental data, and that also combines niche predictions by taking into account the performance of the various employed predictive algorithms.The effectiveness of this approach is ensured by the use of reliable occurrence data for both the present-day and historic case studies. Finally, statistical evaluations of multiple contemporaneous niches, as well as successive ones across multiple climatic phases, allow them to be placed in ecological space and examined with respect to cultural diversity, ecological risk, competition, and evolutionary and population dynamics
Somot, Samuel. "Modélisation climatique du bassin méditerranéen : variabilité et scénarios de changement climatique". Phd thesis, Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse III, 2005. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00165252.
Texto completogrâce au développement d'un modèle régional couplé (AORCM). Il reproduit correctement
ces processus et permet de quantifier et d'étudier leur variabilité climatique. Le couplage
régional a un impact significatif sur le nombre de cyclogénèses intenses en hiver et sur
les flux et précipitations associés. Il simule une variabilité interannuelle plus faible qu'en
mode forcé pour les flux et la convection et permet de comprendre les rétroactions
qui la pilotent. L'impact régional d'un scénario climatique est analysé avec les modèles
non-couplés : le nombre de cyclogénèses diminue, les pluies associées augmentent au
printemps et en automne et diminuent en été. En outre, la Méditerranée se réchauffe,
se sale et sa circulation thermohaline s'affaiblit fortement. Cette thèse conclut de plus à
la nécessité des AORCMs pour étudier l'impact du changement climatique en Méditerranée.
Briche, Élodie. "Changement climatique dans le vignoble de Champagne : modélisation thermique à plusieurs échelles spatio-temporelles". Paris 7, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA070075.
Texto completoGlobal climatic change has already consequences on viticulture Worldwide and these modifications imply some questions about future. Evaluation of possible modifications in Champagne vineyard is necessary in terms of thermal extremes for vineyard as spring frost during budbreak and heat-waves. Indeed temperature influences phenological cycle and earlier phenological stages have already been observed. This vineyard is particularly interesting to study because of its northern location and thanks to a large network of weather stations since 20 years. To establish a prospective of thermal possible conditions, data of French climate models LMD and ARPEGE-Climate model, respectively at 300 km and 50 km of resolution, are validated and analyzed on a control period (1950 to 2000). They are also used to give an overview of bioclimatic and thermal future conditions (2001 to 2100) with three scenarios, currently used (A1B, Bl and A2). The control period shows cold biases within statistical distributions of climate models data in spring and summer, in terms of extremes frequencies estimation and better results with ARPEGE climate model. Data of this model are used to assess thermal and bioclimatic futures conditions. Summer extremes could increase in the future while cold spring extremes could decrease during budbreak. Budbreak could be earlier and spring cold extremes in Mardi could cause more severe frost of buds. Regional analysis is completed by a local analysis with RAMS meso-scale model, which downscales simulations at a resolution of 200m, taking into account local factors. The validation modeling is proceeded during the 2003 extreme climatic events (late spring frost and summer heat wave), this year is considered as exceptional and representative of the "future climate" which caused buds frost and berries warming. Simulated temperatures (200 m) for the Champagne vineyard were compared to recorded temperatures by weather stations located within the vineyards. The model reproduced the diurnal cycle of temperatures correctly with biases more or less marked depending dates
Guillemot, Hélène. "La modélisation du climat en France des années 1970 aux années 2000 : histoire, pratiques, enjeux politiques". Paris, EHESS, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007EHES0149.
Texto completoOur thesis relates to the history of climate modelling from the end of the nineteen sixties to the beginning of this century, focusing on the modelling practices in the two centres developing a climate model in France: the Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique (LMD) from the CNRS (and the Institut Pierre Simon Laplace, a fédération of laboratories in and around Paris) and the national organism for vveather forecast, Météo-France. Starting with the first numerical climate models, we trace the évolution of modelling at LMD and Météo-France, and compare the institutions, the carecrs of the researchers and the very différent ways of working in thèse two organisms, determined by their institutional cultures. We describe several modelling practices, in particular the parametrization and validation of models by data, and we analyse the specificities of the scientific practices related to the use of computer. Returning to a critical transitional period in the history of modelling in France, the beginning of the nineties, whcn institutional and scientific reconfigurations allowed coupling of models and simulations of future climate, we analyse the way French modellers confronted the problem of climate change, especially the contribution to IPCC climate prévisions. Finally, we address the expansion of climate modelling to « Earth System », integrating other environments, cycles and interactions, and we discuss the mutations that thèse changes are generating in the working practices of modellisers
Antunes, Nicolas. "Application d'algorithmes prédictifs à l'identification de niches écoculturelles des populations du passé : approche ethnoarchéologique". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Bordeaux, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015BORD0173.
Texto completoThe geographic distribution of human populations is the result of both historical contingency and environmental factors. This study identifies culture-environment relations for well-documented present-day and historic populations in order to evaluate whether the same phenomena operated inprehistoric contexts, which are only known from archaeological sites. After reviewing the different concepts used to describe the ecological space occupied by a species (or specific population), it is shown that the niche concept is well-suited for identifying and measuring environmental factors that can influence the distribution of a culture at a particular place and time. In order to better understand the potential distributions of present and past cultures, this study employs the method known aseco-cultural niche modeling (ECNM). ECNM uses predictive algorithms along with occurrence and environmental data in order to examine the possible influences of environmental factors on cultural trajectories. The results presented here are derived from an optimized ECNM approach that permits one to obtain high-resolution environmental data, and that also combines niche predictions by taking into account the performance of the various employed predictive algorithms.The effectiveness of this approach is ensured by the use of reliable occurrence data for both the present-day and historic case studies. Finally, statistical evaluations of multiple contemporaneous niches, as well as successive ones across multiple climatic phases, allow them to be placed in ecological space and examined with respect to cultural diversity, ecological risk, competition, and evolutionary and population dynamics
Dagois, Robin. "Vers une modélisation du statut de polluants organiques de Technosols sous influences climatiques contrastées". Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LORR0333/document.
Texto completoTechnosols linked with the end of industrial activities depict contrasted properties from those of natural soils and may contain high concentration of organic pollutants (e.g. polycyclic aromatic compounds (PAC)). Their neglect led to the apparition of pedogenetic processes particularly under the influence of climate which potentially contribute to the natural attenuation phenomenon. Hence, we suggest a new method to predict the evolution of PACs’ availability over time and under the influence of climate. The first step was to build a transcription model to predict the pedoclimate evolution derived from weather datasets and under the influence of climate location, climate change scenarios (IPCC), soil properties and depth. The effect of pedoclimatic events on the evolution of PAC availability was then tested in controlled conditions and on 11 contrasted industrial soils (coking plant and gas plant). This allowed predicting the frequency and occurrence of major pedoclimatic events (e.g. freeze-thaw, wetting-drying cycles and periods of high temperature) that drive pedogenesis. The consequence of these availability variation on toxicity were then tested using a growth test of Zea mays L. on aged soils, confirming that PAC availability and soil phytotoxicity are linked. The aging results were then incremented into the pedoclimate model to predict the evolution of PAC availability over time. As the current climatic conditions lead to a decrease in PAC availability (natural attenuation), the opposite effect is observed under the warmer climate of 2100. We described this phenomenon as natural amplification which underlines the upcoming threat of climate change on soils
Mroué, Bouchra. "Decarbonization strategies : a game theory perspective". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024LORR0027.
Texto completoThis thesis delves into the study of climate change by the tools of game theory, investigating strategies for global emissions reduction. The journey begins with an informal introduction, providing insights into the modeling of climate change problems using game theory and optimization—the twin pillars of the thesis. Chapter 2 provides a formal treatment, presenting preliminaries which are instrumental for the subsequent chapters. Graph theory definitions and key concepts in game theory, pivotal to the thesis, are revisited in this foundational chapter. Chapter 3 outlines the motivation for the research subject addressed in this thesis and summarizes the proposed contributions. It critically examines the limitations of the current emission reduction strategies, primarily driven by short-term economic considerations, blocking global efforts. Next, we present a thorough survey of the climate change models and the theoretical frameworks employed for their analysis. Climate models, inspired by IPCC projections, are examined to unravel the circumstances influencing nations’ behavior in emissions reduction. In Chapter 4, we formulate a static game model in the strategic form, allowing us to study the decision-making process and exhibit environmentally conscious behavior. To reach this goal, we conduct a complete analysis of the Nash equilibria of the game. We provide conditions under which the equilibrium is unique and numerically analyze the impact of different modeling choices. The Chapter ends with a brief discussion summarizing the takeaway messages of this part. The study continues in Chapter 5, where the climate change problem is cast as an imitation game. In this setup, the players are minimizing a utility function including socio-economic benefits, global climate change damage, and an imitation term capturing the influence of the other players. The Nash equilibrium analysis unveils a variety of players’ behaviors under climate change awareness and mutual influence. Key parameters, such as the weight of imitation, are numerically analyzed, emphasizing the importance of coordination and cooperation in mitigating climate change. This thesis explores the complex interplay between climate considerations and game theory, providing a nuanced understanding of global emissions reduction strategies. The provided insights contribute to the broad subject of finding sustainable solutions for addressing the urgent issue of global warming
Taccoen, Adrien. "Détermination de l'impact potentiel du changement climatique sur la mortalité des principales essences forestières européennes". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris, AgroParisTech, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019AGPT0004.
Texto completoForest ecosystems are one of the main providers of terrestrial ecosystem services, whose functioning has already been altered by recent climate change. Increases in tree mortality rates have been highlighted in different biomes worldwide, as well as increases in the frequency of massive mortality events following droughts. However, tree mortality is a multi-causal process. It is difficult to quantify the importance of the different factors that can possibly lead to tree death, and particularly the importance of climate change in comparison with forest dynamics and competition-related effects, environmental or biotic factors. This thesis aims at assessing the drivers of background tree mortality, which is the mortality observed in a stand in the absence of extreme perturbation, for the main European tree species. We used data from the French forest inventory of the National Geographic Institute (IGN) and historic climate data from Météo-France spanning the years 1961 to 2015.First, we modelled background tree mortality for 43 tree species in order to identify the drivers of background tree mortality. We used 372.974 trees, including 7.312 dead trees surveyed between the years 2009 and 2015. We found that factors related with competition, tree development stage, stand structure and species composition and logging intensity explained 85% of the recent tree mortality. Environmental factors (soil and climate conditions) accounted for 9% of the total modelled mortality. Temperature increases and rainfall decreases since the period 1961 – 1987 had a significant effect on the mortality of 45% of the 43 species and explained in average 6% of the total modelled mortality.Secondly, we focused on the link between trees locations along temperature and rainfall gradients and their sensitivity to changes of temperature and rainfall. We found that, for 9 species out of 12, temperature increases and rainfall decreases effects were more important in areas with high mean temperature and low mean rainfall. These results show that climate change-related tree mortality could be exacerbated towards the species’ warm and dry edges.Finally, we sought to evaluate how climate change-related tree mortality varied along trees social statuses and sizes gradients. We found that suppressed trees were more sensitive to temperature increases than dominant trees. On the contrary, dominant trees, and particularly large dominant trees, appear to be more sensitive to rainfall decrease than suppressed trees. Overall, our results show that climate change-related tree mortality is globally more important for suppressed than dominant trees.We highlighted the existence of a link between recent temperature increases and rainfall decreased and observed tree mortality rates on around half of the species of the French forest. We also showed that these effects were exacerbated towards the warm and dry edges of the species ranges. Finally, we showed that these effects differed according to trees social statuses and development stages. These results allow us to better understand the impacts of climate change on French and European forest and to better anticipate their effects through the adaptation of silvicultural practices
Dinh, Thi Lan Anh. "Crop yield simulation using statistical and machine learning models. From the monitoring to the seasonal and climate forecasting". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022SORUS425.
Texto completoWeather and climate strongly impact crop yields. Many studies based on different techniques have been done to measure this impact. This thesis focuses on statistical models to measure the sensitivity of crops to weather conditions based on historical records. When using a statistical model, a critical difficulty arises when data is scarce, which is often the case with statistical crop modelling. There is a high risk of overfitting if the model development is not done carefully. Thus, careful validation and selection of statistical models are major concerns of this thesis. Two statistical approaches are developed. The first one uses linear regression with regularization and leave-one-out cross-validation (or LOO), applied to Robusta coffee in the main coffee-producing area of Vietnam (i.e. the Central Highlands). Coffee is a valuable commodity crop, sensitive to weather, and has a very complex phenology due to its perennial nature. Results suggest that precipitation and temperature information can be used to forecast the yield anomaly with 3–6 months' anticipation depending on the location. Estimates of Robusta yield at the end of the season show that weather explains up to 36 % of historical yield anomalies. The first approach using LOO is widely used in the literature; however, it can be misused for many reasons: it is technical, misinterpreted, and requires experience. As an alternative, the “leave-two-out nested cross-validation” (or LTO) approach, is proposed to choose the suitable model and assess its true generalization ability. This method is sophisticated but straightforward; its benefits are demonstrated for Robusta coffee in Vietnam and grain maize in France. In both cases, a simpler model with fewer potential predictors and inputs is more appropriate. Using only the LOO method, without any regularization, can be highly misleading as it encourages choosing a model that overfits the data in an indirect way. The LTO approach is also useful in seasonal forecasting applications. The end-of-season grain maize yield estimates suggest that weather can account for more than 40 % of the variability in yield anomaly. Climate change's impacts on coffee production in Brazil and Vietnam are also studied using climate simulations and suitability models. Climate data are, however, biased compared to the real-world climate. Therefore, many “bias correction” methods (called here instead “calibration”) have been introduced to correct these biases. An up-to-date review of the available methods is provided to better understand each method's assumptions, properties, and applicative purposes. The climate simulations are then calibrated by a quantile-based method before being used in the suitability models. The suitability models are developed based on census data of coffee areas, and potential climate variables are based on a review of previous studies using impact models for coffee and expert recommendations. Results show that suitable arabica areas in Brazil could decrease by about 26 % by the mid-century in the high-emissions scenario, while the decrease is surprisingly high for Vietnamese Robusta coffee (≈ 60 %). Impacts are significant at low elevations for both coffee types, suggesting potential shifts in production to higher locations. The used statistical approaches, especially the LTO technique, can contribute to the development of crop modelling. They can be applied to a complex perennial crop like coffee or more industrialized annual crops like grain maize. They can be used in seasonal forecasts or end-of-season estimations, which are helpful in crop management and monitoring. Estimating the future crop suitability helps to anticipate the consequences of climate change on the agricultural system and to define adaptation or mitigation strategies. Methodologies used in this thesis can be easily generalized to other cultures and regions worldwide
Fargeon, Hélène. "Effet du changement climatique sur l'évolution de l'aléa incendie de forêt en France métropolitaine au 21ème siècle". Thesis, Paris, Institut agronomique, vétérinaire et forestier de France, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019IAVF0025.
Texto completoWildfires impacting French forests are currently concentrated in the South, especially in the Mediterranean and Aquitaine regions. Climate projections for the 21st century in France question the impact of climate change on wildfire hazard. We focus on two particular issues: the evolution of the fire danger and fire regime in regions already facing frequent wildfires today, and the potential extension of the risk to new regions in the future.Climate change effect was first determined using projections of an empirical fire danger index (FWI) under future climate, computed for five contrasted climatic models under two greenhouse gases emission scenarios. These projections highlight a very strong increase in fire danger levels in the areas already facing wildfires, especially in the Mediterranean, with a very good agreement between climate models. The range of the increase in the North and the West, though existing, is more challenging to quantify, because of climate model uncertainties.This first approach was limited by the ability of FWI to represent fire activity. Therefore, we developed a probabilistic model for fire activity, aiming at projecting fire numbers and burnt areas under future climate. The approach considers that fires result from underlying random processes that determine the occurrence and the fire size based on the FWI and various spatiotemporal factors. The model was fitted following a Bayesian approach using the Promethee database, which records fire observations in the Mediterranean area. Model projections under historical and future conditions demonstrated that FWI projections underestimated projected fire activity increases, mainly due to the non-linearity of the fire-climate relation. Thus, fire danger increases projected in summer in the Mediterranean in 2080 (pessimistic scenario) are considerably lower (25 to 59%) than those for burnt areas (48 to 202%).This approach does not apply to regions where wildfires are currently sparse, and unreliably recorded, especially in Northern France. Yet we extrapolated the model, established over the Mediterranean area, to the rest of Southern France where data were sufficient. Among the difficulties encountered while extrapolating to the national scale, the variation of fuel structure is a critical issue. It was not included in the projections, but its implications are discussed
Le, Mezo Priscilla. "Variabilité des écosystèmes marins de l'échelle inter-annuelle au dernier cycle glaciaire-interglaciaire". Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017SACLV003/document.
Texto completoClimate variability influences marine primary productivity and marine species distribution over all timescales, from seasonal to interannual variability and glacial-interglacial cycles. The links between climate and marine ecosystems are still sparsely known so that the predictions of futur changes are difficult. Moreover, because paleoclimate recorders extracted from marine archives are often linked to the functionning of the ecosystem, this lack of knowledge limits our ability to reconstruct past climate variability.This thesis work aims at improving our knowledge of these links between climate and marine ecosystems : we have looked into marine productivity changes during the last glacial-interglacial cycle, but we also examined the "end-to-end" ecosystem response to inter-annual to decadal variability in a pre-industrial climate. This work uses a climate model (IPSL-CM), a bio-geochemical model (PISCES) and a model of high trophic levels (APECOSM).First, we show that the link between Indian summer monsoon intensity and marine primary productivity in the Arabian Sea is indirect. Indeed, it appears necessary to consider the monsoon pattern, such as the Findlater Jet position, which drives the Ekman dynamics in the region, as well as its intensity to understand the productivity changes.Second, we study the marine productivity changes off the Congo river mouth and their links with the river runoff and the African atmospheric dynamics. This work shows that the relationship between monsoon intensity and trade winds intensity, often used to reconstruct past changes, is not always verified. Depending on the climate, thermal or dynamical effects are more or less prominent drivers of the simulated changes in precipitation and winds. Productivity off the Congo river mouth, which is mainly located in the subsurface, seems more affected by the ocean and atmosphere dynamics than by the river supply in nutrients.Third, we study the inter-annual variability effects over past productivity changes and over the climatic signal potentially recorded in the biological climate proxies.Finally, the last part of the thesis focuses on high trophic levels marine organisms response to climate variability at different frequencies. This study shows that marine organisms response to environmental changes varies with the organism' size and habitat
Moullec, Fabien. "Impacts du changement global sur la biodiversité en mer Méditerranée : une approche par modélisation End-to-End". Thesis, Montpellier, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019MONTG015/document.
Texto completoUnder the combined effects of overexploitation of marine resources and climate change the Mediterranean Sea is gradually becoming a hotspot of global change. Despite a large number of models developed locally or regionally in the Mediterranean Sea, no previous studies have addressed changes in species assemblages at the basin scale with an integrated ecosystem modelling from physics to predators and explicitly representing the multi-species, spatial, and trophic dimensions. This thesis work presents a threefold challenge: (i) implementing such a model of the species richness in the Mediterranean Sea based on life history traits and representing the entire life cycle of interacting species; (ii) projecting the consequences of physical and biogeochemical changes induced by climate change on the spatial distribution of species and on the structure and trophic functioning of the Mediterranean ecosystem; (iii) exploring fisheries management scenarios aiming at rebuilding some stocks of commercial interest in a climate change context. To address these challenges, an end-to-end model, OSMOSE-MED, based on the coupling of a high trophic level OSMOSE model with NEMOMED12 and ECO3M-S physical and biogeochemical models, has been developed. With 100 modelled species, representing nearly 95% of the catches made in the Mediterranean Sea, it is the first trophic model of this type to integrate such a large diversity of species, on such a large spatial scale (the Mediterranean Sea as a whole) and at fine resolution (20x20 km²). According to the greenhouse gas emissions scenario RCP8.5, projections made with the OSMOSE-MED model show an overall increase in biomass and catches of 22% and 7% respectively by the end of the century. However, these increases mask large geographical disparities. The eastern basin is characterized by an overall increase in biomass associated with exotic species. With regard to catches, the model projects increase in the eastern basin and a significant decrease in the western part. A change in the species composition of catches could appear during the 21st century with winner (e.g. anchovy) and loser (e.g. hake) species. Winner species would mainly belong to the small pelagics group, are thermophilic and/or exotic, of smaller sizes and of low trophic level while loser species are generally large-sized, some of them of great commercial interest, and could suffer from a spatial mismatch with potential prey subsequent to a contraction or shift of their geographic range. Fisheries management scenario projections highlight the benefits of greater selectivity or reduced fishing mortality for the recovery of certain stocks of commercial interest, particularly among organisms belonging to the demersal, benthic and large pelagic groups. A reduction in fishing mortality could also reverse the projected decline in biomass and total catches in the Western Mediterranean
Godard, Caroline. "Modélisation de la réponse à l'azote du rendement des grandes cultures et intégration dans un modèle économique d'offre agricole à l'échelle européenne : application à l'évaluation des impacts du changement climatique". Phd thesis, INAPG (AgroParisTech), 2005. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00002852.
Texto completoKubik, Zaneta. "Weather shocks, migration and food security : evidence from Sub-Saharan Africa". Thesis, Paris 1, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PA01E007/document.
Texto completoThis thesis contributes to the literature on the impact of weather shocks on migration and food security in Sub-Saharan Africa. The first chapter analyses whether Tanzanian rural households engage in internal migration as a response to weather-related shocks using an iv probit model. The findings confirm that for an average household, a 1 per cent reduction in agricultural income induced by weather shock increases the probability of migration by 13 percentage points on average within the following year. The second chapter paper attempts to establish if weather acts as the determinant of destination choice in the case of rural-to-rural migration. Employing the alternative-specific conditional logit model, this paper shows that an increase in the expected income differentials between origin and destination by 10,000 Tanzanian shillings, attributable to differences in weather, increases the probability of choosing a given destination by 2 percentage points. The third chapter analyses the food access dimension of food security, and models the link between weather shocks and food security that acts specifically through food prices. Employing an instrumental variable model where household dietary diversity is determined by food prices instrumented with weather shock, this chapter shows that a 1 per cent increase in local food prices induced by a weather shock decreases the number of food items consumed by households by around 2.5 per cent
Ndiaye, Cassien Diabe. "Attribution et prévision des modulations de la mousson ouest-africaine à l’échelle de temps décennale". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023SORUS327.
Texto completoIn West Africa, rainfall during the summer period (July, August and September) has shown strong modulations on decadal time scales during the 20th century. In particular, there was a very wet period in the 1960s followed by a drought in the 1980s and a recovery of rainfall in the 2000s. These modulations have major regional socio-economic consequences. Considered as one of the most important signals of climate change in Africa, they have been the subject of numerous studies in order to understand their origin(s) and to anticipate future changes. These modulations have long been associated with the internal variability of the climate system and in particular with the role of the surface temperature of the Atlantic Ocean. However, recent studies show a significant contribution of external forcings, notably greenhouse gases and anthropogenic aerosols, in particular during the second half of the 20th century, either via Atlantic Ocean surface temperatures or via direct radiative forcing. In all cases, the link with ocean surface temperatures offers prospects for predicting these precipitation modulations. Decadal climate forecasts, i.e. with a 5-30 year time horizon, have been developed to exploit this source of predictability. They are potentially very important for economic and structural planning in West Africa. In this thesis, we propose to attribute, first, the decadal modulations of Sahel rainfall over the time period of 1901-2014. Secondly, we propose to evaluate the prediction of rainfall in West Africa on the decadal time scale over the period 1968-2012. All this study is carried out through the diagnosis of climate simulations carried out from models contributing to the phase 6 of the coupled models intercomparison project. Since coupled models commonly underestimate the maximum rainfall in the Sahel region during the summer period, we first proposed an adaptive rainfall domain for the Sahel. Our results from the first part of this thesis show that external forcings, in particular anthropogenic aerosols, contribute significantly to the timing of decadal modulations of Sahel rainfall. These aerosols indeed modulate the ocean surface temperature which is translated into precipitation modulations in the Sahel by the displacement of the intertropical convergence zone and the Saharan Heat Low. The second part of this thesis focuses on the predictability of precipitation on decadal time scales in West Africa and in particular in the Sahel. Our results show that rainfall is predictable in the Sahel in 5⁄8 of the models studied at lead times between 1 and 10 years. However, only 3 of these 5 models simulate a decadal signal combined with a realistic total variance (signal-to-noise ratio close to 1) at these lead times. The multi-model mean is generally more predictable than the majority of individual models. Initialization of climate variables improves Sahel rainfall prediction skills for the multi-model mean and 3⁄5 of the models showing predictability and forecast reliability for a single model. This relatively small impact corroborates the importance of external forcings inferred from the first part of this thesis. In conclusion, our results suggest that anthropogenic effects on climate become major factors in explaining decadal modulations of mean monsoon rainfall in the Sahel. In perspective, these modulations are associated, during the 20th century, with extreme rainfall events that have become frequent nowadays. It would be interesting to ask whether these extreme events are predictable in West Africa on decadal time scales
Qureshi, Aiman Mazhar. "Modélisation et aide à la décision multicritère du confort thermique en milieu urbain". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Amiens, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022AMIE0081.
Texto completoUrban areas are the prevalent places of residence for people and are vulnerable to exasperating weather conditions such as heat stress. Periods of heat waves are increasingly reoccurring in the current atmosphere, and they are known to pose a serious and major threat to the health of human beings all over the world. Urban heat islands and heat waves increase thermal risks in urban areas and the vulnerability of the urban population. The increase in the number of heat episodes in urban areas has become a significant concern due to its adverse effects on human health and economic activities. The objective of this work is to identify the sensitivity of thermal comfort and their action variables, the modeling of thermal stress using the most influential meteorological variables, the identification of risk factors and highlight the correlation of meteorological trends and influencing parameters, solutions for mitigating heat stress and mathematical support for decision-making. Several machine and deep learning techniques were used for the system dynamic modeling of the thermal comfort. Optimized results are obtained from the Gated Recurrent Unit (GRU) model which is used for the development of a web simulation tool allowing the inhabitants to evaluate their level of comfort according to the weather conditions. A heat vulnerability index map has been developed to indicate the vulnerability of occupants considering different aspects in a medium-sized city such as planning, green space, density, energy, quality air, water bodies and extreme heat events. The obtained results highlighted that poor air quality and heat events are interrelated, which draws the attention for decision-makers to intervene the additional measures in high-risk places. Field monitoring is carried out using sensors and a thermal camera to measure relevant variables and take action to minimize the effects of heat stress. In Last, multi-criteria decision-making methods were applied for the initial development of a decision support tool for the selection of urban heat resilience interventions that allows flexible, dynamic, and predictive use for designers and the users
Jebri, Beyrem. "Attribution et reconstruction du rôle de la variabilité interne et des forçages externes sur le climat passé récent et du dernier millénaire". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020SORUS162.
Texto completoUsing large ensembles of IPSLCM5A model simulations, we first investigate the roles of internal variability (and in particular the IPO) and external forcing in driving recent Peru-Chile regional cooling. The simulations reproduce the relative cooling, in response to an externally-forced southerly wind anomaly, which strengthens the upwelling off Chile in recent decades. This southerly wind anomaly results from the expansion of the Southern Hemisphere Hadley Cell in response to increasing greenhouse gases and stratospheric ozone depletion since ~1980. An oceanic heat budget confirms that the wind-forced upwelling dominates the cooling near the coast while a wind-forced deepening of the mixed layer drives the offshore cooling, irrespectively of the IPO phase, hence indicating the preeminent role of external forcing. Constraining the climate sensitivity from observations remains however fraught with uncertainties due to the limited instrumental window of observation. In a second part, a data assimilation method is developed to reconstruct past natural variability relying on a particles filter using CMIP-class climate models. Such method is confronted with a problem of degeneracy associated with the resolution of a large problem with a limited number of particles. This issue has been resolved using a statistical emulator of the IPSL model (LIM) as an integration model in a particle filter with resampling. The validation of this new method, called SIR-LIM, allows the reconstruction of the climate variability of the past centuries by assimilating observations and proxy records into a CMIP-class coupled model while preserving the physical coherence along the simulation
Cadel, Maëlys. "Relations entre production agricole, services écosystémiques et impacts liés au fonctionnement du sol : Quels effets de systèmes de culture plus autonomes en azote en contexte de changement climatique ?" Electronic Thesis or Diss., Orléans, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023ORLE1076.
Texto completoAgricultural soils provide many ecosystem services (ES) to farmers and Society such as green and blue water provision, nutrient provision to crops, water quality regulation, carbon sequestration etc. However, most cropping systems are still intensively managed, based on chemical inputs, with little to no consideration of the possible effects of such practices on the environment and the ability of soils to provide these ES. One issue of agroecological transition is to design more sustainable production systems, with limited use of chemical inputs, that provide and benefit from biodiversity and the ES support of agricultural production. We thus need to improve our knowledge on the spatio-temporal relationships that may exist between management practices, agricultural production, ES and environmental impacts. This manuscript synthesizes the results of a three years INRAE-ANDRA collaboration that aimed at providing key information on soil-crop functioning while facing this challenge. This work was structured into two parts. We first conducted a systematic literature review of the relationships between agricultural production, the ES and the impacts linked to soil functioning, within temperate annual production systems. In order to be able to compare the results of the 40 studies selected, we developed a new ontology of soil-based ES and impacts. This review evidenced mainly non-significant relationships between Biomass production and the ES and impacts investigated suggesting that there is no systematic trade-off between agricultural production and regulating ES. We also identified key relationships that have never been investigated in the studies selected as those between C sequestration and Physical soil quality regulation or Soil biodiversity. Also, an analysis of the effects of drivers of these ES revealed that the three pillars of conservation agriculture, as well as organic fertilization, seem promising practices to provide balanced bundles of ES. We then performed simulation analyses of actual and agroecological cropping systems of the French long-term Environmental Observatory of ANDRA. The objectives were to assess the effects of more N self-sufficient cropping systems, with a climate change mitigation purpose, on the temporal relationships between agricultural production, 5 ES and 3 impacts linked to soil functioning. These cropping systems were designed by implementing three agroecological management practices: a) long cover crops with legume (crimson clover), b) grain legumes (pea) and c) fodder legumes (alfalfa). To assess the performances of these systems, we used the STICS model, that simulates the functioning of the soil-crop system at a daily time-step. Simulations were run over two 20-years time periods: a first one for recent past climate (2000-2021) and a second one for future climate projection using RCP 8.5 (2036-2057). If most of the temporal relationships analysed were non-significant, results highlighted that the use of long cover crops in the rotation provided the highest values of N provision to crops and C sequestration and the lowest values of NO3 lixiviation
Qasmi, Saïd. "Sensibilité du climat européen à la variabilité multidécennale de l'Atlantique Nord". Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018TOU30367.
Texto completoThe anthropogenic warming trend observed during the 20th century in Europe is characterized by fluctuations, which are partly explained by internal climate variability. The physical mechanisms between the Atlantic Multidecadal Variability (AMV, whose internal component contributes to shape atmospheric variability), and the European climate are investigated in this thesis. A comprehensive study of climate models shows a great diversity in the simulation of the teleconnection between the AMV and European summer temperature. The underestimation of its intensity relative to the observations contributes to explain the uncertainties within the decadal climate predictions. Numerical experiments used to assess the mechanisms of influence of the AMV on the European climate indicate that the AMV is likely to significantly modulate temperature, precipitation and the occurrence of extreme events in winter and summer
El, Janyani Sanae. "Incidence des bétoires et de la karstogenèse des plateaux crayeux de la Haute-Normandie sur le fonctionnement hydrologique de l'aquifère de la craie : modélisation hydrogéologique des influences climatiques à différentes échelles spatio-temporelles". Phd thesis, Université de Rouen, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00920267.
Texto completoMoreau, Melanie. "Variabilité climatique centre/est Pacifique au cours du dernier millénaire reconstruite à partir d’analyses géochimiques sur des coraux massifs". Thesis, Bordeaux, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014BORD0213/document.
Texto completoThe Pacific Ocean is the place of interannual and multi-decadal climate variabilities, namely the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO). There can have globals impacts via teleconnections. Major impacts on populations, economic and environmental activitieshave been attributed to ENSO. It is therefore essential to improve our understanding of the Pacificdynamic, particularly ENSO activity and its evolution under recent climate change.Geochemical measurements (Sr/Ca and 818O) performed on corals are relevant paleoclimatic records for studying the evolution of ENSO and are essential to put into perspective the current climatedynamic in comparison to past climate.After an evaluation of the robustness of the coral geochemical paleothermometer (Sr/Ca), we present the reconstruction of sea surface temperature (SST) from Eastern tropical Pacific coral (Clippertonatoll) and central tropical Pacific coral (Marquesas archipelago) covering several parts of the last millennium. Our results suggest that ENSO spatial pattern was relatively stable over the past two centuries, mainly indicating an eastern Pacific ENSO pattern (canonical) in comparison to the centralPacific ENSO (Modoki). Although still debated, this spatial pattern could have recently changed dueto global climate change (and this could continue in the future). At the decadal timescale, both studiedareas (central and eastern Pacific) are influenced by the PDO.The results of this Phd thesis also suggest that the present day ENSO activity (under the influence ofanthropogenic forcing) is not atypical throughout the last millennium. The intensity and frequency of ENSO were stronger in the early Little Ice Age (LIA, 16th century). These results are compared withan ensemble of climate simulations (PMIP3) and indicate that ENSO variability is correctly reproduced by numerical climate models but that these models fail to correctly reproduce the mean temperature state of the Pacific
Bonnet, Rémy. "Variations du cycle hydrologique continental en France des années 1850 à aujourd'hui". Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018TOU30345.
Texto completoThe main objectives of this work are to characterize the evolution of the continental hydrological cycle over France from 1850 to present, and to understand the hydrological and climate mechanisms involved. Long-term river flows observations of river flows are scarce and the other variables of the continental hydrological cycle (soil moisture, snow cover and evapotranspiration) are virtually not observed on such longtime scales. To overcome this observational gap, numerical modelling is used. First, hydrometeorological reconstructions available over France through the twentieth century are analyzed. These reconstructions are based on a new approach. It combines the results of long-term atmospheric reanalyses downscaled with a stochastic statistical method and homogenized monthly precipitation and temperature observations to derive the meteorological forcing needed for the physically based hydrological model. The evaluation of these reconstructions show that using homogenized observations to constrain the results of statistical downscaling help to improve the reproduction of precipitation, temperature, and river flows variability. In particular, some unrealistic long-term trends associated with the atmospheric reanalyses are corrected. The analysis of the reconstructions confirms that the multidecadal variations previously noted in French river flows are mainly a climatic-driven. Moreover, the analysis shows that the other variables of the french continental hydrological cycle, like evapotranspiration, soil moisture or snow cover, are also characterized by multi-decadal variations. Depending on the region, the persistence from spring to summer of soil moisture or snow anomalies generated during spring by temperature and precipitation variations may explain river flows variations in summer, when no concomitant climate variations exist. Based on the recent release of the NOAA 20CRv2c long-term atmospheric reanalysis, available from the 1850s, a new hydrometeorological reconstruction is developed over the Seine catchment. [...]
Skoulikaris, Charalampos. "Modélisation appliquée à la gestion durable des projets de ressources en eau à l'échelle d'un bassin hydrographique : le cas du Mesta-Nestos". Phd thesis, École Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Paris, 2008. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00004775.
Texto completoMraoua, Mohammed. "Gestion du risque climatique par l'utilisation des produits dérivés d'assurance". Phd thesis, INSA de Rouen, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00845895.
Texto completoLoua, René Tato. "Variabilité et tendances des paramètres météorologiques en Guinée : analyse des forçages par méthodes numériques Climatology of Guinea: Study of Climate Variability in N’zerekore Climatological analysis of temperature and pluviometry in Guinea 1960-2016 Study on Temporal Variations of Surface Temperature and Rainfall at Conakry Airport, Guinea: 1960–2016 Surface Temperature Trend Estimation over 12 Sites in Guinea Using 57 Years of Ground-Based Data". Thesis, La Réunion, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LARE0003.
Texto completoIn a context of climate change, the variability of meteorological parameters remains very sensitive to our environment. This work is part of a global perspective of the analysis of annual, inter-annual and spatial variability of meteorological parameters in Guinea. It is based on the exploitation of long series of observations (57 years) measured by 12 meteorological stations spread over all regions of Guinea. The objective of this thesis is to investigate these original series in order to improve our understanding of climate variability and associated geophysical processes. The approach developed in this PhD is based on a climatological analysis, followed by decanal trend assessment by the use of very recent and adapted numerical methods. The study shows that temperature variability is dominated by annual and semi-annual seasonal cycles, while rainfall variability is characterized by a predominantly annual cycle. The results have shown a significant increase in temperature trends and a decrease in precipitations since late 1960s. It was also found that the spatial distributions of temperature and rainfall have negative and positive latitudinal gradients equatorward, respectively. However, rainfall records remain very high in the coastal region and in the south-eastern part of the country. In addition to the semi-annual and annual oscillations, the investigated forcings do contribute to temperature and rainfall variability on different spatial and temporal scales. Among these forcings, we examined and quantified, for all regions, the contributions of Atlantic Niño, the Niño 3.4 Index, the AMM Index, the TNA Index and the Solar Flux. As for the long-term trend analysis, our results show that temperatures have globally increased from +0.04 to +0.21°C/decade. The northern half and the southern region of Guinea recorded the highest warming, followed by the coastal region which is under coastal, topographical and urbanization effects