Tesis sobre el tema "Changements climatiques – Détection"
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Ribes, Aurélien. "Détection statistique des changements climatiques". Phd thesis, Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse III, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00439861.
Texto completoJézéquel, Aglaé. "Approches statistique et épistémologique de l'attribution d'événements extrêmes". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SACLV055.
Texto completoExtreme events are an expression of natural climate variability. Since anthropogenic emissions affect global climate, it is natural to wonder whether recent observed extreme events are a manifestation of anthropogenic climate change. This thesis aims at contributing to the understanding of the influence of anthopogenic climate change on observed extreme events, while assessing whether and how this scientific information - and more generally, the science of extreme event attribution (EEA) - could be useful for society. I propose statistical tools to achieve the former, while relying on qualitative interviews for the latter.The statistical part focuses on European heatwaves. I quantify the role played by the atmospheric circulation in the intensity of four recent heatwaves. This analysis is based on flow analogues, which identify days with a similar circulation pattern than the event of interest. I then disentangle the influence of climate change on the dynamical and non-dynamical processes leading to heatwaves. I calculate trends in the occurrence of circulation patterns leading to high temperatures and trends in temperature for a fixed circulation pattern, applied to the 2003 Western Europe and 2010 Russia heatwaves. I find that the significance of the results depend on the event of interest, highlighting the value of calculating trends for very specific types of circulation.The epistemological part evaluates the potential social uses of extreme event attribution. I assess how it could inform international climate negotiations, more specifically loss and damage, in response to a number of claims from scientists going in this direction. I find that the only potential role EEA could play to boost the loss and damage agenda would be to raise awareness for policy makers, aside from the negotiation process itself. I also evaluate how the different motivations stated by EEA scientists in interviews fare compared to the existing evidence on social use of this type of scientific information. I show that the social relevance of EEA results is ambiguous, and that there is a lack of empirical data to better understand how different non-scientific stakeholders react and appropriate EEA information
Pfister, Laurent. "Analyse spatio-temporelle du fonctionnement hydro-climatologique du bassin versant de l'Alzette (Grand-duché de Luxembourg) : Détection des facteurs climatiques, anthropiques et physiogéographiques générateurs de crues et d'inondations". Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000STR1GE05.
Texto completoDeroche, Madeleine-Sophie. "Détection à court-terme et long-terme des tempêtes hivernales à fort potentiel d'impact". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 6, 2014. https://accesdistant.sorbonne-universite.fr/login?url=https://theses-intra.sorbonne-universite.fr/2014PA066578.pdf.
Texto completoThe research carried out during the PhD deals with winter windstorms with high economic damage potential in Europe and can be divided in two parts. The first part aims at quantifying the impact of climate change on European winter windstorms and relies on datasets covering long periods of time (>30 years) either in the past or in the future. The objective of the second part is to forecast potential losses and claims associated with an upcoming extreme windstorm by using forecast data updated every six hours. The overall objective of the first part is to provide a medium-term view of what could be the winter windstorms in Europe during the 21st century. It thus completes the short-term vision of the risk given by the Catastrophe Models used by the (re)insurers to assess the cost of the risk on their portfolio. A new methodology has been developed to define the damage potential associated with European winter windstorms. The novelty of the methodology relies in the use of several variables capturing different spatiotemporal scales and the coupling that exists between variables during the cyclogenesis. Seeking for events sharing a similar intense signature simultaneously in the relative vorticity at 850 hPa, the mean sea level pressure and the surface wind speed lead to the detection of a small group of events. Comparing the number of events that belong to this group and their intensity in reanalysis datasets and different simulations of the future climate can provide enough information to insurance companies on the potential evolution of this hazard in a future climate. A first paper on the methodology has been accepted in the journal of Natural Hazard and Earth Science System.The methodology has been applied to the datasets provided by Global Climate Models (GCM) participating to the CMIP5 project. The goal is to assess the ability of GCMs to reproduce winter windstorms in Europe and the potential impact of climate change on the frequency and intensity of such events. A second paper presenting the results obtained from this second study will be submitted.The second part of the PhD focuses on the project Severe WIndstorms Forecasting Tool (SWIFT). The objective is to develop an early warning tool that detects an upcoming winter windstorms in meteorological forecasts updated every six hours and provides interested AXA entities with an alert on the upcoming windstorm as well as an estimate of the potential losses and claims.The tool has been developed in parallel of the research project and consists in two modules. In the first module, particularly intense systems are detected in meteorological forecasts and the associated gust footprint is extracted. In the second module, wind speeds are translated into a loss and a number of claims thanks to vulnerability curves. When a system is detected, an alert is sent with the appropriate information on the event propagation and the associated loss. The tool has been running automatically for the 2013 – 2014 winter season and detected most of the events that passed over Europe
Bone, Constantin. "Détection et attribution du changement climatique à l’aide de réseaux de neurones". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023SORUS510.
Texto completoIn this thesis, we focus on the development of new methods to address the issue of climate change detection and attribution. Climate is subject to two types of variability: variability arising from internal processes and variability arising from interactions between the different components of climate (land, oceans, atmosphere and cryosphere). This variability is called internal variability. A second source of variability is the so-called "forced" variability, due to the effect of forcings, which are elements outside the climate system that can affect it. The various forcings are greenhouse gases, natural or anthropogenic aerosols, land use, etc. Detecting and attributing climate change aims to distinguish the effects of internal climate variability from forced variability, and also to break down the latter by giving the relative influence of each forcing. This problem is fraught with difficulties, such as the relatively short temporal length of observations and the uncertainty of forced variability modelled in climate models. To this end, we are developing new methods based on the use of neural networks. Artificial intelligence is in fact a tool that has not yet been applied to this problem, making it possible to make effective use of data from simulations of a large number of climate models as well as observations. We have developed and applied two methods to the surface air temperature field, respectively separating internal and forced variability, and attributing the observed global surface temperature to different groups of forcings. The first of these methods for separating internal from forced variability is called "Noise to Noise" and is based on the literature of artificial intelligence image restoration. The three-dimensional field (time, latitude and longitude) of surface temperature simulations or observations is compared with a three-dimensional image. The internal variability is compared to a kind of noise similar to that found on images, in addition to the forced variability associated with the "real image". We have therefore used a neural network denoising methodology created for images, which we are adapting to our climate problem. The second of these methods aims to attribute the effect of three groups of forcings (greenhouse gases, anthropogenic aerosols and natural forcings). It's a method drawn from explainable artificial intelligence called inverse optimization. It consists in finding the input of a trained neural network that corresponds to a given output result. This is done using a gradient descent method, by minimizing a cost function measuring the difference between the desired output and the output obtained. We use a convolutional neural network trained using global surface temperature outputs from historical climate model simulations. The purpose of the CNN is to reproduce the global surface temperature changes due to the ensemble of forcings, using as input the temperature changes due to the individual effect of the forcings. Once the network has been trained and its weights and biases fixed, an inverse optimization method, modified to better match the problem, is used. These two methods are implemented for the surface temperature variable over the historical period and their results are compared with those obtained with reference methods
Coulombe, Sébastien. "Détermination de l'incertitude associée à la détection de l'effet des changements climatiques sur le rendrement des strates d'épinette noire de la forêt boréale". Thesis, Université Laval, 2009. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2009/26575/26575.pdf.
Texto completoCoulombe, Sébastien. "Détermination de l'incertitude associée à la détection de l'effet des changements climatiques sur le rendement des strates d'épinette noire de la forêt boréale". Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/21095.
Texto completoCorre, Lola. "Évolution récente des océans tropicaux : le rôle de l'influence humaine". Toulouse 3, 2011. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/1673/.
Texto completoDue to its high heat capacity, the ocean integrates the surface fluxes, producing high signal-to-noise ratio at decadal and longer timescales. On the contrary, long-term changes in atmospheric variables are difficult to measure due to the atmosphere high variability on short timescales. Looking at oceanic variables is thus interesting in order to successfully detect a response to the anthropogenic climate change. This manuscript further examines recent upper ocean temperature and surface ocean salinity changes. As 80% of the excess heat caused by increasing greenhouse gas concentrations, over the last decades, has accumulated in the ocean, the rate of ocean warming is one of the best indicators of the Earth's energy imbalance. Surface ocean salinity provides Nature's largest possible rain gauge and can be efficiently used as an indicator of the changing marine water cycle. Detection methods are applied to assess whether a human influence can be detected in the recent observed changes
Jézéquel, Aglaé. "Approches statistique et épistémologique de l'attribution d'événements extrêmes". Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SACLV055/document.
Texto completoExtreme events are an expression of natural climate variability. Since anthropogenic emissions affect global climate, it is natural to wonder whether recent observed extreme events are a manifestation of anthropogenic climate change. This thesis aims at contributing to the understanding of the influence of anthopogenic climate change on observed extreme events, while assessing whether and how this scientific information - and more generally, the science of extreme event attribution (EEA) - could be useful for society. I propose statistical tools to achieve the former, while relying on qualitative interviews for the latter.The statistical part focuses on European heatwaves. I quantify the role played by the atmospheric circulation in the intensity of four recent heatwaves. This analysis is based on flow analogues, which identify days with a similar circulation pattern than the event of interest. I then disentangle the influence of climate change on the dynamical and non-dynamical processes leading to heatwaves. I calculate trends in the occurrence of circulation patterns leading to high temperatures and trends in temperature for a fixed circulation pattern, applied to the 2003 Western Europe and 2010 Russia heatwaves. I find that the significance of the results depend on the event of interest, highlighting the value of calculating trends for very specific types of circulation.The epistemological part evaluates the potential social uses of extreme event attribution. I assess how it could inform international climate negotiations, more specifically loss and damage, in response to a number of claims from scientists going in this direction. I find that the only potential role EEA could play to boost the loss and damage agenda would be to raise awareness for policy makers, aside from the negotiation process itself. I also evaluate how the different motivations stated by EEA scientists in interviews fare compared to the existing evidence on social use of this type of scientific information. I show that the social relevance of EEA results is ambiguous, and that there is a lack of empirical data to better understand how different non-scientific stakeholders react and appropriate EEA information
Hopuare, Marania. "Changement climatique en Polynésie française détection des changements observés, évaluation des projections". Thesis, Polynésie française, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014POLF0007/document.
Texto completoThe effects of climate change on Pacific islands is a major concern for the local populations. The rainfall parameter, specifically, appears as one of the sensitive parameters, as it determines water resources. The goal of this thesis is to bring a first insight into the 21st century evolution of precipitation in Tahiti.The first step was to characterize rainfall in Tahiti using data records from the observation network of Meteo France. The “rainfall season”, lasting from November to April, is the season of interest, as rainfall amounts are the highest at this time of the year. Indeed, the South Pacific Convergence Zone (SPCZ), host of deep convection, remains the principal source of rainfall in Tahiti in austral summer (December-January-February). On interannual and interdecadal timescales, the El niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and the Interdecadal Pacific Oscillation (IPO) imply north/south and east/west migrations of the SPCZ, drawing it away, or closer to Tahiti. The positive phase of the IPO involves a north-eastward displacement of the SPCZ, which causes higher rainfall amounts in Tahiti. The SPCZ is displaced towards the south- west during negative IPO phase, leading to a decrease of rainfall in Tahiti. The study reveals that the IPO positive phase favor the occurrence of intense El niño events. In those cases, the SPCZ is critically displaced to the north-east and lies zonally just south of the equator. Accordingly, the SPCZ is drawn away from Tahiti and alters the south-east flow of trade winds. As a result, substantial orographic precipitation affect the south-east coasts of Tahiti.Following the assessment of observed precipitation for the period 1961-2011, an original method has been set up to obtain a model able to resolve the island and capture the orographic effects at best. Two successive downscaling steps have been necessary to get the limited area model ALADIN-Climat over Tahiti (at the resolution of 12 km), starting from the global coupled model CNRM-CM with a resolution of 150 km. The regional model outputs have been compared to the observed records over the historical period. A linkage between observed and modeled precipitation has been defined. This linkage has been built between meteorological stations and model grid cells exhibiting similar behaviour regarding the phases of ENSO. It has been assumed that this linkage is still relevant in the 21st century. In this way, future precipitation in Tahiti, as realistic as possible, are deduced from modeled precipitation (at 12 km of resolution), following two IPCC scenarios (RCP4.5 and RCP8.5). The El niño-like spatial structure of global warming further confirms the relevance of the linkage built previously. The results obtained concern the southern coasts of Tahiti. Rainfall would gradually increase along the 21st century, as a consequence of global warming. In Papara, the austral summer mean rainfall height is 695 mm over the period 1961-2011. The mean value, for the period 2070-2100, would be 825 mm for the scenario RCP4.5 and 814 mm for the scenario RCP8.5, let say an increase of a little less than 20%. Superimposed to this long-range raise, El niño events would induce an excess of rainfall. This effect would be reduced at the end of the 21st century in RCP8.5. Conversely, La niña events would always involve a decline of rainfall, but would not succeed in counteracting the long-range increase
Nicolle, Marie. "Variabilités hydro-climatiques multi-décennales à pluri-séculaires en Arctique-subarctique depuis 2000 ans". Thesis, Normandie, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018NORMR129/document.
Texto completoThe temperature increase during the 1850-2012 period is not uniform globally and the Arctic is warming twice as much as the average. However, the short time coverage of instrumental data makes it difficult to distinguish natural climate variability and anthropogenic forcing. The study of climatic variability "free" of human influence requires the use of proxies data measured in continental and marine palaeoclimatic archives. In the Arctic-subarctic region, high resolution records have been centralized in the Arctic 2k PAGES database. The objectives of this work are to improve the characterization and interpretation of climatic variability over the last 2000 years, going beyond the millennial trend and the major climatic periods, but also by focusing on the role and spatial expression of the internal variability of the climate system. This thesis is based on the Arctic 2k PAGES database, which allows the study of temperature variations in the Arctic-subarctic region, as well as a new database to reconstruct hydroclimatic variations (precipitation and humidity) in the region and created during this study. The use of climate signal analysis methods on regional records calculated from these two databases has highlighted climate variability in the Arctic-subarctic region from the multi-decadal to millennial scales.In particular, multi-decadal variability is related to the internal variability of the climate system. The hydroclimatic and temperature variations expressed at multi-decadal scales in the region are characterized by frequencies specific to regional climate oscillations (North Atlantic oscillation and decadal Pacific oscillation), particularly over the last 200 years. The work done on the temperature database and the reflection on the creation and exploitation of the hydroclimatic database have also led to the definition of a working methodology with a palaeoclimatic database, from its construction to the definition of its limits, in particular in terms of the spatial representability of the series contained in the database and the assimilation of data with different seasonings
Corre, Lola. "EVOLUTION RECENTE DES OCEANS TROPICAUX: LE RÔLE DE L'INFLUENCE HUMAINE". Phd thesis, Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse III, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00690817.
Texto completoNgoungue, Langue Cédric Gacial. "Détection, caractéristiques et prédictibilité des évènements à potentiels forts impacts humains sur les villes ouest-africaines : cas des vagues de chaleur". Electronic Thesis or Diss., université Paris-Saclay, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023UPASJ021.
Texto completoHeat waves (HWs) are a real threat to humans and their environment. Due to climate change, heat waves will become more frequent and more intense. Climatic conditions in West Africa make the region more vulnerable to heat waves. West African cities are highly populated centers, and when it comes to the impact of heat waves on human activities, it's important to study these events at these scales. This study aims to monitor heat waves in major West African cities and evaluate their predictability in subseasonal to seasonal forecast models. The first part of this work focuses on monitoring heat waves in fifteen cities over West Africa located in coastal and continental regions. Three sources of uncertainty encountered in the heat wave detection process were identified: the first related to reanalysis data, the second to the choice of threshold used to define a heat wave, and the last to the methodology adopted. The inter-annual variability of heat waves in the different regions highlighted particularly hot years with a high frequency of heat wave events for all the three indicators AT, T2m,Tw: 1998, 2005, 2010, 2016, 2019 and 2020, mostly corresponding to El Nino years. The GU region has been more affected by heat waves over the past decade (2012-2020) than the CONT and ATL regions. However, the most persistent and intense heat waves occurred in the CONT region. An increase in the frequency, duration and intensity of heat waves has been observed over the last decade (2012-2020), probably due to global warming acting on extreme events." In the second part of this study, we focused on the predictability aspect of heat waves. A preliminary study of the predictability of heat waves has been carried out for the period 2001-2020 using subseasonal to seasonal forecast models from the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) and the United Kingdom Meteorological Office (UKMO). The forecast models perform better than a reference climatology, particularly for short-term forecasts (up to two weeks) in all the three regions. Nighttime heatwaves are more predictable than daytime heatwaves. According to the FAR values, only 15 to 30% of the predicted heatwave days by the models are actually observed in the reanalyses, respectively for lead weeks 5 and 2. This suggests that the models overestimate the duration of heat waves compared with ERA5 reanalysis. ECMWF issues fewer false alarms than UKMO for short-term forecasts. Although the models show skills to detect heat waves compared to a reference climatology, their ability to forecast the intensity of events remains weak even for a short lead time. The predictability of heat waves was performed using machine learning methods. The BRF model demonstrated better heat wave detection skills than subseasonal forecast models in all the three regions. The BRF model considerably improves heat wave detection in forecast models, but on the other hand it generates a high rate of false alarms. The predictability of heat waves using large-scale predictors such as the Saharan Heat Low (SHL) was investigated using two seasonal forecast models: the fifth version of the European Center Seasonal Forecast Model "SEAS5" and the seventh version of the Météo-France Seasonal Forecast Model "MF7". The models show skills on the representation of the mean seasonal cycle of the SHL and capture some characteristics of its inter-annual variability, such as the warming trend observed during the 2010s. SEAS5 makes a more realistic representation of the climatic trend of the SHL compared to MF7. Using bias correction techniques, the results highlight the capacity of the models to represent the intra-seasonal variability of the SHL. Bias correction helps to improve the Continuous Ranked Probability Score (CRPS), but the skills of the model remain low for lead times beyond one month
Renard, Benjamin. "Détection et prise en compte d'éventuels impacts du changement climatique sur les extrêmes hydrologiques en France". Grenoble INPG, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006INPG0095.
Texto completoClimate change is widely considered as a reality by scientists. Nevertheless, impacts on hydrological extremes are more difficult to observe and to predict. The aim of this thesis is to answer the following questions: How to detect changes in hydro-climatic series? What are the observed changes for extreme discharges in France? How to take into account possible changes in frequency analysis? These objectives refer to both the local and the regional scales. For this purpose, methodological aspects have been explored, by evaluating the benefit ofusing statistical tools like the Bayesian analysis or the use of copulas as a model for spatial dependence
Lyet, Arnaud. "Conservation des populations françaises de vipère d’Orsini : approche multidisciplinaire et intégrative". Montpellier 2, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008MON20173.
Texto completoThe Mediterranean region is one of the 25 hotspots in the world. This biological richness is linked from centuries with human-made seminatural habitats, such as agropastoral grasslands. Since the end of the 19th century, the rural decolonization is followed by land abandonment and that conducts to alteration of seminatural grasslands by encroachment and afforestation. Consequences of this habitat alteration are investigated on a rare endemic species particularly difficult to detect, the Orsini's meadow viper (Vipera ursinii). This study shows that populations are fragmented and isolated, and have a high within spatial structure. Four distinct evolutionary units have been identified, each one representing an original and unit part of the genetic variability of the species in France, whose loss should be considered as definitive. Our results show that the species range is narrow extended compared to suitable habitats. This difference does not result from non detection bias neither missing of an important parameter in using models but rather by a low colonization ability of sites which became favourable after the last glaciation. We showed that prescribed fire effects used to maintain open grasslands are strongly unfavourable to the Orsini's meadow viper. In last, analysis of forest management with theoretical approach showed the strong potentiality of forest cuttings to population status improvement. Thus, this thesis aims to define a simple and effective method to obtain quickly an assessment of populations status and extinction risks of this rare species difficult to detect. In addition results obtained on this species are of broader inferences to understand impact of afforestation due to pastoral abandonment, near-future climatic change and management practice that are currently proposed for Mediterranean species with low dispersal rate
Deroche, Madeleine-Sophie. "Détection à court-terme et long-terme des tempêtes hivernales à fort potentiel d'impact". Thesis, Paris 6, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA066578/document.
Texto completoThe research carried out during the PhD deals with winter windstorms with high economic damage potential in Europe and can be divided in two parts. The first part aims at quantifying the impact of climate change on European winter windstorms and relies on datasets covering long periods of time (>30 years) either in the past or in the future. The objective of the second part is to forecast potential losses and claims associated with an upcoming extreme windstorm by using forecast data updated every six hours. The overall objective of the first part is to provide a medium-term view of what could be the winter windstorms in Europe during the 21st century. It thus completes the short-term vision of the risk given by the Catastrophe Models used by the (re)insurers to assess the cost of the risk on their portfolio. A new methodology has been developed to define the damage potential associated with European winter windstorms. The novelty of the methodology relies in the use of several variables capturing different spatiotemporal scales and the coupling that exists between variables during the cyclogenesis. Seeking for events sharing a similar intense signature simultaneously in the relative vorticity at 850 hPa, the mean sea level pressure and the surface wind speed lead to the detection of a small group of events. Comparing the number of events that belong to this group and their intensity in reanalysis datasets and different simulations of the future climate can provide enough information to insurance companies on the potential evolution of this hazard in a future climate. A first paper on the methodology has been accepted in the journal of Natural Hazard and Earth Science System.The methodology has been applied to the datasets provided by Global Climate Models (GCM) participating to the CMIP5 project. The goal is to assess the ability of GCMs to reproduce winter windstorms in Europe and the potential impact of climate change on the frequency and intensity of such events. A second paper presenting the results obtained from this second study will be submitted.The second part of the PhD focuses on the project Severe WIndstorms Forecasting Tool (SWIFT). The objective is to develop an early warning tool that detects an upcoming winter windstorms in meteorological forecasts updated every six hours and provides interested AXA entities with an alert on the upcoming windstorm as well as an estimate of the potential losses and claims.The tool has been developed in parallel of the research project and consists in two modules. In the first module, particularly intense systems are detected in meteorological forecasts and the associated gust footprint is extracted. In the second module, wind speeds are translated into a loss and a number of claims thanks to vulnerability curves. When a system is detected, an alert is sent with the appropriate information on the event propagation and the associated loss. The tool has been running automatically for the 2013 – 2014 winter season and detected most of the events that passed over Europe
Darmaraki, Sofia. "Canicules océaniques en Méditerranée : détection, variabilité passée et évolution future". Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019TOU30072.
Texto completoThe Mediterranean Sea is considered a "Hot Spot" region for future climate change and depending on the greenhouse emission scenario, the annual mean basin sea surface temperature (SST) is expected to increase from +1.5 °°C to +3 °°C at the end of the 21st century relative to present-day. This significant SST rise is likely to intensify episodes of extreme warm ocean temperatures in the basin, named as Marine heatwaves (MHWs), that are known to exert substantial pressure on marine ecosystems and related fisheries around the world. In this context, the main aim of this PhD work is to study the past variability and future evolution of MHWs in the Mediterranean Sea. We propose a detection method for long lasting and large-scale summer MHWs, using a local, climatological 99th percentile threshold, based on present-climate daily SST. MHW probability of occurrence and characteristics in terms of spatial variability and temporal evolution are then investigated, using additional integrated indicators (e.g. duration, intensity, spatial extension, severity) to describe past and future events. Within the PhD and depending on the applications, the detection method is applied to various datasets : In-situ observation at buoys, high-resolution satellite product, various high- resolution and fully-coupled Regional Climate System Models including the recently developed CNRM-RCSM6 and the multi-model (5), multi-scenario (3) Med-CORDEX ensemble. The detection method is first tested on the 2003 MHW in order to assess its sensitivity to various tuning parameters. We conclude that its characterization is partly sensitive to the algorithm setting. Hindcast and historical mode simulations show that models are able to capture well observed MHW characteristics. We then assess past surface MHW variability (1982-2017) and their underlying driving mechanisms using the CNRM-RCSM6 model. We examine their characteristics from surface to 55m depth, where most thermal stress-related mass mortalities of Mediterranean ecosystems have been observed in the past. The analysis indicates an increase in duration and intensity of surface events with time, while MHWs of 2003, 2012 and 2015 are identified as the most severe events of the period. In particular, an anomalous increase in shortwave radiation and a lower-than-normal vertical diffusion and latent heat loss appeared to be responsible for the development of the MHW 2003, with wind playing a key role in the intensity of temperature anomalies at the sea surface. Differences on the dominant forcing, however, are sometimes evident in the different subbasin.We finally use the Med-CORDEX RCSM ensemble to assess the future MHW evolution in the basin over 1976-2100. Our results suggest longer and more severe events with higher global-warming rates. By 2100 and under RCP8.5, simulations project at least one long- lasting MHW every year, up to 3 months longer, about 4 times more intense and 42 times more severe than present-day events. Their occurrence is expected between June-October affecting at peak the entire basin. Their evolution is found to mainly occur due to an increase in the mean SST but an increase in daily SST variability plays also a noticeable role. Up to mid-21st century MHW characteristics rise independently of the choice of the emission scenario, whose influence becomes more evident by the end of the period
Donat-Magnin, Marion. "Variabilité atmosphérique en Antarctique de l'Ouest : Impact sur la circulation océanique et sur le bilan de masse de surface de la calotte Interannual Variability of Summer Surface Mass Balance and Surface Melting in the Amundsen Sector, West Antarctica". Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019GREAU032.
Texto completoWest Antarctica, and particularly the Amundsen sector, has shown since the 1990s a large increase of mass loss related to coastal glacier acceleration in response to an increase of oceanic melt underneath ice shelves. Ice shelves play a buttressing role for ice-stream and increased oceanic melt therefore lead to ice shelves thinning and glacier acceleration, which contributes to sea level rise. West Antarctica is of particular concern because its configuration is prone to marine ice-sheet instability. It has been suggested that ice shelves weaken under large surface melt in a warmer climate (hydrofracturing), possibly leading to another kind of instability. Instabilities could be slowed down or compensated by future Surface Mass Balance (SMB) that consists mainly of snowfall, sporadic rainfall, and is slightly reduced by sublimation and runoff. The main objective of this PhD work is to model the atmospheric and oceanic processes that will most likely affect the future West Antarctic contribution to sea level rise.First, oceanic projections have been developed using the NEMO ocean model. The ocean circulation induced by ice-shelf basal melting affects the ocean response to future changes in surface winds. Therefore, models that do not represent ice-shelf cavities produce wrong warming patterns around Antarctica. A positive feedback between oceanic melting and grounding-line retreat has been identified and can increase melt rates by a factor of 2.5. These results are strong incentive to couple ocean and ice sheet models, although the projections proposed here are relatively idealized.To run SMB and surface melting projections, an atmospheric model with a fine representation of polar processes, including those related to the snowpack, is needed. MAR is found to be an appropriate tool to simulate the present-day surface climate in the Amundsen region. We find that none of the large climate modes of variability (ASL, SAM, ENSO) explains more than 50% of surface melt and SMB summer variance at the interannual timescale. The use of climate mode variability projections to estimate the future surface climate of West Antarctica is therefore not trivial.Forced by the CMIP5 multi-model mean under the RCP8.5 scenario, MAR predicts an increase of SMB by 30-40% for the end of the 21st century. This increase corresponds to 0.33 mm yr-1 of sea level drop down, which is higher than the current West Antarctic contribution of ~0.26 mm yr-1 from ice dynamics. Surface melt is also projected to increase by a factor of 5 to 15 over the Amundsen ice shelves, but most of it is projected to refreeze in the annual snow layer, so future melting should not have a strong contribution to SMB or hydrofracturing.To conclude we show that coupled ocean and ice sheet climate models are essential to simulate the future of Antarctica and Southern Ocean. A fine representation of surface melt and refreezing processes within the snowpack is also crucial as possible hydrofracturing is threatening in a warmer climate and it comes within a delicate equilibrium between snowfall, air temperature, and feedback related to albedo and humidity
Vargel, Céline. "Caractérisation du manteau neigeux arctique, suivi climatique et télédétection micro-onde". Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020GRALU029.
Texto completoNorthern high-latitude regions are warming more intensely than the rest of the world. This phenomenon, called Arctic amplification, is due in part to the decrease in sea ice extent and snow cover. Snow, which is present 9 months of the year, could have a significant effect on the increase in land surface temperatures by changing its reflective and insulating properties. Thawing of permafrost which could release important amount of soil carbone into the atmosphere could have a significant positive feedback on the future climate of the Arctic. The objective of this research project is to improve the monitoring of Arctic snow cover and ground temperatures. Detailed models of snow cover evolution such as the Crocus multi-layered model are unable to reproduce the particular physics of Arctic snow, which leads to significant uncertainties in the modeling of ground temperatures. New physical parameterizations have been implemented within the Crocus model to improve the vertical stratification of the snowpack by introducing vegetation effects (less dense snow at the bottom) and wind effects (denser snow at the surface), as well as to modify the thermal conductivity of snow. These new parameterizations allow a better representation of ground temperatures under the snowpack, validated with a large dataset in Alaska, Canadian Arctic and Siberia. The simulations thus carried out using the modified Crocus model, driven by the ERA-Interim meteorological reanalysis over the last 39 years (1979-2018), at the pan-Arctic scale, show a significant increase in snow density in spring as well as in snow moisture, mainly in spring and fall, accompanied by a significant decrease in the duration of the snow cover. These effects, combined with the increase in air temperature, lead to an increase in ground temperature of up to +0.89 K per decade for the month of June. In order to improve monitoring the spatial and temporal evolution of the snow cover, the use of microwave satellite observation data is proposed. Based on the analysis of a unique dataset of surface radiometric measurements, associated with the in-situ characterization of the snowpit (119 snowpits with simultaneous observations) in the Arctic and sub-Arctic zones, an optimal parameterization of the SMRT model has been defined. The results show that using a fitted exponential correlation length as a snow microstructure parameter in the Improved Born Approximation (IBA) electromagnetic model gives the best results compared to the other model configurations tested, with a mean error (RMSE) of less than 30% of the observations for subarctic snow and 24% for Arctic snow. Coupled with Crocus, the simulated brightness temperatures over the entire Arctic are significantly better with modified Crocus than with standard Crocus (38 K improvement in mean bias). These results pave the way for using the assimilation of satellite microwave observations into the Crocus model to improve simulations of Arctic snow density, a key snowpack parameter influencing the evolution of ground temperatures under the snow
Wilcox, Catherine. "Evaluation de changements hydrologiques en Afrique de l'Ouest : Détection de tendances et cadre de modélisation pour projections futures". Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019GREAU016/document.
Texto completoThe semi-arid regions of West Africa are known for their dry conditions which have predominated since the 1970s. In recent years, however, West Africa has witnessed a series of severe flooding events which caused widespread fatalities and socioeconomic damages. The emergence of this new problem demonstrates the sensitivity of the region to changes in the hydroclimatic system and calls for an improved characterization of flood hazard and the mechanisms that generate it. It also signals the need to develop projections for how flood hazard may evolve in the future in order to inform appropriate adaptation measures.In this context, the following PhD thesis seeks to answer three main questions:1) Is there a significant trend in extreme streamflow in West Africa, or are the documented flooding events isolated incidences?2) How can one model mesoscale convective systems, the primary driver of runoff in the region, in order to explore the properties of precipitation that drive streamflow?3) Based on potential climate change in the region, what trends might be observed in streamflow in the future?First, changes in extreme hydrological events West Africa over the past 60 years are evaluated by applying non-stationary methods based on extreme value theory. Results show a strong increasing trend in extreme hydrological events since the 1970s in the Sahelian Niger River basin and since the 1980s in the Sudano-Guinean catchments in the Senegal River basin. Return levels calculated from non-stationary models are determined to exceed those calculated from a stationary model with over 95% certainty for shorter return periods (<10 years).Next, recent developments are presented for a stochastic precipitation simulator (Stochastorm) designed for modeling mesoscale convective storms, the main rainfall source in the Sahel. Developments include a model for storm occurrence, the explicit representation of extreme rainfall values, and an improvement in the modeling of sub-event intensities. Using high-resolution data from the AMMA-CATCH observatory, simulation outputs were confirmed to realistically represent key characteristics of MCSs, showing the simulator’s potential for use in impact studies.Finally, a modeling chain for producing future hydrological projections is developed and implemented in a Sahelian river basin (Dargol, 7000km2). The chain is original as it is the first attempt in West Africa to encompass the continuum of scales from global climate to convective storms, whose properties have major impacts on hydrological response and as a result local flood risk. The modeling chain components include the convection-permitting regional climate model (RCM) CP4-Africa, the only RCM (to date) explicitly resolving convection and providing long-term simulations in Africa; a bias correction approach; the stochastic precipitation generator Stochastorm; and a rainfall-runoff model specifically developed for Sahelian hydrological processes. The modeling chain is evaluated for a control period (1997-2006) then for future projections (ten years at the end of the 21st century). Hydrological projections show that peak annual flow may become 1.5-2 times greater and streamflow volumes may double or triple on average near the end of the 21st century compared to 1997-2006 in response to projected changes in precipitation.The results raise critical issues notably for hydrological engineering. Current methods used to evaluate flood risk in the region do not take non-stationarity into account, leading to a major risk of underestimating potential floods and undersizing the hydraulic infrastructure designed for protecting against them. It is also suggested to not only consider rainfall changes but also societal and environmental changes, interactions, and feedbacks in order to better attribute past hydrological hazards and their future trajectories to related causes
Jebri, Beyrem. "Attribution et reconstruction du rôle de la variabilité interne et des forçages externes sur le climat passé récent et du dernier millénaire". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020SORUS162.
Texto completoUsing large ensembles of IPSLCM5A model simulations, we first investigate the roles of internal variability (and in particular the IPO) and external forcing in driving recent Peru-Chile regional cooling. The simulations reproduce the relative cooling, in response to an externally-forced southerly wind anomaly, which strengthens the upwelling off Chile in recent decades. This southerly wind anomaly results from the expansion of the Southern Hemisphere Hadley Cell in response to increasing greenhouse gases and stratospheric ozone depletion since ~1980. An oceanic heat budget confirms that the wind-forced upwelling dominates the cooling near the coast while a wind-forced deepening of the mixed layer drives the offshore cooling, irrespectively of the IPO phase, hence indicating the preeminent role of external forcing. Constraining the climate sensitivity from observations remains however fraught with uncertainties due to the limited instrumental window of observation. In a second part, a data assimilation method is developed to reconstruct past natural variability relying on a particles filter using CMIP-class climate models. Such method is confronted with a problem of degeneracy associated with the resolution of a large problem with a limited number of particles. This issue has been resolved using a statistical emulator of the IPSL model (LIM) as an integration model in a particle filter with resampling. The validation of this new method, called SIR-LIM, allows the reconstruction of the climate variability of the past centuries by assimilating observations and proxy records into a CMIP-class coupled model while preserving the physical coherence along the simulation