Tesis sobre el tema "Changements climatiques – Analyse – Tests"
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Regnier, Baptiste. "Modélisation du taux de développement d'insectes ravageurs des cultures face au réchauffement climatique : le cas des foreurs de tige du maïs". Electronic Thesis or Diss., université Paris-Saclay, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023UPASB007.
Texto completoWhile we are observing a decline in insect biodiversity in relation to global changes, some species of crop pests continue to threaten food security worldwide. This is the case for lepidopterans maize stem borers, which pose a major threat to maize production. It is therefore essential to contribute to a better understanding of the impact of global changes and particularly of global warming on maize stem borer populations. Pest responses to global warming can result in contrasting responses depending on the species and trait studied. Among these traits, development rate, i.e. the inverse of development time, is of primary importance given its close dependence to ambient temperature. The development rate quantifies the developmental progression of life stages per unit of time, so that mathematical modeling approaches of the relationship between development rate and temperature can contribute to assess the impact of climate warming on crop pest populations. The objective of this work is to contribute to improve the quantification of the relationship between development rate and temperature by mathematical modeling approaches, and to evaluate the impact of global warming on the development rate of maize stem borers in tropical and temperate climates.Fitting models of developmental rate as a function of temperature to empirical data acquired by rearing individuals at different temperatures has been a widespread method for several decades. Numerous modeling studies have been published, but modeling practices vary considerably within the literature, both in terms of the mathematical models fitted and the experimental protocol, as well as the statistical methods of inference and model selection. In response to this limitation, a study of the influence of experimental protocol on model fitting using a simulation approach, as well as a literature review to establish common and shared modeling and model selection practices were conducted.As a result of global warming, the development time of insect pests could be accelerated or slowed, with impacts to be assessed on pest populations and associated crops. The impacts of different climate warming scenarios on the development time of maize stem borers were evaluated via a mathematical modeling approach for four maize stem borers in temperate and tropical regions. Results show that insect response differs between species and scenarios. This study predicts changes in development time, the magnitude and direction of which depend notably on the optimal temperature for development. While a predominantly shorter development time is expected, the simulations suggest a delay or even a halt for species whose environmental temperature is close to their optimal development temperature. The integration of the non-linear relationship of development rate to temperature thus provides information on future changes in the temporal dynamics of populations. Our analyses indicate that in the absence of mitigating factors such as acclimation, adaptation or dispersal, the developmental time of maize stem borers will be altered, with consequences for their phenology, inter-specific interactions within agro-ecosystems, as well as for maize cultivation and associated crop protection practices
Thireau, Raymonde. "Analyse de la Convention-cadre des Nations Unies sur les changements climatiques, du protocole de Kyoto et des implications des changements climatiques en droit international". Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape10/PQDD_0003/MQ44974.pdf.
Texto completoSabajo, Clifton. "Changements dans l’utilisation des terres et de la couverture terrestre en Asie du sud-est : les effets de la transformation sur les paramètres de la surface en Indonésie". Thesis, Paris, AgroParisTech, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AGPT0005.
Texto completoOver the last decades, Indonesia has experienced dramatic land transformations with an expansion of oil palm plantations at the expense of tropical forests. Indonesia is currently one of the regions with the highest transformation rate of the land surface worldwide related to the expansion of oil palm plantations and other cash crops replacing forests on large scales. As vegetation is a modifier of the climate near the ground these large-scale land transformations have major impacts on surface biophysical variables such as land surface temperature (LST), albedo, vegetation indices (e.g. the normalized difference vegetation index, NDVI), on the surface energy balance and energy partitioning.Despite the large historic land transformation in Indonesia toward oil palm and other cash crops and governmental plans for future expansion, this is the first study so far to quantify the impacts of land transformation on biophysical variables in Indonesia. To assess such changes at regional scale remote sensing data are needed.As a key driver for many ecological functions, LST is directly affected by land cover changes.We analyze LST from the thermal band of a Landsat image and produce a high-resolution surface temperature map (30 m) for the lowlands of the Jambi province in Sumatra (Indonesia), a region which experienced large land transformation towards oil palm and other cash crops over the past decades. The comparison of LST, albedo, NDVI, and evapotranspiration (ET) between seven different land cover types (forest, urban areas, clear cut land, young and mature oil palm plantations, acacia and rubber plantations) shows that forests have lower surface temperatures than the other land cover types, indicating a local warming effect after forest conversion. LST differences were up to 10.1 ± 2.6 ºC (mean ± SD) between forest and clear-cut land. The differences in surface temperatures are explained by an evaporative cooling effect, which offsets an albedo warming effect.Young and mature oil palm plantations differenced in their biophysical. To study the development of surface biophysical variables during the 20 – 25 years rotation cycle of oil palm plantations, we used three Landsat images from the Jambi province in Sumatra/Indonesia covering a chronosequence of oil palm plantations.Our results show that differences between oil palm plantations in different stages of the oil palm rotation cycle are reflected in differences in the surface energy balance, energy partitioning and biophysical variables. During the oil palm plantation lifecycle the surface temperature differences to forest gradually decrease and approach zero around the mature oil palm plantation stage of 10 years. Concurrently, NDVI increases and the albedo decreases approaching typical values of forests. The surface energy balance and energy partitioning show a development patterns related to biophysical variables and the age of the oil palm plantations. Newly established and young plantations (< 5 years) have less net radiation available than mature oil palm plantations, yet have higher surface temperatures than mature oil palm plantations. The changes in biophysical variables, energy balance and energy partitioning during the oil palm rotation cycle can be explained by the previously identified evaporative cooling effect in which the albedo warming effect is offset. A main determinant in this mechanism is the vegetation cover during the different phases in the oil palm rotation cycle. NDVI as a proxy for vegetation cover showed a consistent inverse relation with the LST of different aged oil palm plantations, a trend that is also observed for different land use types in this study. (Last and final summary in the thesis)
Scotto, d'Apollonia Lionel. "Les controverses climatiques : une analyse socioépistémique". Thesis, Montpellier 3, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014MON30024/document.
Texto completoThis PhD dissertation sets out to analyze, in a socioepistemic way, the various controversies relating to global warming. This work is based on two objectives: (1) to develop and test a reflective analysis tool developed as an ongoing investigation in a single analytical framework articulating existing and occasionally controversial frameworks. (2) To analyze actors' strategies and arguments in the different areas of mediation concerning controversial climate system of knowledge, regarding the understanding to disentangle epistemological and axiological dimensions. This thesis is based on a bibliometric work to build a socio-historical reconstruction of the main controversial elements from the eighteenth century to the present time. Following this epistemological basis the analysis progresses in three steps. The first is an analysis based on a researcher's corpus (climatologists or otherwise) in various situation of communication, secondly completed by inquiry detailed survey with individual and collective interviews and finally a sociolinguistic analysis. Only then does it become possible to provide a radiography of global warming controversies restoring the part we can see, the In and the Off, to unravel the ontological, epistemological and axiological dimensions
Huet, Pauline. "Émergence et structuration de l'économie des changements climatiques (1975-2013) : analyse socio-historique d'un nouveau domaine de recherche". Paris, EHESS, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015EHES0019.
Texto completoFocusing on the Economics of Climate Change (ECC), this thesis is a case study in the socio-historical analyzes of scientific fields. It analyses the genesis and institutionalization of this field of research, since its emergence in the mid-1970s. It is based on both quantitative and qualitative methods. Bibliometric analyzes were conducted on a corpus of scientific publications, and were supplemented by interviews and document analysis. By studying the development and structuration of the ECC, we understand to what extent they are consistent with existing analytical frameworks. Then a special focus on issues of interdisciplinarity and expertise allows us to improve our understanding of ECC's dynamics. This study is a prerequisite for further discussion about public and scientific controversies about global warming. Indeed, the public controversy (and researchers who study it) mainly focus on climate science, leaving little room for economic issues. Yet these are crucial in climate policy. Particular attention is given to the agreements and disagreements in ECC. A typology of potential controversies is proposed, followed by two case studies: the controversy over the Stern Review and the one around the model developed by Richard Tol
Soto, Didier. "Analyse géographique des changements climatiques des surfaces continentales de l'espace Nord-Atlantique pendant le Tardiglaciaire würmien". Thesis, Lyon 3, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LYO30080/document.
Texto completoThis thesis proposes a multi-criterion analysis, from which have been displayed the bioclimatic characteristics of the Late-Glacial stadials and interstadials. Mapping data, mainly obtained through crossing three quantification methods, lead to the opposition of distinct paleoclimatic domains in the study area. The relative synchronism of the studied geochronologies highlights the central position of the Northern Atlantic Ocean in the determination of Late-Glacial abrupt climatic changes. However, a review of the main scenarios of oceanographic forcing identifies some of their limitations in the triggering, self-maintenance as well as the teleconnection of the climatic signal. The exploration of other physical mechanisms allows validating the hypothesis by which the air masses’dynamic is an essential component in the forcing of abrupt climatic events. However, the usual theoretical model of atmospheric circulation can not accurately reconstruct the paleoclimatic dynamic of Late-Glacial events. One of the main innovations of this thesis is therefore to experiment a general circulation model, the Mobile Polar High’s one, which provides a comprehensive explanation of climate changes by determining two distinct modes of aerologic circulation (fast and semi-fast). The advantage of this model lies in its ability to analyze a relevant diversity of paleoenvironmental changes in North America and Eurasia during the study period
Tanekou, Mangoua Clovis. "Impacts économiques des changement climatiques et de l'adaptation pour l'industrie forestière québécoise : analyse en équilibre général calculable". Mémoire, Université de Sherbrooke, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/11143/6099.
Texto completoNka, Nnomo Bernadette. "Contribution à l'Actualisation des Normes Hydrologiques en relation avec les Changements Climatiques et Environnementaux en Afrique de l'Ouest". Thesis, Paris 6, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA066142/document.
Texto completoWater resources plays a key role in the social progress and economic development of west african countries. But the mobilization of water is hampered by climate and environmental changes that undergoes the region since 1970. Extremes parts of hydrological regimes are also impacted, but less studies have focus on their evolution, in relation with climate and environmental changes. The main objective of this thesis is to characterize hydrological extreme events in West Africa, we tried to answer the following questions:- What are the trends of maximum discharge in west Africa?- Are these trends due to climate changes or enviromental changes?- Which speculations can be made from these evolutions, according to future climate simulations?In the first part of the work, we analyzed the trends of floods over 14 watersheds of the region. This analysis allowed us to highlight a clustering behavior of flood according to the climatic region the catchments belong to. Increasing trends have been found on flood magnitude and flood frequency of the 3 sahelian catchments used, and decreasing trends of flood magnitude were found on three sudanian catchments. Finally, the remaining catchments did not showed significant trend in their flood regime
Nka, Nnomo Bernadette. "Contribution à l'Actualisation des Normes Hydrologiques en relation avec les Changements Climatiques et Environnementaux en Afrique de l'Ouest". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 6, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA066142.
Texto completoWater resources plays a key role in the social progress and economic development of west african countries. But the mobilization of water is hampered by climate and environmental changes that undergoes the region since 1970. Extremes parts of hydrological regimes are also impacted, but less studies have focus on their evolution, in relation with climate and environmental changes. The main objective of this thesis is to characterize hydrological extreme events in West Africa, we tried to answer the following questions:- What are the trends of maximum discharge in west Africa?- Are these trends due to climate changes or enviromental changes?- Which speculations can be made from these evolutions, according to future climate simulations?In the first part of the work, we analyzed the trends of floods over 14 watersheds of the region. This analysis allowed us to highlight a clustering behavior of flood according to the climatic region the catchments belong to. Increasing trends have been found on flood magnitude and flood frequency of the 3 sahelian catchments used, and decreasing trends of flood magnitude were found on three sudanian catchments. Finally, the remaining catchments did not showed significant trend in their flood regime
Magand, Olivier. "Bilan de masse de surface antarctique : techniques de mesure et analyse critique". Phd thesis, Grenoble 1, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009GRE10042.
Texto completoThe study of the cryosphere, which is one of the main active component in the global climate system, including global sea level, represents a major interest in the understanding of the current climatic changes. The polar zones are, at the moment, the world areas where the climatic changes appear in a spectacular way, and this reinforces the necessity of a better understanding of the total and surface mass balance of the ice sheets. Indeed, the Antarctic mass balance (surface and total), is not well known yet and is not correctly represented in current climatic models; this matter of fact contributes to strong uncertainties about future climate projection as well as associated potential contribution on sea level change. As a consequence, the continuation of studies on total and surface mass balance (and future change) in the different Antarctic regions, in response to the actual (and future climate), appears essential. In the framework of the present manuscript, I propose to reduce uncertainties in the Antarctic surface mass balance (SMB) estimates, inducing the possibility to optimize the reconstruction of the accumulation parameter over the continent with atmospheric general circulation (climatic) models and interpolation maps of in situ observations
Pfister, Laurent. "Analyse spatio-temporelle du fonctionnement hydro-climatologique du bassin versant de l'Alzette (Grand-duché de Luxembourg) : Détection des facteurs climatiques, anthropiques et physiogéographiques générateurs de crues et d'inondations". Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000STR1GE05.
Texto completoCabanes, Cécile. "Les variations du niveau moyen global et régional de la mer : observation par altimétrie satellitale et marégraphie, analyse et interprétation physique". Toulouse 3, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003TOU30237.
Texto completoKane, Idrissa oumar. "Gouvernance intégrée du risque dans la perspective d’adaptation des communautés côtières aux changements climatiques : une analyse empirique des représentations sociales de la résilience". Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016SACLV098/document.
Texto completoThis PhD sets and explores the possibilities of « dialogue of knowledge » between scientists and local communities about resilience strategies implementations for climate coastal risks adaptation. This dialogue focuses on questions of paradigmatics representations, values and materials issues. This dialogue of knowledge, advocated by scientific community and claimed by wide audience, is increasingly needed due to complex societal problems related to climate change and different world visions. The technocentered rationality has always been an approche which dominate in the responses to the challenge of adaptation. However, in the name of integrated gouvernance, this approach is more and more contested by local communities due to their strong engagement in proposing socially co-constructed alternatives. In the first paper « Communicating risk through a DSS: a coastal risk centered empirical analysis » our research focus on the conflict of representation between scientists and local stackeholders about the probabilistic nature of coastal risk and the impacts mitigation options. Thus, a dialogic communication, based on taking into account heuristic values of local actors, is necessary. In the second paper « L'utilisation du concept polysémique de résilience: une analyse empirique en milieu côtier » our research focus on the choice of meaning of resilience concept through public policy of coastal risk management. This concept, considering its history and evolution through its various disciplinary practices, has raised, in addition to problem of polysemy due to its high use, a lack of consensus on the suitable definition. In the third paper «Vulnérabilité et résilience, entre conceptions déterministes et non déterministes : les sciences du risque côtier à la croisée des chemins », it is to questionne the choice of models and approaches used by reseachers to analyse and intervene on the coastal system. Building on the two first papers, this pape ris an unique proposition of paradigmatic tilt in the conceptual and operational processing of socio-ecosystems gouvernance. This way of presentation (thesis structured by papers) is done in accordance with required principles and technics of redaction approved by academic world (here, the University of Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines). The three papers are closely linked in their respective thematic. This explain the coherence of the conducted research and the obtained results. In the methodology, the research is built/base on an empirical approach starting from an theorical approach related to the concepts studied. The method of datas collection is semi-structured interviews, focus group, with a thematic questionnaire. The method of datas processing is done by coding these latter in ATLAS.ti. The method of datas analysis is done by iterative grounded theorisation. The targeted audience is the scientific involved in the THESEUS project and the coastal communities lived in three experimental coastal settings of the project (Gironde in France, Santander in Spain and Cesenatico in Italia). In the conclusion, it is first admitted that paradigmatic tensions can compromise the efficacity of decision support system process and the need of consensus between heuristics on the coastal risk ; second, the same paradigmatic conflicts have some consequences in the operational deployment of resilience concept and it requires a dialogue about the signification of this concept in an epistemologically robust way. Finally, it is primordial to found a neat articulation between the choice of meaning, the operational deployment and the paradigmatic representations underlying the displayed concepts
Peaucelle, Marc. "Utilisation des traits fonctionnels au sein d'un modèle global de végétation : analyse de trois approches complémentaires axées sur les écosystèmes forestiers". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 6, 2016. https://accesdistant.sorbonne-universite.fr/login?url=https://theses-intra.sorbonne-universite.fr/2016PA066238.pdf.
Texto completoEarth system models currently use a discretized representation of vegetation, grouping together the whole world species into a dozen of Plant Functional Types (PFT), whose characteristics (traits) are fixed. This rigidity does not allow to accurately represent the evolution of ecosystems and their associated bio-geochemical cycles, while vegetation is facing stronger environnemental and anthropogenic pressures. Three complementary approaches based on functional traits were tested in order to improve the representation of forests in the dynamic global vegetation model ORCHIDEE. Based on a hierarchical classification of species, the first approach is to increase the number of PFTs. The second approach extrapolates observed traits for each PFT from empirical relationships calibrated against different environmental variables. The last one uses the photosynthesis coordination theory which allows the estimation of functional traits in optimal photosynthesis conditions. In addition, this study explores the capacity of a global model to represent functional traits when optimized against a given carbon flux. Increasing the number of PFTs significantly improves the estimations of stand characteristics and their spatial distribution by more than 50 %. The two other approaches managed to reproduce realistics traits distributions and higlighted the ``buffer'' role of traits plasticity on futur carbon fluxes. Some weaknesses of the model linked to phenological processes, biomass allocation or hydric stress, emerged for conifers species. This led to the implementation of an explicit representation of the phenology for evergreen needleleaves PFTs in ORCHIDEE, which can now reproduce the LAI dynamic observed from remote sensing data. Finally, the ORCHIDEE model cannot be calibrated with in situ observations, emphasizing the theoretical approach to simulate continuous traits distributions. However, the assimilation of observed carbon fluxes allows to bridge the gap between traits measured at the leaf scale and the canopy. It reproduced consistent trait distributions with observations, and led to trait-trait and trait-environment relationships similar to those observed at the leaf scale
Peaucelle, Marc. "Utilisation des traits fonctionnels au sein d'un modèle global de végétation : analyse de trois approches complémentaires axées sur les écosystèmes forestiers". Thesis, Paris 6, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA066238/document.
Texto completoEarth system models currently use a discretized representation of vegetation, grouping together the whole world species into a dozen of Plant Functional Types (PFT), whose characteristics (traits) are fixed. This rigidity does not allow to accurately represent the evolution of ecosystems and their associated bio-geochemical cycles, while vegetation is facing stronger environnemental and anthropogenic pressures. Three complementary approaches based on functional traits were tested in order to improve the representation of forests in the dynamic global vegetation model ORCHIDEE. Based on a hierarchical classification of species, the first approach is to increase the number of PFTs. The second approach extrapolates observed traits for each PFT from empirical relationships calibrated against different environmental variables. The last one uses the photosynthesis coordination theory which allows the estimation of functional traits in optimal photosynthesis conditions. In addition, this study explores the capacity of a global model to represent functional traits when optimized against a given carbon flux. Increasing the number of PFTs significantly improves the estimations of stand characteristics and their spatial distribution by more than 50 %. The two other approaches managed to reproduce realistics traits distributions and higlighted the ``buffer'' role of traits plasticity on futur carbon fluxes. Some weaknesses of the model linked to phenological processes, biomass allocation or hydric stress, emerged for conifers species. This led to the implementation of an explicit representation of the phenology for evergreen needleleaves PFTs in ORCHIDEE, which can now reproduce the LAI dynamic observed from remote sensing data. Finally, the ORCHIDEE model cannot be calibrated with in situ observations, emphasizing the theoretical approach to simulate continuous traits distributions. However, the assimilation of observed carbon fluxes allows to bridge the gap between traits measured at the leaf scale and the canopy. It reproduced consistent trait distributions with observations, and led to trait-trait and trait-environment relationships similar to those observed at the leaf scale
Tozato, Heloisa de Camargo. "Conséquences des changements climatiques sur la diversité biologique des zones humides : une analyse de politiques publiques et de gestion au Brésil et en France". Thesis, Rennes 2, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015REN20019/document.
Texto completoIn order to analyze how Brazil and France realizes the management of the Ramsar policy for the wetlands biodiversity conservation in the posed challenges by climate change impacts, this thesis used a multi-thematic set of environmental indicators organized in the Pressure-State-Impact-Answers matrix adapted from UNEP (2004), and supported by comparative analysis. The work were divided into three parts. In conclusion, regarding the triangulation of international-local-national actions for national policies to stimulate, guide and legally endorse local actions, France has greater political maturity in the management of these ecosystems and can do to get in level place, the international recommendations and guidelines
Visando analisar como o Brasil e a França realizam a gestão da política de Ramsar para a conservação da biodiversidade das zonas úmidas frente os desafios impostos pelos impactos das mudanças climáticas, a presente tese utilizou um conjunto multitemático de indicadores ambientais organizados na matriz Pressão-Estado-Impacto-Respostas, adaptada de PNUMA (2004), e sustentados pela análise comparada. O trabalho foi dividido em três partes. Conclui-se que, no que concerne a triangulação das ações internacional-nacional-local para que as políticas nacionais possam estimular, nortear e respaldar legalmente as ações locais, a França apresenta maior maturidade política na gestão desses ecossistemas e consegue fazer chegar, em nível local, as recomendações e orientações internacionais
Gamain, Perrine. "Impact des polluants et du changement climatique sur les capacités de reproduction et le développement embryo larvaire de l’huître creuse Crassostrea gigas dans le Bassin d’Arcachon". Thesis, Bordeaux, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016BORD0011/document.
Texto completoThe Pacific oyster represents an important part of the aquaculture production, with 555 913 tons produced in 2013. France is the fourth world producer of oysters and Crassostrea gigas is the principal cultivated species in the Arcachon bay. However, in recent years, problems of recruitment, capture and mortality of juvenile or adult oysters occurred. The increased frequency of these events can be indicative of changes in the global quality of the Arcachon bay. In this context of crisis, this work has been focused on the impact of two pollutants, copper and S-metolachlor, mostly found in the waters of the Arcachon bay, on D-larvae embryo-larval development of the Pacific oyster (24h post -fecundation). In a context of global climate change, a multifactorial approach was adopted to study the combined effects of pollutants and increase temperature or salinity changes that could affect the development and survival of embryos and larvae during reproduction season. First, the embryo-toxic effects of copper or S-metolachlor coupled to salinity or different temperatures were studied with oysters from hatchery. For this, the embryo-larval test was used, and its application limits specified. Secondly, the effects of pollutants combined or not to environmental temperature and salinity were analyzed on embryos from wild or cultivated oysters harvested directly on different sites of the Arcachon bay. The percentage of abnormalities and the differential expression levels of target genes were determined in larvae while the Cu and S-metolachlor bioaccumulation and the percentage of gonadal occupation were measured in genitors. These results were then compared to determine the ability of oyster from hatchery to represent an interesting alternative model to indigenous oysters. With the objective to study the impacts of climate change, somewhat more extreme conditions were tested, namely temperatures of 26 ° C, lower salinity of 24 u.s.i and higher concentrations of pollutants compared to current conditions in the lagoon. A software able to analyze swimming behavior of D-larvae was also developed. Our results indicate higher bioaccumulation of Cu and S-metolachlor in cultivated oysters compared to wild oysters. Furthermore this study clearly indicates that larvae from indigenous oysters (wild and cultivated) are sensitive to environmental concentrations of copper and S-metolachlor. However, it has been demonstrated that genes involved in various defense mechanisms are overexpressed with higher larval defense capacity of oysters under the influence of the tributaries but also wild oysters in comparison to cultivated oysters. In the presence of environmental concentrations of Cu or S-metolachlor, an increased erratic circular trajectory was found. In addition, larvae, although able to grow normally in a temperature range of 22 ° C to 26 ° C, are sensitive to the action of the combined high / low temperatures and pollutants. Similarly, they are sensitive to the combined effect of low salinity and exposure to pollutants. Oyster’s hatchery have proved to be a good alternative to the use of indigenous oysters. Finally, given the predictions of climate change, our results indicate that one can expect an increase in larval abnormalities and thus a decrease in the recruitment of spat in future years in the Arcachon bay
Savard-Duquet, Nikolas. "Mobilité et changements climatiques : bilan et analyse des émissions de gaz à effet de serre liées aux déplacements des résidents de la région de Québec". Thesis, Université Laval, 2010. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2010/26880/26880.pdf.
Texto completoBoucharel, Julien. "Modes de variabilité climatique dans l'océan Pacifique tropical : quantification des non-linéarités et rôle sur les changements de régimes climatiques". Phd thesis, Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse III, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00720706.
Texto completoBoucharel, Julien. "Modes de variabilité climatique dans l'océan Pacifique tropical : quantification des non-linéarités et rôle sur les changements de régimes climatiques". Phd thesis, Toulouse 3, 2010. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/1663/.
Texto completoENSO is the dominant mode of climate variability in the Pacific, having widespread socio-economical impacts. ENSO characteristics have been observed to exhibit substantial irregular variability from decadal to millennial timescales. The origin of such richness in ENSO variability timescales is likely due to the combined effects of timescales interaction processes within the tropical Pacific (through self-sustained nonlinear dynamics) and to external forcing (e. G. Volcanic activity, changes in greenhouse gases. . . ). In this thesis, we propose a new statistical framework that allows documenting high statistical moments in observed and simulated timeseries and that provides a robust estimation of nonlinearity in the tropical coupled system. As a first step, from the analysis of long-term CGCM simulations and extended reconstructed SST data sets, it is demonstrated that an interaction between interdecadal mean state changes in the tropical Pacific and extreme El Niño events probability occurs. This supports the hypothesis of ENSO variability being rectified at a wide range of frequencies by the slowly varying mean state through nonlinear processes phase-locked to the seasonal cycle alternatively in the Western and Eastern tropical Pacific. We then question to which extent the increase in greenhouse gases can alter the ENSO properties with a focus on its nonlinear character. Taking advantage of the IPCC database and different projections scenarios, nonlinearities are diagnosed in a model ensemble; and a relevant metric of the change in nonlinearity due to climate change is defined. This new metric allows highlighting a zonal see-saw in nonlinearity patterns associated with the change in El Niño characteristics observed in recent years. The traditional 20th century El Niño fingerprint, localized in the Cold Tongue, is robustly displaced westward in a warmer climate leading to El Niño Modoki-type patterns. We relate this switch in El Niño types to a change in nonlinearity pattern from present-day climate to a warmer climate. Secondly, we focused on the eastern tropical Pacific and the Humboldt Current System modelling and especially on the ability of Galapagos Islands and intra-seasonal activity in rectifying their mean state. Unlike recent studies, we put into perspective the role of this archipelago in altering this regional mean state. On the other hand, the intra seasonal Kelvin waves activity has the potential to revitalize the local mean circulation, the vertical stratification and therefore the Eastern Pacific dynamics, which in turn may have the potential to affect ENSO through upscaling effects
Huntsman-Mapila, Philippa. "Bassins de rift à des stades précoces de leur développement : l'exemple du bassin Makgadikgadi-Okavango-Zambezi, Botswana et du bassin Sud-Tanganyika (Tanzanie et Zambie) : composition géochimique des sédiments : traceurs des changements climatiques et tectoniques". Brest, 2006. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00161196.
Texto completoThis thesis presents the results of a multidisciplinary study of sediments, with an emphasis on geochemistry, with the following objectives: I) improve our understanding of geochemical processes occurring as a result of erosion, transport and deposition in two rift basin in their early stage of development; 2) reconstruct environments in these two regions of the rift during the Late Pleistocene and Holocene and 3) define sedimentary and geochemical criteria to allow us to discriminate tectonic setting and climate change in nascent and early stage rift basins. 11e two basins chosen to represent early stage rift development were I) the Makgadikgadi-Okavango-Zambezi basin located in NW Botswana md 2) the Mpulungu Basin, located at the south-western extremity of Lake Tanganyika. The geochemicat study of sediments and water of the Okavango Delta revealed the presence of elevated arsenic in the groundwater occurring as n result of the dissolution of oxides under reducing conditions. The presence of elevated arsenic in the sediments is linked to organic rich clays, deposited under lacustrine conditions during periods of higher rainfall et possible impoundment of the river by die Thamalakane Fault. The geochemical results were used as n proxy for climate change in the Mpulungu basin. The results indicate n remarkable excursion winch coincides with the Younder Dryas event, Tins environmental event appears to be the most important event in southem Lai Tanganyika during the period 23 —3 ka, winch is characterized by the transport of weathered material into die basin due ton change in vegetation cove in the catchment area
Jenouvrier, Stéphanie. "Influence de la variabilité environnementale sur les stratégies démographiques des populations de prédateurs supérieurs : la communauté d'oiseaux marins en Antarctique". Paris 6, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004PA066413.
Texto completoTimbal, Bertrand. "Analyse d'expériences de modifications climatiques liées à l'augmentation des gaz à effet de serre : sensibilité de la réponse à la formulation du modèle et aux forçages utilisés". Toulouse, INPT, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994INPT122H.
Texto completoDéry, Jean-Simon. "Analyse géographique de la vulnérabilité de la population québécoise face aux vagues de chaleur accablante". Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/33028.
Texto completoDenis, Benjamin. "La politique internationale du climat: analyse du processus de construction du cadre international de lutte contre le réchauffement global". Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/210881.
Texto completoDoctorat en sciences politiques
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
Nicolle, Marie. "Variabilités hydro-climatiques multi-décennales à pluri-séculaires en Arctique-subarctique depuis 2000 ans". Thesis, Normandie, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018NORMR129/document.
Texto completoThe temperature increase during the 1850-2012 period is not uniform globally and the Arctic is warming twice as much as the average. However, the short time coverage of instrumental data makes it difficult to distinguish natural climate variability and anthropogenic forcing. The study of climatic variability "free" of human influence requires the use of proxies data measured in continental and marine palaeoclimatic archives. In the Arctic-subarctic region, high resolution records have been centralized in the Arctic 2k PAGES database. The objectives of this work are to improve the characterization and interpretation of climatic variability over the last 2000 years, going beyond the millennial trend and the major climatic periods, but also by focusing on the role and spatial expression of the internal variability of the climate system. This thesis is based on the Arctic 2k PAGES database, which allows the study of temperature variations in the Arctic-subarctic region, as well as a new database to reconstruct hydroclimatic variations (precipitation and humidity) in the region and created during this study. The use of climate signal analysis methods on regional records calculated from these two databases has highlighted climate variability in the Arctic-subarctic region from the multi-decadal to millennial scales.In particular, multi-decadal variability is related to the internal variability of the climate system. The hydroclimatic and temperature variations expressed at multi-decadal scales in the region are characterized by frequencies specific to regional climate oscillations (North Atlantic oscillation and decadal Pacific oscillation), particularly over the last 200 years. The work done on the temperature database and the reflection on the creation and exploitation of the hydroclimatic database have also led to the definition of a working methodology with a palaeoclimatic database, from its construction to the definition of its limits, in particular in terms of the spatial representability of the series contained in the database and the assimilation of data with different seasonings
Mercier, Denis. "La géomorphologie paraglaciaire. Analyse de crises érosives d'origine climatique dans les environnements englacés et sur leurs marges". Habilitation à diriger des recherches, Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand II, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00613729.
Texto completoChauvin, Thibaud. "Adaptation au changement climatique et potentiel évolutif du Douglas (Pseudotsuga menziesii Franco.) : rôle des traits hydrauliques, microdensitométriques et anatomiques du xylème". Thesis, Paris, Institut agronomique, vétérinaire et forestier de France, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019IAVF0003/document.
Texto completoSeveral turn-of-the-20th-century diebacks have shown that French Douglas-fir was vulnerable to drought. Whether the Douglas-fir forests can adapt to the new warmer and dryer climate is a key concern in France. We estimated variation of resistance to cavitation traits of a set of Washington, Oregon and Californian provenances in two common garden experiments located in the south of France. We studied the relationships between resistance to cavitation, xylem microdensity and pit anatomy in the trunk and branches. We found that climatic selection pressure in the natural area has shaped local adaptation for resistance to cavitation, microdensity and pit's anatomy. Inland California provenances tend to be significantly more cavitation resistant, with a denser latewood and safer pits than coastal Californian, then Washington and Oregon provenances. However, we also found significant within region variation that could not be explained by the available climatic data. We found different structure-functions relationships, according to the observation level (tree or provenance) and the tree part (trunk or branch). For example, at the individual level, the most cavitation-resistant trees have branches with denser latewood and smaller pit aperture, while at the provenance level, the most cavitation resistant provenances have less dense wood in both trunk and branches, and safer pits. Overall, we conclude that there is a potential for evolutionary adaptation for resistance to drought in Douglas-fir, available at different levels, individual and provenance. However, in a tree improvement context, the complex network of relationships among the resistance to cavitation, the microdensity and the anatomy traits should be carefully monitored in order to avoid possible unfavourable correlative response to selection
Rossi, Aurélien. "Analyse spatio-temporelle de la variabilité hydrologique du bassin versant du Mississippi : rôles des fluctuations climatiques et déduction de l'impact des modifications du milieu physique". Rouen, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010ROUES013.
Texto completoGreat River watersheds, as the Mississippi River in North America, integrate climate and environmental changes (climate fluctuations, precipitations, streamflow, sediment loads) at near-continent scale, as well as anthropogenic changes in physical environment (land uses, river management. . . ) in their hydrologic response, which makes sometimes difficult the identification of linkages between hydrological and climate variability. The main objectives of this work is to determine and quantify the relationships between hydrological variability and climate fluctuations (regionalized precipitations, climate indices) of the Mississippi River and its main tributaries, using spectral approaches adapted to (the study of non-stationary processes (continuous wavelet transform, wavelet coherence). Hydrological variability of the Mississippi River and its main tributaries is structured by several scales of variability, from annual to inter-annual (2-4y, 3-6y, 5-8y), decadal (8-16y, 12-16y) and multi-decadal scales (22y, 22-26y). These modes of streamflow variability are very similar to those observed in regionalized precipitations (mean coherency is estimated from 77% to 89% according to the sub-watershed), and operates at same time-scales variability of the main climate fluctuations affecting this region (ENSO, PDO, AMO, NAO, NAM et PNA), preliminary identified and synthesized using an similar methodology. Streamflow variability of the Mississippi River watershed appears influenced by several teleconnections (mean coherency of 63% to 66% with all climate indices), which operate at different spatial and temporal scales and change across time. Furthermore and not surprisingly, the hydrological variability of the Mississippi River and its main tributaries appears to be closely linked to a major shift in the climate system – as well as many other hydrosystems around the world – observed at global scale around 1970. This change would result in an increase in both streamflow mean and variance, as highlighted by changes in the spectral content of climate and hydrological parameters. In this way, a so-called "hydro-climatic" index was proposed in order to resume all those characteristics of the climate system that would imprint the typical scales of variability detected in the hydrological processes analyzed according to each sub-watershed. Finally, even if the majority of hydrological parameters appears strongly affected by climate parameters, others factors such as changes in physical environment (land use, river management. . . ) could also significantly influence hydrological parameters (e. G. Low and high streamflow). We could detect such human-induced changes in the variability of suspended sediment loads and show that it involved a decrease in suspended sediment loads up to 2,25. 108 metric t. Y-1 between 1950 and 1975 using a spectral modelling approach. However, the influence of these physical environmental changes in hydrology would be associated to trends or to very localized changes in space and time, rather than associated to the existence of oscillations in hydrological parameters as we could detect them. We then conclude that, despite the potential strong influence of environmental changes, climate fluctuations remain the main factor involved in the observed hydrological changes
Magand, Olivier. "Bilan de Masse de Surface Antarctique : Techniques de mesure et analyse critique". Phd thesis, Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00374371.
Texto completoAllal, François. "Patrons de variabilité chez vitellaria paradoxa (karité) : étude phylogéographique et analyse combinée de la variation des acides gras, des tocophérols et de gènes candidats". Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010MON20244/document.
Texto completoPatterns of variation within tree species are the result of complex evolutionary changes, some of which are particularly related to the condition of trees. If the factors explaining this variability were discussed for species in temperate zones, they remain little known for fruit tree species of dry tropics, which show special adaptive features and result from an old domestication process. To meet this challenge, the scientific purpose of this thesis is to improve our understanding of evolutionary factors affecting the variability within a tree species in the Sudano-Sahelian zone. We got interested in Vitellaria paradoxa (Shea tree), a species which plays a major economic role for the production of butter from seeds and whose distribution range extends from Senegal to Uganda. In a phylogeographic approach based on the analysis of polymorphism supposedly neutral molecular markers (chloroplast and nuclear microsatellites and chloroplast intergenic regions) and based on ecological niche modelling of Shea tree at different periods of the Quaternary, we shape the role of last glacial maximum (20.000 YBP) on the genetic diversity of the species. In a second methodological approach, we study the impact of environmental determinants on the variability of Shea nuts chemical constituents, stating novel hypotheses. Finally, we investigate the polymorphism of candidate genes, encoding enzymes stearoyl-ACP-desaturase (SAD) and homogentisate phytyltransférase (HPT), in connection with the variability of relative fatty acids compositions and tocopherols contents in seeds. Through the results obtained, we discuss the impact of natural selection, domestication and genetic drift, and provide evolutionary and functional hypotheses that potentially explain the varia bility observed
Derouiche, Sabrine. "Impact du changement climatique dans les modèles numériques à l'échelle régionale". Electronic Thesis or Diss., université Paris-Saclay, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022UPASJ025.
Texto completoThe Mediterranean region is considered one of the most vulnerable areas to climate change because of its socio-cultural wealth and its biodiversity. Several studies about the evolution of different parameters found a significant climate variability at the end of the 20th century. Moreover,according to climate projection models, an intensification of this climate change is expected, over the region, to the end of the 21th century.Consequently, their impacts become more dangerous and expensive. Rain is considered to be the most sensitive signature of climate for humans. Thus, its analysis and the characterization of rainfall regimes over the region allow to apprehend its future evolution. This study is mainly based on daily rainfall observations collected from 70 rain gauge stations over 50-year period (1960-2009) on a regional scale covering all of northern Tunisia. On the other hand, daily precipitations produced by ERA-Interim reanalysis model, equally at regional scale, are also considered in this study. These estimated data have the advantage of being complete over the time and the space. They can have an important role in understanding the climate variability, hence it is essential to assess their quality in relation to observations. The rainfall data processing is novel. Indeed, the analysis of spatial and temporal variability analysis was carried out on the rain event scale. Although rainfall in Tunisia has been analysed by several hydrologists and geographers at different scales ranging from a few minutes to years, the division into rainy episodes and dry episodes proposed in this analysis is original. This approach aims to take into account the intermittent nature of the rain which is one of the fundamental properties of the precipitations. The aggregation of rainy days led to consider six descriptors of rainy events for each measurement point over a period of 50 years. The multidimensional space, thus, created was analysed in the first part by a classic factorial method PCA (Principal Component Analysis), then by the non-linear classification method SOM (Self-Organizing Map) combined with Hierarchical agglomerative clustering (HAC). The two approaches allowed to understand the rainfall data structures and to define a typology. The principal component analysis summarized the six rainfall descriptors adopted into three main components: the first one is an indicator of the rainfall quantity, the second one represents the intermittent character of rain over the season and the third one is a structure indicator. The spatial interpretation divided the study area into three regions of NE-SW orientation, with an opposition between the North-West facade and its hinterland and the South-East facade and its hinterland with an intermediate zone located between these two regions. Moreover, the thesis investigated the correlations between the principal components of PCAs and climate patterns indices. Significant correlations were found for the North Atlantic Oscillation and Arctic Oscillation indices. In addition, relationships between sea surface pressure anomalies and principal components were shown by a composite analysis. The combined methods (SOM and HAC) were applied to rainfall descriptors produced by the rain gauge stations network and highlighted 4 classes with different typologies of wet spells structure. Their spatial and temporal variability was, then, analysed. These classes were used as a reference for the analysis of the reanalysis data.The univariate and multivariate analysis of the model data and the comparison with the observations showed that the number of rainy days and the duration of the events are significantly overestimated in the reanalyses. Moreover, the statistical distributions didn't have the same asymmetry. On the other hand, the model showed a good coherence of the temporal structures of the rainfall classes with the observations on a regional scale
De, Cesare Silvia. "Les bivalves filtreurs Astarte moerchi : modèle biologique pour l'étude des écosystème marins arctiques". Thesis, Paris, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016MNHN0010/document.
Texto completoIn the context of climate change, Arctic marine ecosystems are affected by rapid environmental modifications, whose effects on biotic communities are still debated. The sea-ice decline and the increase in freshwater inputs and turbidity are likely to impact Arctic primary producers, with cascade effects on a key-process in those ecosystems: the trophic relationship between primary producers and benthic consumers (generally referred as “pelagic-benthic coupling”). The direct study of such complex interaction is not straightforward in the Arctic. The biological model of filter-feeding bivalves offers the possibility to get around these problems, allowing to study those ecological processes indirectly. Among the advantages of this model, there is first of all the fact that these organisms record in their shell, in the carbonate layers, some dynamics of their environments. The information recorded in such “bioarchives” are interpreted through the methods of sclerochronology and sclerochemistry and relate to a time window corresponding to the organism lifespan (from some years to more than 500 years). Given that these organisms are primary consumers, another advantage of this biological model is that the study of their diet can provide information about the trophic relationship with primary producers. With the methods of trophic ecology, especially fatty acids and stable isotopes, the study of the tissues allows the investigation of sources assimilated at a timescale of weeks/months.The main objective of this thesis is to test the potential of bivalves Astarte moerchi (borealis complex) as a biological model for the study of marine Arctic ecosystems. A coupled approach is used to combine shell analysis by the methods of sclerochronology and sclerochemistry (elemental ratios) and tissue analysis by the methods of trophic ecology (fatty acids, carbon and nitrogen stable isotopes, compound-specific carbon stable isotopes on individual fatty acids). Two living A. moerchi populations have been studied in two fjords presenting contrasted environmental conditions: Young Sound in North-East Greenland (considered as “Arctic” site) and Kongsfjorden in the West coast of the Svalbard Archipelago (considered as a “sub-Arctic” site). The study of the tissues of A. moerchi allowed to show the trophic plasticity of this species, with differences in food sources of the two populations linked to local primary production dynamics. The analysis of the shell of A. moerchi allowed to: a) corroborate the hypothesis of annual growth lines formation, thus confirming the longevity of this species that can attain 150 years; b) show the potential interest of the analysis of elemental ratios and particularly the ratio between Barium and Calcium (Ba/Ca), which could be relied to phytoplanktonic blooms and c) show that contrasted environmental conditions in the Arctic and sub-Arctic sites result in different shell growth patterns. Some perspectives for the further use of this model study in ecology are discussed. To conclude, an epistemological reflection is sketched about the specificity of the biological model study of filter-feeding bivalves. In contrast to the classical notion of “model organism” used in experimental biology, we suggest that filter-feeding bivalves (as well as other “bioarchives” like trees, corals and coralline algae) belong to a category of biological models that could be named “in situ” and seems specific to the ecological discipline
Bolduc, Brandon. "Montréal parmi les grands de l’organisation C40 Cities Climate Leadership Group : analyse du processus de mise à l’agenda décisionnel de son adhésion". Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/39852.
Texto completoCarcel, Damien. "Caractérisation des environnements de dépôt dominés par les tempêtes : exemple du Jurassique supérieur de La Rochelle et du Boulonnais". Thesis, Lyon 1, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009LYO10321.
Texto completoThe Late Jurassic was a period with paleogeography and global climatic conditions that favor the development of sedimentary systems dominated by storms. The purpose of this study is to better understand the controlling factors on the dynamic of these systems. Three sections are chosen. The Pas (Oxfordian – Kimmeridgian transition) and the Rocher d'Yves (Late Kimmeridgian) sections, near La Rochelle (Western France), correspond to a muddy, mixed carbonated – siliciclastic platform. The Cap de la Crèche section (Late Kimmeridgian – Early Tithonian) corresponds to a mixed carbonated – siliciclastic ramp, dominated by coarse material. Sedimentary, palynofacies, and calcareous nannofossil analyses are performed. For each section, a detailed facies model is proposed, allowing precise sequence- and cyclostratigraphic interpretations. The sequence and cyclostratigraphic frameworks allow the calculation of the storm frequency. Comparison between host facies and storm deposits allows the estimation of storm intensity. The similarities and differences between these two systems are discussed, for the sedimentary dynamic, and the record and preservation of the storm deposits. Finally, the relation between storm frequency and intensity and climate is discussed. La Rochelle and Boulonnais sedimentary facies have a similar spatial organization. Carbonate production of these systems presents similarities and differences. The carbonate production seems able to react very quickly to relative sea-level variations, increasing when sea-level is high. The two systems also have a similar evolution in time. The storm deposits of the two sites show similar morphologies, related to the conditions of deposition and preservation. It was possible to link the variations of storm intensity and frequency with the climate changes. The variations of storm intensity evolve in parallel of the variations of storm frequency, the highest values of intensity corresponding to the highest values of frequency. Moreover, this increase in frequency and intensity is consistent with increasing temperature, suggesting a link between the increasing storm activity and the climate warming
Couespel, Damien. "La désoxygénation de l'océan au cours du 21ème siècle : influence des processus de petite et moyenne échelle". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SORUS097.
Texto completoThe amount of oxygen in the ocean has decreased since the middle of the 20th century. According to climate projections, this will continue into the 21st century with effects on biogeochemical cycles, aquatic organisms and ecosystems. In the subsurface, deoxygenation is controlled by: 1) solubility, determining the amount of oxygen that can be dissolved, 2) respiration, using oxygen to remineralize organic matter and 3) surface/subsurface exchanges. These mechanisms are affected by climate change: 1) the solubility decreases as the temperature increases, 2) the production of organic matter at the surface decreases, thus decreasing the subsurface respiration and 3) the surface/subsurface exchanges are slowed down due to the increase in stratification. The relative contribution of each of these mechanisms to deoxygenation is still poorly understood. To estimate it, we calculated the transport of oxygen through the base of the mixed layer as well as the respiration under the mixed layer in a climate projection. Our results show that each mechanism contributes in equal proportion to deoxygenation. This result was obtained with a low resolution model. However, studies indicate that small-scale processes can influence the mechanisms controlling deoxygenation, but there is still no estimate of their effects. We have therefore developed an idealized configuration allowing us to perform climate change experiments that explicitly solve these processes. In this framework, our results show that small scale processes attenuate 1) deoxygenation and 2) the responses of the mechanisms involved
Kossaï, Mohamed. "Les Technologies de L’Information et des Communications (TIC), le capital humain, les changements organisationnels et la performance des PME manufacturières". Thesis, Paris 9, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA090035/document.
Texto completoICT is a key performance factor in developed countries. This PhD thesis focuses on the adoption of ICTs and their impact on the performance of manufacturing SMEs in a developing country. Following a first part covering the theoretical and conceptual framework, the rest of the thesis is organized in three empirical studies. The first study uses a Probit model in order to identify the determinants of ICT adoption. Human capital seems to be the most significant explanatory variable. Based on linear regression of dummy variables, Granger causality, Kruskal-Wallis test, ANOVA test of Welch, followed by corresponding post-hoc tests, the second study highlights the existence of a strong statistically significant relationship between the level of ICT adoption and profitability. In a third study, many Probit models (simple, ordered and multivariate) were tested on different measures of performance. Firstly, we show that ICT have a positive impact on productivity, profitability and competitiveness of SMEs. Secondly, ICT, human capital and training are determinants of firm overall performance. Thirdly, when combined together, ICT and highly skilled human resources have an important contribution to the global performance. In conclusion, our empirical results demonstrate a positive impact of ICT, human capital and organizational change on firm performance
Quintana, Seguí Pere. "Simulation hydrologique en région méditerranéenne avec SAFRAN-ISBA-MODCOU : amélioration de la physique et évaluation des risques dans le cadre du changement climatique". Phd thesis, Toulouse 3, 2008. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/1804/.
Texto completoThe SAFRAN-ISBA-MODCOU model is assessed and its physics are improved. The SAFRAN meteorological analysis is first validated in detail. The surface model ISBA is then modified to better describe the hydraulic conductivity in the soil. A strategy of calibration is defined and applied at the scale of France. The improved model is then used to assess the impacts of climate change in the Mediterranean region. A regional climate model is downscaled by two different methods. The study shows that the uncertainties related to the downscaling are important. Uncertainty related to the impact model is smaller, but must be taken into account for the extremes. In this region, the extremes of riverflows, and sometimes the means, will increase during the first half of the twenty-first century. At the end of the century, the scenario indicates a decline of the average of riverflows and the extremes will remain stable, leading to increased variability
Sebbfolk, Annie. "L'union fait la force (géologique) : une analyse écocritique des Fourmis de Bernard Werber". Thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för språkstudier, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-160984.
Texto completoCampagne, Philippine. "Étude de la variabilité des conditions océanographiques et climatiques en Antarctique de l'Est (Terre Adélie-Georges V) au cours de l'Holocène tardif et de la période instrumentale". Thesis, Bordeaux, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015BORD0315/document.
Texto completoAntarctic sea ice has large impacts on the heat and gas transfers between the ocean andthe atmosphere, on the global oceanic circulation, on the Earth albedo and on theprimary productivity of the Southern Ocean. However, because of its remote and icecoveredlocation, the climate of the Antarctic continent and of the Southern Ocean isstill poorly studied and constitutes a challenge for climate model predictions. Recentobservations highlighted opposite patterns of climate variability between Western andEastern Antarctica, but poorly resolved the mechanisms and forcing involved.Reconstructions of temperature signals indicate that regional disparities have persistedover the Holocene period. The Late Holocene period includes the recent climate change(so-called modern global warming) as well as preceding rapid climate variabilitiesthough of lower amplitude. Achieving paleoenvironmental reconstructions in theAntarctic region at high temporal resolution over this period therefore offers theopportunity to improve the understanding of climate changes in response to bothnatural and anthropogenic forcing. While paleoenvironmental records obtained from icecores provide robust information on the past atmospheric conditions over Antarctica,the paleoceanography of the nearby ocean is constrained by a limited set of rather lowresolution, discontinuous records from sediment cores. Our study focuses on themarginal zone of the Adélie-Georges V Land, East Antarctica, a region which has beenpoorly studied so far, despite the presence of thick and laminated sedimentary depositsthat allow accurate and high resolution paleoclimate reconstructions. Our work is basedon several marine sedimentary records, made of diatom oozes and covering theinstrumental period to the last 2,000 years. Our results show that diatom assemblages,diatom specific biomarkers (HBI) and elemental geochemistry in the sedimenteffectively testify of local but also regional oceanographic and climatic variations atdecadal to centennial scales. Coupled atmospheric and oceanic dynamics linked to majorclimate modes of the Southern Hemisphere, along with glacial dynamics constitutemajor forcing mechanisms of ice covered changes during the late Holocene
Wagnon, Patrick. "Analyse du bilan d'énergie d'un glacier tropical : application à la relation glacier-climat". Phd thesis, Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble ; 1971-2015), 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999GRE10067.
Texto completoWagnon, Patrick. "Analyse du bilan d'énergie d'un glacier tropical : application à la relation glacier-climat". Phd thesis, Grenoble 1, 1999. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00693949.
Texto completoAyagapin, Leslie. "L’Analyse de Cycle de Vie au défi de l’urgence climatique : une analyse multi-échelle de la qualité environnementale des bâtiments en milieu subtropical insulaire". Electronic Thesis or Diss., La Réunion, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022LARE0030.
Texto completoEnvironmental impacts from anthropogenic activities remain significantly present in the atmosphere. A large part of these environmental impacts is attributable to the construction sector. This thesis was developed in the context of the ecological transition at the scale of Reunion Island. The objective of this work is to understand the factors of the environmental quality of buildings in an insular subtropical environment and to propose alternative approaches to these assessments. The environmental performance of buildings can allow a significant reduction of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions at both structural and functional scales. In this thesis, a first evaluation of the environmental impacts of the built single-family houses (SFH) allowed us to identify and define the total ratios while considering the representative share of the structural, functional, and end-of-life scales. For this, it was necessary to build a regional database that regionalizes the emission factors (EF) specific to the island. This holistic approach allowed us to highlight the environmental over cost of the island due to its geographical location. Furthermore, we considered another constraint: the impact of the local electricity production mix, which contributes strongly to the operational phase. For this purpose, a prospective approach was carried out through decarbonization scenarios and allowed to determine the decrease of the impact of local electricity generation for the next to 2040, thanks to the integration of new technologies. Finally, the local database having been primarily developed, two approaches, "simplified" and "synthesized," were proposed : the simplified approach was initiated to make LCA affordable to professionals so that they have simplified tools for evaluating their projects. Then, the synthesized approach (ICE) allowed us to simplify the information and propose an impact threshold applicable to the constructions in an insular environment. Finally, given all these works, we bring to the first light the importance of integrating a new paradigm of building sustainability. This definition must incorporate the capacity of the building recycling capacity. But it must be considered a short economic chain of revalorization at the scale of India-Oceania
Baudena, Alberto. "How do marine mid trophic levels respond to fine scale processes ?" Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SORUS136.
Texto completoThe comprehension of the coupling between physical and biological dynamics is a pivotal step to assess the health of the oceans, in order to protect the ecosystems therein from the effects of global change, human exploitation and pollution as well as for understanding the role of the ocean in the climate system. Indeed, in the oceans, physical phenomena and biological processes are intimately linked, since marine organisms live in a fluid environment, continuously under the effect of the currents. Thus, contrary to what happens on land, where the landscape topography changes over evolutionary timescales (periods in the order of hundreds to millions of year) in the ocean the landscape ("seascape") evolves on the same timescales of ecological processes. In the present thesis I analyse in particular the role of the fine scales, which present a peak in the ocean energy spectrum, and whose time scales (of days to weeks) overlap important marine ecological processes like the development of planktonic blooms and the duration of foraging trips for top predators. The fine scale features have been already shown to play a central role into conditioning primary production, lower trophic levels abundance and composition, and apex predators behaviors. However, less is known on their influence on intermediate trophic levels, i.e. swimming organisms (such as fish), which however constitute an essential part of the trophic chain, and which are under unprecedented pressure by human activities. This is mainly due to the scarce availability of data on them at large scales, and to problems of ship-based measurements. Two knowledge gaps are addressed in this thesis. The first is the fact that intermediate trophic levels distributions cannot be detected by remote sensing, and thus require the development of novel, ad hoc sampling strategies. The second open challenge addressed by this thesis is how the swimming ability of the nekton can interact with the fine scale physical dynamics. In order to address the aforementioned questions, in this work I adopt a Lagrangian approach, therefore focusing on water parcel trajectories, and I integrate it with novel methodologies applied to acoustic data, complex system analysis and network theory. I focus on the Kerguelen region, because of its ecological importance and the large availability of informations, which permitted to characterize its relatively simple ecological dynamics, mainly based on iron limitation which is furnished by the plateau. I consider the myctophids as reference fish of the present study, for their worldwide abundance and for their importance for the ecology of the area, and because they may constitute a future target by commercial fishing. (...)
Mraoua, Mohammed. "Gestion du risque climatique par l'utilisation des produits dérivés d'assurance". Phd thesis, INSA de Rouen, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00845895.
Texto completoMoreau, Melanie. "Variabilité climatique centre/est Pacifique au cours du dernier millénaire reconstruite à partir d’analyses géochimiques sur des coraux massifs". Thesis, Bordeaux, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014BORD0213/document.
Texto completoThe Pacific Ocean is the place of interannual and multi-decadal climate variabilities, namely the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO). There can have globals impacts via teleconnections. Major impacts on populations, economic and environmental activitieshave been attributed to ENSO. It is therefore essential to improve our understanding of the Pacificdynamic, particularly ENSO activity and its evolution under recent climate change.Geochemical measurements (Sr/Ca and 818O) performed on corals are relevant paleoclimatic records for studying the evolution of ENSO and are essential to put into perspective the current climatedynamic in comparison to past climate.After an evaluation of the robustness of the coral geochemical paleothermometer (Sr/Ca), we present the reconstruction of sea surface temperature (SST) from Eastern tropical Pacific coral (Clippertonatoll) and central tropical Pacific coral (Marquesas archipelago) covering several parts of the last millennium. Our results suggest that ENSO spatial pattern was relatively stable over the past two centuries, mainly indicating an eastern Pacific ENSO pattern (canonical) in comparison to the centralPacific ENSO (Modoki). Although still debated, this spatial pattern could have recently changed dueto global climate change (and this could continue in the future). At the decadal timescale, both studiedareas (central and eastern Pacific) are influenced by the PDO.The results of this Phd thesis also suggest that the present day ENSO activity (under the influence ofanthropogenic forcing) is not atypical throughout the last millennium. The intensity and frequency of ENSO were stronger in the early Little Ice Age (LIA, 16th century). These results are compared withan ensemble of climate simulations (PMIP3) and indicate that ENSO variability is correctly reproduced by numerical climate models but that these models fail to correctly reproduce the mean temperature state of the Pacific
Jia, Xiaojuan. "Fuzzy logic based decision support system for mass evacuation of cities prone to coastal or river flood". Phd thesis, Université de Technologie de Compiègne, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00858055.
Texto completoGuertin-Armstrong, Simon. "L’analyse économique des changements climatiques : débat expert, couverture médiatique et influence sur l’opinion publique". Thèse, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/21779.
Texto completoJeffrey, Karolan. "Les changements climatiques dans les médias québécois : une exploration de la responsabilité environnementale des citoyens sous la perspective de la criminologie verte". Thèse, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/20093.
Texto completoGrandmont, Katerine. "Utilisation de systèmes d'information géographique pour l'évaluation des risques liés à la dégradation du pergélisol. Étude de cas : Tasiujaq, Nunavik, Québec". Thèse, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/10585.
Texto completoNorthern regions underlain by permafrost will largely be affected by the projected increase in air temperature. A growing number of structures that were once built with great confidence on perennially frozen soils are already starting to show signs of deterioration. Processes caused by permafrost degradation can cause significant damages to infrastructure and require high costs of repair. The current climatic context therefore commands that the implementation of projects in permafrost regions follows a well-thought planning in order to account for the potential impacts of permafrost degradation. This thesis focuses on the use of geographic information systems (GIS) applied to the identification of the development potential of communities located in permafrost regions. Using a GIS approach, the goal is to develop a methodology to produce risk-assessment maps to help northern communities better plan their built environment. A multi-scale analysis of the landscape is necessary and should include the investigation of surficial deposits, topography, as well as permafrost, vegetation and drainage conditions. The complexity of all the interactions that shape the landscape is such that it is virtually impossible to account for all of them or to predict with certainty the response of the system following disturbances. This research also presents some of the limitations to the use of GIS in this specific context and explores an innovative method for quantifying uncertainty in risk-assessment maps.