Tesis sobre el tema "Cellules souches pluripotentes – Embryons"
Crea una cita precisa en los estilos APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard y otros
Consulte los 50 mejores tesis para su investigación sobre el tema "Cellules souches pluripotentes – Embryons".
Junto a cada fuente en la lista de referencias hay un botón "Agregar a la bibliografía". Pulsa este botón, y generaremos automáticamente la referencia bibliográfica para la obra elegida en el estilo de cita que necesites: APA, MLA, Harvard, Vancouver, Chicago, etc.
También puede descargar el texto completo de la publicación académica en formato pdf y leer en línea su resumen siempre que esté disponible en los metadatos.
Explore tesis sobre una amplia variedad de disciplinas y organice su bibliografía correctamente.
Pijoff, Yannicke. "Colonisation embryonnaire et compétence chimérique des cellules souches pluripotentes : étude chez la souris, le lapin et le chimpanzé". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Lyon 1, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024LYO10255.
Texto completoNaïve pluripotent stem cells (PSC) possess the ability to re-enter normal development and generate chimeric fetuses in rodents. However, naïve PSCs from non-rodent species exhibit a significantly less efficient capacity to colonize embryos. Currently, our understanding of the mechanisms involved in chimera formation is limited. The project aimed to decipher these mechanisms. Firstly, we focused on hallmarks of chimeric competent PSCs. In the lab, we obtained chimeric competent PSCs in rabbit and chimpanzee that we analyzed by RNA sequencing analysis to identify the molecular signature of chimeric competent PSCs. We showed that rabbit, chimpanzee as well as mouse PSCs enhance PI3K/AKT signaling, downregulate Hippo signaling and modulate cellular interactions and regulation of cytoskeleton. Secondly, we investigated mechanisms taking place during embryo colonization by PSCs. To this aim, we performed a single-cell RNA sequencing analysis of rabbit embryos colonized by chimpanzee and mouse PSCs. The analysis revealed that injected PSCs increased PI3K/AKT signaling and other signaling pathways involved in cell junction, cell adhesion, and cytoskeleton regulations, suggesting interactions between host embryo cells and injected PSCs. This analysis also revealed that part of the host epiblast is replaced by injected PSCs without any changes of the host cells’ identity. To conclude, during colonization, PSC and cells from the host embryos interact and communicate for efficient colonization
Piau, Olivier. "Mécanismes développementaux orchestrant la différenciation des cellules souches pluripotentes induites en cellules souches hématopoïétiques". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023SORUS082.
Texto completoHematopoietic stem cells are the rare cells that give rise to all hematopoietic cells in the human body. Unfortunately, our organism is not able to produce them outside a short window of embryonic development in the fetal aorta. Therefore, hematopoietic stem cell transplantation is often the only therapeutic solution for many patients. To expand the pool of available hematopoietic stem cells, two solutions have been proposed: proliferation of hematopoietic stem cells and de novo production from pluripotent stem cells. Despite some considerable progress, current methods for proliferation of hematopoietic stem cells are still inadequate. There is still no clinically suitable protocol for ex vivo generation of hematopoietic stem cells from pluripotent stem cells. My PhD project focuses on the analysis of a new differentiation protocol for human induced pluripotent stem cells into hematopoietic stem cells. This one-step protocol is based on the differentiation of embryoid bodies in 17 days of culture using a novel and specific combination of cytokines and growth factors. This stroma- and transgene-free procedure is capable of generating serially transplantable hematopoietic stem cells in irradiated, immunocompromised mice. Using single-cell transcriptomic datasets performed at different time points in the differentiation protocol, I was able to characterize the different cell types that were produced. Embryoid bodies produced cells of the mesodermal, endodermal, and ectodermal lineages after 17 days of differentiation, as well as some cells with an extra-embryonic phenotype, the presence of which was confirmed by immunofluorescence experiments. Our data set was compared with published data sets of human embryonic aorta at the time of hematopoietic stem cell production. Endothelial cells with a similar transcriptomic phenotype between the embryonic aorta and embryoid bodies were detected. In addition, cells corresponding to the transcriptional signature of embryonic hematopoietic stem cells were detected. Thus, our protocol appears to reproduce the generation of hematopoietic stem cells from the aorta through an endothelial-to-hematopoietic transition similar to that in vivo. Finally, single-cell transcriptome analysis of the bone marrow of the transplanted mice showed that the injected human cells recapitulated all hematopoietic lineages. The results of my dissertation provide a better understanding of our protocol for ex vivo production of hematopoietic stem cells while providing insight into the developmental mechanisms that control their production in vivo
Lavial, Fabrice. "Pluripotence et compétence germinale des cellules souches embryonnaires aviaires". Lyon, École normale supérieure (sciences), 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007ENSL0441.
Texto completoTapponnier, Yann. "Cellules souches pluripotentes induites de lapin : caractérisation moléculaire et fonctionnelle des états naïf et amorcé". Thesis, Lyon 1, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LYO10029/document.
Texto completoPluripotent stem cells (PSCs) can self-renew at two distinct states, the naive and primed states. Many differences exist between these two states, the most striking is the unique ability of PSCs naïve to colonize the preimplantation embryo and form chimeras. The purpose of my doctoral project was to study pluripotency in rabbits. In this context, I initially manufactured and characterized induced pluripotent stem cells (RbiPSCs) and then evaluated their ability to colonize the embryo and form chimeras. Three RbiPSCs lines were obtained by rabbit fibroblasts reprogramming. Their molecular characterization revealed mixed characteristics, naïve and primed. However, functionally, they are unable to colonize the rabbit embryo, a feature of primed pluripotency. The second part of my doctoral project was to reprogram RbiPSCs to the naïve state. To this end, I have overexpressed Klf2 and Klf4, two genes belonging to the naïve pluripotency network and the mouse PSCs culture conditions. These new cell lines have a gene expression profile closer to that of the rabbit ICM, particularly due to the reactivation of specific markers of naïve pluripotency. Finally, the reverted cells have an increased capacity of colonization of the preimplantation embryo rabbit. My work represents the first example of pluripotent stem cells reprogramming toward the naive state in rabbits. The cells thus produced pave the way for the production of somatic and germline chimeras
Gonnot, Fabrice. "Relations fonctionnelles entre les régulateurs de pluripotence et le cycle cellulaire dans les cellules souches embryonnaires pluripotentes". Thesis, Lyon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LYSE1149.
Texto completoMouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs) display an unorthodox cell cycle characterised by the lack of a functional Rb pathway and robust expression of cyclin E during all cell cycle phases. Therefore, mESCs are constitutively primed for DNA replication. To understand how cyclin E, a key regulator of the G1-to-S phase transition, is regulated in mESCs, we analysed the transcriptional regulation of Ccne1 by transcription factors of the naive pluripotency network. We observed that Esrrb, Klf4 and Tfcp2l1 bound the Ccne1 promoter region on multiple sites between 0 and 1kb upstream transcription start site. Disrupting the binding sites reduced or abolished transcriptional activity in a luciferase assay. Moreover, the doxycyclin-inducible expression of Essrb, Klf4 and Tfcp2l1 up-regulated the Ccne1 mRNA level. Taken together, these results strongly suggest that Essrb, Klf4 and Tfcp2l1 control Cyclin E expression and highlight a direct connection between the naïve pluripotency network and regulation of the mitotic cycle in mESCs. We used the FUCCI reporter system to study cell-cycle dependent expression of the transcription factors that form the naïve pluripotency network. Esrrb, Klf4, Tfcp2l1 and Nanog expression oscillated during the cell cycle with a down-regulated expression between the early G1-phase and the beginning of S-phase, and then up-regulated expression between the beginning of S-phase and the G2/M-phase. These results suggest that the naive pluripotency network is destabilized transiently during the transition from the G1-phase to the S-phase of the cell cycle
Dianat, Noushin. "Cellules souches pluripotentes humaines et modélisation de maladies hépatiques : l'hypercholestérolémie familiale et les cholangiopathies". Thesis, Paris 11, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA114810.
Texto completoCell therapy can be an alternative to liver transplantation in some cases such as severe metabolic diseases. However, the shortage of organ donors implies the need to find new sources of liver cells such as hepatocytes derived from pluripotent stem cells that can be amplified and differentiated extensively into any cell type. Human embryonic stem cells (hESC) and human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSC) generated from somatic cells of patients and then differentiated into hepatocytes represent a potential source of transplantable hepatocytes. These cells now make it possible to consider the transplantation of genetically modified autologous hepatocytes as an alternative to liver transplantation for the treatment of genetic diseases of the liver.Familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) is an autosomal dominant disorder caused by mutations in the gene encoding the receptor for Low Density Lipoproteins (LDLR), which is the cause of high blood cholesterol in these patients. Homozygous patients should purify their serum LDL-apheresis on average twice a month starting at a young age to avoid fatal myocardial infarction occurring in childhood.Human hepatocytes differentiated from patient’s induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) allow assessing the feasibility to transplant genetically modified autologous hepatocytes as treatment of familial hypercholesterolemia.During the liver development, hepatocytes and cholangiocytes, the two types of hepatic epithelial cells, derive from bipotent hepatic progenitors (hepatoblasts). Although cholangiocytes, forming intrahepatic bile ducts, represent a small fraction of the total liver cell population (3%), they actively regulate bile composition by secretion and reabsorption of bile acids, a process that is important in cholestatic liver diseases. In the first part of this study we developed an approach to differentiate pluripotent stem cells (hESC and hiPSC) into functional cholangiocytes. These cells could be used for the modeling of genetic biliary diseases. In the second part, we generated FH patient specific iPSCs (HF-iPSC), differentiated them into hepatocytes and tried to correct the disease phenotype by lentiviral introduction of LDLR cDNA cassette in HF-iPSC
Berthoin, Lionel. "Développement d'une méthode innovante pour la génération sécurisée de cellules souches pluripotentes induites par transfert de protéines". Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015GREAS014/document.
Texto completoLike embryonic stem cells, induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS) are characterized by their ability to differentiate into any cell type in an organism. However their use doesn't raise the ethical issue linked to the use of embryos. iPS are generated from somatic cells by overexpression of embryonic transcription factors. iPS are thereby very promising in fundamental and applied biology as well as for regenerative medicine.Most of the protocols used to generate iPS are based on the delivery of nucleic acid sequences encoding embryonic transcription factors responsible for the activation of the pluripotency gene network. In spite of their efficiency, these methods are associated with major safety concerns incompatible with clinical applications. The more rational path to safely produce iPS is to deliver the exogenic transcription factors under their protein form. Recently some protocols using protein delivery have been developed to produce iPS. However associated efficiencies are very low and protocols are quite fastidious.The aim of this Ph.D. project was to develop a new efficient and simplified protein delivery method for the safe generation of iPS compatible with clinical applications. Cell sources were selected depending of the final applications of iPS: (i) fibroblasts, extensively used and described in bibliography and allowing autologous therapies with many applications in the field of hematology; (ii) cord blood hematopoietic stem cells, one of the safest biomaterials, with the aim to generate red blood cells in vitro in order to respond to increasing needs for transfusion products, particularly for rare blood types.First, different protein vectors developed by the TheREx team of the TIMC-IMAG laboratory were compared for their efficiency of production and delivery as well as for the activity of associated factors. The selected vector is a natural micro-syringe expressed by Pseudomonas aeruginosa, able to inject the transcription factors Oct4, Sox2, Nanog and Lin28a (Thomson combination) with c-Myc directly into the cytoplasm of target cells, without the need for any purification step. Once injected, transcription factors are addressed to the nucleus in less than 2 hours where they efficiently activate transcription of pluripotency genes, with significant responses observed as early as 24h after injection. We also highlighted the secured and controllable nature of this vector by completely eliminating the bacteria from the cultures in a few hours after injection with an antibiotic treatment. Optimizations of the reprogramming conditions were also made by adjusting many parameters such as the combination of transcription factors, the injection frequency and the bacteria : cell ratio
Corbineau, Sébastien. "Génération de progéniteurs hépatiques dérivés de cellules souches : application à l’hypercholestérolémie familiale". Thesis, Paris 11, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA114821/document.
Texto completoHepatocyte transplantation represents an alternative to liver for the treatment of metabolic diseases including familial hypercholesterolaemia. Embryonic stem cells (ES) and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS) represent new sources of hepatic cells. We have developed an approach to differentiate human stem cells into hepatic cells and thus we have generated hepatic cells derived from iPS of familial hypercholesterolaemia patients
Kilens, Stéphanie. "Direct reprogramming of somatic cells into human induced naive pluripotent stem cells, a novel model of preimplantation epiblast cells". Thesis, Nantes, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017NANT1024/document.
Texto completoInduced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) have considerably impacted human developmental biology and regenerative medicine, notably because they circumvent the use of cells from embryonic origin and offer the potential to generate patient-specific pluripotent stem cells. However, conventional reprogramming protocols produce developmentally advanced, or primed, human iPSCs (hiPSCs), restricting their use to post-implantation human development modelling. Hence, there is a need for hiPSCs resembling preimplantation naive epiblast. Here, we developed a method to generate naive hiPSCs directly from somatic cells using OKMS overexpression and specific culture conditions without transitioning through a primed pluripotent state. Besides, this protocol enables parallel generation of isogenic lines bearing different potencies among which the primed state as it is a major control line. To evaluate the generated naive hiPSCs, we benchmarked them against human preimplantation epiblast and reveal a remarkable concordance in their transcriptome, dependency on mitochondrial respiration, DNA methylation and X chromosome status. Collectively, these results are essential for the understanding of pluripotency regulation throughout preimplantation development and will generate new opportunities for disease modeling and regenerative medicine
Grybek, Virginie. "Etude d’un locus soumis à empreinte parentale : le locus GNAS. Rôle des transcrits et maintien de l’empreinte". Thesis, Paris 11, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA11T002.
Texto completoGNAS is a complex locus subjected to parental imprinting encoding five parental-, tissue- and developmental-Manner regulated transcripts : the alpha stimulatory subunit of the G protein (Gαs), XLαs, NESP55, and two ncRNAs, A/B and the antisens GNAS-AS1. Gαs is a key protein in hormonal signaling sharing with XLαs the ability to produce intracellular cAMP upon stimulation of Gαs-Coupled receptors. In the first part of my thesis, I focused on studying the role of the GNAS transcripts, particularly XLαs, in fetal and postnatal growth. I took advantage of the unique model of pseudohypoparathyroidism (PHP), a rare human disease, caused by genetic or epigenetic abnormalities at the GNAS locus leading to various combinations of GNAS transcripts alterations. Abnormal growth appears to be a major feature of PHP. In the second part of my thesis, I studied the epigenetic pattern of GNAS (DNA methylation and transcripts expression) in human embryonic stem cells -HESCs-, in induced pluripotent stem cells -IPSCs- derived from fibroblasts from healthy individuals, and in cells re-Differentiated from these stem cells in neuronal and mesenchymal cells. The precise characterization of the human GNAS locus in physiology (stem cells) and pathology (PHP) is critical for a better understanding of major processes like growth. Through exploration of the "growth" phenotype of different groups of PHPs we have participated to the better understanding of the role of the GNAS transcripts in the physiology and pathophysiology. Human iPSCs may be an useful tool to study epigenetic modifications at the GNAS locus
Rouzbeh, Shaghayegh. "La maturation terminale des cellules érythroïdes à partir des cellules souches pluripotentes". Paris 7, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA077124.
Texto completoHuman embryonic stem cells (HESC) provide a unique model and an important resource for a deeper understanding of development and differentiation of multiple cell types. In order to better understand the mechanisms underlying erythroid terminal differentiation i. E. Enucleation we employed an erythroid differentiation model from HESC. By choosing two extreme conditions of erythroid culture from HESC we provide a unique erythroid differentiation model that gives us the opportunity to study the enucleation of erythroid cells by analyzing the genes expression profiles of erythroid cells from these two culture conditions. Using an integrated analysis of microrna expression and MRNA transcriptomee we identified 5 Mirnas potentially involved in erythroblasts enucleation. Finally by performing knockdown experiments of these 5 Mirnas we identified MIR-30A as a key regulator of erythroblast enucleation in HESC
Bialic, Marta. "Dynamique de la réplication dans les cellules souches pluripotentes". Thesis, Montpellier, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016MONTT020.
Texto completoEmbryonic stem (ES) and induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells have a great potential for regenerative medicine due to their capacity to self-renew indefinitely and to generate multiple cell types, but the key question of how they establish and maintain a pluripotent epigenome is not resolved. Interestingly all ES and iPS cells display a peculiar cell cycle with rapid doubling time, very short G1, and S phase representing 60-70% of the total cell cycle. In this work we tried to see whether chromosomes in mouse and human ES cells are replicated in a special way that might be used to set up the pluripotency state or to define cell identity. Mammalian genomes are duplicated by the firing of ~20,000 replication origins, organized in ~3000 small clusters forming replication foci that are spatially and temporally regulated during S phase. It has been shown that many of these topologically-associated domains change their replication time upon cell differentiation or reprogramming, but the exact mechanisms involved remain poorly understood. Here we used DNA combing to compare fork velocity (FV), local inter-origin distances (IOD) and global instant fork density (GIFD) between pluripotent mouse ES cells and fibroblasts (MEF), as well as during the differentiation of mES cells into embryoid bodies (EB) and neural precursors. We found that FV is slightly reduced (1.8 vs 2.0 kb/min) and IOD basically unchanged in mES compared to MEF. In contrast GIFD, which represents the density of forks active at any moment during S phase, shows a strong reduction from 2 forks/Mb in MEF to 1 fork/Mb in mES cells. We found a similar drop in GIFD in human ES cells (H9) compared to fibroblasts (BJ). To test whether this lower fork density is compensated by an extension of S phase, we developed a dual pulse/chase protocol to measure S-phase length in asynchronous populations by FACS. Using this assay, we found that S-phase length is identical (~8.4 hr) in both mES and MEF cells, despite the GIFD drop in the former. This raises an interesting question: how can ES cells replicate the same amount of DNA, in the same time and with similar fork velocity, but using a 2-fold lower instant fork density? We propose that the lower GIFD (amplitude) is compensated by a higher frequency of replication foci activation, which is not detected by the GIFD pulse protocol. This higher frequency of replication foci activation could play a role in the establishment and/or maintenance of a chromatin structure permissive for pluripotency or self-renewal
Flippe, Léa. "Etude de la différenciation de cellules souches hématopoïétiques et de cellules T à partir de cellules souches pluripotentes". Thesis, Nantes, 2020. http://archive.bu.univ-nantes.fr/pollux/show.action?id=c61a0ae9-8328-4516-a59a-dd4bf879ebb5.
Texto completoCell therapy using T cells has revolutionized medical care in the last years but limitations are associated with the difficulty of genome editing, the production of sufficient number of cells and product standardization. Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) can self-renew and differentiate into T cells to provide a standardized homogenous product of defined origin in indefinite quantity, therefore they are of great potential to alleviate limitations of therapeutic T cell production. We describe an efficient protocol for the generation of hematopoietic and T cell progenitors in two steps: generation of hematopoietic progenitor cells from embryoid bodies then directed differentiation of hPSC-derived hematopoietic progenitors into T-cell progenitors in the presence of Notch signaling. We compared the transcriptome of the hematopoietic progenitors differentiated from hPSCs with cord blood HSCs. This revealed that the CD34+CD43+ subset of cells is the closest to cord blood HSCs. Similarly, we compared the T cells differentiated from hPSCs with primary thymus tissue. This revealed that we managed to differentiate cells up to the DN2 step of T cells development in thymus. Moreover, FOXP3 transduction during the differentiation resulted in a significant differentiation of Foxp3+CD3+TCRαβ+CD8+ or Foxp3+CD3+TCRαβ+CD4+ cells. Collectively, these results are of great interest for the study of hematopoiesis and lymphopoiesis. In addition, this work is a step towards the use of human T cells derived from hiPSCs in cell therapy
Oikonomakos, Ioannis. "Vers la génération de cellules corticosurrénales à partir de cellules souches pluripotentes". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Côte d'Azur, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021COAZ6038.
Texto completoThe adrenal cortex (AC) is a central steroidogenic organ with key functions in maintaining body homeostasis. Several adrenal diseases (eg Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH)) could in principle be repaired by correcting the mutation (e.g. via recombination) or introduction of a transgene carrying a wildtype form of the mutated gene to permanently restore enzyme activity. However, data from our and other groups demonstrate a rapid turnover of the adrenal cortex. Thus, steroidogenic cells that have been genetically modified are likely to be rapidly replaced by amplifying progenitors that may still carry the mutation. Genetic correction will therefore need to target adrenal stem cell (ASC) populations rather than fully differentiated steroidogenic cells, and in vitro seems to be the better approach. In principle two alternative routes could be envisaged: 1) Generation of induced pluripotent cells (IPSC) from a patient, correction of the mutation using a CRISPR/Cas9 approach and subsequent differentiation towards the adrenal lineage with transplantation in/under the patient's adrenal capsule. 2) Isolation and culture of ASCs, correction in vitro followed by transplantation back into the patient. Aim of this project is to establish a protocol for the in vitro differentiation of mouse ES cells (mESCs) into adrenal progenitor cells and to evaluate their suitability for transplantations under the adrenal capsule. To achieve this goal, I decided to develop a stepwise differentiation procedure that follows as much as possible normal development. The adreno-gonadal primordium (AGP) develops at the interface of the anterior intermediate and lateral plate mesoderm. I developed a robust protocol that allows in vitro differentiation of mESCs via the EpiSC and primitive streak state, into the anterior intermediate and lateral plate mesoderm. Proper differentiation was demonstrated by the expression of cell type specific markers including Brachyury (T) for the primitive streak, Osr1, Gata4 and WT1 for mesodermal lineage, LIM1 and PAX2 for the anterior intermediate, and Foxf1 with Prrx1 for lateral plate mesoderm. The pathways underlying the specification of steroidogenic organs are not yet well established. To obtain further insight into this process, we established a collaboration with Prof. Serge Nef (University of Geneva), whose laboratory has performed single cell RNA-Seq experiments at critical time points of adreno-gonadal differentiation and separation of the adreno-gonadal primordium (AGP) into adrenal primordium (AP) and gonadal primordium (GP). Using information extracted from this cell atlas, and by testing various pathway activators and inhibitors, I was able to further orient differentiation towards the early steroidogenic fate as demonstrated by the upregulation of Nr5a1, a master regulator of steroidogenesis. By testing a range of extracellular matrix proteins, I could show that fibronectin 1 (FN1) enhanced the production of NR5A1 positive cells. Moreover, induction of the PKA pathway using a cAMP derivative (8-Br-cAMP) further increased NR5A1 expression levels in these conditions, both at the RNA and protein level; but still in limiting numbers to claim high efficiency of the protocol. In addition, culturing cells in 3D induced Nr5a1 and other early adrenal progenitor markers over gonadal ones in specific conditions. Further investigation for key aspects of the in vitro differentiation is needed to establish a robust adrenal organoid protocol. Finally, I could partially translate the protocol to hIPSCs, in which the cells were fated correctly for the early steroidogenic progenitor lineage. Taken together these results provide a road map for differentiation of pluripotent stem cells into adrenal progenitors and will form the basis for future work towards transplantation therapies of adrenal diseases
Bera, Agata Natalia. "Développement d'outils pour suivre la différenciation précoce de cellules souches embryonnaires". Thesis, Strasbourg, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012STRAJ042.
Texto completoEmbryonic stem cells (ESCs) are a powerful system to investigate developmental processes in vitro, and a promising tool to generate specific cell types for cellular therapies and regenerative medicine. ESCs are self-renewing, pluripotent cells, maintaining a proliferative and undifferentiated state in culture, while retaining the capacity to differentiate into the three embryonic lineages: ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm, and all their derivatives. Here, I established a primitive streak specific Brachyury/T Reporter ESC line (TRepV) to investigate early ESC differentiation. In contrast to previously published Tknock-in line, we established a transgene T ESCs reporter line, in order to avoid the disruption of the T locus, which may result in a hapoinsuficient phenotype. During the validation process, I observed discrepancies in expression between the TRepV and the endogenous T locus. I followed upon these observations with a more detailed analysis and obtained evidence that T is regulated differently in the ESC system compared to in vivo development. Against expectations, I also observed heterogeneous expression of the TRepV reporter in undifferentiated ESCs. Undifferentiated ESCs were found to be a mix of TRepV+ and TRepV- cells. This finding became the focus of my studies: I found TRepV+ cells represent a distinct population of ESCs with a unique identity. Unlike other heterogeneous ESC populations (such as Stella or Nanog), TRepV+ cells do not interconvert in their fate and represent an explicit, stable subpopulation of ESCs. Finally, I performed a microarray analysis of TRepV+ and TRepV- ESCs and identifed new genes which may be involved in the regulation of self-renewal and pluripotency
Osteil, Pierre. "Étude de la pluripotence des cellules souches embryonnaires chez le lapin". Thesis, Lyon 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LYO10301.
Texto completoEmbryonic stem cells (ESCs) result from cultures of inner cell masses (ICMs) isolated at preimplantation blastocyst stage. ESCs are defined by their self-renewal capacity, characterized by robust proliferation while maintaining plutipotent potential, the ability to give rise to cells from all three germ layers mesoderm, endoderm and ectoderm. Mouse ESCs (mESCs) allow the production of transgenic models by site-specific mutagenesis. Human ESCs (hESCs) represent major hope for regenerative medicine in order to treat degenerative diseases like Parkinson or Huntington. The more relevant model of Human is monkey. However, working on this specie is subjected to extremely strict regulation. Consequently it is very important to develop alternative animal models. Rabbit appears to be a very good candidate, because he is phylogenetically closer to Human than the mouse. My thesis project aimed to study the pluripotency mechanism of rabbit ESCs (rESCs), in order to use these cells for the production of transgenic animal models for human diseases. First part of theses analyses is synthesized in a publication into Biology Open in 2013 (Osteil et al. 2013). Other analyses produced new rESCs lines stabilized in a closer state compared to ICM state. All these results led to obtain solid knowledge on pluripotency and derivation on so-called naïve ESCs in a non-rodent specie
Lay, Russo Nadège. "Différenciation des cellules souches embryonnaires murines et des cellules souches pluripotentes induites humaines en cellules dendritiques : cellules d'intérêt pour les tests de toxicologie". Nice, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012NICE4077.
Texto completoThe seventh amendment in the European cosmetic directive imposes an abandonment of the tests on animals to measure the allergenic or irritant effects of some compounds used in cosmetic. The allergenic response in animals ‘models includes five aspects but in the in vitro test each aspect is studied separately. Among the in vitro tests of toxicity which are envisaged, dendritic cells, which are antigen presenting cells, were revealed as cells of choice for study one of these aspects. However today it is difficult to obtain a reliable and strong source of dendritic cells allowing working out a reglementary test. The aim of my thesis project was to propose an alternative model in these tests on animals. For it we set up the conditions allowing generating dendritic cells derived of stern cells. For it we have two sources of stem cells (hiPS) which having all the characteristics of the embryonic stem cells without raise ethical problems. These two types of cells allowed having an inexhaustible and plentiful source of dendritic cells. We set up one protocol allowing generating and purifying a population of dendritic cells from mouse embryonic stem cells. Cells were characterized by gene expression like CD45, CD86. Furthermore we realized as functional test that consists to measure the dextran-FICT endocytosis and the answer of this cellular population to allergenic reference molecules such as MCI/MI or TNBS. We also tried to generate “dendritic-like” cells from human iPS based to expression of specifics markers as CD45, CD34, CD1a, CD14, CD209, CD207, CD86 and HLA-DR. Several protocols were envisaged. However dendritic-like cells obtained represent a low percentage of differentiated cells and the protocol is in the course of optimization. Increasingly tests use keratinocytes cells for evaluate another aspect of allergenic response. So we were interesting also to these cells and we will present first steps differentiation of hiPS that will allow generating keratinocytes
Hafner, Anne-Laure. "Étude des progéniteurs adipeux dérivés des cellules souches pluripotentes induites humaines". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Nice, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015NICE4062.
Texto completoIn mammals, two types of adipose tissue coexist: the white (WAT) wich is involved in energy storage and the brown (BAT) which is specialized in energy expenditure. Beige adipocytes have recently been described as brown –like adipocytes and represent a third type of adipocytes that are recruited in WAT. The molecular mechanisms involved in the generation of these different types of adipocytes remains unknow in humans, mainly because of the lack of appropriate in vitro cellular models. The human induced Pluripotent Stem (hips) cells are a good model to study the earliest steps of human adipogenesis. We have shown that the generation of white and brown adipocytes progenitors (AP) is regulated by acid retinoic signaling pathway during hips cells differentiation. Functional experiments indicated that the transcription factor Pax3 is a molecular mediator of the brown phenotype. During this study, we could see that AP derived from hips cells display a low adipogenic capacity as compared to progenitors derived from adult adipose tissue. We show in this work that treatment with TGFβ pathway inhibitor SB431542 together with ascorbic acid, hydrocortisone and EGF promoted differentiation of non- genetically modified hiPSCs-BAPs at a high rate. During preliminary results, we have analyzed the role of the transcription factor Hoxc8 on PA differentiation. The surexpression of this factor lead to distinct answers on the phenotype and differentiation between hiPSCs-AP and adult-derived AP
Hafner, Anne-Laure. "Étude des progéniteurs adipeux dérivés des cellules souches pluripotentes induites humaines". Thesis, Nice, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015NICE4062.
Texto completoIn mammals, two types of adipose tissue coexist: the white (WAT) wich is involved in energy storage and the brown (BAT) which is specialized in energy expenditure. Beige adipocytes have recently been described as brown –like adipocytes and represent a third type of adipocytes that are recruited in WAT. The molecular mechanisms involved in the generation of these different types of adipocytes remains unknow in humans, mainly because of the lack of appropriate in vitro cellular models. The human induced Pluripotent Stem (hips) cells are a good model to study the earliest steps of human adipogenesis. We have shown that the generation of white and brown adipocytes progenitors (AP) is regulated by acid retinoic signaling pathway during hips cells differentiation. Functional experiments indicated that the transcription factor Pax3 is a molecular mediator of the brown phenotype. During this study, we could see that AP derived from hips cells display a low adipogenic capacity as compared to progenitors derived from adult adipose tissue. We show in this work that treatment with TGFβ pathway inhibitor SB431542 together with ascorbic acid, hydrocortisone and EGF promoted differentiation of non- genetically modified hiPSCs-BAPs at a high rate. During preliminary results, we have analyzed the role of the transcription factor Hoxc8 on PA differentiation. The surexpression of this factor lead to distinct answers on the phenotype and differentiation between hiPSCs-AP and adult-derived AP
Maruotti, Julien. "Nouvelles voies d'établissement de cellules embryonnaires pluripotentes chez la souris, et applications à d'autres mammifères domestiques". AgroParisTech, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010AGPT0001.
Texto completoLemonnier, Thomas. "Modélisation de maladies neurodégénératives à l’aide de cellules souches pluripotentes induites humaines". Thesis, Paris 5, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA05T074/document.
Texto completoReprogramming technology of somatic cells in induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS) now offers the opportunity to model neurodegenerative diseases and to study patient’s neurons. We used this technology for generating two models of neurodegenerative diseases: the muccopolysaccharidosis type IIIB (MPSIIIB) and the ALS2 form of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). In the MPSIIIB model, we have shown that iPS and neurons of patients had characteristic defects of the disease such as the accumulation of storage vesicles. Alterations of the Golgi apparatus in these cells were also highlighted. Transcriptome analysis of MPSIIIB neural precursors showed transcriptional changes involving particularly genes implicated in cell-extracellular matrix interactions. Thus, in a subsequent study, alterations of migration and orientation of MPSIIIB mutant mouse cells and MPSIIIB patients’ cells have been demonstrated. These alterations may be responsible for the disruption of neurogenesis and neuritogenesis in sick children. In the ALS2 model, we have shown that patients’ neurons had defects including decreased endosomes’ surface and abnormal neurite outgrowth. As there was previously no relevant cellular model reproducing the disease, this model will now allow the study of physiopathological processes involved in the disease. In conclusion, the generation of iPS cells allows to model neurodegenerative diseases and to study associated physiopathological processes on cultured human neurons. These cell models could allow in the near future the screening of molecules of potential therapeutical interest
Lemonnier, Thomas. "Modélisation de maladies neurodégénératives à l'aide de cellules souches pluripotentes induites humaines". Phd thesis, Université René Descartes - Paris V, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00806699.
Texto completoDenis, Jérôme Alexandre. "Applications médicales et pharmaceutiques des cellules souches pluripotentes : vers un changement de paradigme ?" Phd thesis, Université René Descartes - Paris V, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00637075.
Texto completoRabesandratana, Oriane. "Les cellules ganglionnaires rétiniennes dérivées de cellules souches pluripotentes humaines : de la caractérisation à la transplantation". Thesis, Sorbonne université, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SORUS322.
Texto completoAmong the different treatments for optic neuropathies, cell therapy using transplantation of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSC) is one of the most promising strategy. In this project, we validated the optimized production of RGCs from retinal organoids derived from four different hiPSC lines. Our methodology included a double selection process, comprising the culture of retinal dissociated cell in adherent conditions and a magnetic sorting protocol, based on the expression of surface antigen CD90/THY1. We identified enriched RGCs resulting from this double protocol, according morphological, molecular and functional properties. These results were validated for all four hiPSC lines, including a ubiquitous fluorescent reporter cell line, using Crispr/Cas9 strategy. Intravitreal injection of reporter hiPSC line-derived RGCs into an optic nerve crush mouse model led to a partial integration of surviving cells into the host retina establishing the possibility to performed RGC transplantation. This work will be continued in order to explore the capacity of hiPSC-derived RGCs to reconnect with both retinal partners and with the different targets in the brain
Caulier, Benjamin. "Développement d'un vecteur protéique pour la génération sécurisée de cellules souches pluripotentes induites". Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017GREAS012/document.
Texto completoThe generation of induced Pluripotent Stem Cell (iPSC) holds great promise for regenerative medicine, disease modelling and drug screening. Leading the original cell to an iPSC has been originally made by the forced expression of Transcription Factors (TF) involved in embryonic stem cells. Since the discovery of those mechanisms, many teams have engineered iPSC by well-defined cell culture tools such as the use of retroviruses in order to express TF. Those techniques use genetic material. Delivery techniques have evolved but most of reprogramming experiments still need TF. Development of alternative strategies has been conducted in a context of clinical application but still needs to be accepted by ethics comities. Thus, the use of recombinant proteins instead of genetic material is safe and rational but the challenge is to access the intracellular medium. In this context, our laboratory has developed a cell-penetrating peptide (CPP) based on the Epstein-Barr virus ZEBRA TF. The sequence implicated in cellular uptake has been characterized and is named MD (Minimal Domain). It is able to translocate high molecular weight proteins in an endocytosis-independent mechanism, allowing the internalization of cargos in fully biologically active form. Here we develop 6 MD fusions at the N-terminus of the following TF: Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, cMyc, Nanog & Lin28. This domain does not interfere with Oct4 capacity to associate with its own DNA sequence. Moreover, MD fused proteins transduce in vitro treated cells in 30 minutes to 1 hour ; MD-Oct4 & MD-Nanog can be localized in the nucleus after 3 hours only. In a context of reprogramming experiences, the combination of MD-Oct4, MD-Sox2, MD-Nanog and MD-Lin28 in repeated treatment leads to the activation of target genes transcription such as those constituting the pluripotency network
Dubois, Florian. "Caractérisation et génération des lymphocytes B régulateurs à partir de cellules souches pluripotentes". Thesis, Nantes, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020NANT1014.
Texto completoRegulatory B cells (Bregs) are key players in the immune response and are involved in various pathological situations. However, Bregs is a heterogeneous family with no consensual phenotype that has been proposed thus far rending there study and their use in cellbased therapy or as biomarker very difficult. We identified a Breg subset able to block a T cell effector response in a Granzyme B (GZMB) production and in a cell contact dependent manner. The objectives of my thesis work, focused on GZMB+ Bregs study, were 1) to generate GZMB+ Bregs with a repressible GZMB expression, induced by genetic engineering, from pluripotent stem cells and 2) to better characterize these GZMB+ Bregs and their different described subsets by performing a transcriptomic meta-analysis. While we obtained a low yield of B cells from stem cells, we improved the generation of CD34+CD43+ hematopoietic progenitors, which appeared insufficient for B cell production. We found that the CD31intCD45int phenotype might enrich the progenitors suitable for B cell differentiation and we validated CRISPR/Cas9 tools needed for the first step of genetic modification leading to GZMB expression. Our meta-analysis identified two distinct and unique transcriptional signatures of 165 and 93 genes, respectively associated with human and mouse Bregs and support the hypothesis of B cells plasticity into Bregs wich acquire their regulatory function under certain environmental conditions. This thesis work constitute a first step in the understanding and for the use of these GZMB+ Bregs
Telliam, Gladys. "Leucémie myéloïde chronique : modélisation de l'hématopoïèse leucémique par les cellules souches pluripotentes induites". Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016SACLS273/document.
Texto completoChronic myeloid leukemia (CML) is a clonal myeloproliferative malignancy initiated by tyrosine kinase activity of the fusion oncoprotein BCR-ABL in very primitive hematopoietic stem cell and characterized by a genetic instability leading to clonal progression. Mechanisms of survival, self-renewal and progression of the disease are difficult to model using primary leukemic cells. The use of iPSC technology could allow reprogramming of leukemic cells to pluripotency with generation of primitive leukemic cells whose evolution can be sequentially analyzed. For this purpose, we generated an IPSC cell line from the leukemic cells of a CML patient and analyzed the possibility to generate a myeloproliferative phenotype. We have shown that this iPSC exhibits an increased hematopoietic potential either via EB or Blast-CFC generation. This potential can be modulated by the action of imatinib, inhibiting autophosphorylation of BCR-ABL and that of CRKL. We show that hematopoietic potential of CML iPSC can also be modulated by using AHR antagonists, which allow further amplification of hematopoietic cells. To evaluate the possibility of generating a clonal progression model in vitro, we have used a mutagenesis strategy. CML iPSC treated by ENU for several weeks generated hematopoietic cells with increased efficiency. These cells showed evidence of cytological and cytogenetic abnormalities reminiscent of a blast crisis. aCGH analyses of hematopoietic cells generated revealed genomic abnormalities described in CML blast crisis and a molecular signature compatible with blast crisis described in CML patients. These results suggest the feasibility of using patient specific iPSC for modeling CML blast crisis, which could be used for discovery of novel biomarkers and drug screening
Colombier, Pauline. "Médecine régénératrice du disque intervertébral : intérêt des cellules souches mésenchymateuses et pluripotentes induites". Nantes, 2016. https://archive.bu.univ-nantes.fr/pollux/show/show?id=5e5379b6-d687-4fba-8c30-14e03b8982bd.
Texto completoIntervertebral discs (IVD) are composed of a central part named Nucleus pulposus (NP). This Nucleus pulposus is populated by notochord cells (NCT), which are considered as NP cell progenitors and nucleopulpocytes I (NPCytes), responsible for extracellular matrix synthesis. Both cell types are derived from the embryonic notochord. The loss of NCT and NPCytes early in life is associated with first signs of disc degeneration. Thus, the supplementation of the degenerative NP with human stem cells- derived NCT and NPCytes could be a promising approach for the regenerative medicine of IVD. In this context, this work aimed at the establishment of a notochordal differentiation protocol from human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC). Molecular and cellular mechanisms involved in the formation of the notochord in mice embryos were transposed to iPSC technology. To address whether NPCytes can be generated, we investigated the abilities of human mesenchymal stem cells to differentiate toward nucleopulpogenic lineage. In summary, we have shown that NCT and I NPCytes can be generated by controlling I human stem cells differentiation. In addition, molecular mechanisms driving both differentiation processes have beendescribed. Finally, these findings contributed to the regenerative medicine of IVD, by generating cells potentially able to restore NP homeostasisand function
Jouni, Mariam. "Étude de maladies du rythme cardiaque à l'aide de cellules souches pluripotentes induites". Nantes, 2015. https://archive.bu.univ-nantes.fr/pollux/show/show?id=407fe019-4552-4288-9a23-d9c514942a90.
Texto completoHeart rhythm disorders are frequent heart diseases and are a major cause of sudden cardiac death from abnormal excitability of the heart. Studying these dysfunctions is essential to understand the mechanisms of these cardiac diseases and develop new treatments. The technology of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS) allows generation, from a patient‘s somatic cells, of pluripotent stem cells specific for this patient, which can be differentiated in any type cell, including cardiomyocytes. When obtained from a patient suffering from an arrhythmic syndrome, these cells will thus allow the modeling of the patient‘s cardiac rhythm disorder. In this thesis, we characterized at molecular and functional levels, genetically inherited cardiac arryhthmias, long QT and Brugada syndrome (BrS), using cardiomyocytes differentiated from induced pluripotent stem cells derived from patients suffering from these genetically inherited arrhythmias
Lustremant, Céline. "Modélisation pathologique de l'amaurose congénitale de Leber fondée sur l'utilisation de cellules souches pluripotentes induites". Thesis, Evry-Val d'Essonne, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012EVRY0030.
Texto completoLeber congenital amaurosis (LCA) is a genetic disease affecting the retina. The first symptoms appear in the first months of life and lead in few years to blindness. To date, mutations in 18 genes have been associated with the disease. This genetic heterogeneity makes it difficult to study mechanisms leading to different symptoms. Animal models, including rodents, are used to study some of these mechanisms but have limitations mostly related to the species. The induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), which are reprogrammed somatic cells of patients, constitute a new tool for studying genetic diseases in a natural human context. They achieve all desired cell phenotypes without quantitative limits which opens the door to large-scale analysis approaches such as transcriptomic analysis that aims to systematically explore the modulation of genes in a disease. The aim of my research project was to develop a human cell model naturally carries the LCA. After producing the iPSCs from fibroblasts of patients, my work had consisted to differentiate them into homogeneous and easily amplifiable cell populations, neural stem cells and retinal pigment epithelial cells. These populations have served to conduct large-scale transcriptomic analyzes which have identified several candidate genes potentially involved in the development of the disease, including GSTT1 which might have a role in oxidative stress
Schoenhals, Matthieu. "Gènes reprogrammant des cellules adultes en cellules souches pluripotentes : expression et implication dans les cancers plasmocytaires humains". Thesis, Montpellier 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011MON1T025.
Texto completoMultiple myeloma (MM) is a B-cell neoplasia characterized by the accumulation of a clone of malignant plasma cells in bone marrow closely interacting with its microenvironment.Gene expression profiling using DNA microarrays has clarified the heterogeneity of this disease and has allowed the finding of new actors that may have an important function in MM pathophysiology.Overexpression of Oct-3/4, Sox2, c-Myc and KLF4 in adult cells causes their return to the state of stem cells, commonly called induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS). Our team has shown a significant overexpression of at least one of these four factors in 18 out of 40 cancers studied. Moreover, their expression may be associated with poor prognosis or may be a sign of tumor progression, perhaps due to their ability to induce characteristics of cancer stem cells.We therefore began the study of the function of these genes in MM, starting with KLF4, which can either be an activator or a repressor of transcription, depending on the promoter. KLF4 is expressed in normal plasma cells (PC), but its expression is lost in 2 out of 3 patients with MM at diagnosis. Among patients for whom the PCs express KLF4, is a group of high-risk patients, the MMSET group, bearing the t(4;14) translocation.An inducible model of KLF4's expression in MM cell lines was obtained using lentiviral transduction. Our model revealed a KLF4 induced cycle arrest, associated with the expression of P27/KIP1 when P53 is mutated, but also P21/WAF1 in case of wild type P53. This cell cycle blockade due to the expression of KLF4 could protect malignant plasma cells from the apoptosis induced by certain drugs targeting the cell cycle, as shown by our in vitro observations using melphalan.The main goal of our team is to understand the normal function of PCs and the PC tumor. To achieve this, it is necessary to obtain an effective system for introducing a gene in a given PC. We have shown that lentiviruses pseudotyped with truncated glycoproteins (Hemagglutinin and Fusion) from measles virus, can a stably and efficiently transduce normal and malignant PCs
Sleiman, Yvonne. "Modélisation des ryanopathies avec des cardiomyocytes patient-spécific issus de cellules souches pluripotentes induites". Thesis, Montpellier, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019MONTT049.
Texto completoDespite major advances in the field of research, the cardiovascular diseases remain the leading cause of death worldwide. Cardiac arrhythmias are mainly the results of channelopathies which are normally caused by mutations occurring in genes coding for ion channels. Mutations of the cardiac ryanodine receptor type 2 (RyR2) lead to arrhythmogenic disorders such as the catecholamine polymorphic ventricular tachycardia (CPVT) and sudden cardiac death under stress conditions. The association of RyR2 mutations with the short-coupled polymorphic ventricular tachycardia (SC-PMVT) at rest is unclear. Moreover, the implication of the RyR2 in the pathogenesis of dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) associated with Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) leading to ventricular arrhythmias was also reported. However, the knowledges in the cardiac physiology and physiopathology have been significantly made using either the heterologous expression or transgenic mouse models which do not always recapitulate the phenotype observed in patients. Therefore, the human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSC) offer great opportunities to work with human somatic cells, to elucidate important mechanisms driving cardiac disease and to test novel therapeutic compounds.The main aim of my PhD thesis was to model the SC-PMVT using patient-specific hiPSC-derived cardiomyocytes (CMs) and CRISPR/Cas 9 technologies to go beyond the work achieved by Cheung, Meli et al., in 2015 with the novel RyR2-H29D mutant channels. My work contributed to elucidate that the RyR2-H29D mutant channels exhibit abnormal intracellular calcium (Ca2+) homeostasis, abnormal contractile and electrical properties and RyR2 macromolecular complex remodeling. These abnormalities were fully abolished when reversing the RyR2-H29D mutation with CRISPR/Cas9 technology. Moreover, we found that the Flecainide and RyR2 stabilizer S107 are potent to prevent the abnormal release of Ca2+ in RyR2-H29D hiPSC-CMs while Verapamil and Propanolol do not.My second thesis objective was focused on modeling the DCM associated with Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) using patient-specific hiPSC-CMs exploited from a local cohort of DMD patient. Our preliminary results suggested that 3 independent dystrophin mutations induce sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) Ca2+ leak and abnormal contractile properties in DMD hiPSC-CMs under both physiological and stress conditions.My thesis work contributed to validate the use of patient-specific hiPSC-CMs to model ryanopathies directly induced by single-point mutations and indirectly by other pathophysiological conditions. Overall, my thesis work highlighted the increasing interest in patient-specific hiPSC-CMs to decipher the pathophysiological mechanisms behind ryanopathies and orientate toward personalized medicine
Nissan, Xavier. "Etude des mécanismes moléculaires et cellulaires de l'engagement épidermique des cellules souches pluripotentes humaines". Thesis, Evry-Val d'Essonne, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010EVRY0045/document.
Texto completoHuman embryonic stem cells (hESC) and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) are characterized by their two fundamental properties: pluripotency and self-renewal. Due to these unique capacities, pluripotent stem cells offer a virtually unlimited biological resource capable to differentiate into any cell type of the organism. In parallel to their great potential for regenerative medicine, these cells represent a unique in vitro model of early human development. The aim of this thesis is to investigate the molecular and cellular events occurred during epidermis formation in the Human. The first objective of this work was to set up protocols to differentiate pluripotent stem cells, (hES and iPS) into the two major cell types of epidermis: Keratinocytes and Melanocytes. In parallel to this work the last part of my thesis was to study the role of a new class of developmental regulator: The microRNAs. Taken together, all these data demonstrate that human pluripotent stem cells represent a unique model to study molecular and cellular mechanisms involved in early embryonic development in the Human. By defining experimental procedure to differentiate these cells into pure populations of keratinocytes, melanocytes and neural progenitors we have been able to demonstrate that pluripotent stem cells follow the entire chronobiology of embryonic development and highlighted the regulatory functions of two microRNAs previously described in the mouse but never identified in the Human
Sansac, Caroline. "Modélisation de l'épithélium bronchique humain par la technologie des cellules souches pluripotentes induites (iPS)". Thesis, Montpellier, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016MONTT014/document.
Texto completoPluripotent stem cells (PSC) include embryonic stem cells (ES) and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS). They are defined by two fundamental properties: self-renewal and the capacity to differentiate into all cell types. ES cells are derived from the inner cell mass of embryos. They arouse the interest of the scientific community in particular for their ability to generate all tissues. They provide major therapeutic and pharmacological applications, including regenerative medicine, in vitro modelling of human diseases and molecular screening. However, the use of human blastocysts to generate ES cells raises many ethical problems. iPS circumvent these ethical issues as they can be derived from differentiated somatic tissues. Indeed, S. Yamanaka, Nobel Prize in 2012, discovered in 2006 a simple technique of cellular reprogramming. The transient expression of four genes (OCT4, SOX2, c-MYC and KLF4) is sufficient to reprogram mouse fibroblasts into iPS. These iPS cells have the same morphology and the same properties than ES cells. The following year, S. Yamanaka applied successfully his cocktail to human fibroblasts to produce human iPS (hiPS). hiPS may also overcome immunological problems raised by the use of ES cell for cellular therapy, as hiPS can be derived from the patient to be treated. In addition, it is easier to model genetic diseases from hiPS than ES, because it is possible to choose the donor cells to reprogram according to its genotype. Finally, from a pharmacological point of view, hiPS can provide a broad platform of molecular screening to treat various diseases. The aim of my research project is to use the hiPS technology to model the development of bronchial epithelium. First, in vivo, teratomas were formed by the injection of hiPS into immunodeficient mice. Teratomas highlight the ability of differentiation of our hiPS into bronchial epithelium. Second, in vitro, reproducing embryonic and foetal bronchial development provides a way to model bronchial epithelium in a dish.These techniques open the door to many potential research avenues from screening small molecules to engineering stem cells to repair bronchial epithelium, and will in fine promote new pharmacologic or cell-based treatments for respiratory diseases
Fourrier, Angélique. "Médecine régénérative des maladies du foie avec des cellules souches pluripotentes différenciées en hépatocytes". Thesis, Nantes, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019NANT1001.
Texto completoLiver transplantation is the only curative treatment for severe and end-stage liver diseases. However, there is a shortage of donor livers and an increasing number of patients die waiting for a liver transplant. Hepatocytes transplantation has emerged as a promising therapeutic alternative to liver transplantation, particularly for monogenic metabolic diseases, such as Crigler-Najjar type 1, and acute liver failure. However, hepatocyte transplantation is also limited by the shortage of donor livers. Furthermore, hepatocytes cannot be amplified in vitro. This underlines the crucial need to develop new sources capable of mass-producing hepatocytes. Human embryonic and human induced pluripotent stem cells (can self-renewal and differentiate into functional hepatocytes in vitro. However, the production of hepatocytes in GMP quality for human uses remains to be accomplished. The thesis project is to develop regenerative medicine approaches with human pluripotent stem cells differentiated into hepatocytes to treat hereditary liver diseases such as Crigler-Najjar type 1 or the treatment of acute liver failure. GMP protocols for producing hepatocyte-like cells will be developed. Therapeutic potential and biosecurity studies will be evaluated in animal models of Crigler-Najjar, and acute liver failure induced by acetaminophen. The perspective of the project is to accelerate the clinical application of liver-derective regenerative medicine with pluripotent stem cells
Gavin-Plagne, Lucie. "Cryoconservation de cellules spermatiques et de cellules souches pluripotentes de mammifères dans un milieu synthétique et chimiquement défini". Thesis, Lyon, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LYSE1197/document.
Texto completoNowadays, reproductive (embryos, sperm, oocytes) and somatic (fibroblasts and pluripotent stem cells) resources are cryopreserved in media containing animal-derived products (serum, egg yolk, milk). Using these products raises sanitary (risk of contamination) as well as scientific concerns (reproducibility limits due to the variability of their composition). This study aims to replace animal derived-product in assessing the effect of a synthetic and chemically defined medium, STEMALPHA.CRY03® (Stem Alpha, France), on the cryopreservation of ovine and bovine sperm, and on rabbit pluripotent stem cells. First, a physical approach permitted to study the cooling rates and the characterization of thermodynamic properties of the freezing media. The differential scanning calorimetry allowed us to define their phase transition temperatures (crystallization temperature, melting temperature and enthalpy variation of crystallization, proportional to the amount of crystallized ice). Second, a biological approach was used for the cryopreservation of bovine and ovine sperm, as well as rabbit pluripotent stem cells. Flow cytometry and computer- assisted sperm analyses showed that STEMALPHA.CRY03® impaired bovine sperm, compared to a medium containing animal derived-product. These last results were confirmed in ovine species. Nevertheless, artificial insemination by laparoscopy (n = 270 ewes) counteracts this impairment and allowed an average pregnancy rate of 70 %. Moreover, without any additive in the freezing medium, a similar pregnancy rate was obtained. The study of pluripotent gene expression profile, and analyses of viability and growth rates for the cryopreservation of rabbit pluripotent stem cells confirmed that synthetic media, STEMALPHA.CRY03® (with 4, 5 or 10 % of cryoprotectant) and CryoStor® CS10 (containing 10 % of cryoprotectant) were more efficient than serum-based media. We demonstrate that it is possible to cryopreserve sperm cells and pluripotent stem cells in synthetic and chemically defined media. 0ur results confirmed the interest of a standardized approach for cryopreservation procedures of genetic resources in mammals. This work meets the needs of cryobanking activities (quality policy) and of the regulation development within the framework of international trade
Mathieu, Marie-Emmanuelle. "Etude de la balance pluripotence-differenciation des cellules souches embryonnaires murines sous l'effet du LIF : rôle du gène MRAS". Thesis, Bordeaux 2, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011BOR21878/document.
Texto completoLIF (Leukemia Inhibitory factor), a cytokine Interleukin 6 family, allows maintaining the pluripotency of murine embryonic stem cells (mESC) in vitro. To understand the mechanisms of action of the LIF in this model, a microarray analysis was conducted and identified three « signatures LIF » : the « Pluri » (for Pluripotency) genes, whose the relative level of expression falls following the withdrawal of this cytokine, and two classes of « Lifind » (for LIF induced) genes, whose the relative expression level increases as a result of LIF addition after a culture of 24 or 48 hours without this cytokine. We have developed functional tests to study the function of the target genes of LIF in our study model. Thus, we have investigated the role of a « Pluri » gene, Mras/Rras3, a small GTPase of the Ras family, in the regulation of the expression on the one hand of markers of pluripotency, such as Oct4 and Nanog, and on the other hand of differentiation markers, such as Lef1 and Fgf5
Steichen, Clara. "Eléments d'évaluation pour l'utilisation d'hépatocytes dérivés de cellules souches pluripotentes induites (iPSC) en thérapie cellulaire". Paris 7, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA077045.
Texto completoAmong the various potential applications of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), this Ph. D project focused on the use of iPSC-derived hepatocytes in cell therapy. Human iPSCs have been generated by repeated transfections of messenger RNAs. The genomic integrity of these cells was analyzed, in comparison with iPSCs generated in parallel by a viral method. The SNP profile of mRNA-iPSC is not significantly different from the parental fibroblasts one, in contrary to what we observed with viral-iPSCs. The number of deletions or duplications (CNVs) is not dependent on the reprogramming method. This genomic analysis also highlighted an atypical mRNA-iPSC line displaying a complex, stable and balanced genomic rearrangement including a large region of de novo uniparental disomy, and a defect in teratoma formation capacity. The second part of this work describes the generation of hiPSCs from hemophilia B patients biopsy. To correct the genetic defect, we used artificial nucleases to drive the insertion of a therapeutic cassette coding the FIX gene. The differentiation of these corrected iPSCs into hepatocytes will allow us to validate this correction approach in vitro first and in vivo in a hemophilia B mouse model. The last part of this PHD work focused on differentiating simian iPSCs into hepatocytes to perform an autologous transplantation into the liver of the donor monkey, alter a portal vein embolization. We would like to establish the proof of principle of an autologous iPSC-based therapy in a non-human primate preclinical model
Terray, Angélique. "Développement de modèles in vitro de rétinites pigmentaires à partir de cellules souches pluripotentes humaines". Thesis, Paris 6, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA066614/document.
Texto completoRetinitis pigmentosa (RP) is an inherited retinal diseases characterized by a loss of photoreceptors. We focused specific forms of autosomal dominant RP with mutations in the rod visual pigment RHODOPSIN, the ubiquitous splicing factor PRPF31 and the transcription factor involved in the development of photoreceptors NR2E3. Fibroblasts from skin biopsies of patients were reprogrammed into iPS cells by a non-integrative approach. After stabilization of iPS cell lines, we verified their pluripotency property and the absence of karyotype abnormalities. Based on the retinal differentiation protocol, iPS cells carrying a mutation in the RHODOPSIN gene have been differentiated in the photoreceptor lineage. Our results showed that the photoreceptors expressing the mutated form of RHODOPSIN summarizing the process of degeneration observed in RP patients. We show that retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells derived from iPS cells carrying a mutation in the PRPF31 gene lack basal membranes and have cell adhesion disorders. Consequently, their phagocytic activity is disturbed, suggesting that a malfunction of the RPE could be the primary step of the development of RP caused by mutation Cys294X in the PRPF31 gene. The models developed from specific-patient iPS cells have enabled us to better understand the processes underlying the pathogenesis of some RP. These models associated with screening protocols could be used to evaluate the efficacy and toxicity of new pharmacologic compounds but also used to validate new gene therapy approaches
Hiriart, Emilye. "Modélisation cellulaire des étapes précoces de la valvulogenèse à partir d'un modèle de cellules souches embryonnaires humaines, et étude de l'implication d'Oct4 dans le phénomène de transition endothélio-mésenchymateuse lors de la formation des coussins endocardiques". Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016SACLE011.
Texto completoHeart disease is the leading cause of death worldwide, nearly 30% of deaths each year are attributable to such diseases; this incidence has also greatly increased in the last century (WHO).Heart disease can be classified into several subgroups of cardiovascular disease based on the tissue affected by the pathology. It thus differs diseases affecting vessels, cardiac muscle, rhythm (fabric pacemaker and conduction) and heart valve disease. Heart valve disease can be caused by defects of innate and acquired or valves represent about 30-40% of heart defects identified. The percentage of patients with valvular heart disease patients increases with age of the patient, in addition, valvular heart disease is the leading cause of morbidity in adults and children in developed countries.These defects may be of genetic origin, congenital, toxicological, with ischemic influence of various risk factors both genetic and environmental, in some cases they can even be caused by medications, if the Benfluorex (Mediator®) are probably the most known. The defects in the valves can have serious consequences on the functioning of the heart. In 2008, the United States, it was necessary to proceed with the replacement of nearly 82,000 heart valves in adult patients.If the replacement heart valves remains a major advance for patients with valvular heart disease, the use of prostheses and transplants valves nevertheless have limitations, including: no growth prostheses, the occurrence of thrombosis and releases in cases of allo-transplantation of gene valves taken from brain dead donors. Thus, it is necessary to study the mechanisms involved early embryonic development, mechanisms that could have a deleterious effect more or less long term leading the development of valvular disease in children or young adults in the old person. For this the use of an in vitro cell model used is a remarkable achievement. This model would both elucidate a number of biological mechanisms during development or pathology, but also hope the development of a protocol for the clinical use of autologous cells reprogrammed to the therapy of patients with valvular tissue or even a therapy including an endogenous repair
Veillard, Anne-Clémence. "Profil de méthylation de l’ADN des cellules souches d’épiblaste issues d’embryons après fécondation ou clonage et comparaison avec les cellules souches embryonnaires chez la souris". Thesis, Paris 11, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA112267.
Texto completoPluripotent stem cells are of great therapeutic interest because of their capability to give rise to all the cells composing an organism. We can derive two types of these stem cells from the mouse embryo: embryonic stem cells (ESCs) from the blastocyst and epiblast stem cells (EpiSCs) from the egg cylinder stage. These two cell types share their pluripotent properties but are distinct on several features, like their culture conditions and gene expression. We showed that reprogramming using cloning by nuclear transfer allows the obtention of EpiSCs with a methylome and a transcriptome similar to those of EpiSCs derived from embryo after fertilisation. We also characterised the DNA methylation pattern of EpiSCs and showed their tendency to present a hypermethylation at their promoters compared to ESCs and epiblast. We also observed that the absence of DNA methylation blocks the conversion of ESCs into EpiSCs. As a conclusion, it seems that EpiSCs are strongly dependant of DNA methylation to regulate gene expression, which distinguishes them from ESCs
Gatinois, Vincent. "Pathologies des hélicases et vieillissement précoce : modèle d'étude par dérivation de cellules souches pluripotentes induites (iPS)". Thesis, Montpellier, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017MONTT042/document.
Texto completoHelicases process the double-stranded DNA dissociation. They are involved in replication, DNA repair and maintenance of telomeres. In human, 3 helicases display mutations responsible for clinical syndromes: WRN for the Werner syndrome, BLM for the Bloom syndrome and RECQL4 for the Rothmund-Thomson syndrome. All these diseases cause premature ageing and high risk of cancer. Molecular and cellular mechanisms involved in these diseases are not well defined. Particularly, little is known concerning the link between genomic instability and ageing. During this project, we used blood samples and skin biopsies of affected patients to generate models by reprogramming cells to induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). These cells have the advantage of self-renewing and theoretically could be differentiated in all cell types. At the same time, an iPSC senescence control was performed from cells of a Hutchinson-Gilford Progeria syndrome patient. iPSCs were characterized for pluripotency. In the aim of recapitulate these pathologies in vitro, we identified sets of cellular and molecular phenotypes. We also engaged differentiation of iPSCs in cell pathways closed to the affected tissues in vivo. Finally, we studied the genomic stability of iPSCs and derived cells. We observed that Bloom cells are susceptible to frequent recombinations and are characterized by a genome instability through all studied cell types. Werner cells showed an instability of telomeres length. Finally, all premature ageing diseases displayed mitochondrial defects
Vargas, Valderrama Alejandra. "Différenciation des cellules souches pluripotentes humaines en cellules endothéliales et cellules hématopoïétiques via une population du type hémangioblastique Efficient hPSC differentiation into endothelial and hematopoietic cells via a hemangioblast-like population". Thesis, université Paris-Saclay, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020UPASQ021.
Texto completoEndothelial cells (ECs) and hematopoietic cells derived from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSc) are a promising tool for tissue engineering, cell therapy and drug discovery. ECs are involved in blood vessel formation, while mature hematopoietic cells participate in oxygen transport, hemostasis and immune response. In this study, we have differentiated hPSCs into a bipotent hemangioblast-like population to generate pure populations of these two lineages in vitro. This CD144+CD309+CD34+CD143+CD31+ population gives rise to an intermediate population in vitro, the blast colonies (BCs), which expresses the CD43 marker at 90%. BCs differentiate into myeloid and erythroid hematopoietic colonies and express transcription factors involved in definitive hematopoiesis (RUNX1c, GATA2, SCL, HOXB4). On the other hand, endothelial differentiation of the hemangioblast-like progenitors generates a population of more than 95% of functional CD309+CD34+CD144+CD31+ ECs in vitro, expressing arterial and venous specific markers of ECs. In vivo, we showed that the hemangioblast-like population generates a low but detectable hematopoietic reconstitution in immunodeficient mice. ECs transplanted in a mouse model of ischemia on a dorsal chamber were localized in the endothelium of the mouse blood vessels, suggesting an angiogenic potential of these cells. Finally, and as a proof of concept, ECs and hépatoblasts derived from hPSCs were cocultured to generate vascularized hepatic organoids in vitro
Maltais, Chantale. "Thérapie génique ex vivo de la dystrophie musculaire de Duchenne à l'aide de cellules souches pluripotentes induites". Thesis, Université Laval, 2014. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2014/30769/30769.pdf.
Texto completoDuchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a hereditary myopathy due to the absence of dystrophin. Among the possible therapies, there is the autologous transplantation of genetically corrected myoblasts derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) of a dystrophic patient. In the first part of my research project, I have transplanted myoblasts differentiated from iPSCs of a DMD patient in the Rag/mdx mouse. These cells had been previously genetically corrected with a lentiviral vector coding for micro-dystrophin, a functional truncated version of dystrophin. The results demonstrated the expression of this micro-dystrophin in some of the hybrid fibers. However, in order to increase the graft success, the protocol of differentiation of hiPSCs in myoblasts must be improved. The second part of my project was the induction of myogenesis from hiPSCs using recombinant proteins. To accomplish this, myogenic transcription factors fused with a cell penetrating peptide were produced and purified from the bacterial system. Their capacity to enter into mesenchymal-like cells in vitro was observed and their effects on the cells are currently under study. Once optimized, these therapeutic approaches could be clinically applied to treat dystrophic patients.
Guénantin, Anne-Claire. "Modélisation d'une laminopathie à partir de cellules souches pluripotentes : étude phénotypique, génétique et recherche de cibles thérapeutiques". Thesis, Evry-Val d'Essonne, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012EVRY0026.
Texto completoLaminopathies are rare genetic disorders caused by mutations in Lmna which encodes nuclear lamins A/C. Among hundreds of mutations identified so far, Lmna+/H222P leads to an Autosomal Dominant Emery-Dreifuss Muscular Dystrophy (AD-EDMD). AD-EDMD patients suffer of both muscle dystrophy and cardiomyopathy. Herein, we investigated the effects of Lmna+/H222P in cardiac development and function using wild type and mutated mouse embryonic stem cells (mESC) and human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPS). Lmna+/H222P impairs cardiogenesis of both mESC and hiPSC. Expression of mesodermal and cardiac genes (i.e., brachyury, MesP1, Nkx2.5, Mef2c, Isl1…) in mESC derived embryoid bodies (mEBs) and in BMP2-induced cardiac progenitors from hIPCs was deficient in mutated cells. Nevertheless, the formation of mesendoderm was not affected in cells carrying Lmna+/H222P mutation. Cell contractility was impaired in mutated mEBs which correlated with a poor sarcomeric network visualised by cell immunostaining. Thus, my thesis revealed that human and murine pluripotent stem cells can serve as cellular model for laminopahties. These cells could be used for drug screening in order to test pharmacological approach to relieve symptomns of AD-EDMD
Côme, Julien. "Mise en place d'un modèle d'étude de l'amyotrophie spinale infantile à partir de cellules souches pluripotentes humaines". Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016SACLE020.
Texto completoHuman pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) are characterized by self-renewal and pluripotency abilities that refer to the capacity to proliferate indefinitively without commitment in vitro and to the ability to differentiate into multiple and specialized cell lineages. hPSCs are a useful tool for regenerative medicine, pathological modelling and new therapeutic molecule identification.My thesis project mainly focused on the development of a new cellular model for the study of spinal muscular atrophy (SMA). SMA is mainly characterized by a specific loss of spinal motor-neurons (sMN) that induces a progressive muscle weakness. The initial objective has been to define a protocol allowing the differentiation of sMN starting from hPSC. Using combinatorial analysis, we identified experimental condition that induced an efficient (70%) and rapid (14 days) generation of sMN. In parallel, we setted up the condition needed for the specification of different subtype of MN, such as spinal interneurons (77%) and sensory neurons (64%) in the same timeline.Then, we used human induced pluripotent stem cells (hIPS) from skin biopsies of SMA patients and unaffected fibroblasts. Characterization of the MNs viability was performed in 384 wells plates with high throughput screening. Moreover, our new system allowed us to reproduce in well characterized human PSC-derived MNs specific phenotype described for SMA thus providing a new tool for HT pharmacological screening and drug discovery. In addition, in collaboration with Dr.Rougeulle, we used hPSC to study specific mechanism occurring during early stages of embryonic development. In particular, we characterized the implication of Xact in the reactivation of chromosome X
Sawan-Vaissière, Carla. "Rôle de la protéine TRRAP, co-facteur des HATs, dans la régulation de la pluripotence des cellules souches embryonnaires et hématopoiétiques". Thesis, Lyon 1, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010LYO10160.
Texto completoEmbryonic and adult stem cells are tightly controlled and regulated by self-renewal, differentiation and apoptosis. Histone modifiers and chromatin states are believed to govern establishment, maintenance, and propagation of distinct patterns of gene expression in stem cells, however the underlying mechanism remains poorly understood. In our studies, we identified a role for the histone acetyltransferase cofactor Trrap in the maintenance of embryonic stem cells and hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells. Conditional deletion of the Trrap gene in mice resulted in ablation of bone marrow and increased lethality. This was due to the depletion of early hematopoietic progenitors, including hematopoietic stem cells, via a cell-autonomous mechanism. Analysis of purified bone marrow progenitors revealed that these defects are associated with induction of p53-independent apoptosis and deregulation of Myc transcription factors. Moreover, conditional deletion of Trrap in embryonic stem cells was found to results in unscheduled differentiation. This was due to the essential role of Trrap in coupling of H3K4 and H3K27 methylation ("bivalent-domains"), the maintenance of hyperdynamic chromatin state and regulation of the stemness genes, consistent with the essential function of Trrap in the mechanism that restricts apoptosis or differentiation depending on stem cell type and promotes the maintenance of self-renewal. Together, these studies have identified critical roles for Trrap in the mechanism that maintains embryonic and hematopoietic stem cells and raise the possibility that Trrap and histone modifications controlling self-renewal may be important for the development and maintenance of cancer stem cells. Better understanding of a common molecular mechanism involving HATs and histone modifications that controls key features of normal and cancer stem cells may prove highly beneficial for epigenetics-based therapeutic strategies aiming to eradicate cancer stem cells
Ruillier, Valentin. "Utilisation des cellules souches pluripotentes pour le criblage à haut débit de molécules thérapeutiques dans la maladie de Lesch-Nyhan". Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SACLE011/document.
Texto completoMutations in genes coding for enzymes involved in purine synthesis or recycling lead to dramatic neurological conditions with poor pharmacological options. Lesch–Nyhan disease (LND) is caused by deficiency of the salvage pathway enzyme HGPRT that compromises recycling of guanine and hypoxanthine into GMP and IMP. LND is characterized by severe neuropsychiatric symptoms that are out of reach of pharmacological treatments. Here we use human cortical neural stem cells and neurons derived from iPSC of children affected by severe forms of LND to identify neural phenotypes associated with HGPRT-deficiency and of interest to develop a target-agnostic based drug screening system. We screened more than 3000 molecules and identified 6 compounds, all possessing an adenosine moiety, that corrected LND related neuronal phenotypes by promoting metabolism compensations in a HGPRT-independent manner. One of these compound, S-adenosylmethionine (SAM), has already been reported as providing amelioration of behavioral symptoms in some LND cases, demonstrating that our screening allowed the identification of pathways that can be relevant therapeutic targets to ease the devastating neuropsychiatric symptoms associated with this pathology. Interestingly, these pathways can be activated in LND patients via simple food supplementation. This experimental paradigm can also be easily adapted to other purine associated neurological disorders affecting normal brain development
Congras, Annabelle. "Analyse de la méthylation de l'ADN spermatique et développement de cellules pluripotentes induites chez des verrats infertiles porteurs ou non de remaniements chromosomiques". Toulouse 3, 2014. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/2585/.
Texto completoFertility issues concern both humans, affecting a growing part of the population, and farm animals including pigs in which they slow down the diffusion of agronomical traits of interest. In this project, we focused on two mechanisms linked to infertility: alterations in gametic DNA methylation and chromosomal rearrangements. We first observed that the methylation level of spermatic DNA is conserved between three mammalian species, both at the global and local level as well as between fertile and infertile boars. A specific increase in DNA methylation in the GNAS locus was identified, as well as a deregulation of its expression in some boars with low quality semen, linking for the first time hypermethylation of this region and male infertility in mammals. We then chose to produce induced pluripotent stem cell lines (iPSCs) derived from fibroblasts of infertile boars carrying chromosomal rearrangements, as a tool for studying their differentiation towards the germ cell lineage. Cell lines derived from an azoospermic t(Y;14) boar harbor several characteristics of pluripotency: expression of specific genes, a cell cycle resembling the one of embryonic stem cells, and an ability to evolve into the naïve state in adapted culture medium. However they revealed a poor differentiation potential and a genomic instability increasing with passaging that we associated with the use a an integrative reprogramming technique. The use of a non-integrative technique demonstrated that the cell lines obtained with this method did not harbor this instability. Their preliminary characterization may be predictive of production of more stable cell lines gathering more characters of pluripotency
Pini, Jonathan. "Modélisation du syndrome d'Andersen dans les cellules souches pluripotentes induites : implication du canal potassique Kir2.1 dans la morphogenèse osseuse". Thesis, Nice, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016NICE4042/document.
Texto completoAndersen's syndrome is a rare disorder associated with a Kir2.1 potassium channel loss of fuction. To study the pathophysiology, we have generated and characterized induced Pluripotent Stem cells (iPS) from control and patient cells. We have then differentiated those iPS cells into mesenchymal stem cells (MSC). Patient's MSc have a lower osteoblastic and chondrogenic differnciation ability compared to control cells. Indeed, extracellular matrix production and master gene expression of osteoblastic and chondrogenic differenciation are reduced in patient’s cells. Alltogether, these results shown that Kir2.1 channel is required for bone developement. The differenciation defects saw in patient cells could explain the Andersen's syndrome associated dysmorphies