Tesis sobre el tema "Changement hydrologique"
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Boé, Julien. "Changement global et cycle hydrologique: Une étude de régionalisation sur la France". Phd thesis, Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse III, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00256811.
Texto completoUne méthode de désagrégation statistique, basée sur le concept de type de temps, est développée et mise en œuvre afin de régionaliser un ensemble de scénarios climatiques pour forcer un modèle hydro-météorologique. Des impacts sévères sont visibles dès le milieu du 21ème siècle, avec notamment une forte diminution des débits moyens en été et automne, et une large augmentation du nombre de jours d'étiage.
D'autres méthodes de désagrégation sont utilisées afin de tester la sensibilité des résultats
au choix de la méthode: celle-ci s'avère limitée. La principale source d'incertitude
réside en fait dans le choix du modèle climatique. Nous essayons pour finir de mieux comprendre les raisons physiques de cette dispersion des scénarios climatiques sur l'Europe.
Boe, Julien. "Changement global et cycle hydrologique : une étude de régionalisation sur la France". Toulouse 3, 2007. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/227/.
Texto completoAs most of Europe, France might undergo severe climate changes during the 21st century. In this thesis we study the impacts of these changes on the hydrological cycle, at the scale of the French river basins. A statistical downscaling method, based on the concept on weather types is built and applied to regionalize an ensemble of climate scenarios in order to force an hydro-meteorological model. Severe impacts occur as soon as the middle of the 21st century, characterized by a strong decrease of mean river flows and a great increase in the occurrence of low-flow. Other downscaling methods are used in order to test the sensivity of the results to the choice of the method: this sensivity is limited. Actually, the main source of uncertainty lies in the choice of the climate model. To finish, we try to better understand the reasons for the spread of the climate change scenarios over Europe
Boe, Julien Terray Laurent Habets Florence. "Changement global et cycle hydrologique une étude de régionalisation sur la France /". Toulouse (Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse 3), 2008. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/227.
Texto completoSoutif-Bellenger, Myriam. "Eau, agriculture, changement climatique : apports d'une modélisation intégrée agro-hydrologique pour l'adaptation". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023SORUS469.
Texto completoAgriculture requires water to meet the biological needs of crops. When the water supplied to the soil by precipitation is not sufficient, additional water can be taken out from bodies of water and supplied to crops : this is irrigation. With the intensification of the risk of drought, agricultural territories are particularly affected by climate change. It is therefore necessary today to develop and evaluate adaptation strategies. To do this, we must take into account the evolution of irrigation water demand in future hydrological projections. Given the multiplicity of challenges related to climate change adaptation and agriculture, it is also important to implement integrated approaches and taking into account uncertainties. Furthermore, it is necessary to formulate concrete strategies, which must be defined at a sufficiently local scale. Explicit modeling of agro-hydrosystems already exists. However, these models are often complex, and require a large amount of data and simulate numerous processes. In contrast, there are conceptual hydrological models that are parsimonious, efficient, and operational but usually do not explicitly account for uses. The objective of this thesis has therefore focused on developing a framework of intermediate complexity. Firstly, a model was developed, integrating i) the modeling of hydrology using the conceptual hydrological semi-distributed daily GR5J model, ii) the modeling of irrigation water withdrawals using the daily agronomic model CropWat, and iii) modeling of storage structures and their management, such as reservoirs and dams. This modeling was first implemented on the downstream Aveyron watershed. The irrigation simulations obtained were compared with simulations from the MAELIA platform, an explicit agro-hydrological integrated model that has been the subject of numerous developments and surveys in this area. The model was also implemented in the Seille catchment, a tributary of the Moselle, on which there is no irrigation but which is currently experiencing new difficulties related to droughts. In a second phase, the developed model was applied in a prospective exercise that examined different scenarios for local agricultural and water management evolution in the Seille watershed. Interviews with local water and agriculture stakeholders were carried out to produce three plausible evolution scenarios for the Seille watershed by 2050, implemented in the model. The work carried out in this thesis confirmed the interest and necessity of integrating irrigation water withdrawals into conceptual hydrological modeling to evaluate local agricultural scenarios in the context of climate change. Thus, our work highlightedthe impacts of human influences on watershed hydrology, and the sensitivity of the model to different agricultural and water management scenarios. Our research also emphasized the need to use various indicators, both hydrological and related to water demand satisfaction, to evaluate the impacts of climate change. Nevertheless, this study revealed that in the studied area (the Seille catchment), considering future scenarios, the predominance of uncertainty related to climate projections on future low-flow periods outweighed the uncertainty linked to changes in irrigation water demand. Some projections thus lead to significant difficulties for non-irrigated spring crops, in particular maize. Finally, a parsimonious and easily reusable modeling framework was developed, which can be applied in other regions
Brigode, Pierre. "Changement climatique et risque hydrologique : évaluation de la méthode SCHADEX en contexte non-stationnaire". Phd thesis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00851384.
Texto completoLafaysse, Matthieu. "Changement climatique et régime hydrologique d'un bassin alpin : génération de scénarios sur la Haute-Durance, méthodologie d'évaluation et incertitudes associées". Toulouse 3, 2011. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/1679/.
Texto completoThe impact of global change on regional climates and in turn on water resources is expected to be especially pronounced in mountainous areas. Future hydrological scenarios required for impact studies are usually simulated by forcing an hydrological impact model (HM) with high-resolution meteorological scenarios, obtained from statistical downscaling models (SDMs) forced by climate models (GCMs or RCMs) outputs. These SDMs are expected to fill the gap between the poor resolution and the bias of climate models scenarios and the requirements of impact models. Although a number of projections are currently performed worldwide, the relevance of the simulation chain GCM/SDM/MH is rarely discussed. We present here an evaluation framework to illustrate the possibilities and/or the difficulties to transfer in time these algorithms. We next illustrate the uncertainties in future meteorological and hydrological projections that can result from this imperfect transferability. Simulations and evaluations are performed for the Upper Durance Basin (3580 km2). The hydrological model SIM from Météo-France is adapted for the alpine context. We consider several configurations of 3 SDMs from CERFACS, LTHE and EDF, based on different atmospheric predictors. 12 climatic runs from the ENSEMBLES european project provide the large scale fields for the 1860-2100 period. In this context, the SDMs and GCMs related uncertainties are of the same order of magnitude
Dayon, Gildas. "Evolution du cycle hydrologique continental en France au cours des prochaines décennies". Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015TOU30252/document.
Texto completoThe assessment of the impact of climate change often requires to set up long chains of modeling, from the model to estimate the future concentration of greenhouse gases to the impact model. Throughout the modeling chain, sources of uncertainty accumulate making the exploitation of results for the development of adaptation strategies difficult. It is proposed here to assess impacts of climate change on the hydrological cycle over France and associated uncertainties. The contribution of each sources of uncertainty is not addressed, mainly that associated with greenhouse gases emission scenario, climate models and internal variability. In the context of impacts of climate change on the hydrological cycle over France, it is possible to ask what is the contribution of each sources of uncertainty to the total uncertainty associated with mean changes. Is it possible to reduce, and if so how, the contribution of one source or another ? We propose in this work an approach to assess the transferability in the future climate of a statistical method to downscale climate simulations. The transferability assumption is one the main sources of uncertainty in statistical downscaling method. The assessment suggested here relies on the use of regional climate models, in a perfect model framework, and shows that some predictors are useful to ensure the transferability of the downscaling method in the future climate. This framework, proposed for a statistical downscaling method, is also applicable to bias correction methods in regional climate models. Recent atmospheric reanalyses of the 20th century are downscaled with the method developed in this work, associated with observations of temperature and precipitation. The hydrological cycle over France is characterized with these reconstructions. We show that the multi-decadal variability of observed streamflows during the 20th century is generalized to the whole country and is partly due to atmospheric variability. This multi-decadal variability of streamflows is generally weaker in hydrological simulations done with historical simulations from climate models. The climate projections have been downscaled with the method developed in this work. The temperature on the country, on average over climate models, could increased by 3,5°C in winter and 6,5°C in summer in the course of this century. Precipitations will decrease all over the country in summer, nearly by half on southern part of France for the most severe scenario. In winter, precipitations will increase in the northern part of the country and will decrease slightly in the southern part. In the next few decades, the decrease in precipitation is important in summer, and changes are less pronounced for other seasons. Results of hydrological projections done with one hydrological model and an ensemble of climate models are presented for the coming decades and for the end of the century. On the Seine river, results slightly differ in winter from those presented in previous studies. Here, precipitations and streamflow increase in winter and decrease in summer on that river basin. Elsewhere in France, results are consistent with previous studies, namely an increase in evapotranspiration, a decrease in streamflow and much drier soil. The uncertainty due to both climate models and internal variability on relative changes in streamflows always increase during the 21st century, to over 20% in winter for the most severe scenario. In the coming decades, the uncertainty due to internal variability only on streamflow changes is as strong as the uncertainty due to both climate models and internal variability. In the coming decades, annual streamflow changes of the Loire, Garonne and Rhône rivers are stronger than the maximum changes observed during the 20th century
Talbot-Lanciault, Alicia. "Modélisation hydrologique CLASS-RAPID sous changement climatique sur le bassin versant du Haut-Montmorency". Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/66429.
Texto completoTypical hydrological models do not impose energy conservation at the surface. Therefore, under higher temperatures they may overestimate evapotranspiration. Physical land surface model CLASS is paired to Muskingum based routing model RAPID in order to create a functional hydrological model under global warming context. CLASS-RAPID is set up on the Haut-Montmorency watershed (47.4°N, 71.1°W). The model is calibrated and validated with the ERA5 reanalysis and the flowrates observations from the Direction d’expertise hydrique du Québec. Climate projections from CanESM2, CNR-CM5, GFDL-ESM2M and MPI-ESM and climate scenarios RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5 are given as entries to CLASS-RAPID in order to simulate flowrates for 2041 to 2070. Climate projections from the same models and for the benchmark period of 1981 to 2005 are used by CLASS-RAPID in order to obtain hydrological simulations that can be compared to the flowrates of 2041 to 2070. CLASS-RAPID has a Nash-Sutcliffe coefficient of NSE = 0, 66. The model tends to replicate hydrological events sequence correctly but underestimate flood peaks. CLASS-RAPID simulations under climate changes conditions foresee that spring floods will tend to happen sooner in the years for 2041 to 2070 when compared to the benchmark period. For the four climate models, climate changes simulations foresee reductions of summer flowrates of 40% for climate scenario RCP 4.5 and of 50% for climate scenario RCP 8.5. For the same climate scenarios, the Atlas hydroclimatique du Québec foresees a reduction of the flowrates of respectively 37% and 45%.
De, smedt Sylvie. "Le bilan hydrologique régional: étude de sa variabilité à l'aide de simulations numériques". Phd thesis, ENGREF (AgroParisTech), 2004. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00000687.
Texto completoAdallal, Rachid. "Variabilité environnementale des lacs du moyen Atlas marocain : fonctionnement hydrogéochimique, hydrologique et réponse au changement climatique". Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2019. http://theses.univ-amu.fr.lama.univ-amu.fr/190503_ADALLAL_832bmr769lk231jud210zypqc_TH.pdf.
Texto completoThe southern Mediterranean region, at the interface between arid and temperate climates, is highly vulnerable to climate change and water availability. The moroccan Middle-Atlas mountains contains several natural lakes regarded as sentinels of hydro-climatic changes, provided that their hydrological functioning is clearly understood. This thesis work was focused on the study of the hydrogeochemical and hydro-isotopic functioning of Azigza lake based on a monthly monitoring (October 2012–October 2016). The physicochemical and chemical parameters (major elements), allowed to propose the mechanisms associated with the mineralization of lake waters and the characterization of groundwater inflows from watershed into the lake. The waters of the Azigza lacustrine system fall under the calcium-magnesium-bicarbonate category. The lake is hot monomictic type. The waters show a seasonal response to climatic variations.The isotopic data allow to specify the origin of waters, the recharge altitude, the residence time of waters. The daily data of water level highlights the fast response of the lake to precipitation. During the whole observation period, the lake level decreased by about 4 meters. This approach was used to simulate the variations of the lake level over the observation period and to quantify the contributions of the groundwater flows. This approach was used to simulate the variations of the lake level over the observation period and to quantify the contributions of the groundwater flows. The hydrological model was then tested to reconstruct historical lake level variations. Finally, the possible use of the model to predict future lake level is discussed
Lavado, Casimiro Waldo Sven. "Modélisation du bilan hydrique à pas de temps mensuel pour l'évaluation de l'impact du changement climatique dans le bassin Amazonien du Pérou". Phd thesis, Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse III, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00467030.
Texto completoAlraddawi, Dunya. "Rôle de la vapeur d'eau dans le cycle hydrologique en Arctique". Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017SACLV094/document.
Texto completoAtmospheric water vapour plays a key role in the Arctic radiation budget, hydrological cycle and hence climate, but its measurement with high accuracy remains an important challenge. Arctic water vapor is characterized by a spatial and temporal variability which is not completely understood yet. Its mass integrated in the atmospheric column (TCWV) is studied in this thesis. TCWV seasonal cycle at 18 polar stations is examined following the effect of latitude, longitude in addition to the continental effect. The measurements used in this thesis were validated at three polar stations, the satellites measurements of TCWV in the NIR/VIS/IR bands by MODIS/ SCIAMACHY/ AIRS sensors are compared to those obtained from ground based GPS signals delay. Their uncertainties and limitations are evaluated in season and month scales especially their sensitivities to the clouds presence. In NIR and VIS, the measurements undergo increased sensitivity to the presence of clouds at high latitudes in summer. In addition, albedo estimation is still a challenge to their TCWV inversion models, especially where canopies are snow-covered. Following the validation results, the distribution and seasonal trends of the TCWV over the entire Arctic was assessed via MODIS. Trends and anomalies are discussed mainly in response to changes in the Arctic vegetation, snow cover, and sea ice during 2001-2015. Increased trends in TCWV may be related to local increase of vegetated areas coincidently to snow cover decrease during transient seasons. Increased trends in TCWV were observed by MODIS, forced by local summer warming from many warm waves. A dramatic decline in sea ice near the Siberian and Beaufort coasts led to an observed local increase in TCWV in early fall. A warm-up phase in the Svalbard archipelago, persisting in all seasons except summer, also resulted in additional quantities of TCWV. The detection and justification of trends is a task still far from being accomplished. Arctic TCWV measurements are in question, TCWV measurements over green areas in winter, or through cloudy skies in summer are the major challenges
Imbach, Pablo. "Impacts du changement climatique sur les services des écosystèmes en Méso-Amérique". Paris 6, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA066318.
Texto completoTisseuil, Clément. "Modéliser l'impact du changement climatique sur les écosystèmes aquatiques par approche de downscaling". Toulouse 3, 2009. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/763/.
Texto completoThis thesis aimed at assessing the impact of global change on freshwater ecosystems during the 21st century in the Adour Garonne area (SW France). A downscaling approach was developed linking techniques from climate, hydro-chemical and ecological sciences. The main results suggest an increase of high flows in winter as well as more severe low flows in summer. Nitrogen concentrations and thermophile fish species distribution may also increase. Reducing green house gas emissions and modifying agricultural practices (e. G reducing nitrate fertilizers) could reduce the intensity of ecological disturbances. This study is an original contribution to the management of future hydrological and ecological resources
Lemaitre-Basset, Thibault. "Importance de la demande en eau atmosphérique et anthropique en contexte de changement climatique sur la durabilité de la gestion de la ressource : cas d'étude du bassin versant de la Moselle en France". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2023. https://theses.hal.science/tel-04155520.
Texto completoThe climate projections analysed in the IPCC reports indicate an increase in air temperature ranging from +2 to +6 °C on average by 2100. A warming of this magnitude and speed is unprecedented, and it is due to human activities. Despite this fact, a reduction in greenhouse gas emissions does not seem to be in sight within a reasonable time frame. It is therefore necessary to think about adaptation strategies to mitigate the deleterious impacts of climate change. The water cycle is directly impacted by climate change, through an increase in atmospheric water demand that could lead to an increase in evapotranspiration, and through an increase in anthropogenic pressure on water resources, whose reserves may change. By relying on hydrological simulations under climate change scenarios, stakeholders can assess the magnitude of future changes. However, hydrological models often rely on stationarity assumptions that may not be valid under global change. The overall objective of this thesis is to introduce methodologies that implement hydrological modelling frameworks more suited to deal with the challenges faced by stakeholders in sustainable water resource management
Brulebois, Etienne. "Impacts du changement climatique sur la disponibilité de la ressource en eau en Bourgogne : aspects quantitatifs et qualitatifs". Thesis, Dijon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016DIJOS027/document.
Texto completoNumerous studies dealing with climate change impacts on water ressources have been done at global scale, but the moderated size watersheds scale is less studied. The Burgundy region is located over several hydrographical basins (Seine, Loire and Rhône river), and provides a great diversity of hydrogeological and climate contexts. For these reasons, impacts of climate change on water resources are expected to be very different in space, and require an entire hydroclimatic modelling chain at local scale to be assessed. The main objective of this thesis consisted of the implementation of a modelling tool at the moderated-size watersheds scale of Burgundy. In this way, several watersheds and two hydrological models have been chosen : a global and empirical rainfall-runoff model (GR4J) and a physical based and semi-spatialised model (SWAT). These two models allow us to assess every aspects of climate change impacts : quantitative (streamflow and spatialised ressource) and qualitative impacts.Models have been calibrated, including a cross calibration/validation test in climate contrasted periods, to confirm their robustness. A disaggregation of global climate data has been done in order to feed models during projection.Observations analysis highlighted a climate shift (in Burgundy as well as over the entire french territory), resulting in a modification of hydrological regime. Models projection over the XXIth century showed i) not much evolution of annual streamflow, but an accented seasonality, with an increase of winter streamflow, and a decrease of summer streamflow, linked with the rainfall regime and the evapotranspiration increase, ii) drought flow indices showing an increase of severity of the drought flow period, iii) a decrease in water quality. In order to explore the capacities of the modelling chain, several sensibility tests have been done, based on management practices scenarios
Jomaa, Fatima. "Précipitations sur le sud de la France : caractérisation, source et impacts sur le cycle hydrologique régional". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Grenoble Alpes, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024GRALU025.
Texto completoThe Mediterranean region stands out as a potential ’hotspot’ in climate science which signifies a region where the impacts of climate change are expected to be particularly significant. In Mediterranean region there is intricate interplay between the ocean atmosphere and land, coupled with distinct morphological features. This strong coupling refers to the interactions among the Mediterranean Sea, the atmosphere, and the surrounding land, influencing specific local climate dynamics. In our study, we focused on the Southern part of France located in the northwestern Mediterranean region. Due to these special geographical features and the complex interactions between ocean and atmospheric processes at different spatial and temporal scales, the climate and especially the hydroclimate of the Southern part of France exhibits intricate spatial and temporal characteristics and their variability. There is a lack of understanding of local hydrological processes, which requires a high-resolution comprehensive analysis of all hydrological cycle components in this region. In our work, we will focus on the atmospheric branch of the hydrological cycle in the Gulf of Lion and we will consider precipitation, moisture transport, and surface hydrological processes such as runoff and soil moisture.The aim of this PhD research can be summarized in three main questions addressing the complexities of the hydrological cycle over southern France:1. What are the strengths and weaknesses of various type of datasets in capturing the precipitation variability and its extremes over southern France ?To answer this question, we investigated the accuracy and reliability of all available data sources for this region in representing the actual climatic conditions, providing insights into their applicability for hydrological studies in the Mediterranean region. Results of this analysis are presenting in Chapter 2.2. What are the sources of moisture transport contributing to precipitation and extreme weather events in southern France ?To answer this question, we analyzed the moisture transport in this region. Additionally, we investigated the moisture transport for the conditions of extreme precipitation events. To explores the mechanisms driving of moisture transport we performed clustering analysis of corresponding weather patterns. Results are presenting in Chapter 3.3. How do variability and trends in precipitation impact soil moisture and continental runoff in southern France ?To answer this question, we analyzed the interactions between precipitation patterns and terrestrial components of the hydrological cycle, such as soil moisture and runoff. Reasulate are presenting in Chapter 4.The structure of this thesis is organized as follows: Chapter 1 introduces the data sources utilized in this study, discussing their respective limitations. It also details the methodologies employed to evaluate these datasets and to investigate the sources of moisture affecting this region. Chapter 2 focuses on the examination of precipitation characteristics within the region. It assesses various precipitation datasets to understand their reliability and accuracy in capturing the area’s precipitation dynamics. Chapter 3 is dedicated to analyzing long-term moisture transport patterns. This chapter aims to elucidate the mechanisms behind moisture movement into the region. Chapter 4 delves into the analysis of runoff and soil moisture, exploring their relationship with precipitation. It examines how precipitation influences soil moisture and runoff, contributing to the broader understanding of the regional hydrological cycle
Salmon-Monviola, Jordy. "Modélisation agro-hydrologique spatialement distribuée pour évaluer les impacts des changements climatique et agricole sur la qualité de l'eau". Thesis, Rennes, Agrocampus Ouest, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017NSARD081/document.
Texto completoThe general objective of this thesis is to improve spatially distributed agro-hydrological models for agro-hydrosystems analysis, under climatic and anthropogenic changes, in order to contribute to the identification of levers of action to mitigate effects of non-point source agricultural pollution. This thesis is structured around three research questions related to: i) the representation of spatio-temporal dynamics of cropping systems for their use as input in distributed agro-hydrological models; ii) the representation of farm level and decisions of farmers in distributed agro-hydrological models; and iii) the ability of these models to simulate climate and anthropogenic changes.Elements of response to these questions are provided by modeling approaches carried out in different contexts and at different scales of space and time. These approaches are discussed by comparing them with other works carried out. These different studies raise the need to develop methodologies allowing (i) the acquisition of data and their integration in distributed agro-hydrological models (ii) and, the improvement of the use of simulations results, in particular to transform them into relevant and accessible information for stakeholders at territorial level. Perspectives, covering both uncertainties of the simulations of the agro-hydrological models and the analysis of the robustness of these models, are also considered
Quintana, Seguí Pere. "Simulation hydrologique en région méditerranéenne avec SAFRAN-ISBA-MODCOU : amélioration de la physique et évaluation des risques dans le cadre du changement climatique". Phd thesis, Toulouse 3, 2008. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/1804/.
Texto completoThe SAFRAN-ISBA-MODCOU model is assessed and its physics are improved. The SAFRAN meteorological analysis is first validated in detail. The surface model ISBA is then modified to better describe the hydraulic conductivity in the soil. A strategy of calibration is defined and applied at the scale of France. The improved model is then used to assess the impacts of climate change in the Mediterranean region. A regional climate model is downscaled by two different methods. The study shows that the uncertainties related to the downscaling are important. Uncertainty related to the impact model is smaller, but must be taken into account for the extremes. In this region, the extremes of riverflows, and sometimes the means, will increase during the first half of the twenty-first century. At the end of the century, the scenario indicates a decline of the average of riverflows and the extremes will remain stable, leading to increased variability
Quintana, Seguí Pere. "Simulation hydrologique en région méditerranéenne avec SAFRAN-ISBA-MODCOU : amélioration de la physique et évaluation des risques dans le cadre du changement climatique". Phd thesis, Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse III, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00367576.
Texto completoSaint-Lu, Marion. "Étude des liens entre les événements El Niño et le cycle hydrologique des régions tropicales dans différents contextes climatiques". Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015SACLV028/document.
Texto completoInterannual variability in the tropical Pacific is mainly modulated by the El Niño / Southern Oscillation (ENSO).Understanding the time evolution of this phenomenon is a major issue, given its strong impacts on health andeconomics. Studying the ENSO variability in different climatic contexts allows us to understand its links to themean-state. We use climatic simulations of the mid-Holocene (6,000 years and 4,000 years before present),the last glacial maximum (21,000 years before present) and a theoretical climate with atmospheric carbondioxyde multiplied by four, computed with several numerical models. We show that ENSO characteristics aresignificantly different in the different climatic contexts. The links between these differences and the climatemean-state are numerous and non linear. Studying paleoclimates is then necessary to understand ENSOchanges and to be able to project its future evolution. Some of the past archives that are used to reconstructthe paleo-ENSO are located in the southwest Pacific, under the influence of the south Pacific convergencezone (SPCZ). We show that the impact of ENSO on the location of the SPCZ changes with the climate.This determines how to interpret archives’ records. Thus, the mechanisms linking ENSO to the SPCZ in themodern climate cannot be directly extrapolated to other climates. By combining information from models andarchives, we are able to improve our understanding on the variability changes in the southwest Pacific. Finally,we address the ENSO change with a new vision, through its role within the global energetic budget. Accordingto the IPSL-CM5A-LR model, the relative contribution of El Niño events to the global energy redistribution isreduced in the mid-Holocene, compared to the modern climate. The mean capacity of the tropical Pacific toexport its energy is reduced. Therefore, the global heat pump represented by the tropical Pacific is less powerfulin the mid-Holocene, both by its reduced capacity to export energy and by the reduced El Niño contribution.This result suggests that there is consistency between the ENSO change and the role of heat pump played bythe tropical Pacific
Savean, Marie. "Modélisation hydrologique distribuée et perception de la variabilité hydro-climatique par la population du bassin versant de la Dudh Koshi (Népal)". Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014MON20222/document.
Texto completoThe Himalayan water resources, vital for 800 millions of people, come mainly from the monsoon and from the melting of the cryosphere. The impact of the climate change on these resources, especially significant in the area, is a major issue in the Himalayan range. In this context, the assessment of the rainfall, snowmelt and icemelt components of the water balance is crucial. Consequently, a distributed conceptual hydrological model (HDSM) was developed to estimate the contribution of each component to the Dudh Koshi River flows from 2001 to 2005. The Dudh Koshi River basin (3 700 km²), with the Mount Everest as highest peak, is located in Eastern Nepal. The snow cover areas, calibrated with satellite data, and as well as the runoff are correctly simulated by the model. Nevertheless, the ice degree-day factor is overestimated, leading to an icemelt contribution around 60% of annual discharge, against 5% in the literature. This overestimation offsets a significant underestimation of precipitation, especially solid precipitation. After a correction of the precipitation, the contributions of rainfall, snowmelt and icemelt represent respectively 63%, 9%, and 29% of the Dudh Koshi annual discharge from 2001 to 2005. To complete this modeling, perceptions of the population on the hydro-climatic variability, obtained by interviews in the villages, were compared to the quantitative data used and simulated by the model HDSM from 1977 to 2007. This comparison confirms the underestimation of precipitation, especially solid. These results also show a significant decrease of precipitation in December and a significant increase, not perceived by population, of the measured annual temperature on the last thirty years. Both approaches by modeling and interviews highlight large uncertainties on the hydro-climatic data of the Dudh Koshi River basin. These uncertainties limit the understanding of hydrological and cryospheric processes and the assessment of climate change impacts on the water resources of this basin. Although they are also uncertain, the perceptions bring crucial complementary information to improve this knowledge and the analysis of the quantitative data of this high mountain Himalayan area
Borrell, Valérie. "Vers une modélisation hydrologique adaptée à la prévision opérationnelle des crues éclair : application à de petits bassins versants du sud de la France". Toulouse, INPT, 2004. http://ethesis.inp-toulouse.fr/archive/00000215/.
Texto completoCostantini, Maya. "Etude de l'évolution de la ressource mondiale en eau dans un contexte de changement climatique". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Toulouse 3, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023TOU30356.
Texto completoThe global water resource is constituted of all the exploitable freshwater on Earth, mainly stored in aquifers. In certain regions, climate change and human withdrawals, challenge this resource and its management. Preserving this resource is a major global concern. Thus, it is crucial to anticipate its future evolution to enable its water resource management. My thesis work tackles this issues with the help of global climate models. They allow to simulate projections of future climate scenarios, taking into account the impacts of climate change on water resources. However, human withdrawals such as irrigation are generally not represented in these models, while they significantly affect water resources. Therefore, this thesis aims to assess the global water resource's response to climate change, as simulated by climate models, and to estimate the impact of irrigation on this response. To address these questions, I analyze future projections of water resource changes, and more particularly groundwater resources. These projections were produced by climate models following greenhouse gas concentration scenarios from the sixth IPCC report. Three different methods are used to estimate the effects of irrigation: (1) relying on population density, (2) using water withdrawal data, and (3) implementing a simple representation of irrigation in the CNRM climate model. The results of the climate projections show an overall increase of water resources by 2100. However, this global perspective is misleading, as water resources are projected to decline in many regions of the world. Considering estimates of irrigation water withdrawals affects these results, particularly in heavily irrigated regions. A common conclusion obtained with the three methods I used to account for irrigation is a reversal of groundwater level changes (from an increase to a decrease) in some parts of the world and a worsening of the projected depletion of aquifers in other regions. These findings underscore the importance of including a representation of irrigation in climate models when considering the evolution of the global water resources with climate change
Saint-Lu, Marion. "Étude des liens entre les événements El Niño et le cycle hydrologique des régions tropicales dans différents contextes climatiques". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015SACLV028.
Texto completoInterannual variability in the tropical Pacific is mainly modulated by the El Niño / Southern Oscillation (ENSO).Understanding the time evolution of this phenomenon is a major issue, given its strong impacts on health andeconomics. Studying the ENSO variability in different climatic contexts allows us to understand its links to themean-state. We use climatic simulations of the mid-Holocene (6,000 years and 4,000 years before present),the last glacial maximum (21,000 years before present) and a theoretical climate with atmospheric carbondioxyde multiplied by four, computed with several numerical models. We show that ENSO characteristics aresignificantly different in the different climatic contexts. The links between these differences and the climatemean-state are numerous and non linear. Studying paleoclimates is then necessary to understand ENSOchanges and to be able to project its future evolution. Some of the past archives that are used to reconstructthe paleo-ENSO are located in the southwest Pacific, under the influence of the south Pacific convergencezone (SPCZ). We show that the impact of ENSO on the location of the SPCZ changes with the climate.This determines how to interpret archives’ records. Thus, the mechanisms linking ENSO to the SPCZ in themodern climate cannot be directly extrapolated to other climates. By combining information from models andarchives, we are able to improve our understanding on the variability changes in the southwest Pacific. Finally,we address the ENSO change with a new vision, through its role within the global energetic budget. Accordingto the IPSL-CM5A-LR model, the relative contribution of El Niño events to the global energy redistribution isreduced in the mid-Holocene, compared to the modern climate. The mean capacity of the tropical Pacific toexport its energy is reduced. Therefore, the global heat pump represented by the tropical Pacific is less powerfulin the mid-Holocene, both by its reduced capacity to export energy and by the reduced El Niño contribution.This result suggests that there is consistency between the ENSO change and the role of heat pump played bythe tropical Pacific
L'Hermite, Pierre. "Modélisation des écoulements dans des sites de stockage de résidus miniers". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023SORUS696.
Texto completoIn the world, mining presents major financial and social challenges, particularly with the growing demand for metals today and in the future. Mining produces large quantities of waste such as waste rock and mine tailings and can lead to many environmental issues such as: acid mine drainage, release of effluent with high metal concentration and in the specific case of uranium mine, the migration/emanation of uranium’s radioactive descendants. Responsible management of these sites is fundamental to avoid environmental and health impacts and relies on a good knowledge of their functioning. The aim of this thesis is to characterize the hydrogeological functioning of the tailings storage sites, today and over several decades to come, to ensure responsible management. This thesis focuses on three former uranium mines in France where tailings are stored. These sites have been chosen to represent the main storage types and the different water flow types in the tailings. These site are managed by ORANO AMF department (After-Mines France) and are under environmental monitoring (air, water, soil, food chain) that demonstrates the absence of any radiological or health impact. The methodology applied in this thesis is divided into three parts. The first part concerns the historical data collection coming from environmental monitoring, the implementation of a new monitoring on the sites and the data analysis. The second part is about the hydrogeological modeling used to quantify and predict the groundwater or surface flows in the tailings storage sites. The modeling approach has been adapted to the type of storage and flow on sites. The last part concerns the study of the climate change up to 2100 through the evolution of water balance variables, the seasonal variation and the frequency and intensity analyses of extreme events. In this thesis we proposed a methodology to understand the current hydrogeological functioning of 3 tailings storage sites. The climate change study shows that the current site management should remain sustainable in the future
Hajhouji, Youssef. "Modélisation hydrologique du bassin versant de l'oued Rheraya et sa contribution à la recharge de la nappe du Haouz (bassin du Tensift, Maroc)". Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018TOU30257/document.
Texto completoGroundwater recharge is a little known parameter in the water balance. Knowledge of processes and accurate estimation of groundwater recharge is a prerequisite for effective and sustainable management of groundwater resources. In addition, groundwater recharge is considered the most direct parameter by which climate change affects the renewable groundwater resources. The present PhD thesis focuses on the recharge of the alluvial aquifer of the Haouz plain by the floods of the Rheraya wadi (intermittent river), which descends from the High-Atlas Mountains and crosses the southern plain towards the North. This work has two main objectives: (i) simulating the hydrological regime of the Rheraya River whose floods are at the origin of the groundwater recharge, and (ii) Quantifying the groundwater recharge by the floods of the Rheraya in the zone of the High-Atlas piedmont. The runoff modeling of the Rheraya wadi in the High-Atlas (225 km², elevations ranging between 1030 and 4165 m.a.s.l.) takes into account the snow component. For this purpose, the GR4J conceptual and global model was applied over the period 1989- 2009, coupled with the CemaNeige module for semi-distributed snow dynamics. The daily snow coverage simulated by CemaNeige is in good agreement with that extracted from the MODIS snow product in the period 2000-2009 (R² = 0,64). In addition, the simulated daily snow water equivalent is consistent with that measured at the weather station of Oukaimeden (2004-2006, R² = 0,81). Finally, the runoff simulation reproduces quite well the strong seasonal and inter-annual variability. In conclusion, the hydrological regime of the Rheraya wadi is pluvio-nival with an unimodal distribution whose maximum in April is linked with snowmelt. The study of groundwater recharge is carried out through the analysis of the monitoring of groundwater fluctuations in the streambed of the Rheraya wadi, over two hydrological cycles 2014-2015 and 2015-2016.[...]
Grelier, Benjamin. "Aléa climatique et régime hydrologique dans le bassin transnational de la Meuse : co-variabilité, changements possibles et impact sur les débordements". Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LORR0243/document.
Texto completoClimate change requires to adapt management of streamflow extremes (floods and low flows). Our researches provide a framework to analyze climate change effect on the streamflow extremes in the transnational Meuse river basin, through a modelling chain (atmospheric model – hydrological model – hydraulic model) linking the pressure gradient force to the flow at the outlet of a basin. The climate forcing is obtained by blending historical data and multi-model data for the CMIP5 experience. By forcing two sub-basins of the Meuse river (located in France and Belgium) with the potential climate variability, we show that flood and low flows indices as well as river overflowing might be strongly impacted by the anthropogenic climate change. This analysis of catchment vulnerability is a robust tool to test climate resiliency of adaptation strategies for water management
Vo, Ngoc Duong. "Modélisation hydrologique déterministe pour l'évaluation des risques d'inondation et le changement du climat en grand bassin versant. Application au bassin versant de Vu Gia Thu Bon, Viet Nam". Thesis, Nice, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015NICE4056/document.
Texto completoClimate change due to the increase of greenhouse gas emissions is considered to be one of the major challenges to mankind in the 21st century. It will lead to changes in precipitation, atmospheric moisture, increase in evaporation and probably a higher frequency of extreme events. The consequences of these phenomena will have an influence on many aspects of human society. Particularly at river deltas, coastal regions and developing countries, the impacts of climate change to socio-economic development become more serious. So there is a need for a robust and accurate estimation of the variation of natural factors due to climate change, at least in the hydrological cycle and flooding events to provide a strong basis for mitigating the impacts of climate change and to adapt to these challenges. The aim of this study is to present a methodology to assess the impacts of different climate change scenarios on a flood prone area of a coastal river basin in the central region of Viet Nam – Vu Gia Thu Bon catchment. The hydrological simulations are based on a validated deterministic hydrological model which integrates geology, soil, topography, river systems and climate variables. The present day climate, over the period of 1991-2010 was reasonably simulated by the hydrological model. Future climate (2091-2100) information was obtained from a dynamical downscaling of the global climate models. The study also analyzes the changes in the flood dynamics of the study region, the hydrological shift and the uncertainties of climate change simulation
Basantes-Serrano, Rubén. "Contribution à l’étude de l’évolution des glaciers et du changement climatique dans les Andes équatoriennes depuis les années 1950". Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015GREAU009/document.
Texto completoClimate of the tropical regions plays an important role in the balance of the global climate system. Consequently, it appears essential to understand its functioning and variability to apprehend at best the effects of climate change. In tropical regions where climate projections show an important warming at high elevations, glaciers are the first victims of the increase in temperature. But they also appear as accurate indicators of climatic variations. Until now, glaciological observations carried out in the inner tropics on Glacier Antisana 15 have been used in multiple studies that helped understand physical processes controlling glacial melt in this region. However, the latter studies have not taken into account the spatial and temporal representativeness of these processes at the scale of the whole ice cap. Based on geodetic observations, the present study shows the spatial and temporal evaluation of nine glaciers during four periods spread over the last fifty years (1956-2014). Situated in the volcanic cone of Antisana, these glaciers were chosen according to their orientation and morphological characteristics. In a first phase, we evaluated existing glaciological observations made on Glacier Antisana 15α between 1995 and 2012. Our results suggest an overestimation of at least 5 m w.e. of the cumulated mass balance of this glacier. This excess in the ablation rate was caused by an underestimation of the annual accumulation measurement, linked to the difficulty of identifying the layer separating two hydrological years. In a second phase, we analysed the geometrical fluctuations of glaciers: generally there is a negative trend with a loss rate of -0.5 w.e. per year, leading to a retreat of 38% of the ice cap surface area. However, this trend is not constant. We highlighted a contrasting behaviour from one period to the other: some characteristics draw attention, such as the fact that the mass balance was very negative between 1956 and 1964 (-1.3 m w.e. per year) when in a more recent period (1998 to 2009) glaciers were nearly at equilibrium (-0.2 m w.e. per year). During this long period, these glaciers showed a common response to a regional climate signal, while at the local scale their exposure to humid fluxes combined to their morpho-topographic characteristics gave a specific behaviour to each glacier. This work is the first focussing on intern tropics that details glacier response to climate variability over several decades and that considers the influence of morphological factors on this behaviour. This PhD thesis is in line with the scientific objectives of the Great Ice team from IRD (LMI Great Ice), as well as the progress of the glaciological monitoring service SOERE GLACIOCLIM
El clima de la región tropical juega un rol importante en el balance del sistema climático global, comprender su funcionamiento y su variabilidad es una de las piezas esenciales para entender los efectos del cambio climático. En la región tropical donde las proyecciones climáticas muestran un importante calentamiento a mayor altitud, los glaciares son las primeras víctimas del aumento de las temperaturas y constituyen también los indicadores más precisos de las variaciones del clima. Hasta ahora, en los trópicos internos, las observaciones glaciológicas realizadas sobre el Glaciar Antisana 15α, han sido utilizadas en múltiples estudios que nos han permitido comprender los procesos físicos que gobiernan el deshielo glaciar en esta región. Sin embargo estos estudios no han considerado la representatividad espacial y temporal de estos procesos a escala de todo el casquete glaciar. El presente estudio muestra, a partir de observaciones geodésicas, la evolución espacial y temporal de nueve glaciares en cuatro periodos comprendidos durante en el último medio siglo (1956-2014). Estos glaciares, ubicados en el cono volcánico del Antisana, fueron escogidos en función a su orientación y sus características morfológicas. En una primera etapa hemos evaluado las observaciones glaciológicas existentes sobre el glaciar Antisana 15α entre 1995 y 2012, nuestros resultados sugieren la subestimación de al menos 5 m de agua en el balance de masa acumulado de este glaciar. Este exceso en las tasas de ablación es causado por una subestimación en la medida de la acumulación anual debido a la dificultad que conlleva la determinación de la capa que limita dos años hidrológicos. En una segunda etapa analizamos las fluctuaciones geométricas de los glaciares entre 1956 y 2014, de manera general existe una tendencia negativa con una tasa de pérdida de -0.5 m de agua al año lo que ha ocasionado un retroceso del 38% de la superficie del casquete glaciar. Sin embargo esta tendencia no es continua. Hemos puesto en evidencia un comportamiento contrastado de un periodo al otro, algunas características que llaman la atención son: el balance muy deficitario entre 1956 et 1964 (-1,3 m de agua / año) y en el periodo más reciente (1998 y 2009) en el cual los glaciares se encuentran casi al equilibrio (-0.2 m de agua / año). En el largo plazo, estos glaciares muestran una respuesta común a los una señal climática regional, mientras que a escala local la exposición a los flujos húmedos en combinación a las características morfo-topográficas otorgan un comportamiento específico a cada glaciar. Este trabajo es el primero en los trópicos internos que detalla la respuesta de los glaciares frente a la variabilidad del clima sobre una perspectiva multi-decenal y que considera la influencia que los factores morfológicos tienen sobre este comportamiento. Esta tesis se enmarca en los objetivos científicos del equipo Great Ice del IRD(LMI Great Ice), así como en los alcances del servicio de monitoreo glaciológico SOERE GLACIOCLIM
Erazo, Bolivar. "Representing past and future hydro-climatic variability over multi-decadal periods in poorly-gauged regions : the case of Ecuador". Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020TOU30119.
Texto completoThis thesis investigates methods to represent the past and future hydro-climatic variability in space and over time in poorly-gauged regions. It proposes a complete and reproducible procedure applied to the continental Ecuador to deal with observed and simulated hydro-climatic data in order to represent past variability and project the potential impact of climate change on water resources by the end of the 21st century. Up-to-date techniques were identified in a literature review and were integrated in a chain protocol to obtain continuous space-time series of air temperature, precipitation and streamflow over past and future multi-decadal periods. Three central chapters are dedicated to this objective according to the following topics: (1) regionalization of air temperature and precipitation from in situ measurements by comparing deterministic and geostatistical techniques including orographic corrections; (2) streamflow reconstruction in various catchments using conceptual hydrological models in a multi-model, multi-parameter approach; and (3) hydro-climate projections using climate model simulations under a high range emission scenario. Climate regionalization revealed the importance of calibrating parameters and of assessing interpolated fields against independent gauges and via hydrological sensitivity analyses. Streamflow reconstruction was possible with the regionalized climate inputs and the combined simulations of three hydrological models evaluated in contrasting climate conditions. Future medium term (2040-2070) and long term (2070-2100) hydro-climatic changes were analysed with confidence intervals of 95% using scenarios from nine climate models and transferring the model parameters calibrated for streamflow reconstruction. Analysis of hydro-climatic variability over the period 1985-2015 showed a slight increase in temperature, while precipitation variability was linked to the main modes of El Niño and La Niña phases at inter-annual scale and to the displacement of the inter-tropical convergence zone (ITCZ) at seasonal scale. Under climate change, a general increase in temperature (+4.4 °C) and precipitation (+17%) is expected by the end of the 21st century, which could lead to between +5% and 71% increase in mean annual streamflow depending on the catchments. These results are discussed in terms of significance for water management before suggesting future hydrological research such as regionalizing streamflow, better quantifying uncertainties and assessing the capacity to meet future water requirements
Kolmakova, Maria. "La variabilité hydrologique et climatique dans les bassins versants de la Sibérie Occidentale (selon les données des stations météorologiques, de ré-analyse météorologique et d'altimétrie satellitaire)". Phd thesis, Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse III, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00784775.
Texto completoCoron, Laurent. "Les modèles hydrologiques conceptuelssont-ils robustes face à un climat en évolution ? Diagnostic sur un échantillon de bassins versants français et australiens". Phd thesis, AgroParisTech, 2013. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00879090.
Texto completoVennetier, Michel. "Un nouveau modèle bioclimatique pour la forêt méditerranéenne. Application à l'étude de l'impact du changement climatique sur la végétation et à l'évaluation de la productivité forestière". Aix-Marseille 3, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007AIX30077.
Texto completoThis thesis consists of four articles linked by a connecting thread: the interaction between water-balance and climate change in the dynamics of the Mediterranean vegetation. The first part presents the design and the calibration of a new bioclimatic model dedicated to the assessment of the water-balance in Mediterranean forest. In the second part, mis model is used to assess the impact of the climate change on the composition of the forest flora. The third part thoroughly studies Pinus halepensis Mill. Autecology in its whole French distribution area, as this species serves as reference to link the bioclimatic model, climate change and forest height growth and productivity. The fourth part deals with the interaction between water-balance and climate change in the radial growth of Pinus halepensis, by means of an experimental device in field conditions
Pham, Trinh Hung. "Observation des influences du changement du couvert forestier sur le comportement hydrologique de grands bassins versants tropicaux à l'aide de la télédétection numérique cas du bassin versant de Dong Nai, Viet Nam". Thèse, Université de Sherbrooke, 2007. http://savoirs.usherbrooke.ca/handle/11143/2782.
Texto completoLamy, Chloé. "Impact du changement climatique sur la fréquence et l'intensité des sécheresses en Bretagne". Phd thesis, Université Rennes 2, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01059818.
Texto completoJean-Baptiste, Julien. "Exposition d’une nappe d’accompagnement aux contaminants organiques et au changement climatique : Une approche par l’isotopie et la géochimie". Thesis, Nîmes, 2020. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-03178442.
Texto completoFrance draws nearly 40% of its groundwater from alluvial aquifers in direct contact with surface entities. The catchment fields located there exploit a resource in a surface water-groundwater continuum. The impact of anthropogenic activities through contaminants transferred by surface water or the effects of climate change are priority risks that managers are obliged to control in order to guarantee the continuity and quality of their services.This thesis develops an approach to study these risks based on an understanding of the hydrogeological functioning of a typical accompanying groundwater table: the Comps table. Its catchment field continuously exploits the alluvial groundwater of the Rhône and has a simple and adapted configuration allowing the characterisation of determining parameters in the face of these risks. This approach makes it possible to check the consistency of the results between independent tools and to compare their divergences in order to arrive at a synthetic interpretation taking into account their specific characteristics. The knowledge acquired in the course of this work favours intercomparison with similar studies and provides decision-makers with operational tools for resource management.Thus, in the law of the Comps aquifer, the use of geochemical and isotopic tracers and statistical tools reveals that :- the Rhône, and not the Gardon, mainly supplies water from boreholes located as close as possible to the river bank,- A mixture between the waters of the Rhône and those of the karstified limestone massif bordering the Comps tablecloth on its western limit, feeds the boreholes far from the banks,- The transfer time from surface water to the boreholes located near the river bank is characterised by a combination of transfer times ranging from 1 to 120 days, with an average transfer time of 40 days (±10). This configuration evolves significantly during flood periods with faster transfer times that need to be taken into consideration.The exposure of the resource to organic contaminants is therefore subject to this double feeding of the water table, as well as to transfer times spread over several months for contaminants coming from surface water.The monitoring of the different water masses shows an almost continuous exposure of the water table to 11 of the 31 contaminants analysed via its two sources of supply. These are compounds from urban, industrial, agricultural and hospital activities at concentrations of the order of ng/L: caffeine, carbamazepine, sulfamethoxazole, sotalol, salicylic acid, metformin, acetaminophen, atrazine, DEA, simazine and PFOA.During their transfer into the water table, the fate of these contaminants highlights the existence of natural protection mechanisms: reactive degradation-sorption and dilution processes. However, the effectiveness of these mechanisms varies according to the characteristics of the contaminants and the hydrogeological conditions. The evaluation of these processes makes it possible to define a permanent coordination of the configuration of the boreholes in the catchment field in order to meet the needs of the community by optimising the exploitation capacities of the resource associated with a maximum reduction for these eleven contaminants.Furthermore, the contribution of Alpine waters in the Rhône was evaluated at 70 ± 6% in the summer period (mid-July to early September for the years studied). This contribution, which is potentially essential to the sustainability of the river, is essential for the supply of the Comps catchment area
Etchevers, Pierre. "Modélisation du cycle continental de l'eau à l'échelle régionale. Impact de la modélisation de la neige sur l'hydrologie du Rhône". Phd thesis, Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse III, 2000. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00466802.
Texto completoDrogue, Gilles. "Etudes hydro-climatologiques régionales. Applications à l'évolution du climat et aux écoulements de rivière dans un espace transfrontalier". Habilitation à diriger des recherches, Université Paris-Diderot - Paris VII, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00920438.
Texto completoCoron, Laurent. "Les modèles hydrologiques conceptuelssont-ils robustes face à un climat en évolution ? Diagnostic sur un échantillon de bassins versants français et australiens". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris, AgroParisTech, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013AGPT0030.
Texto completoHydrologists are asked to estimate the medium- and long-term evolutions of water resources. To answer these questions, they commonly use conceptual models. In addition, they are often required to provide an estimate of the uncertainties associated with model projections. This raises the question of the robustness of conceptual models, especially in the context of climate evolution. Indeed, using a model in conditions different from those of calibration is based on the hypothesis of parameter transferability, i.e. the possibility to use model parameters in conditions different from those used for the model set-up. We focus on this issue with the aim of answering the following questions:• What is the robustness level of conceptual hydrological models in the context of changing climatic conditions?• What are the causes for the lack of robustness, and are there ways to prevent it?We answer these questions by studying the performance of conceptual models through multiple tests of temporal transfer of their parameters. Results show the existence of correlations between the robustness problems and the difference in climate conditions between model calibration and validation periods. The analysis especially points out the situations of systematic bias correlated to differences in air temperature. However, results are heterogeneous in our catchment set, and climate variables or error type associated with the identified problems vary between catchments.The analysis of simulation biases on catchments where the models are not robust shows alternating phases of flow under- or overestimation, with a possible bias in the mean flow up to 20% over a ten-year period.Our work reveals that very similar results can be obtained for various periods or calibration methods. The robustness issues faced by conceptual models used in this study do not solely stem from inadequate calibrations leading to the selection of parameters unable reproduce the catchment behavior. They seem to be the consequence of overall difficulties for models to satisfactorily simulate water balances simultaneously on various periods.This work opens reflections on the limited capacity of some hydrological models to reproduce low-frequency dynamics and raises questions on the role of inputs estimates errors in model failures, especially the temporal variations of evapotranspiration
Loubet, Aurelien. "Modélisation de l'hydrosystème Vaccarès : contribution à une gestion adaptative des ressources en eau dans le delta du Rhône, France". Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012AIXM4777.
Texto completoThe studied site is the Vaccarès hydrosystem, the central part of the Rhône delta and a good example of strong relationship between humans and a natural area. Through the data acquisition and data processing, we characterised the hydro-saline dynamic of this complex hydrosystem from 1993 to 2008. From a further analysis, we established first the hydro-saline and sedimentary balance across the lagoon complex. Through a monitoring of 16 years, the sedimentary balance revealed a sediment deficit of about 19'500 tons when we disregard the outstanding contributions of flooding waters in 1993 and 1994. If this deficit persists, the difference in altitude between the sea and the delta will tend to increase. This will result by a salinization of the system, unwanted by the most of his actors. To investigate these consequences, we conceived a hydrodynamic model of the Vaccarès lagoon complex, capable to simulate water levels and salinities. The model, named Hydro-CAM, was calibrated and validated in terms of water levels and salinities in three sub-units of the lagoon complex. It was then used to test the system dynamics in a prospective approach. The objective in this thesis work was to explore by simulation the possible trajectories of the evolution of the Hydrosystem in terms of water and salt balance. Simulations were based on scenarii constructed from climate parameters and anthropogenic parameters (water management, constructions, land use on drainage basins, etc.). The results revealed the vulnerability of this complex system to various risks which it is already facing and for which the intensification and/or increase can be expected in the future
Zhou, Xudong. "The impact of climate change and human management on the water cycle of China : dealing with uncertainties". Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SACLX097/document.
Texto completoHydrological modeling is a practical means to quantify responses of river discharge to climate change and human management. However, there are uncertainties in both the model input (e.g., atmospheric variables) and the models (e.g., model structures and model parameters), that can affect the model accuracy and the conclusions. Focusing on different uncertainty sources, this thesis reviews the past studies and provides new approaches for estimating and comparing the uncertainties with their applications concentrated over China. This thesis first proposes a three-dimensional variance partitioning approach that estimates the uncertainty among multiple precipitation products with different types. The new estimation uses full information in temporal and spatial dimensions and thus is a more comprehensive metric for uncertainty assessment especially for multiple datasets. This thesis then proposes a ORCHIDEE-Budyko framework that helps attribute the discharge bias between model simulation (provided by land surface model ORCHIDEE) and observations to uncertainty sources of atmospheric variables and model structure. The framework qualifies the possibility of different uncertainties with physical-based Budyko hypothesis and support of related literatures. This thesis finally reviews the human activities and their impact on river discharge over China regions as well as the related approaches that used for the quantification. The human impact that quantified as the difference between observed river discharge and the naturalized ones is then compared with multi-model simulations driven by different forcing inputs. Results show that the uncertainty in atmospheric variables (e.g., precipitation) is large especially for General Circulation Models (GCMs). Precipitation uncertainty is very likely larger than that of the model uncertainty. The uncertainty in the modeled discharge with different forcing is larger than the magnitude of human impact for most of the regions especially in south China, which impedes the credibility of human impact quantification for those regions. This understanding of uncertainties in the natural water cycle and the management humans impose on it is a prerequisite before attempting to model the anthropogenic pressures
Laurent, Léa. "Evolution des risques agro-climatiques en lien avec les modifications de l'aléa climatique en contexte de réchauffement". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024UBFCK007.
Texto completoClimate change modifies climatic hazards and requires a reconsideration of agro-climatic risks. In France, since the 1960s, climate change has resulted in an abrupt rise in surface air temperature around 1987/1988. These rapid changes in climatic hazards are likely to modify agro-climatic risks and lead to historic crop losses. Understanding the regional effects of climate change on agro-climatic risks is therefore a major challenge for the agricultural sector. Drought is one of the agro-climatic risks that have a major impact on crop production and climatic crop insurance. This work, which results from a collaboration between an insurance company and a research laboratory, investigates how and to what extent changes in climatic hazards affect drought risk, and ultimately the performance of climatic crop insurance. Since wheat, maize and vineyards are the main crops in the company's portfolio, agro-climatic risk modifications will be studied specifically for these crops of interest.The Safran-Isba-Modcou dataset, produced by Météo-France, allows to quantify structural changes in climatic hazard linked to water cycle on a regional scale over the period 1959-2021. Taking crop vulnerability into account by using a simplified water balance model provides an opportunity to assess changes in water constraint for each production basin of the crops of interest. The definition of a water stress threshold for the crops studied enables to develop a drought index. The statistical distributions of the latter are probabilized using a Tweedie model, resulting in a regionalized characterization of drought risk structural modifications after the rapid warming observed in France.After the rapid warming of 1987/1988, evaporative demand increases sharply, particularly in spring and summer. This leads to a progressive drying-up of soil water reservoirs, increasing water stress on vegetation cover. Taking into account the vulnerability of the crops of interest shows that for winter bread wheat, for example, the water balance changes consequently. Periods when the water stress threshold is exceeded are lengthened or intensified with warming, depending on the production basin considered. These trends can be explained by a sharp increase in evapotranspiration. At the end of the growing season, changes in dry spells also play a role. This affects the structure of the drought-related agro-climatic risk, translating into an increase in the intensity and/or the occurrence of drought episodes. These changes depend on the production basin studied, and are associated with an increase in extreme droughts.The changes in drought risk, resulting from the rapid evolution of climatic hazards, affect sensitive crop stages, and can lead to significant yield losses. The performance of climatic crop insurance is therefore closely linked to changes in this type of risk. Given certain conditions, the drought index developed in this work shows a good correlation with the loss ratio used by insurance companies. This opens up new avenues for studying the volatility of climatic crop insurance performance. However, we need to refine and consolidate these results, which do not show any convincing improvement for certain crops such as wheat. The projection of these drought indices could help insurers to develop and experiment territorialized prevention and adaptation strategies that are relevant to all stakeholders
Hublart, Paul. "Exploring the use of conceptual catchment models in assessing irrigation water availability for grape growing in the semi-arid Andes". Thesis, Montpellier, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015MONTS181.
Texto completoThis thesis investigates the use of lumped catchment models to assess water availability for irrigation in the upland areas of northern-central Chile (30°S). Here, most of the annual water supply falls as snow in the high Cordillera during a few winter storms. Seasonal snowpacks serve as natural reservoirs, accumulating water during the winter and sustaining streams and aquifers during the summer, when irrigation demand in the cultivated valleys is at its peak. At the inter-annual timescale, the influence of ENSO and PDO phenomena result in the occurrence of extremely wet and dry years. Also, irrigated areas and grape growing have achieved a dramatic increase since the early 1980s. To evaluate the usefulness of explicitly accounting for changes in irrigation water-use in lumped catchment models, an integrated modeling framework was developed and different ways of quantifying/reducing model uncertainty were explored. Natural streamflow was simulated using an empirical hydrological model and a snowmelt routine. In parallel, seasonal and inter-annual variations in irrigation requirements were estimated using several process-based phenological models and a simple soil-water balance approach. Overall, this resulted in a low-dimensional, holistic approach based on the same level of mathematical abstraction and process representation as in most commonly-used catchment models. To improve model reliability and usefulness under varying or changing climate conditions, particular attention was paid to the effects of extreme temperatures on crop phenology and the contribution of sublimation losses to water balance at high elevations. This conceptual framework was tested in a typical semi-arid Andean catchment (1512 km2, 820–5500 m a.s.l.) over a 20–year simulation period encompassing a wide range of climate and water-use conditions (changes in grape varieties, irrigated areas, irrigation techniques). Model evaluation was performed from a Bayesian perspective assuming auto-correlated, heteroscedastic and non-gaussian residuals. Different criteria and data sources were used to verify model assumptions in terms of efficiency, internal consistency, statistical reliability and sharpness of the predictive uncertainty bands. Alternatively, a multiple-hypothesis and multi-criteria modeling framework was also developed to quantify the importance of model non-uniqueness and structural inadequacy from a non-probabilistic perspective. On the whole, incorporating the effects of irrigation water-use led to new interactions between the hydrological parameters of the modeling framework and improved reliability of streamflow predictions during low-flow periods. Finally, a sensitivity analysis to changes in climate conditions was conducted to evaluate the potential impacts of increasing temperatures and atmospheric CO2 on the hydrological behavior of the catchment and the capacity to meet future water demands
Gao, Guohui. "Variations in the North African climate and in the hydrology of intermediate- and deep-water masses of the Mediterranean Sea during the late Quaternary : sedimentological, mineralogical and geochemical investigations of marine sediments". Electronic Thesis or Diss., université Paris-Saclay, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024UPASJ025.
Texto completoThe Mediterranean Sea's thermohaline circulation, which is sensitive to high and low latitude climate changes, influences the AMOC and the occurrence of sapropel layers in Eastern Mediterranean Sea (EMS). The depositions of sapropels are attributed to stagnant deep-water conditions and increased biological production during specific orbital cycles. However, debates persist concerning the complex interaction between climatic processes, circulation dynamics, and sapropel depositions. In this study, we have firstly investigated different methods for extracting past seawater Nd isotope compositions (εNd) from a core collected in the Adriatic Sea whose tephra layers have been previously well documented. Our results show that foraminiferal εNd values remain unaffected by the diagenesis of tephra and that sequential extraction with hydroxylamine hydrochloride yields εNd values that are more consistent with those obtained on planktonic foraminifera. We then demonstrated that εNd of the Adriatic deep-water remained constant throughout the past 16 kyr. In a second step, we investigated foraminiferal εNd of several cores located at intermediate and deep-water depths in the south of the Aegean Sea on the pathway of the Aegean Deep-Water (AeDW) and in the northern Ionian Sea. This permits us to constrain deep-water formations in the Adriatic Sea and the Aegean Sea during the last climatic cycle and, more particularly, during the deposition of sapropels S1 and S5. We have then demonstrated from cores of the northern Ionian Sea that the formation of Adriatic Deep-Water (AdDW) collapse during the deposition of S1a and S1b. The cold events at ~8.2 cal kyr BP are coeval to an obvious decrease in εNd value, implying an active AdDW formation, which is responsible for the re-ventilation of deep-water masses and the interruption of the deposition of the sapropel S1 in the northern Ionian Sea. When combined with previous εNd records from the EMS, our results indicate for the S5 that the initial freshwater influx led to strong water stratification, limited deep-water formation and shifted foraminiferal εNd towards a local signature due to a longer duration of Nd exchange between seawater and marginal sediments. As deposition of S5 progresses, εNd records of all cores of the EMS indicate a mixing of deep-water masses accompanied by a decrease in the εNd gradient between the northern and southern margins of the Levantine Basin. This is associated with the global decrease in temperatures and lower input of Nile River water, favoring deep-water formation in the north and enhancing basin-wide circulation. Foraminiferal εNd records show a great sensitivity to bottom water recirculation levels after prolonged stratification during periods of sapropel depositions. Finally, mineralogical and geochemical analyses (clay mineralogy, 87Sr/86Sr, εNd, major and trace elements) on a core south of Sardinia reconstructed detrital input variations from North Africa over the last 600 kyr. Glacial MIS and low summer insolation periods correlate with increased terrigenous flux, higher smectite content, and higher illite/kaolinite (I/K) ratios, indicating northern North Africa (PSA1) as the dust source. Conversely, African Humid Periods (AHPs) show lower I/K ratios, pointing to southern tropical North Africa as the sediment source, aligned with northward ITCZ movement and vegetation expansion, reducing dust emissions and transporting detrital material to the southern Tyrrhenian Sea via paleo-rivers from Tunisia
Le, Breton Éric. "Réponses géomorphologiques et hydrologiques aux changements environnementaux récents au Sahel nigérien". Paris 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA010744.
Texto completoJourdan, Camille. "Approche mixte instrumentation-modélisation hydrologique multi-échelle d’un bassin tropical peu jaugé soumis à des changements d’occupation des sols : cas du bassin de la Méfou (Yaoundé, Cameroun)". Thesis, Montpellier, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019MONTG089.
Texto completoHumid tropics areas have generally limited hydro-climatic data in a context of rapidly changing urbanization and increasing pressures on water resources. The objective of this work is to develop an approach for understanding hydrological functioning in a poorly gauged context tropical basin in order to assess the impact of urbanization for a better water resource and flood management. A mixed instrumentation-modelling "tailor-made" approach is carried out at different spatial scales (nested basins) and temporal scales (from hour to year). The applications are carried out in the highly urbanized 421 km² Méfou basin (Yaoundé, Cameroon). The thesis is structured in three parts. The first part presents the instrumentation we conducted from 2017 to 2019 (16 rain gauges and 7 limnimeters) on 6 sub-basins with different land uses (from natural to urban). These hourly data complement the scattered sparse historical data (1950-2015) and recent global data (e.g. satellite data, re-analysis products). Data analysis highlighted overflows during high floods and quantified the terms of the annual water balance and flood events, as well as the impact of urbanization on the water balance: a 50% decline in forest areas and an increase in the proportion of urban areas from 10% in 1980 to 35% in 2017 are associated with a 53% increase in annual flow. To take into account the evolution of urbanization in a poorly gauged context, hydrological modelling must be "tailor-made", adapted to the specificities of the environment, simple, semi-distributed, non-stationary and parsimonious. The second part presents the new semi-distributed annual model that we developed on the basis of Ponce and Shetty's (1995) models, taking into account the non-stationarity of the processes. This model made it possiblelet to quantify the contribution of 8 major sub-basins, to reconstruct the historical series (1950-2017; RMSE = 99 mm) and to simulate the impact of climate change and urbanization scenarios on water resources. The third part presents the development of a continuous hourly model to simulate flood hydrographs. Two new distinct models are being developed by adapting the MHYDAS model to the poorly gauged urban tropical context: i) A global model that simulates the impact of urbanization on water resources and floods at one point in the basin; ii) A semi-distributed model that simulates the impact of developments on the sections channel network or urbanization on certain parts of the basin. The performance of the models was evaluated: (i) at different time steps from hour to year; (ii) on the continuous data series and event scale. The components of the water balance are simulated for both the current state and various climatic and development scenarios: evapotranspiration, soil stock change, surface runoff, base flow and overflow. While limiting the calibration phase, these sparse parsimonious models provide satisfactory performance for both the simulation of hydrological budgets and the simulation of flood events (NSE = 0.85). This mixed multi-scale "tailor-made" instrumentation-modelling approach seems promising for a better understanding of hydrological processes in poorly gauged environments subject to territorial modifications, and for providing managers with simple and effective tools for water resource and flood management
Kuentz, Anna. "Un siècle de variabilité hydro-climatique sur le bassin de la Durance : Recherches historiques et reconstitutions". Thesis, Paris, AgroParisTech, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013AGPT0047/document.
Texto completoUnderstanding and predicting hydrological variability is becoming a major issue to improve water resources management at the watershed scale, as climate variability and multipurpose use of water increase stress on the available resources. In France, the Durance watershed (South part of the Alps) is both characterised by numerous water-related activities such as hydropower, irrigation, water supply, tourism, and by a wide range of meteorological contexts ranging from mountainous to dry Mediterranean watersheds. As a consequence, this watershed appears as very sensitive to observed and projected climate variability, with an impact on water resources sufficient to question the current balance between users. In order to better forecast the Durance watershed hydrological variability, tracing back its past evolution is an essential step. Indeed, historical knowledge provides a better understanding of how the watershed works, and put into perspective hydro meteorological projections for the next century. The main goal of this Ph.D. thesis is then to improve our knowledge of the hydrological variability of the Durance watershed over the last century. Two main themes have been developed.The first step focused on historical research, bringing to light 11 centennial time-series of daily streamflow on the Durance watershed. Those data were quite well documented, allowing us to follow the evolution of the methods used to construct some of those time-series. Based on recent streamflow time-series, a simulation process allowed us to quantify the uncertainty associated to the methods used in the past, and to highlight the significant biases they carried on some periods of time. A correction process was then developed, leading to the partial revision of some of the time-series. A second step involved reconstructing hydrological time-series at different points of the watershed. An original method, called ANATEM, has been introduced and exhaustively applied to rebuild climatological time-series at the watershed scale. This method is based on the use of large scale climatological variables (atmospheric pressure fields) combined with regional scale observations (observed precipitation or air temperature). Those reconstructed climatological time-series were then prescribed in a rainfall-runoff model, allowing the computation of hydrological simulations on the 1884-2010 period. The comparison of the simulated data with our 11 centennial observed time series allowed us to validate our hydro-climatological reconstruction chain over more than a century. Finally, the observed and simulated time-series illustrate the climatological and hydrological variability of the Durance watershed. This variability is characterised by the succession of alternatively dry and humid periods lasting for ten to fifteen years, and by a slight trend to streamflow decrease. These long-term hydrological time-series will then put into perspective future investigations on water resources available over the next century
Wilcox, Catherine. "Evaluation de changements hydrologiques en Afrique de l'Ouest : Détection de tendances et cadre de modélisation pour projections futures". Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019GREAU016/document.
Texto completoThe semi-arid regions of West Africa are known for their dry conditions which have predominated since the 1970s. In recent years, however, West Africa has witnessed a series of severe flooding events which caused widespread fatalities and socioeconomic damages. The emergence of this new problem demonstrates the sensitivity of the region to changes in the hydroclimatic system and calls for an improved characterization of flood hazard and the mechanisms that generate it. It also signals the need to develop projections for how flood hazard may evolve in the future in order to inform appropriate adaptation measures.In this context, the following PhD thesis seeks to answer three main questions:1) Is there a significant trend in extreme streamflow in West Africa, or are the documented flooding events isolated incidences?2) How can one model mesoscale convective systems, the primary driver of runoff in the region, in order to explore the properties of precipitation that drive streamflow?3) Based on potential climate change in the region, what trends might be observed in streamflow in the future?First, changes in extreme hydrological events West Africa over the past 60 years are evaluated by applying non-stationary methods based on extreme value theory. Results show a strong increasing trend in extreme hydrological events since the 1970s in the Sahelian Niger River basin and since the 1980s in the Sudano-Guinean catchments in the Senegal River basin. Return levels calculated from non-stationary models are determined to exceed those calculated from a stationary model with over 95% certainty for shorter return periods (<10 years).Next, recent developments are presented for a stochastic precipitation simulator (Stochastorm) designed for modeling mesoscale convective storms, the main rainfall source in the Sahel. Developments include a model for storm occurrence, the explicit representation of extreme rainfall values, and an improvement in the modeling of sub-event intensities. Using high-resolution data from the AMMA-CATCH observatory, simulation outputs were confirmed to realistically represent key characteristics of MCSs, showing the simulator’s potential for use in impact studies.Finally, a modeling chain for producing future hydrological projections is developed and implemented in a Sahelian river basin (Dargol, 7000km2). The chain is original as it is the first attempt in West Africa to encompass the continuum of scales from global climate to convective storms, whose properties have major impacts on hydrological response and as a result local flood risk. The modeling chain components include the convection-permitting regional climate model (RCM) CP4-Africa, the only RCM (to date) explicitly resolving convection and providing long-term simulations in Africa; a bias correction approach; the stochastic precipitation generator Stochastorm; and a rainfall-runoff model specifically developed for Sahelian hydrological processes. The modeling chain is evaluated for a control period (1997-2006) then for future projections (ten years at the end of the 21st century). Hydrological projections show that peak annual flow may become 1.5-2 times greater and streamflow volumes may double or triple on average near the end of the 21st century compared to 1997-2006 in response to projected changes in precipitation.The results raise critical issues notably for hydrological engineering. Current methods used to evaluate flood risk in the region do not take non-stationarity into account, leading to a major risk of underestimating potential floods and undersizing the hydraulic infrastructure designed for protecting against them. It is also suggested to not only consider rainfall changes but also societal and environmental changes, interactions, and feedbacks in order to better attribute past hydrological hazards and their future trajectories to related causes
Ramond, Sterenn. "Réponses hydrologiques de la Loire moyenne aux changements environnementaux. : formation des débits et fonctionnement d’une plaine alluviale : approches hydrologiques et géochimiques multi-scalaires". Thesis, Paris 8, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA080102/document.
Texto completoThe aim of this PhD thesis was to analyze water transfer at several time and spatial scales, from upper Loire River basin to the Paris Basin, and between the middle Loire River basin and the alluvial aquifer. The main approaches were (1) the statistical analysis of hydrological time series of the Middle Loire River (148 years data) and (2) the geochemistry (major elements,¹⁸O et ²H) of the Loire River and its tributaries. At a meander scale along the Middle Loire River, the alluvial aquifer were studied by monitoring the groundwater and the river at hourly time step (2010-2012).The annual discharge data of the Loire River at Blois show an important stability, despite its interannual variability. However, evolutions are observable in the occurrence of hydrological seasons and of full-bank discharge, as well as in smaller low-water flows. Discharge inputs from the Allier River in the Middle Loire River flows could not be shown by geochemical tracers due to the hydrological complexity. Nevertheless, during the high flow periods, the importance of tributary supply is highlighted in the Bourbonnais part of the Loire River, between Roanne and Nevers, in particular the tributaries flowing from the Morvan.The Middle Loire River is connected to the alluvial plain where exchanges occur between the river water and groundwater from the alluvial aquifer. During peak flow events, the aquifer may be recharged by the Loire River while the aquifer discharges when the river water level lowers, regardless of the hydrological season. Such higher annual discharges of the Loire River are necessary to preserve a dynamic and abundant hydrological functioning of the hydrological system