Tesis sobre el tema "Changement de communautés"
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Lebrun, Anaïs. "Réponses des communautés benthiques arctiques peu profondes au changement climatique". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023SORUS479.
Texto completoSince the beginning of the 20th century, the average surface air temperature in the Arctic has risen by around 2 to 3°C. This rapid rise in temperature is leading to a year-on-year reduction in the extent of the Arctic cryosphere. Melting ice leads to increased turbidity and reduced salinity in coastal waters, resulting in changes of natural habitats. In addition, with ongoing warming, the shallow coastal Arctic is experiencing an increase in the frequency, intensity and duration of marine heat waves. All these changes can have profound repercussions on the Arctic marine ecosystem, affecting the distribution and behavior of the organisms that live there. The main aim of this thesis is to analyze the effects of climate change on benthic communities in the shallow Arctic, in particular kelp forests, which are home to a high level of biodiversity. By modifying light, sedimentation, physical abrasion and bottom currents, kelp forests provide a habitat, food source and breeding ground for fish and invertebrates. In the short term, the increase in water turbidity induced by melting snow and land ice will trigger a local remodeling of communities, limiting the expansion of some species but giving others a competitive advantage, such as Alaria esculenta in low-light areas. In the longer term, the melting of glaciers and sea ice will expand the potential habitat range of kelp which, as this thesis suggests, should be able to withstand rising temperatures, marine heat waves, and decreasing salinity and underwater light. However, the disappearance of ice, particularly glaciers, which serve as habitats for top predators, could lead to the decline of these crucial species regulating ecosystem diversity and induce, as in Tromsø but also in other Norwegian fjords or in south-west Alaska, a significant reduction in kelp populations due to an overabundance of herbivores, particularly sea urchins. Further research into the responses of Arctic coastal communities is needed to refine our predictions and provide sound scientific recommendations for ecosystem management. To study the long-term effects of climate change, ex situ experiments spanning several months and in situ monitoring programs in several Arctic locations appear essential
Archaux, Frédéric. "Avifaune et changement global : aspects méthodologiques et changements à long terme des communautés d'oiseaux dans les Alpes françaises". Montpellier 2, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002MON20091.
Texto completoPierrejean, Marie. "Répercussions actuelles et futures du changement climatique sur les communautés benthiques dans l'Arctique Canadien". Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/67756.
Texto completoThe Arctic Ocean is emerging as one of the regions that is most affected by climate change. A significant increase in precipitation and sea surface water temperatures are expected and will undeniably lead to a significant loss of sea ice cover. Because of their effects on physicochemical parameters, these changes are expected to directly impact the surface primary producers (sea ice algae and phytoplankton), thereby limiting organic matter input towards the seafloor. It is thus commonly accepted that climate change will affect the distribution, diversity and abundance of benthic communities, due to its impact on environmental parameters (pelagic-benthic coupling and physicochemical parameters), and on ecosystem services and functions (e.g., benthic remineralization). As a consequence, the decrease in sea ice cover, the desalination of the surface layer or the increase in shipping traffic in the Hudson Bay Complex and in the eastern Canadian Arctic will likely lead to major changes in benthic community structure and biogenic structural habitats. In this context and since the impacts of climate change on benthic arctic ecosystems were still poorly understood, the objectives of this thesis were to i) describe the diversity and distribution of epibenthic communities in the Hudson Bay Complex and ii) understand the effects of climate change on biodiversity and benthic ecosystem functioning. The outcomes of this thesis allowed us to i) provide the most recent survey on epibenthic organisms in the Hudson Bay Complex and their relationships with environmental variables; ii) identify diversity hotspots sensitive to climate change; and iii) document and compare benthic biodiversity and fluxes within biogenic structures and adjacent bare sediments in the Canadian Arctic. A total of 380 taxa have been identified from 46 stations sampled across the Hudson Bay Complex. Despite the relatively low spatial coverage of our sampling, we estimated that our survey represented 71% of the taxa present in the Hudson Bay Complex. We showed that biomass, abundance, diversity and spatial distribution of epibenthic communities were strongly influenced by substrate, salinity, food supply and sea ice cover. We also showed that freshwater inputs were responsible for the lowest biomass, abundance and diversity observed along the coasts. In contrast, data collected from polynyas, further offshore, showed strong pelagic-benthic coupling resulting in high productivity in terms of biomass, abundance and diversity. Moreover, hierarchical modelling of species communities highlighted the influence of sea ice and indirectly of sea ice algae on the epibenthic communities occupying the central Hudson Bay. Projections of the structure of epibenthic communities under a RCP4.5 climate scenario revealed that the central Hudson Bay emerges as the most vulnerable area to climate change with a future diversity loss related to the decrease of sea ice. On the contrary, it would appear that coastal areas will serve as refuges and increase the diversity. In addition, our study showed that the presence of biogenic structures in deep habitats improved the trapping of organic matter, leading to a higher density of infauna in these environments compared to bare sediments. Their presence has also been found to enhance sediment nutrient release in the form of nitrates and ammonium. However, our study could not demonstrate these effects in a shallower sponge habitat. By providing new knowledge on the current and future distribution of epibenthic communities in the Hudson Bay Complex and the benthic ecosystem functioning in habitats with biogenic structures, results obtained during this thesis will contribute to the designation of Ecologically and Biologically Significant Areas, as well as to the establishment of Marine Protected Areas and conservation strategies in the Arctic Ocean.
Iborra, Laura. "Réponses des communautés ichtyologiques face aux pressions anthropiques locales dans un contexte de changement climatique". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Aix-Marseille, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022AIXM0503.
Texto completoThe Mediterranean Sea is home to a significant marine biodiversity with a high rate of endemism. The fish population is composed of 684 species, of which 9.2% are endemic. Beyond the fundamental role played by fish populations within marine ecosystems, they also provide human societies with many ecosystem services. However, biodiversity and the functioning of coastal ecosystems, are deeply and increasingly affected by anthropogenic pressures. In contrast with the complex dynamics of global change at a larger scale, local anthropogenic pressures can be identified and managed more easily at the regional scale. To do this, the quantification and evaluation of the consequences of these pressures are necessary, especially regarding the fish community. In this study, we assessed the impacts of four anthropogenic pressures common to the Mediterranean coasts on the ichthyological community present in the Bay of Calvi in Corsica (France). The anthropogenic pressures included effluents from the outfall of the Calvi wastewater treatment plant, an aquaculture farm, recreational fishing activities and scuba diving. The results were discussed in the context of global change and particularly of climate change, which will induce a major evolution of Mediterranean ecosystems in the upcoming decades. This thesis shows the significant progress made in our ability to understand, prioritise and anticipate the impacts of local anthropogenic pressures on Mediterranean coastal fish populations. It further provides management recommendations that will need to be adapted to the human-environment dynamics in the context of global change
Massol, François. "Modélisation de l'impact des changements planétaires sur les communautés et les réseaux trophiques". Montpellier 2, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008MON20011.
Texto completoLutrand, Marie-Claude. "La communauté de l'Arche de Bonnecombe : rupture sociale et conversion communautaire dans un contexte de changement social". Toulouse 2, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988TOU20017.
Texto completoThe ethno-sociological study of the arche de bonnecombe" community and of the people living in this community, presents the problem of the dynamics of the worldview in a context of social change, as well as the problem of the "meaning", of the religious in our modern society. When analysing the movement of the individual from the society to the community as a process of conversion and social rupture, the study shows : on the one hand that this process is triggered off by the tensions experienced by the individual in society, due to the fact that a gap exists between his system of values and the prevailing way of life; that a restructuring of the individual's way of life and his worldview is carried out in the course of this process. Based on the analysis of the biographical progress of the people living in this community and on the analysis of the procedure of initia tion and integration of the individual into the group, the study sho ws how the conversion process can be viewed as a way of resolving the tensions experienced by the individual in society and how the community can build a new structure of credibility
Kaisermann, Aurore. "Effets du changement du régime hydrique sur l'activité et la diversité des communautés microbiennes du sol". Paris 6, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA066100.
Texto completoKuczynski, Lucie. "Réponses des communautés piscicoles aux changements globaux : patrons et processus". Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017TOU30206/document.
Texto completoThe description of spatial patterns as well as temporal dynamics of diversity has been a major cornerstone in modern ecology, especially in the contemporary context of global changes for which a growing concern is notable during last decades. Ecological communities are now acknowledged as the result of species that are sorted by selection from the regional pool. This selection of species is determined by several processes, namely the assembly rules. The two main assembly rules are the habitat filtering, selecting species that are able to inhabit in a given set of abiotic conditions, and the limiting similarity, selecting species for which ecological features are dissimilar in order to avoid a too strong competition and to coexist. The goals of my thesis were to (i) understand spatial patterns of freshwater fish community diversity at large scale, (ii) understand temporal dynamic of this diversity and (iii) describe temporal dynamics of the processes underlying the structuration of communities. In order to do this, data of freshwater fish communities has been analyzed first at continental scale (i.e. European) and then at national scale (i.e. France) for which temporal dimension of the data was also available (time series from 1966 to 2012). Based on the European freshwater diversity, we highlighted that phylogenetic, morphological and ecological facets were complementary. Moreover, climatic conditions, and especially their seasonality, seem to be a major driver of the spatial distribution of diversity. At finer scale and by taking into account the temporality of communities, we found that French freshwater communities experienced taxonomic reorganization due to population declines that ultimately leads to taxonomic homogenization of freshwater diversity in France. Although functional homogenization has been observed due to demographic fluctuations of warm water-dweller and low trophic level species, consequences at large scale remained to be explored. Moreover, since the 90s, habitat filtering increased as structuring force for freshwater fish communities. Finally, this thesis allowed us to validate hypothesis usually associated to spatial patterns of diversity, as mechanisms related to temporal variations of diversity. The stress dominance hypothesis (through temporal trends in temperature seasonality) and preadaption hypothesis (related to non-native species) have been used to understand temporal dynamics of diversity as well as of the assembly rules underlying structuration of communities
Péden, Romain. "Impact du changement climatique sur le métabolisme des protéines d’une espèce clé des communautés intertidales, Mytilus edulis (L.)". Thesis, Le Havre, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LEHA0015/document.
Texto completoIntertidal organisms live in a fluctuating environment. The blue mussel Mytilus edulis is a key species of those ecosystems and are largely use as sentinel species. Global warming associated with anthropization will expose mussels to contaminations together with increased temperatures. In addition, more frequent heatwaves are expected. In this work, mussels were collected at two sites depicting contrasted levels of contamination and thermal exposure in microcosm were conducted. Two acclimation scenarios were set up prior to exposure to an identical acute thermal stress. In order to decipher joint effects of acclimation and contamination on protein homeostasis, gill proteome comparisons were performed. High mortality was observed only for mussels collected at the contaminated site and acclimated to current temperatures. Concerning gill proteome analysis, organisms from the pristine site exhibit high abundance of thermal stress proteins. Proteoforms involved in anaerobic metabolism were also up-regulated. Interestingly, mussels acclimated to the higher temperatures show an enhanced response compare to the one acclimated to current temperatures. Concerning mussels from the contaminated site, the response appears more confusing, excepted for heat stress protein response. This may indicate deleterious effects of combined contamination and heat stress. Therefore, organisms acclimated to higher temperature display improved responses. In conclusion, mussels with a clean life history show better physiological abilities than individuals with contaminated life history. Moreover, organisms prepared to heat stress by higher acclimation temperatures also develop a more effective response
Ruiz, gonzalez Vania. "Influence de la variabilité climatique sur les communautés zooplanctoniques des zones côtières : importance des suivis à long terme". Thesis, Bordeaux, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019BORD0375.
Texto completoCoastal ecosystems, among the most ecologically and economically important ecosystems are highly threatened by the combined influence of global warming and direct anthropogenic forcing. Over the last two decades, concomitant changes in local environment, regional climate, and large-scale hydro-climatic conditions have been observed worldwide. Such changes strongly affect biological compartments, from phytoplankton to top predators, altering the structure and functioning of ecosystems. Changes in biodiversity may occur over long periods resulting from abrupt changes or accumulation of subtle modifications altering in both cases the functioning of ecosystems. One of the current challenge is to find robust diversity metrics in order to characterise changes in biodiversity in relation with local and global drivers. In this context, the general objective of the thesis was the characterisation of the influence of climatic variability on zooplankton communities in coastal zones at a decadal temporal scale. At the local scale, multivariate analyses performed on data from an environmental monitoring (2001-2014) allowed us to characterise de relationships between climatic drivers, environmental variability et an abrupt modification in zooplankton diversity in Arcachon Bay in the mid-2000’s. A comparative approach at the regional scale at the same temporal scale, associating the variability of biodiversity index and multivariate analysis, allowed to identify synchronous changes in zooplankton communities of Arcachon Bay and the Gironde Estuary in the mid-2000’s. The approach concerning the mexican littoral areas (in the south of the Gulf of California) allowed us to characterise climate, pelagic environment and zooplankton diversity variabilities during an extreme ENSO event. The results allowed us to define the basis of a future long term survey in this area of interest in terms of biodiversity
Larroudé, Solène. "Impact relatif des changements locaux et globaux sur les communautés phytoplanctoniques des écosystèmes aquatiques continentaux et sur la dynamique des populations de cyanobactéries". Paris 6, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA066128.
Texto completoGlobal changes can significantly impact phytoplankton communities. These global pressures are combined with local pressures specific from each ecosystem. This project aimed to evaluate the relative contribution of these two types of pressures in the response of freshwater phytoplankton communities, with a particular attention in the populations of cyanobacteria. Two time-series were analyzed: a 24-year survey on the phytoplankton community of the Loire and 11-years one on the population of Planktothrix rubescens (cyanobacteria) in Lake Bourget. We have also conducted a review of the impact of herbicides on phytoplankton communities because data available on this topic were very limited and it appeared that this pollution could be involved in some of the changes observed in the Loire. It has been shown that global climate changes had exerted strong selection pressures on the phytoplankton community of the Loire and the dynamics of cyanobacteria in the Bourget. These pressures have resulted in an increase in the relative importance of cyanobacteria in the community of the Loire and in a major influence on the importance of cyanobacteria blooms in the Bourget. It also appared that local pressures such as nutrient availability, weather events or local pesticides pollutions, also had a strong influence on communities and their combination to global pressures had sometimes led to complex and unexpected phytoplankton responses
Anso, Jérémy. "Maintien à long terme de communautés d'insectes forestiers dans un contexte de changement global : Réponses écologiques des communautés d'Orthoptères dans une succession forestière et face à la progression d'espèces invasives". Thesis, Nouvelle Calédonie, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016NCAL0005/document.
Texto completoIn the context of global biodiversity crisis at world scale, research of efficient environmental proxies are urgently required, especially in tropical island ecosystems, to better assess environment quality and select conservation priorities. In New Caledonia ecosystems, crickets have a dominant contribution to natural communities, according to their richness, diversity and range of colonized habitats. They are highly abundant in ecosystems and also have a high contribution to the soundscape with their ability to produce species-specific airborne signals. In this context of search of efficient environmental proxies, we measured the response of cricket communities in a ecological succession on utlramafic soils and facing the spread of 2 invasive ants (Wasmannia auropunctata and Anoplolepis gracilipes). Through both classical community census and bioacoustic approach through passive acoustic monitoring, we have been able to characterize specific cricket assemblage of species in each succession stage, with a striking sensitivity for biological invasions. Also, a global acoustic analysis of soundscape, greatly dominated by crickets, provides similar results without taxonomic or acoustic identification or knowledge. These preliminary results provide critical insights for the management of ecosystems, Our findings open up promising field of research in order to generalized innovative bio-indication concepts using cricket community in other cricket rich tropical regions
Payne-Gagnon, Julie. "Une communauté virtuelle en changement : réflexion sur les pratiques intégratives et séparatives d'une communauté de joueurs dans le monde virtuel de Telara". Thesis, Université Laval, 2012. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2012/29009/29009.pdf.
Texto completoLegorreta, Díaz María del Carmen. "Organisation et changement dans les haciendas et communautés agraires de Los valles y cañadas d'Ocosingo, Chiapas, de 1930 à 1994". Toulouse 2, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004TOU20040.
Texto completoThis thesis asks a central question: how was the regional organization and which changes have taken place in haciendas and communities of Los Valles and Cañadas of Ocosingo, Chiapas, between 1930 and 1994? From the interaction established between tzeltales Indians and members of the oligarchy who lived there, we notice two historic processes. The first one was the preservation of a shape of seigniorial organization during most of the XX th century. The second was the structural change of this organization going towards a modern society. This last one was an extremely difficult process which lasted more than 50 years. Our interpretation of analyzed period rests on the idea that both the processes of organization and those of the change depend on relations of power. In this prospect we notice that the element responsible for the management of the structural change was the gradual modifications of the political asymmetry enter Indian and the members of the oligarchy
Gallon, Régis. "Diversité, structure et fonctions des communautés à Rhodophytes en Bretagne : réponses aux forçages environnementaux dans le contexte du changement global". Paris, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013MNHN0017.
Texto completoThis thesis approaches the link structure - function of red seaweed communities across different spatial and temporal scales. For these studies, we based our approach on a methodology previously developed to assess the accuracy of our parameters based on sampling carried effort. First, we described the existing organization patterns across the Brittany coasts by comparing assemblages observed between 1992 and 1998 and those observed today. Then we focused on organization patterns present in the Normand Breton Gulf and how they are expressed through the : (1) species composition, (2) structure, (3) biomass of these communities. Red seaweeds communities are driven by the temperature, in the context of global changes their structure may be altered whereas their associated functions are relatively stable by the implementation of redundancy mechanisms. In a second part, we followed the species composition and structure of macroalgal communities in a process of colonization, biomass and productivity were then set up relationship with the characteristics of communities. The estimated biomasses reveal an important role in the primary production of red seaweeds communities in coastal systems. Finally, we examined the fate of organic matter produced by red seaweeds communities. We based on the complementarity of isotopes and fatty acid markers to follow organic matter through food webs. The organic matter produced by red algae is integrated directly and/or indirectly (detrital way) in benthic food webs
Logez, Maxime. "Traits fonctionnels, variabilité environnementale et bioindication : les communautés piscicoles des cours d'eau européens". Aix-Marseille 1, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010AIX1A082.
Texto completoThe water framework directive (WFD) establishes a framework for protecting and managing the waterbodies and quickened the development of multimetric indices. The ecological status is assessed by comparing the observed communities to communities expected in absence of pressures. The first European fish index was developed within the European fame project. Several hypotheses underlying the development of a multimetric index were not addressed in the fame project. The first part of this thesis tested some of these hypotheses and developed new metrics specific to low-species rivers. The assemblage's functional structure was shown to vary along river's physical and thermal gradients. Three metrics combining species traits and body size were successfully developed. All these investigations served to develop the new European fish index conceived within the European efi+ project. The second part proposes solutions to estimate the uncertainty related to metric and index scores. Two approaches were proposed to estimate the prediction interval associated with expected metric values. The third part consists in evaluating the potential effect of global climate change on the assessment of the stream's ecological status. It was shown that temperature plays a major role on brown trout young of the year and species distribution. These results suggest long-term consequences on how streams are currently assessed, especially on the reference states
Karasiewicz, Baudot Lisa. "Etude du processus de convergence entre le plan comptable américain et les normes IFRS : Institutions et institutionnalisation au sein de changement global en comptabilité". Thesis, Cergy-Pontoise, Ecole supérieure des sciences économiques et commerciales, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014ESEC0002.
Texto completoThis dissertation explores the efforts of the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) and the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) to produce a common set of accounting standards accepted for worldwide market regulation. In doing so, it examines how a process of accounting (institutional) change - referred to as a convergence process - has evolved within the transnational accounting standard-setting space. This research investigates the role that institutions and politics play in the FASB-IASB convergence process, more broadly, as well as their role in the processes by which standard setters go about collective policy-making on one highly contested standard. With the accounting policy-making literature serving as a foundation tying together the works within this dissertation, I mobilize institutional and political perspectives to systematically explore the convergence of accounting standards through three empirical papers. Each of these studies focuses on standard-setting activities occurring between 2002 and 2011 and utilizes case study methods drawing on multiple data sources including archival documents, indirect observation and interviews with key informants. The first paper focuses on understanding the phenomenon of accounting convergence and its relationship to broader political and institutional trends through a variety of diffusionist mechanisms from neo-institutional theory. This dissertation then turns to the standard-setters themselves as focal actors and links these actors to the meaning systems they employ in the shaping of accounting convergence. The second paper focuses on competing meaning systems that standard setters adhere to and the factors that affect collective policy decisions. More specifically, it is interested in the negotiated order (Strauss et al. 1963) which takes shape on the basis of these factors. Finally, the third paper studies the process by which accounting standard setters persuade their public audience (and themselves) of the merits of their policy decisions by mobilizing orders of worth (Boltanski & Thévenot, ([1991], 2006) in their discourse. The primary contribution of this dissertation is to shed light, at multiple levels of analysis, on how transnational convergence activities, in particular those aimed at producing a common set of accounting standards, evolve in consideration of actors, institutions, and context
Labdouni, Kamel. "Modernisation et changement en Chine : enjeux anthropologiques et sociaux : la rénovation des quartiers d’habitation vécue par une communauté de résidents de Harbin". Thesis, Lille 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011LIL12006/document.
Texto completoIn China, the phenomenon of new construction is increasing since the end of 1990s and it raises the question of the implications and the consequences of urban modernization, on the life of people. Questioning locally this process, this research is mainly the result of an investigation conducted in the city of Harbin, which is located in the northeast of China (Heilongjiang Province). Then this is a comprehensive ethnography of a community who lives in the “Guxiang“district, in the western part of the city. The renovation of the district activated anxiety and fear in the community and, in this context, conflicts and negotiations between residents and authorities had appeared. Their eviction and of the dwellers movement have follow the destruction of the houses. After that emerged nostalgia and mourning and it express the symbolic character of the transformation which strikes their lifestyle. So, when they come back, the residents try to re-appropriate the new houses and the redrawn space with the need to operate the synthesis between their past and their future on this territory
Fersi, Abir. "Les communautés macrozoobenthiques des chenaux de marée du golfe de Gabès". Thesis, Normandie, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019NORMC246.
Texto completoThis study is based on the qualitative and quantitative, spatial and temporal description of the macrozoobenthic communities of the tidal channels of the Gulf of Gabes. Benthos was analyzed over 26 stations and during four seasons from March 2016 to January 2017. Results show the identification of a total of 23 506 individuals representing 311 species of benthic macrofauna. These species are divided into four main zoological groups. Polychetes dominate the assemblage with about 127 species and a total number of 12 077 individuals.This inedit assemblage of invertebrates represents an exceptional and unique record in Tunisia and in the world marine science: we added five new species of amphipods, a new species of molluscs, five Tanaidaceae including a new species Apseudopsis gabesi Esquete 2019 and seven new species of polychaetes. Species diversity and abundance are higher in winter than in other seasons over all tidal channels. Fauna assemblage is dominated by a small number of species characteristic of the areas of accumulation of detritus material and herbaceous zones. The structure of the benthos is related to the location of tidal channels in the Gulf of Gabes. Abundances are low in the Kerkennah Channel compared to other channels, including the Maltine Channel, with a high accumulation of organic matter during winter. There are also low abundances in high energy hydrodynamic zones with gravel sediments; conversely, the presence of macrophytes increases the diversity of macrozoobenthos. The highest values for total organic matter are found in muddy sediments. The type of sediment varies from one channel to another depending on the location and characteristics of each one and the type of sediments. Overall studied stations are not contaminated except those of the CML1 station which have Pb contamination. . Most of sediments are sandy that is not favorable to the fixing of pollutants (fixed rather on the clay minerals, the organic matter, the oxides, the sulphides which belong rather to the fine fractions and which one found in the mudflates). Each channel presents an original faunistic assemblage dominated by polychaetes, amphipods, tanaidaceans or molluscs
Zamble, Carine. "Impact du changement de politique agricole dans la filière cacao en Côte d'Ivoire : analyse de son évolution". Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/26039.
Texto completoGaüzère, Pierre. "Réponses de l'avifaune commune au changement climatique : naviguer entre les échelles pour mieux identifier leurs déterminants et leurs conséquences". Thesis, Montpellier, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016MONTT132/document.
Texto completoGlobal changes affect biodiversity at all spatial, temporal and biological scales. In order to mitigate the human impact on nature, we must balance our activitis with biodiversity dynamics. To this end, scientific ecology must provide the scientific knowledge necessary for the understanding and prediction of biodiversity responses facing environmental changes. However, understanding the processes by which human activities affect the ecological diversity is still limited by the separation of ecology in different geographical, temporal, and biological levels.My work investigated birds’ communities responses to climate change by adopting an integrative view of global changes ecology. I precisely sought to show how considering interactions between different scales can unveil the processes involved in over large scales community responses previously described. By analyzing data from long-term monitoring of common breeding birds in Europe (France, Sweden) and North-America, I proposed proposed a multi-scale consideratin of space, time and levels of organizations. By confronting different scales, my work has shown that:(i) thermal recomposition of communities is a non-linear response to temperature variations locally determined, probably via demographic processes influenced by temperature anomalies.(ii) the amount of protected areas, habitat diversity and landscape topography promotes the response of common birds to local temperature variations.(iii) community level responses are shaped by the interaction between the species dynamics and their their thermal niche: both abundant species and rare species with cold thermal niches are responsible for the observed community dynamics.(iv) climate change drives a part of the biotic homogenization process. Local temperature changes lead to a relative loss of habitat-specialist and functionally original species, probably via the relaxation of environmental filters on the assembly of communities.I discussed the implications of these results on our understanding of the processes underlying the impact of climate change on the functional composition of communities, as well as adaptation of our land-management strategies. In conclusion, I suggest to move towards a more unified ecology by taking more explicitly and systematically into account the interactions between scales. I argue that such a change is necessary for the development of a more mature and predictive ecology able to took on the challenge imposed by the ongoing biodiversity crisis
Quenta, Herrera Estefania. "Structure multi-échelles de la biodiversité aquatique d'écosystèmes alpins sous l'influence du changement climatique". Thesis, Tours, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017TOUR4015/document.
Texto completoUsing empirical and experimental approaches, we assessed the effects of three components of climate change on alpine aquatic diversity: glacier’ influence, elevation, and temperature. We found that: 1) intermediate levels of glacial influence on peatland’s catchment resulted in a high environmental heterogeneity and high local zooplankton diversity. Thirteen percent of the total regional aquatic diversity was restricted to peatlands with a high percentage of glacial influence. This diversity might be lost in a context of glacial retreat and a future increasing warming. 2) environmental and spatial filters contributed significantly to the zooplankton community structure at higher spatial scales and the important role of the environmental filter at small spatial scale, likely influenced by disturbance events (e.g. droughts and floods) 3) water temperature did not influence on the prey-predation interaction between Anax imperator and Daphnia magna, and the predator’s capture probability mainly depended on the precision of the predator in capturing the prey. This work suggests that there is a multi-scale structure of the potential effects of climate change on alpine aquatic diversity
Bacouillard, Lise. "Variations à long terme de la diversité fonctionnelle des communautés benthiques en Manche". Thesis, Sorbonne université, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020SORUS071.
Texto completoFaced with global change, maintaining biodiversity and the proper functioning of ecosystems requires the implementation of appropriate monitoring and management tools. The aim of this thesis work is to analyse the spatio-temporal variability of the different facets of biodiversity (species diversity, functional diversity and isotopic diversity) and to study their complementarity in order to describe more exhaustively the long-term evolution of coastal benthic communities in response to different anthropogenic pressures. To this end, two datasets of long-term monitoring programs on fine sands benthic communities in the English Channel were used: one in the eastern Bay of Seine and one in the Bay of Morlaix. The study of the temporal changes of these communities showed very contrasted temporal dynamics. A relative stability of the community in the eastern Bay of Seine opposes the high variability of the community of the Bay of Morlaix marked by two abrupt changes. Partially congruent results between species diversity and functional diversity were reported; if the traits approach describes explicitly the consequences of structural changes on the global functioning of the ecosystem, it is sensitive to the properties of the indices. Furthermore, their values vary according to whether the species are weighted by densities or biomass, and then to their distribution within communities. The use of isotopic diversity indices has been tested to offer another approach to assess the functional variability on benthic communities centred on food webs
Gaget, Élie. "Importance des politiques de conservation pour faciliter l'ajustement des communautés d'oiseaux d'eau hivernants au réchauffement climatique en Méditerranée". Thesis, Paris, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018MNHN0016/document.
Texto completoHuman activities seriously threaten biodiversity. In terms of global changes, overexploitation of populations and habitat destruction/degradation are at the top of the list of factors responsible for biodiversity loss. Climate change is increasing in magnitude and adding additional pressure on species. In response to the increase in global temperatures, communities are changing as a result of the shift in the geographical distribution of species towards the poles. But the accumulation of anthropogenic pressures is likely to produce interaction effects that limit community adjustment to global warming. In this critical context, conservation biology aims to reconcile human activities with biodiversity conservation. In this thesis I have investigate how the accumulation of anthropogenic pressures can limit the adjustment of communities to global warming and to identify solutions that could be put in place to facilitate their adaptation to this warming. I have used the wintering waterbird species in the countries of the Mediterranean basin as a model for my study. These iconic species benefit from an international census to monitor their populations in response to hunting and the degradation of the wetlands on which they depend. The Mediterranean is a highly anthropized region where the use of natural resources exerts significant pressures on wetlands and their biodiversity. In response, countries have different strategies to protect these ecosystems, making this region an interesting experimental plan to measure the impact in global changes on species assemblage based on conservation measures implemented. By studying the response of communities to global warming under a gradient of habitat loss/degradation, I show that community adjustment is reduced or even prevented by wetland degradation. The Ramsar Convention aims to protect wetlands and their biodiversity by maintaining a rational use of natural resources. In assessing the effect of this convention, I show that its effectiveness in conserving bird populations depends on the implementation of other protection tools, but that its role is crucial in countries where environmental legislation is weak. Finally, I assess the capacity of international conventions to facilitate community adjustment to global warming by reducing population pressures. I compared the communities' response between countries that have ratified the Bern Convention, those that have started its strictly regulatory application under the Birds Directive (European Union) and those that have not ratified these conventions. The result is clear, the more precise and strictly regulatory the regulations, the more communities and strictly protected species adjust to the increase in temperatures.In conclusion, human activities are a threat to biodiversity, but conservation measures, by reducing pressures on populations, facilitate their adaptation to climate change. Waterbird conservation requires international collaboration and the establishment of strictly regulatory laws to protect wetlands and species, while ensuring sustainable use of resources
Vogt-Schilb, Hélène. "Dynamique temporelle multi-échelle et structuration spatiale des communautés méditerranéennes : le cas des orchidées et des champignons comme modèles contrastés et dépendants d’interactions". Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014MON20243.
Texto completoIn regard to the alarming rate of biodiversity erosion, it is essential to quantify the impact of global changes on species. Using two biological models, orchids and fungi, this study aimed at (i) quantifying the responses of species' phenology, community composition and biotic interactions to global changes and (ii) analyzing the observed patterns in regard to the environmental conditions and the species' ecology. These studies were based on multiple temporal (with a 30 year-delay in case of orchids and 170 year-delay in case of fungi) and spatial scales (different land-uses). The results indicate a marked response (phenological delay, change in community composition, effect on ecological strategies) of both models to climate and land-use changes. Both the ecological and biological traits of species strongly influence species' responses to global changes. This study allows a better understanding of the mechanisms underlying orchids and fungal assemblies and provides practical and applied guidelines for the conservation of these organisms in the Mediterranean region
Harton, Marie-Ève. "Familles, communautés et industrialisation en Amérique du Nord : reproduction familiale canadienne-française à Québec et à Manchester (New Hampshire) au tournant du XXe siècle". Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/27952.
Texto completoBien qu'aujourd'hui le Québec soit reconnu pour son faible taux de fécondité, le Québec d'autrefois porte davantage l'étiquette de « terroir fertile ». Force est néanmoins de constater que l'image d'une population canadienne-française homogène caractérisée par un mode de reproduction spécifique fut davantage l'apanage des discours des élites (Gauvreau et coll. 2007; Gossage et Gauvreau, 1999) qu'une réalité typiquement canadienne-française (Lavigne, 1983; Bouchard et Lalou, 1993; Gossage, 1999b; Gauvreau et Gossage, 2001; Gauvreau et coll., 2007a; Marcoux, 2010). Cette thèse a pour objectif principal d'apporter une contribution à ce courant de recherche en élargissant l'espace-temps des études déjà menées sur la fécondité canadienne-française et québécoise dans le but d'illustrer les variations des régimes démographiques, et ce, avant le déclin généralisé de la fécondité dans les années 1920 (Gauvreau et coll., 2007a). Cette étude s'inscrit dans un courant de recherche qui vise à analyser les comportements de fécondité en tant que phénomène social complexe dont l'étude des principales transformations relève d'une analyse du changement social (Gaffield, 1991; Bouchard, 1996; Szreter, 1996; McQuillan 1999; Beaujot, 2000; Praz, 2005; Gauvreau et collab., 2007a; Marcoux et St-Hilaire, 2008; Marcoux, 2009; Olson et Thornton, 2011). À l'instar des travaux de Gaffield (1991) et de Praz (2005), elle recadre les comportements de fécondité au sein de la reproduction familiale prise au sens large et examine les mécanismes par le biais desquels s'opère l'articulation des sphères de production et de reproduction au sein des ménages. La thèse suggère que les ressorts de l'industrialisation ont constitué un vecteur de changement social au tournant du XXe siècle par le biais de la diversification des comportements de fécondité canadiens-français à l'échelle nord-américaine. À partir de l'étude approfondie de deux milieux urbains contrastés, elle montre que les Canadiens français ont des comportements reproducteurs différents d'un milieu à l'autre et que cette tendance s'accentue entre 1880-81 et 1910-11. Qui plus est, des différences sont également perceptibles au sein de chaque milieu entre les différentes sous-populations canadiennes-françaises. En recadrant les comportements de fécondité effective au sein de la reproduction familiale, la thèse met en évidence l'influence des rapports de genre et de génération sur l'articulation entre la production et la reproduction. La thèse révèle que ces rapports sont construits dans des conditions spécifiques qui permettent d'expliquer les variations des modes de reproduction. Enfin, l'analyse fait ressortir l'imbrication de l'influence des facteurs structurels et culturels sur les comportements reproducteurs et elle montre comment leur institutionnalisation diffère d'un milieu à l'autre. Au terme de l'exercice, cette thèse apporte un nouvel éclairage sur les modèles reproducteurs canadiens-français. Elle élargit l'espace-temps des principales études menées à ce jour en plus de contribuer à la réflexion épistémologique et méthodologique sur le sujet.
Le, Gouill Claude. "« Je ne suis pas ton compagnon mon frère ». Ayllus, syndicats et métis : construction de l’altérité et changement social dans le Nord Potosi, Bolivie". Thesis, Paris 3, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA030030.
Texto completoEvo Morales’s electoral victories - the first “indigenous” president of Bolivia - have confirmed the power of the bolivien rural movement, but it’s still stays divided. In the Andes, the Ayllus indigenous organization fights against the rural union organization for the control and the definition of the rural world. The researches analyse here this organizational dualism in the Northern Potosi, thought the “moral economy” concept and the study of the “peasant-indigenous” community. The investigation is mainly based on the fieldwork done, in the regional area, the local case of Chiro Ayllu, and the national and international connexions. Its Goal is to understand here the historical and structural processes of this dualism and analyse the actual constructions of the social categories of “peasant” and “indigenous”.The dualism is growing with the integration to the market economy and to the dominant society about the management of the Labor and natural resources. It also grows with the emergence of new leaders in the social organization, wich plays a role of intermediate between the community and the global society. Educated in shools and institutions of global society, those leaders started a a fight in different space of power to represent and define the rural world. A “symbolic boundary” between the two organizations is building from this actions, which the finality is the conquest of the politic power and the management of the development projects
Persat, Henri. "De la biologie des populations de l'ombre commun Thymallus thymallus (L. 1758) à la dynamique des communautés dans un hydrosystème fluvial aménagé, le Haut-Rhône français : éléments pour un changement d'échelles". Lyon 1, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988LYO10025.
Texto completoBey, Marguerite. "De la Survie au développement : une étude comparative de deux communautés paysannes : Casinta et Tomas dans la Haute Vallée du Canete, Pérou". Paris 1, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990PA010630.
Texto completoThe object of this thesis is the study of social change within the peasant commu nity. It bears on two communities situated in the Peruvian central highlands, in a valley near the capital. The behavior of the peasant families is considered over a thirty-year period, during which the communities underwent rapid transformations due to the growing influence of two factors: education and the monetarisation of the peasant economy, acompanied by ever-greater exchanges with the outside world. This analysis of the economic and social changes within the community centers on the significance of these factors in redefining, first, collective organisation, then the framework of the peasant families lives. A study of the strategies which these families develop in order to improve living conditions reveals that their reproduction is not solely dependent on " communal" organisation, but also that the community remains a social and economic frame of reference for its members. The dialectic of individual and general interests defines the dynamics of the community's development
Zwicke, Marine. "Impacts d'une canicule sécheresse sur le fonctionnement et la structure des communautés végétales de l'écosystème prairial". Phd thesis, Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand II, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01020033.
Texto completoBraga, Joăo. "Etude de la diversité spatiale des réseaux trophiques et ses implications pour la conservation". Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018GREAV069.
Texto completoCo-occurring species share more than just physical space, they share also biotic interactions. Trophic interactions depict the flow of biomass from a prey species to its predator. Food webs, in their simplest form, are composed by producers, consumers and decomposers. Because of the nature of the interactions that food webs depict, their structure can be informative about the underlying processes responsible for the assembly of communities, the organization of biodiversity, the functioning of ecosystems and the services they provide to humans. Although the study of food webs across large spatial scales has been limited by data availability, a new generation of biogeography and food web ecology research is rising. In my PhD, I investigated the spatial diversity of food webs of European tetrapod species with the objective of merging biogeography, food web ecology and conservation biology. I started by combining two different sources of information, species distributions and an expert-based database of species interactions, to map the diversity of European food webs. This allowed me to uncover the spatial interactions between food web diversity, composition, environmental and land-use gradients. I found that the spatial diversity of food webs was highly linked with climatic conditions. Then, I used centrality indices to identify trophic keystone species. Losing central species in a food web can affect a community disproportionally, by disrupting its trophic structure and potentially causing other extinctions. Using three measures of centrality (degree, betweenness and eigenvector centralities), I investigated how these centrality indices correlated with the traits and phylogeny of European tetrapod species. I found that centrality was highly conserved through phylogeny, and active hunters of small prey were more likely to be central within a food web. Because centrality was restricted to few species, assessing the efficiency of current protected areas for these central species is crucial to persistence of European communities. Thus, I investigated the correlation between species extinction risk, centrality and also trophic level. On a positive note, I found weak to no links between extinction risk and species trophic features. I also performed a gap analysis to search for any links between species centrality, trophic level and their spatial protection, which showed that key species are generally well protected in Europe. My thesis brings together the three fields of biogeography, food web ecology, and conservation biology into one of the first comprehensive studies on the large-scale patterns of trophic structure and its drivers, and the dependencies between species trophic, functional and phylogenetic characteristics, finally providing an option to bring trophic information into conservation applications
Alaguarda, Diego. "Effects of global changes on microbioeroding communities living in massive corals from the Western Indian Ocean over long term". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023SORUS237.
Texto completoCoral reefs are increasingly threatened by global changes as they affect both accretion and erosion processes. Among these processes, reef bioerosion is a major natural process of degradation resulting from the action of various organisms on and in carbonate substrates. Recently, a particular attention has been given to the roles played by bioeroding (or perforating) microflora, which include cyanobacteria, microalgae, and fungi, in the functioning of coral reefs, especially in the carbonate budget, because of their important role in the dissolution of dead carbonates over short term (day, month, year). The thesis's main objective was thus to study the effects of global change factors such as ocean warming and acidification, on the composition, distribution, and abundance of reef microbioeroding communities over long term. Since long-term experiments with dead corals are difficult to carry out, several coral cores from two slow-growing massive coral genera (Diploastrea sp. and Porites sp.) were collected along the Mozambique Channel, particularly in Mayotte. Those cores covered the last decades (30 to 50 years). Such massive corals are known to be natural geological archives largely colonized by microbioeroding communities which leave traces while dissolving CaCO3. To study the dynamics of microbioeroding communities in the two targeted coral genera, two innovative methods were developed: a machine learning approach to quickly and accurately analyze thousands of Scanning Electron Microscope pictures of microbioeroding traces along three vertical transects parallel to the main coral growth axis, and a lipid biomarkers approach along a coral core of Diploastrea sp.. The machine learning method based on a CNN model was first developed on the coral Diploastrea sp. with an accuracy of 93%. It was then adapted to Porites sp. by modifying a hyperparameter (95% accuracy). The geochemical approach tried identifying specific lipid markers of the boring microalga Ostreobium sp. and the coral Diploastrea sp. during the last decades. The results showed that the abundance of microbioeroding traces is 3 to 4 times higher in the coral Diploastrea sp. than in Porites sp and has decreased in both coral genera over the last decades. In Diploastrea sp., the decrease was 90% over the last 54 years and was coupled with a very important change in community composition between 1985-1986. The density (bulk) of Diploastrea sp. has also dropped significantly over the last 5 decades. Logistic regressions showed that temperature, wind speed, and internal pH of the coral, more or less coupled, are correlated to the abundance of microbioeroding traces. The geochemical approach also highlighted a significant decrease of a lipid biomarker group, the amides, over the last decades. Although it is difficult to attribute amides to a specific taxon or species in the coral skeleton, I hypothesize that they could potentially reflect the presence of microbioeroding communities. To confirm or refute the observed trends, there is a need to study more coral cores, from different areas, and over a longer period. In addition, other factors should be studied to understand better the decrease in the abundance of microbioeroding communities and its implication in coral health and resilience, such as trace metals and other variables of the carbonate system
Rancon, Anais. "Diversité et fonctions des microorganismes associés à la litière de garrigue : influence de facteurs biotiques et abiotiques dans un contexte de changement climatique". Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014AIXM4765.
Texto completoMy PhD work focused on studying the effects of litter diversity and soil macrofauna on microbial communities under water stress. In the first part, the monitoring of microbial communities associated with leaf litter (dead leaves) and phyllosphere (living leaves) for one year under natural conditions, showed marked differences depending on the physiological state of leaves, the importance of the host plant species on microbial communities and the changes of communities during the year. A second part presents the results of a microcosms decomposition experience under two humidity conditions, a functional dissimilarity gradient of litter species and the presence / absence of a detritivorous macrofauna. Our results reinforce the importance of the plant species on microbial communities and show that the presence of scavengers encourages microbial diversity. A final section assesses the impact of a decrease in precipitation and litter diversity on microbial communities in an in situ decomposition experiment during one year, using rain excluder devices . The composition of litter mixtures has a stronger influence on the microbial communities than lower rainfall. In conclusion, the results of my work tend to underestimate the effect of a decrease in precipitation on microbial communities, but emphasize the sensitivity of the interactions between plant community, macro- and micro-organisms to climate change
Jaworski, Coline. "Interactions plantes-insectes dans le réseau d'espèces pyrénéen d'Antirrhinum majus : métacommunauté, comportement et odeurs florales". Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015TOU30064/document.
Texto completoBiotic interactions play a key role in community dynamics and species persistence. Understanding the dynamics of interaction networks helps to predict how environmental change may affect community dynamics and composition. The plant Antirrhinum majus (snapdragon) naturally grows in the Pyrenees mountains, in a patchy habitat encompassing a variety of climatic and altitudinal conditions. Two subspecies of different colors grow parapatrically, and pollinators play a key role in their reproductive isolation. First, we showed that dispersal among communities is important in maintaining local persistence of species within the A. majus network, composed of the plant, its cohort of pollinators, a specialist seed-predator and its associated parasitoid. The local networks are likely interconnected through a source-sink metacommunity dynamic, where some communities serve as sources to refill communities that could otherwise not persist. Second, we tried to understand the role of pollinators in the reproductive isolation between the A. majus subspecies, by studying how learning affected their preference between the floral types of each subspecies, based on visual and olfactory plant signals. Learning on the yellow type (A. m. striatum) caused a preference toward this floral type, whereas learning on the magenta type (A. m. pseudomajus) caused no preference between floral types. Finally, we explored the possibility for an adaptation of floral scent of A. m. pseudomajus to environmental conditions at different altitudes. Altitude and population did not explain much of floral scent variation, and the high levels of variability of floral scent may allow for adaptability of the interaction network facing global changes
Mclean, Matthew. "Functional responses of fish communities to environmental gradients in the North Sea, Eastern English Channel, and Bay of Somme". Thesis, Littoral, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019DUNK0532/document.
Texto completoThe ensemble of biological, geochemical, and physical processes that occur within ecosystems is driven by the interplay between biological communities and the abiotic environment. Explaining the spatial and temporal dynamics of biological communities in relation to environmental conditions is therefore essential for understanding ecosystem functioning, and ultimately for achieving sustainable development. In marine ecosystems, fish communities are key to ecosystem functioning, and fisheries provide livelihoods for over 10% of the world’s population. However, understanding the processes structuring fish communities remains difficult because community structure varies with both natural environmental fluctuations and, increasingly, human pressures. Effectively managing fisheries and marine ecosystems under global change therefore requires better characterizing fish community dynamics over time and space and disentangling the underlying drivers and mechanisms. While fish ecologists have traditionally relied on species-based approaches (i.e., taxonomic approaches) to study community structure, trait-based approaches (i.e., functional approaches) are increasingly used because they can provide better insight into community assembly and the mechanisms driving community responses. To meet this need for a better understanding of biodiversity dynamics, the present thesis took advantage of long-term scientific monitoring data to characterize the functional responses of fish communities to environmental gradients in the North Sea, Eastern English Channel, and Bay of Somme. All three ecosystems experienced temperature rises and oceanographic changes associated with a warming phase of the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO), which rapidly impacted fish community structure. Consistent biological responses were observed across the three ecosystems despite their different spatial scales, demonstrating that fish communities were affected by environmental change through bio-ecological traits associated with habitat preference and life history. In the North Sea and Eastern Channel, pelagic species were the most responsive and contributed largely to community dynamics, which is likely explained by their greater mobility, higher dispersal rates, and fewer habitat requirements. However, beyond habitat preference, species with r-selected life histories (e.g., low size and age at maturity, low parental investment, small offspring) had the fastest environmental responses whether or not they were pelagic, likely due to their rapid population turnover and generation time. Importantly, the way these species’ responses shaped community structure depended on environmental context. R-selected, pelagic species rapidly declined in the Bay of Somme and Eastern Channel, but rapidly increased in the North Sea. This likely reflects environmental suitability, indicating that after the phase change of the AMO, the Eastern Channel became a less favorable environment for these species, while the North Sea became more favorable. Thus, species with high mobility and fast life history cycles appear capable of rapidly tracking environmental conditions, shifting in abundance in response to environmental suitability. Additionally, as these ecosystems have warmed over the last 30 years, community responses were characterized by increases in mean thermal preference. Importantly, the amplitude of community changes was partially determined by communities’ initial structure and redundancy of bio-ecological traits, showing that community responses depended not only on environmental changes but also on biodiversity itself. Lastly, while fish community responses were consistently associated with climatic changes, historical fishing pressure on large-bodied, demersal species appeared to render fish communities more sensitive to environmental changes by increasing the relative of abundance of pelagic and r-selected species
Cabanes, Benjamin. "Modéliser l’émergence de l’expertise et sa gouvernance dans les entreprises innovantes : des communautés aux sociétés proto-épistémiques d’experts". Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PSLEM003/document.
Texto completoIn science-based industries, the pace of innovation is characterized by accelerated renewal of products and the destabilization of dominant designs. In this context of intensive innovation, industrial organizations have to develop new breakthrough innovation capabilities to organize the emergence of new technological expertise allowing the innovative design of new products and technologies.Paradoxically, expertise and innovation issues can sometimes seem to be in opposition or at least in tension. Expertise seems to preserve the dominant designs, but it also allows the generation of conceptual expansion. Behind this aporia, there are crucial questions about the contemporary management of the emergence of expertise in science-based organizations in a situation of intensive innovation.From on an exploratory approach based on a longitudinal case study at STMicroelectronics, this thesis focuses on governance models for the emergence of expertise in science-based organizations. Based on an empirical analysis carried out by STMicroelectronics, this work shows that the emergence of new expertise is effected by a reorganization and a profound restructuring of the expertise structures. In other words, new areas of expertise emerge from the reconfiguration of interdependent relationships between existing areas of expertise.Moreover, this research suggests a formal model for the emergence of expertise in science-based organizations. This model allows to identify new managerial challenges and to highlight organizational models to support these expertise emergence forms. Then, new management solutions are tested and analyzed at STMicroelectronics. Finally, the thesis analyses scientific experts’ roles and missions in the innovation strategies within science- based organizations
Kheir, Maya. "Fonctionnement des sols méditerranéens sous changement climatique : effet de la préexposition au stress, de la mixité des litières et de l'identité de l'espèce végétale". Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2020. http://theses.univ-amu.fr.lama.univ-amu.fr/200710_KHEIR_495pzb687n410mxugdf923oaivtm_TH.pdf.
Texto completoThis work takes place in the context of climate change. We aimed to explore plant litter microbial communities' functioning depending on climate contrasts Northern/Southern Mediterranean but also according to inland/coastal context, and to assess their response to aridification stresses, considering the effect i) of the type of litter (plant species identity and mixture) and ii) of the preexposure to stress intrinsic of coastal environments. Aridity stress was applied in the laboratory (drying /rewetting cycles) and in natura via "litter bags" transfer from France to Algeria. Results show that microbial biomass and basal respiration depend on litter chemical traits (C/N and lignin/N): when these ratios increase, microbial biomass decreases, while the effect on respiration depends on the climate contrasts. The effect of binary litter mixtures on microbes depends on the climate context and the mixture composition: some mixtures seem to limit carbon release through heterotrophic respiration in Algerian arid context. In addition, a particular microbial functioning of coastal environments was highlighted: i) preexposure to coastal constraints limited the effect of stress applied in the laboratory on microbial catabolic structures ii) the in natura experiment showed that microbial responses to stress depend on the context (coastal/inland) but also on litter type, highlighting litter influence even at large spatial scales
Cano-Castellanos, Ingreet-Juliet. "De montaña a “reserva forestal” : colonización, sentido de comunidad y producción de la conservación ecológica en el sureste de la Selva Lacandona, México". Thesis, Paris 10, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA100136/document.
Texto completoHow is it possible that "peasants", supported by the agrarian impulses characterized by the Mexican state over the last 4 decades, have been interested in the conservation of forest ecosystems present in localities formed through a process of intensive colonization and appropriation of jungle environments? This is the central question that guides my doctoral research, constructed from ethnographic and anthropological work conducted in a region of the area known as the Lacandon Jungle. It is particularly focused on Marqués de Comillas, a colonized region between 1970 and 1986. It is located near the Biosphere Reserve, Montes Azules, and borders the neighboring country of Guatemala. The research focuses upon the development and experiences of men and women who have lived through the intense challenges represented by both colonization and ecological conservation of the forest. At the same time, my work tries to comprehend environmental changes and cultural changes produced there. In addition, the research represents an effort to demonstrate and understand the contradictory relationships in which local people and the Mexican state reposition themselves. In this sense, the answer to the question corresponds with an attempt to unearth the interaction between human groups and "natural" environments, but also processes in which these groups and governments interact. Specifically, I'm interested in the symbolic and material impact that the dynamics of government daily life have on the local people
¿Cómo es posible que “campesinos” surgidos por el impulso agrario característico del aparato de Estado mexicano, a lo largo de las 4 últimas décadas, hayan pasado a interesarse en la conservación de los ecosistemas forestales, presentes en localidades formadas tras un proceso de colonización y apropiación intensiva de los entornos de selva? Esta es la pregunta central que guía mi investigación doctoral, construida a partir de un trabajo etnográfico y antropológico, realizado en una de las regiones que integran la llamada Selva Lacandona. Se trata concretamente de Marqués de Comillas, región colonizada entre 1970 y 1986 y ubicada a inmediaciones de la Reserva de la Biosfera Montes Azules, así como de la frontera con el vecino país de Guatemala. Interesada en las trayectorias y experiencias de hombres y mujeres que han vivido con intensidad los desafíos que han representado tanto la colonización, como la conservación ecológica de la selva, trato de entender las transformaciones ambientales y los cambios socioculturales allí producidos. Asimismo, la investigación representa un esfuerzo por evidenciar y comprender las contradictorias relaciones a partir de las cuales las poblaciones locales y el Estado mexicano se reconfiguran mutuamente. En este sentido, la respuesta a la pregunta formulada corresponde a un intento por abordar de manera interrelacionada, tanto los procesos de interacción entre grupos humanos y entornos dichos “naturales”, como aquellos que se dan entre tales grupos y las instancias o dinámicas gubernamentales y burocráticas que permean simbólica y materialmente sus cotidianeidades
Ren, Yi. "La coopérative en participation : une nouvelle forme de l'économie collective en Chine rurale". Paris, EHESS, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011EHES0015.
Texto completoFrom the economic and sociological point of view, we analyze the Country Land Joint-stock Cooperative by taking the concrete example of Shanglin village, a rural community in the south of Jiangsu Province in China. The term of "cooperative" is used to refer to the new economic institutions that arise in rural are as in China since 1978 and which have comparable characteristics to those of cooperatives. Voluntarily formed and collectively owned by farmers within a same village/community, the Country Land Joint-stock Cooperative is a new mutual¬ benefit organization allows meeting farmers' economic, social and cultural needs through a company from the sector of "collective ownership" in which power is exercised democratically. As being a member of the cooperative, farmers convert their land-use rights into shares and receive annual dividend. AIso, the cooperative has regrouped formerly separated lands to lease to the public for modern agriculture projects. This form of economic organization balances the demand and supply of land, and contributes to the welfare. However, the mixing of roles of the independent village committee, the branch of Communist Party and the cooperative, the impossibility of transfert and inheritance of shares, the ambiguity of the concept of collective ownership and the absence of regulations and laws, impose severe constraints on the development of the cooperative. Aim of this present thesis is to explain appearance of this form of cooperative, its mechanism, its institutional characteristics, as well as to describe and understand the behavior of village leaders and villagers in the development of the cooperative
Robuchon, Marine. "Etude spatio-temporelle de la biodiversité des forêts de laminaires des côtes bretonnes par une approche intégrée de génétique des populations et d'écologie des communautés". Phd thesis, Museum national d'histoire naturelle - MNHN PARIS, 2014. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00968426.
Texto completoRobuchon, Marine. "Etude spatio-temporelle de la biodiversité des forêts de laminaires des côtes bretonnes par une approche intégrée de génétique des populations et d'écologie des communautés". Phd thesis, Paris, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014MNHN0003.
Texto completoThe topic of this PhD thesis was the study of biodiversity patterns and the assessment of the underlying processes within the kelp forests. The focus of this work was to characterise the variability of biodiversity over space and time at both the intra and inter specific level. Population genetic diversity of the two sister species Laminaria digitata and Laminaria hyperborea, and the specific diversity of the understory macroalgae were studied in Brittany (France) at several hierarchical levels (along a coastline of 500 km) between seasons and across the last twenty years. Results revealed that populations of L. Digitata, inhabiting the lower margin of the intertidal, were less diverse and more structured than the populations of L. Hyperborea, a subtidal species. Similarly, algal communities associated to L. Digitata were less diverse and more structured than those associated to L. Hyperborea. These observations are likely related to the higher dispersal distance of spores and gametes in the subtidal than the intertidal. Our results demonstrated the presence of mosaic biotic conditions at the scales of the Brittany coast with contrasted spatio-temporal characteristics. This variability is most certainly the main explanation of the differences observed in biodiversity patterns. Cold waters occur along the two adjacent regions of Morlaix Bay and Iroise Sea which are characterised by moderate temperature variations between seasons and across years These two regions were the less impacted by global warming compared with the other regions of Brittany studied. Here, high levels of diversity and connectivity were reported for both intra and inter specific biodiversity in the two targeted species of kelp. Conversely, St Malo Bay had the lowest level of diversity and connectivity at the genetic and specific levels for both species L. Digitata and L. Hyperborea. In this region, seasonal variations of temperature amplitude were the highest observed in Brittany and this trend intensified over the two decades. In South Brittany, where sea surface temperatures were the highest, biodiversity patterns varied according to the species considered (L. Digitata being at its southernmost range) and the level of diversity considered. In conclusion, our results have shown the occurrence of a mosaic of environmental conditions at a scale from 10 to 250 km. This scale is often not taken into account in ecological niche models. Moreover, correlations between spatial patterns of diversity at both the genetic and specific levels (SGDC) were generally positive. Despite the strength of association, their significance varied depending on the space and the species considered
Salas, Lopez Alex. "Effets de l’anthropisation sur la diversité fonctionnelle des fourmis et leur participation dans des processus écosystémiques". Thesis, Guyane, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016YANE0004/document.
Texto completoLand-use changes have deep consequences on species diversity, community structure and ecosystem functioning. Consequently, many works have tried to understand the effects of such changes on the diversity and functional properties of organisms. It has been demonstrated that species traits are oftenly more important than the identity of species per se in order to account understand the ecological roles of species. Besides, while the majority of assessments about land-use change effects on ecosystem functioning have focused on primary producers, the contribution of other organisms is essential to maintain the functioning and resilience of ecosystems.Ants are interesting organisms to track land-use changes due to their abundance, ubiquity and ecological dominance. Ants are present in most of terrestrial biomes and participate in several ecosystem processes through their consumption of food resources. They are also easy to sample and standard methods exist to provide accurate comparisons between studies. While a number of studies have demonstrated abrupt changes in ant species composition along environmental gradients, only a reduced number of such studies have tried to understand how ant community changes affect ecosystem processes. Moreover, the traits responsible for the stability of ant communities in response to land-use changes are little known. It is therefore necessary to develop a methodology that enables a proper identification of ant participation to different ecosystem processes and their contribution to ecosystems’ resistance and resilience.In this thesis I aim to bring some light about i) how land-use changes affect ant community structure? ii) what traits are responsible of the ecological success of a species or it’s extinction from a given environment? iii) how changes in the species or trait composition affect the participation intensity of ants in different ecosystem processes ?
Vallée, Vincent. "Changements à long terme de la structure et de la diversité des peuplements de poissons de fond du plateau continental de Guyane Functional richness and turnover patterns reveal assembly rules structuring marine fish communities on the continental shelf of French Guiana Diversity recovery and temperature induced species shift in tropical marine fish communities after a trawling fishery collapse Local and regional assembly rules on a long time period in marine fish communities on the continental shelf of French Guiana". Thesis, Guyane, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020YANE0004.
Texto completoIn the actual context of overfishing and climate change we need to develop an ecosystem-based management of fisheries. This thesis work will try to bring answers to this issue by analyzing community assembly and the impact of French Guiana’s fishery on fish communities. As most of tropical regions, coastal waters in French Guiana have been subjected to an increase in temperature around 1°C between 1990 and 2017. However, as for only a few regions in the world, fishing pressure has collapsed in French Guiana during the same period. This case study is therefore a good opportunity to understand how tropical fish communities have responded to a progressive decreasing fishing pressure on a large scale and under climate change constraints. The aim of this work is to provide useful information for tropical fisheries with similar characteristics which tend to a more efficient ecosystem-based management with lower fishing pressure. The study showed that the environment plays a dominant role in community structure and that it has become more important over time. Results showed also significant increases in several diversity indices and an increase in theoretical maximum size spectra of surveyed fish which indicates a restructuring of communities. This recovery is associated with an increase of functional redundancy which is a key factor for the stability of ecosystems. Global results showed a great recovery capacity towards a richer and more stable state of communities in a relatively short period of time around 10 years
Bestion, Elvire. "Impact du changement climatique sur un vertébré ectotherme : de l'individu à la communauté". Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015TOU30389.
Texto completoRecent global change has dramatic impacts on biodiversity, through modifications in abiotic and biotic factors. Species vulnerability to changing climates depend for instance of its habitat, its position within the community and its thermal physiology. In this respect, ectotherm species are considered particularly vulnerable as their body temperature depend directly on their environment. We experimentally studied the impact of future climate change on an ectotherm vertebrate species, the common lizard (Zootoca vivipara). We used the Metatron, a system of semi-natural enclosures in which climatic conditions can be manipulated. We studied the impact of warmer climatic conditions (+2°C) on common lizard's population dynamics and extinction risk, and on population adaptation capacity through plasticity, selection and dispersal. We further investigated the impact of climate change at the community scale. We demonstrated that future climatic conditions pose a threat to common lizard. However, possibilities of adaptation exist through changes in phenology and physiology (preferred temperature and melanism). Finally, we show that changing climatic conditions have an impact on the entire communities, from plants and insects to microbial communities
Figueroa, Rodrigo. "Agriculture, alimentation et changement social les communautés maya du Yucatan, Mexique : Tome I, agriculture paysanne et stratégies de subsistance, étude de cas, communauté de San Pedro Juarez /". Lille 3 : ANRT, 1988. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37605064t.
Texto completoCrisci, Carolina. "Effets du changement climatique sur les écosystèmes littoraux de la mer Méditerranée nord-occidentale : étude de la relation entre les conditions de température et la réponse biologique pendant les événements de mortalité massive". Thesis, Aix-Marseille 2, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011AIX22092.
Texto completoGastine, Alexandra. "Conséquences d'un changement de structure de la communauté végétale sur les propriétés du sol". Paris 11, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002PA112293.
Texto completoWhat are the consequences of decreasing plant species number on soil properties? We used three experiments in European grasslands to test the impact of plants species number and identity on soil abiotic and biotic properties, including inorganic N concentrations, soil bulk density and water content, root biomass, microbial N and activity, nematodes and earthworms. We found that plant species number affected some soil properties, such as root biomass in one experiment or epigeic earthworm abundance in another. Overall, however, reductions in plant species number had relatively few effects on the soil properties that we studied. We found that plant species identity played a much larger role in determining soil properties than plant species number. For example, legume presence had several significant impacts: plots with legumes had lower root biomass, higher soil inorganic nitrogen and higher epigeic earthworm abundance. In general, changes in plant community structure that altered plant production translated into effects on soil organisms that feed directly on plant material (i. E. , microorganisms and earthworms). These effects on plant primary consumers did not necessarily modify other trophic levels. We suggest that this was due to complex feedbacks within the soil food web or to problems of latency
Fromentin, Jean-Marc. "Evolution a long terme de communautes zooplanctoniques et macrobenthiques. Relation avec les changements climatiques". Paris 6, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995PA066768.
Texto completoCheshmeh, Sohrabi Mozaffar. "La communauté scientifique à l'ère d'Internet : communication, usages et changements : le cas de la communauté scientifique grenobloise en sciences de la nature". Grenoble 3, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2009GRE39030.
Texto completoThis research studies the scientific communication as a whole, which is an old and permanent need, in the heart of the professional life of the researchers. The characteristic of this study is not to focus on only one of the vectors of information and communication, but to be interested in them as a whole and the changes which occur in the professional life. To carry out this analysis in Communication and Information Sciences, this research lies within the theoretical framework of the sociology of the uses (innovation, diffusion & appropriation approaches) and aims at studying five assumptions : wide diffusion of computer and the Internet; relation between technical dimension and social dimension to contribute to the construction of the uses of the search engine "Google" ; individual cognitive dimension as essential in the construction of the uses; the speciality of the researchers not discriminating in the vulgarizing of the services of information and communication ; and the use of the Internet bringing changes in the professional practices. The working method is based on a qualitative investigation by semidirected interviews amongst researchers in sciences of the nature work. Ing in public institutions of Grenoble. The sample consists of 75 researchers belonging to 15 research laboratories. This study leads to three essential contributions : a modelling of the process of social appropriation of the technical abjects; elements of a socio-cognitive approach of the uses and a modelling of the strategy of information retrieval on the Web
Sor, Ratha. "Modélisation des changements spatio-temporels des communautés de macroinvertébrés benthiques dans les rivières d'Asie et d'Europe". Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017TOU30148/document.
Texto completoOverall aims: Freshwater tropical and temperate river systems are known to support different biotic communities. In this study, I investigated benthic macroinvertebrate community composition and diversity and its spatial and temporal variation both in tropical Asian and temperate European regions. I also examined the influences of physical-chemical water quality variables on community composition, variations and diversity, and modelled the occurrence of selected species. Locations: Tropical Asia: the Lower Mekong Basin (LMB), covering an area of 609,000 km2; Temperate Europe: Western Europe, Flemish rivers (Belgium), covering an area of 13,787 km2. Materials and Methods: For the LMB, data collected from 2004 to 2008 were used, and median values of this period were analysed. For Flemish rivers, data collected from 1991 to 2010 were used. The data were divided into 4 periods: D1: 1991-1995, D2: 1996-2000, D3: 2001-2005 and D4: 2006-2010. The medians of each period were used for detailed spatial analyses. Multivariate analyses were applied to relate community composition and diversity to physical-chemical variables. Five modelling techniques namely Logistic Regression (LR), Random Forest (RF), Support Vector Machine (SVM), Artificial Neural Network (ANN) and Classification Tree (CT) were used to model the occurrence of selected species. Main results: Community composition variations, diversity and relationship with environmental variables From the LMB, 299 macroinvertebrate taxa belonging to 196 genera and 90 families were identified: 131 insects, 98 molluscs, 38 crustaceans, and 32 annelids