Literatura académica sobre el tema "CCPP DATA"
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Artículos de revistas sobre el tema "CCPP DATA"
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Selim, Abdelfattah, Ameer Megahed, Sahar Kandeel, Abdullah D. Alanazi y Hamdan I. Almohammed. "Determination of Seroprevalence of Contagious Caprine Pleuropneumonia and Associated Risk Factors in Goats and Sheep Using Classification and Regression Tree". Animals 11, n.º 4 (19 de abril de 2021): 1165. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11041165.
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Classification and Regression Tree (CART) analysis is a potentially powerful tool for identifying risk factors associated with contagious caprine pleuropneumonia (CCPP) and the important interactions between them. Our objective was therefore to determine the seroprevalence and identify the risk factors associated with CCPP using CART data mining modeling in the most densely sheep- and goat-populated governorates. A cross-sectional study was conducted on 620 animals (390 sheep, 230 goats) distributed over four governorates in the Nile Delta of Egypt in 2019. The randomly selected sheep and goats from different geographical study areas were serologically tested for CCPP, and the animals’ information was obtained from flock men and farm owners. Six variables (geographic location, species, flock size, age, gender, and communal feeding and watering) were used for risk analysis. Multiple stepwise logistic regression and CART modeling were used for data analysis. A total of 124 (20%) serum samples were serologically positive for CCPP. The highest prevalence of CCPP was between aged animals (>4 y; 48.7%) raised in a flock size ≥200 (100%) having communal feeding and watering (28.2%). Based on logistic regression modeling (area under the curve, AUC = 0.89; 95% CI 0.86 to 0.91), communal feeding and watering showed the highest prevalence odds ratios (POR) of CCPP (POR = 3.7, 95% CI 1.9 to 7.3), followed by age (POR = 2.1, 95% CI 1.6 to 2.8) and flock size (POR = 1.1, 95% CI 1.0 to 1.2). However, higher-accuracy CART modeling (AUC = 0.92, 95% CI 0.90 to 0.95) showed that a flock size >100 animals is the most important risk factor (importance score = 8.9), followed by age >4 y (5.3) followed by communal feeding and watering (3.1). Our results strongly suggest that the CCPP is most likely to be found in animals raised in a flock size >100 animals and with age >4 y having communal feeding and watering. Additionally, sheep seem to have an important role in the CCPP epidemiology. The CART data mining modeling showed better accuracy than the traditional logistic regression.
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Kyotos, Kitoga Byalungwa, Jemimah Oduma, Raphael Githaiga Wahome, Catherine Kaluwa, Faduma Abdulahi Abdirahman, Angela Opondoh, Jeanette Nkatha Mbobua et al. "Gendered Barriers and Opportunities for Women Smallholder Farmers in the Contagious Caprine Pleuropneumonia Vaccine Value Chain in Kenya". Animals 12, n.º 8 (14 de abril de 2022): 1026. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani12081026.
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Most rural women smallholder farmers in Kenya generate income from the sale of small ruminant animals. However, diseases such as Contagious Caprine Pleuropneumonia (CCPP) prevent them from optimizing earnings. A crucial aspect for the control of CCPP is vaccination. In Kenya, CCPP vaccines are distributed through a government delivery mechanism. This study examines gaps and barriers that prevent women smallholder farmers from accessing CCPP vaccines. Qualitative data collection tools used were focus groups discussions, focus meals, jar voices and key informant interviews. Using outcome mapping (OM) methodology, critical partners and stakeholders in the CCPP vaccine value chain (CCPP-VVC) were identified to be the manufacturers, importers, distributors, agrovets, public and private veterinarians, local leaders, and farmers. Respondents highlighted the barriers to be limited access to vaccines due to cold chain problems, inadequate and late delivery of services, lack of information and training on vaccines, and financial constraints. Identified opportunities that can support women’s engagement in the CCPP-VVC are the Kenya Governments two-third gender rule, which requires that not more than two thirds of the members of elective or appointive bodies shall be of the same gender, and positive community perception of female veterinarians. We conclude that more resources and training should be made available to women farmers, and that gender perspectives on policy development related to livestock production and disease prevention are urgently needed to improve livestock productivity and increase agency for women.
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Rosas-Sánchez, Gustavo Armando, Zorba Josué Hernández-Estrada, Mirna Leonor Suárez-Quiroz, Oscar González-Ríos y Patricia Rayas-Duarte. "Coffee Cherry Pulp by-Product as a Potential Fiber Source for Bread Production: A Fundamental and Empirical Rheological Approach". Foods 10, n.º 4 (1 de abril de 2021): 742. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods10040742.
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Effects of substituting of wheat flour with coffee cherry pulp powder (CCPP) (coffee by-product as fiber source) at 0, 1.2, 2.3, and 4.7% dry basis (0, 1.25, 2.5, and 5% wet basis) on dough and gluten rheological properties and baking quality were investigated. Rheological properties were analyzed during mixing, compression recovery, and creep-recovery. A rheological approach was adopted to study the viscoelasticity of dough enriched with fiber. The data obtained were analyzed with the Kelvin–Voigt model and the parameters were correlated to bread volume and crumb firmness to assess the effect of incorporating CCPP. A decrease in gluten’s elastic properties was attributed to the water-binding and gelling properties of CCPP. Stiffness of dough and crumb firmness increased as the level of CCPP increased and bread volume decreased. Stiffer dough corresponded with lower compliance values and higher steady state viscosity compared to the control. A follow-up study with 5% CCPP and additives is recommended to overcome the reduction in elastic recovery and bread volume.
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Zhu, Shun-Ye, Min-Lian Du y Ting-Ting Huang. "An Analysis of Predictive Factors for the Conversion from Premature Thelarche into Complete Central Precocious Puberty". Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology and Metabolism 21, n.º 6 (1 de junio de 2008): 533–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jpem-2008-210607.
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Abstract Aim: To determine the predictive factors for the conversion of premature thelarche (PT) into complete central precocious puberty (CCPP) in girls. Design: Prospective. Methods: One hundred and fifty-one girls with PT referred consecutively for evaluation of clinical, laboratory, and ultrasound data. Results: Twenty-one and a half percent of girls with PT converted into CCPP at a chronological age of 7.1 ± 0.7 years and bone age of 9.0 ± 1.1 years. Using logistic regression analysis, longitudinal diameter of uterus (OR = 1.215), Tanner breast stage at the time of first physical examination (OR = 3.334) 'and regression of breast development (OR= 3.921) were the most significant variables predicting the conversion from PT into CCPP. Compared with the nonconverted group, the converted groups had larger breast size at the time of diagnosis (z = 2.077, p = 0.038). A total of 69.5% (105/151) of patients experienced complete regression of breast development, 13.2% (14/105) of whom converted into CCPP; 21.5% (31/151) of patients had recurrent breast development, 32.3% (10/31) of whom converted into CCPP; 10% (15/151) of patients had constant breast development, 56.7% (7/15) of whom converted into CCPP, with the highest rate among the three breast development categories (x2 = 12.23, p = 0.002). Conclusion: PT is not often a self-limited condition and may sometimes convert into CCPP. The predictive factors for conversion were related to estrogen exposure including longitudinal diameter of the uterus, Tanner breast stage at the first consultation and the regressive categories of breast development.
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Arferiandi, Yondha Dwika, Wahyu Caesarendra y Herry Nugraha. "Heat Rate Prediction of Combined Cycle Power Plant Using an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) Method". Sensors 21, n.º 4 (3 de febrero de 2021): 1022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21041022.
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Heat rate of a combined cycle power plant (CCPP) is a parameter that is typically used to assess how efficient a power plant is. In this paper, the CCPP heat rate was predicted using an artificial neural network (ANN) method to support maintenance people in monitoring the efficiency of the CCPP. The ANN method used fuel gas heat input (P1), CO2 percentage (P2), and power output (P3) as input parameters. Approximately 4322 actual operation data are generated from the digital control system (DCS) in a year. These data were used for ANN training and prediction. Seven parameter variations were developed to find the best parameter variation to predict heat rate. The model with one input parameter predicted heat rate with regression R2 values of 0.925, 0.005, and 0.995 for P1, P2, and P3. Combining two parameters as inputs increased accuracy with regression R2 values of 0.970, 0.994, and 0.984 for P1 + P2, P1 + P3, and P2 + P3, respectively. The ANN model that utilized three parameters as input data had the best prediction heat rate data with a regression R2 value of 0.995.
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Afzal, Asif, Saad Alshahrani, Abdulrahman Alrobaian, Abdulrajak Buradi y Sher Afghan Khan. "Power Plant Energy Predictions Based on Thermal Factors Using Ridge and Support Vector Regressor Algorithms". Energies 14, n.º 21 (3 de noviembre de 2021): 7254. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14217254.
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This work aims to model the combined cycle power plant (CCPP) using different algorithms. The algorithms used are Ridge, Linear regressor (LR), and upport vector regressor (SVR). The CCPP energy output data collected as a factor of thermal input variables, mainly exhaust vacuum, ambient temperature, relative humidity, and ambient pressure. Initially, the Ridge algorithm-based modeling is performed in detail, and then SVR-based LR, named as SVR (LR), SVR-based radial basis function—SVR (RBF), and SVR-based polynomial regression—SVR (Poly.) algorithms, are applied. Mean absolute error (MAE), R-squared (R2), median absolute error (MeAE), mean absolute percentage error (MAPE), and mean Poisson deviance (MPD) are assessed after their training and testing of each algorithm. From the modeling of energy output data, it is seen that SVR (RBF) is the most suitable in providing very close predictions compared to other algorithms. SVR (RBF) training R2 obtained is 0.98 while all others were 0.9–0.92. The testing predictions made by SVR (RBF), Ridge, and RidgeCV are nearly the same, i.e., R2 is 0.92. It is concluded that these algorithms are suitable for predicting sensitive output energy data of a CCPP depending on thermal input variables.
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Mohamed Abdi, Omar. "Sero-Prevalence of Contagious Caprine Pleuropneumonia in Goats in Afgoye District Lower Shabelle Region, Somalia". Open Access Journal of Veterinary Science & Research 5, n.º 2 (2020): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.23880/oajvsr-16000203.
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Background: Contagious caprine pleuropneumonia (CCPP), caused by Mycoplasma capricolum subsp. Capripneumoniae (Mccp), is one of the most important goat diseases causing high morbidity and mortality, these results in heavy economic losses to countries like Somalia, which is a country affected the civil war of the 1990s. Objective: Generally, the disease presence has been reported in the country. However, there is no quantitative data on the prevalence and distribution of the disease has been scientifically reported in the country. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted from September 2019 to June 2020 in three villages of Afgoye district of Somalia to assess the seroprevalence and identify the associated risk factors for the occurrence of the CCPP. The risk factors considered included sex, age, and locations. Results: A total of 100 blood samples were collected and evaluated by Capri-Latex Agglutination Test (Capri-LAT). A total of 49/100 (49%, CI 95%: (38.86%-59.2%) goats were seropositive for anti-CCPP antibody. The epidemiological risk factors considered, sex, age and locations, were not significantly associated with the CCPP sero prevalence (p>0.05). However, the sero positivity was slightly higher in female (51%, 95% CI: 39.8-62.6), >3 years old goats (86.3%, 95% CI: 48.9-87.4) and Markazka village (56%, 95% CI: 41.3-70.0) compared to male (40%, 95% CI: 19.1-63.9), 1-3 years old (57.5%, 95% CI: 40.9- 73.0), and Shareeco (43.8%, 95% CI: 19.8-70.1) and Siinka (41.2%, 95% CI: 24.7-59.3) villages, respectively. Conclusion: The present study indicates the prevalence of CCPP in the studies areas and this requires practicable measures to be put in place towards the control of the disease.
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He, Dakuo, Zhengsong Wang, Le Yang y Zhizhong Mao. "Optimization Control of the Color-Coating Production Process for Model Uncertainty". Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience 2016 (2016): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/9731823.
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Optimized control of the color-coating production process (CCPP) aims at reducing production costs and improving economic efficiency while meeting quality requirements. However, because optimization control of the CCPP is hampered by model uncertainty, a strategy that considers model uncertainty is proposed. Previous work has introduced a mechanistic model of CCPP based on process analysis to simulate the actual production process and generate process data. The partial least squares method is then applied to develop predictive models of film thickness and economic efficiency. To manage the model uncertainty, the robust optimization approach is introduced to improve the feasibility of the optimized solution. Iterative learning control is then utilized to further refine the model uncertainty. The constrained film thickness is transformed into one of the tracked targets to overcome the drawback that traditional iterative learning control cannot address constraints. The goal setting of economic efficiency is updated continuously according to the film thickness setting until this reaches its desired value. Finally, fuzzy parameter adjustment is adopted to ensure that the economic efficiency and film thickness converge rapidly to their optimized values under the constraint conditions. The effectiveness of the proposed optimization control strategy is validated by simulation results.
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Yi, Qiu, Hanqing Xiong y Denghui Wang. "Predicting Power Generation from a Combined Cycle Power Plant Using Transformer Encoders with DNN". Electronics 12, n.º 11 (27 de mayo de 2023): 2431. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics12112431.
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With the development of the Smart Grid, accurate prediction of power generation is becoming an increasingly crucial task. The primary goal of this research is to create an efficient and reliable forecasting model to estimate the full-load power generation of a combined-cycle power plant (CCPP). The dataset used in this research is a subset of the publicly available UCI Machine Learning Repository. It contains 9568 items of data collected from a CCPP during its full load operation over a span of six years. To enhance the accuracy of power generation forecasting, a novel forecasting method based on Transformer encoders with deep neural networks (DNN) was proposed. The proposed model exploits the ability of the Transformer encoder to extract valuable information. Furthermore, bottleneck DNN blocks and residual connections are used in the DNN component. In this study, a series of experiments were conducted, and the performance of the proposed model was evaluated against other state-of-the-art machine learning models based on the CCPP dataset. The experimental results illustrated that using Transformer encoders along with DNN can considerably improve the accuracy of predicting CCPPs power generation (RMSE = 3.5370, MAE = 2.4033, MAPE = 0.5307%, and R2 = 0.9555).
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Utami, Louise Indah, Ika Yuliyani, Yanti Suprianti y Purwinda Iriani. "Load optimization on the performance of combined cycle power plant Block 4 PT Indonesia Power Priok POMU". Journal of Mechatronics, Electrical Power, and Vehicular Technology 13, n.º 1 (29 de julio de 2022): 24–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.14203/j.mev.2022.v13.24-35.
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Combined cycle power plant (CCPP) is a closed-cycle power plant, where the heat from the gas turbine’s (GT) exhaust gas will be streamed to the heat recovery steam generator (HRSG) to be utilized by steam turbine (ST). CCPP Block 4 (Jawa-2) PT Indonesia Power Priok POMU has an installed capacity of 880 MW, consists of 2 GT units (301.5 MW each) and 1 ST unit (307.5 MW). The performance of a power plant depends on its load, as the efficiency of the turbine generator is low when operated at low loads. The data as of July 2019 showed that 2.2.1 (2 GT, 2 HRSG, 1 ST) configuration has been used in three conditions where the CC net load was around 30 - 45 %, which in fact could be compensated by the 1.1.1 (1 GT, 1 HRSG, 1 ST) configuration. This resulted in a decrease of the CC net efficiency up to 21.34 %. The optimization that can be done is to change the load configuration from 2.2.1 to 1.1.1 at 0 - 50 % of CC net load through simulations, by including the influence of the GT and HRSG start-up processes. The result of this optimization is that the CCPP performance increases due to higher performance of each turbine generator. Thus, the optimization results during July 2019 provided energy saving of 1,146.09 MMBTU or equivalent to cost saving of IDR 152,249,551.76.
Tesis sobre el tema "CCPP DATA"
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Armakolla, Angela. "An assessment of CCP resilience under the new regulatory framework using public data". Thesis, Paris 1, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA01E086.
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Dans ce travail, l’impact des accords d’EMIR et d’autres directives internationales (Principles for Financial Market Infrastructures, Key Attributes of Effective Resolution Regimes for Financial Institutions) sur la résilience des marchés financiers est étudié en termes de risque de contrepartie et de risque systémique. Plus particulièrement, le travail se focalise sur la résilience des Chambres de Compensation (CCPs), qui sont au cœur de la nouvelle architecture du système financier. Dans le cadre du mouvement réglementaire des produits dérivées vers les CCPs, le risque de contrepartie a ainsi été transféré des marchés bilatéraux aux CCPs. Il est donc aujourd’hui primordial d’évaluer les risques systémiques relatifs à cette transformation de la structure des marchés financiers. Après avoir décrit le fonctionnement des CCPs et leur cadre réglementaire, le rôle du marché européen des pensions livrées compensées comme canal d’amplification du risque systémique est analysé. Les pensions livrées sont des instruments financiers de refinancement des banques, représentant une part croissante de la liquidité des institutions financières en Europe. Un nouvel ensemble de données sur les taux de décote appliqués aux obligations d’état par les CCPs est présenté. Son analyse montre que les taux de décote sur les obligations d’État des pays périphériques ont considérablement augmenté en réaction à la hausse du risque souverain. Enfin, la procyclicité des taux de décote et la concentration des transactions sécurisées indiquent que le marché de la pension livrée pourrait être une source de risque systémique dans la zone Euro. La deuxième partie s’intéresse à la résilience financière des CCPs et de leurs membres. Comme la résilience de long terme d’une CCP dépend de la solidité de sa base de membres, la capacité de paiement des bases de membres en vertu des scénarios normaux et stressés est évaluée. Pour se protéger contre le défaut de leurs participants, les chambres de compensation ont mis au point plusieurs procédures de gestion des risques : des marges, des fonds de garantie mutuels (default fund), et des outils de récupération (remplissage des fonds de garantie mutuels, prélèvement d’une fraction des gains de marges, ). Les ressources préfinancées, les outils de récupération, et les pouvoirs d’évaluation (assessment powers) des plus importantes CCPs européennes et américaines sont étudiés afin d’évaluer l’exposition possible de leurs membres. Des règles de répartition des pertes et l’impact des nouveaux régimes de résolution sur la liquidité contingente sont aussi considérés. Il ressort de cette analyse que, sous un scénario stressé (couverture 2), la qualité de la base des membres s’érode considérablement, compromettant la capacité des membres à fournir des liquidités contingentes et à maintenir la résilience de la chambre de compensation. Enfin, l’ensemble des CCPs européens est scruté en utilisant des données publiques. Des nouveaux outils ont été développés ; ils permettent de comparer les activités des CCPs européens, leur degré d’interconnexion, et le risque de liquidité auquel fait face une CCP dans le cadre de ses activités du réinvestissement. Ces outils permettent de montrer que, dans le cas d’une crise systémique, plusieurs CCPs pourraient poser des problèmes sévères pour la stabilité du système financierNo English summary available
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Lööf, Sam. "Evaluation of Protocols for Transfer of Automotive Data from an Electronic Control Unit". Thesis, KTH, Skolan för datavetenskap och kommunikation (CSC), 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-176080.
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Nowadays almost all motorized vehicles use electronic control units (ECUs) to control parts of a vehicle’s function. A good way to understand a vehicle’s behaviour is to analyse logging data containing ECU internal variables. Data must then be transferred from the ECU to a computer in order to study such data. Today, Keyword Protocol (KWP) requests are used to read data from the ECUs at Scania. The method is not suitable if many signals should be logged with a higher transfer rate than the one used today. In this thesis, communication protocols, that allow an ECU to communicate with a computer, are studied. The purpose of this master’s thesis is to examine how the transfer rate of variables from Scania’s ECUs to a computer can become faster compared to the method used today in order to get a more frequent logging of the variables. The method that was chosen was implemented, evaluated and also compared to the method used today. The busload, total CPU load and CPU load for the frequency used during the experiments, 100 Hz, was also examined and evaluated. The experiments performed show that the method chosen, data acquisition (DAQ) with CAN Calibration Protocol (CCP), increased the transfer rate of the internal ECU variables significantly compared to the method using KWP requests. The results also show that the number of signals have a major impact on the busload for DAQ. The busload is the parameter that limits the number of signals that can be logged. The total CPU load and the CPU load for 100 Hz are not affected significantly compared to when no transmissions are performed. Even though the busload can become high if many variables are used in DAQ, DAQ with CCP is preferable over KWP requests. This is due to the great increase in transfer rate of the ECU internal variables and thus a great increase in the logging frequency.Nuförtiden används styrenheter (ECUer) för att styra delar av ett fordons funktion i så gott som alla motoriserade fordon. Ett bra sätt att förstå ett fordons beteende är att analysera loggningsdata som innehåller interna styrenhetsvariabler. Data måste då överföras från styrenheten till en dator för att data ska kunna studeras. Idag används Keyword Protocol-förfrågningar (KWP-förfrågningar) för att läsa data från Scanias styrenheter. Metoden är inte lämplig om man vill logga många variabler med en högre överföringshastighet än den som används idag. I detta examensarbete studeras kommunikationsprotokoll som tillåter en styrenhet att kommunicera med en dator. Examensarbetets syfte är undersöka hur överföringshastigheten av variablerna, från Scanias styrenheter till en dator, kan ökas jämfört med den metod som används idag för att få en mer frekvent loggning av variablerna. Metoden som valdes implementerades, utvärderades och jämfördes med metoden som används idag. Busslasten, totala CPU-lasten och CPU-lasten för den frekvens som användes under experimenten 100 Hz har också undersökts och evaluerats. De utförda experimenten visar att den valda metoden, data acquisition (DAQ) med CAN Calibration Protocol (CCP), ökade överföringshastigheten av de interna styrenhetsvariablerna betydligt jämfört med metoden KWP-förfrågningar. Experimenten visar också att antalet signaler har stor inverkan på busslasten för DAQ. Busslasten är den parameter som begränsar antalet signaler som kan loggas. Den totala CPU-lasten och CPU-lasten för 100 Hz påverkas inte betydligt jämfört med när inga överföringar görs. DAQ med CCP är att föredra framför KWP-förfrågningar även om busslasten blir hög för DAQ då den stora ökningen i överföringshastighet av de interna styrenhetsvariablerna medför en mer frekvent loggning av variablerna.
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Ross, David Andrew. "Securing IEEE 802.11 wireless LANs". Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2010. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/37638/1/David_Ross_Thesis.pdf.
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As the acceptance and popularity of wireless networking technologies has proliferated, the security of the IEEE 802.11 wireless local area network (WLAN) has advanced in leaps and bounds. From tenuous beginnings, where the only safe way to deploy a WLAN was to assume it was hostile and employ higherlayer information security controls, to the current state of the art, all manner of improvements have been conceived and many implemented. This work investigates some of the remaining issues surrounding IEEE 802.11 WLAN operation. While the inherent issues in WLAN deployments and the problems of the original Wired Equivalent Privacy (WEP) provisions are well known and widely documented, there still exist a number of unresolved security issues. These include the security of management and control frames and the data link layer protocols themselves. This research introduces a novel proposal to enhance security at the link layer of IEEE 802.11 WLANs and then conducts detailed theoretical and empirical investigation and analysis of the eects of such proposals. This thesis �rst de�nes the state of the art in WLAN technology and deployment, including an overview of the current and emerging standards, the various threats, numerous vulnerabilities and current exploits. The IEEE 802.11i MAC security enhancements are discussed in detail, along with the likely outcomes of the IEEE 802.11 Task Group W1, looking into protected management frames. The problems of the remaining unprotected management frames, the unprotected control frames and the unprotected link layer headers are reviewed and a solution is hypothesised, to encrypt the entire MAC Protocol Data Unit (MPDU), including the MAC headers, not just the MAC Service Data Unit (MSDU) commonly performed by existing protocols. The proposal is not just to encrypt a copy of the headers while still using cleartext addresses to deliver the frame, as used by some existing protocols to support the integrity and authenticity of the headers, but to pass the entire MPDU only as ciphertext to also support the con�dentiality of the frame header information. This necessitates the decryption of every received frame using every available key before a station can determine if it is the intended recipient. As such, this raises serious concerns as to the viability of any such proposal due to the likely impact on throughput and scalability. The bulk of the research investigates the impacts of such proposals on the current WLAN protocols. Some possible variations to the proposal are also provided to enhance both utility and speed. The viability this proposal with respect to the eect on network throughput is then tested using a well known and respected network simulation tool, along with a number of analysis tools developed speci�cally for the data generated here. The simulator's operation is �rst validated against recognised test outputs, before a comprehensive set of control data is established, and then the proposal is tested and and compared against the controls. This detailed analysis of the various simulations should be of bene�t to other researchers who need to validate simulation results. The analysis of these tests indicate areas of immediate improvement and so the protocols are adjusted and a further series of experiments conducted. These �nal results are again analysed in detail and �nal appraisals provided.
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GAURAV. "THERMO-ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF A COMBINED CYCLE THERMAL POWER PLANT". Thesis, 2022. http://dspace.dtu.ac.in:8080/jspui/handle/repository/19299.
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Energy drives modern growth. All systems rely on it. Historiography shows that countries
with limited energy grow more slowly. Increase energy availability. Our nation is similar.
Too long, our nation has been energy-deficient. We must alter this. Scientists worldwide are
working to increase energy supplies. New energy-creation strategies are investigated
constantly. Globally, renewable energy development is accelerated. Researchers are reducing
reliance on fossil fuels for power. Sustainability of electricity production is also a concern. If
natural resources aren't used properly and effectively, they may become uneconomical.
Today, fossil-fueled thermal power plants produce much of the world's energy. To make the
process "sustainable," we must reduce our reliance on fossil fuels. Analysing existing thermal
power plants helps us find ways to enhance their efficiency. Increasing energy output per unit
of fuel should reduce capital and operational costs. This is the basis for
THERMOECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF POWER GENERATION SYSTEMS, especially
COMBINED CYCLE SYSTEMS (CCPP). This analysis addresses physical and intangible
costs and thermal power plant efficiency. As a system's operating temperature rises, its
thermodynamic efficiency improves. Many design aspects must be moved. This research
evaluates combined cycle power plant thermo-economics. Prior study provided temperature,
pressure, mass flow rate, work generated, and plant efficiency (which will be discussed in the
Literature Review). MATLAB/Simulink was used to simulate the power plant's segments and
subassemblies. These models are verified with CCPP data. Parametric study used the proven
model to predict plant performance.
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Jang, Ruei-Ting y 張瑞庭. "The CCPs Media Warfare on Taiwan from the Perspective of Big Data－Taking the Public Opinion of ROC for M503 Flight Route". Thesis, 2019. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/485922.
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碩士國防大學政治作戰學院
政治研究所
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In recent years, the CCP has often used the controversial issue to launch a public opinion offensive against Taiwan. In 2018, it launched more than a dozen public opinion wars against Taiwan. The CCP’s one-sided launch of the ‘M503 route’ in January was not only received a lot of attention from the Chinese social media at the time. The incident happened earlier in 2015, and it is an excellent example for studying the CCP’s war against Taiwan. This study uses the Internet lyrics of China in 2015 and 2018 as a research sample, collecting 600 online media texts and 87,183 online user messages. The qualitative research method is the main one, supplemented by the quantitative research method, with a big data perspective. This paper analyzes the impact of the CCPs public opinion war on the trend of Internet public opinion in China during the Xi Jinping period. This paper uses Las Vegass five-W political communication model as the research basis, and discusses the effect of online media on the double-level issues of Internet users in China. The study found, it was found that when Opview was used to examine the issue of online media reproduction, the ‘sound volume’ and ‘life cycle’ between media would have an impact on each other and have a cross-media issue setting effect. Secondly, the ‘voice volume’ and "life cycle" of online media have the effect of setting the first level of issues for Chinese Internet users. Finally, using Coopers Chinese independent corpus analysis tool to conduct in-depth exploration of the Internet lyrics text, it is found that the "cognition" of the network media to reproduce the issue has a second-level issue setting effect for Chinese Internet users.
Libros sobre el tema "CCPP DATA"
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CCNP BCMSN exam certification guide: CCNP self-study. Indianapolis, IN: Cisco Press, 2004.
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CCNP BCMSN exam certification guide: CCNP self-study. 3a ed. Indianapolis, IN: Cisco Press, 2005.
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Brent, Stewart y Swan Jay, eds. CCNP quick reference. Indianapolis, IN: Cisco Press, 2008.
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Odom, Sean. CCNP support. Scottsdale, AZ: Coriolis Group Books, 2001.
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CCNP BCMSN portable command guide. Indianapolis, Ind: Cisco Press, 2007.
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Inc, Cisco Systems, ed. CCNP practical studies : troubleshooting : CCNP self-study. Indianapolis, Ind: Cisco, 2003.
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Ido, Dubrawsky, ed. CCSP self-study: CCSP CSI exam certification guide. 2a ed. Indianapolis, Ind: Cisco, 2005.
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Christian, Degu, ed. CCSP Cisco Secure PIX firewall advanced exam certification guide: CCSP self-study. Indianapolis, IN: Cisco Press, 2003.
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Denise, Donohue, ed. CCNP BCMSN Quick Reference Sheets. Indianapolis, Ind: Cisco Press, 2006.
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Bill, Tedder, ed. CCNP virtual lab. 2a ed. San Francisco, Calif: SYBEX, 2003.
Buscar texto completoCapítulos de libros sobre el tema "CCPP DATA"
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Van Sciver, Gary R. "Guidelines for Process Equipment Reliability Data by CCPS". En Reliability Data Collection and Use in Risk and Availability Assessment, 104–14. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-83721-0_9.
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Abboud, Yacine, Anne Boyer y Armelle Brun. "CCPM: A Scalable and Noise-Resistant Closed Contiguous Sequential Patterns Mining Algorithm". En Machine Learning and Data Mining in Pattern Recognition, 147–62. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-62416-7_11.
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Noh, Siwan, Muhammad Firdaus, Zhuohao Qian y Kyung-Hyune Rhee. "A Blockchain-Based CCP Data Integrity Auditing Protocol for Smart HACCP". En Advances in Computer Science and Ubiquitous Computing, 423–29. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-1252-0_56.
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Rizzoni, Gianfranco, Michel Broyer, Sabri Challah y Neville H. Selwood. "The Use of Peritoneal Dialysis in Europe for Treatment of Children with End Stage Renal Disease—EDTA Registry Data". En Chronic Ambulatory Peritoneal Dialysis (CAPD) and Chronic Cycling Peritoneal Dialysis (CCPD) in Children, 1–11. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-2047-0_1.
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Novello, Antonia C., Anne S. Lindblad, Joel W. Novak y Karl D. Nolph. "Demographic Data on the use of CAPD/CCPD as a Primary Dialytic Therapy in Children in the United States". En Chronic Ambulatory Peritoneal Dialysis (CAPD) and Chronic Cycling Peritoneal Dialysis (CCPD) in Children, 13–20. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-2047-0_2.
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Li, Xin, Yu Liu, Hong Wang, Wei Xu y Shanguo Huang. "Content Connectivity Based Polyhedron Protection Against Multiple Link Failures in Optical Data Center Networks". En Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence and Applications. IOS Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/faia220564.
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To further improve the resource efficiency of the p-polyhedron protection scheme against multi-link failures in optical data center networks (ODCNs), the content connectivity is considered when constructing the p-polyhedron structure. In this paper, the content connectivity-based polyhedron protection (CCPP) scheme is proposed. An ILP model and a heuristic algorithm are developed to realize the CCPP scheme. Numerical results show that the proposed CCPP scheme has a lower network redundancy. Moreover, the network redundancy of the CCPP scheme is positively correlated with the degree of content connectivity.
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Mabrouk Alkar, Khaled. "Assessment of Power Plants in the Western Region of Libya during a Period of Insecurity". En Smart Metering Technology [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.97208.
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After the uprising in Libya in 2011, several outages and blackouts occurred in the electrical grid. The western region of Libya is the most affected part especially after the civil war in Tripoli 2014. This chapter focus on the assessment of energy production by Al-Zawia Combined Cycle Power Plant “Al-Zawia CCPP” and Western Mountain Power Plant during the period of blackouts and insecurity. In addition, to figure out the main causes of the frequent blackouts and outages in order to find practical solutions to ease the severity of the problem. This research is done based on the data are collected from the recorded data in Al-Zawia CCPP and Western Mountain power plant during the last two years 2019–2020. The data shows the instability of the annual energy produced from Al- Zawiya PPCC and Western Mountain Power Plant in 2019, also illustrates the improvement in the total produced energy by the six gas units of the Western Mountain power plant after the end of the war on Tripoli in 2020. However, the data shows the deficiency of the Western Mountain power plant to operate at its full capacity, especially in August 2020 due to the lack of maintenance.
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"CCPS Taxonomy". En Guidelines for Process Equipment Reliability Data with Data Tables, 17–25. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470938355.ch3.
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"CCPS Generic Failure Rate Data Base". En Guidelines for Process Equipment Reliability Data with Data Tables, 127–212. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470938355.ch5.
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"Appendix A: CCPS Generic Failure Rate Data Base Taxonomy". En Guidelines for Process Equipment Reliability Data with Data Tables, 239–79. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470938355.app1.
Texto completoActas de conferencias sobre el tema "CCPP DATA"
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Wang, Zengqian, Jingjin Ji, Xinghao Wang, Bo Sun, Lei He y Qiang Xu. "Application of Data Reconciliation Method to Increase CCPP Performance Test Result Accuracy". En ASME Turbo Expo 2015: Turbine Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2015-43901.
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Performance acceptance test for gas-steam Combined Cycle Power Plant (CCPP) is of great significance for both equipment manufacturer and customer. The influence of measurement error on the calculation of guaranteed performance data as power output and heat rate can lead to unnecessary loss for either party. Commonly used uncertainty analysis method based on ASME PTC 19.1 would require all measuring instrumentation working at designed accuracy range. Meanwhile, due to the complexity of CCPP system and large number of measuring items, and as well the propagation of measurement and data reduction error, the uncertainty of corrected performance data could be significant. In this paper, process data reconciliation method based on VDI 2048 is introduced. With access to complete performance test data from a CCPP project, data reconciliation calculation is performed with an appropriate thermodynamic model. Several measurement values with gross error are identified and verified in heat balance calculation. Moreover, after recalculating with the reconciled data instead of raw data for the corrected power output and heat rate, comparison with the common uncertainty analysis method is also carried out. It is shown that with this reconciliation method, it is not only possible to find out gross errors such as instrumentation drift, but also able to dramatically increase the test result accuracy, which is of great value for both manufacturer and customer.
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Toebben, Dennis, Tobias Burgard, Sebastian Berg, Manfred Wirsum, Liu Pei, Li Zheng, Wolfgang F. D. Mohr y Klaus Helbig. "Model-Based Analysis of the Start-Up Improvement of a CCPP due to Steam Turbine Warm-Keeping With Air". En ASME Turbo Expo 2019: Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2019-91138.
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Abstract Combined cycle power plants (CCPP) have many advantages compared to other fossil power plants: high efficiency, flexible operation, compact design, high potential for combined heat and power (CHP) applications and fewer emissions. However, fuel costs are relatively high compared to coal. Nevertheless, major qualities such as high operation flexibility and low emissions distinctly increase in relevance in the future, due to rising power generation from renewable energy sources. An accelerated start-up procedure of CCPPs increases the flexibility and reduces the NOx-emissions, which are relatively high in gas turbine low load operation. Such low load operation is required during a cold start of a CCPP in order to heat up the steam turbine. Thus, a warm-keeping of the thermal-limiting steam turbine results in an accelerated start-up times as well as reduced NOx-emissions and lifetime consumption. This paper presents a theoretical analysis of the potential of steam turbine warm-keeping by means of hot air for a typical CCPP, located in China. In this method, the hot air passes through the steam turbine while the power plant is shut off which enables hot start conditions at any time. In order to investigate an improved start-up procedure, a physical based simplified model of the water-steam cycle is developed on the basis of an operation data set. This model is used to simulate an improved power plant start-up, in which the steam turbine remains hot after at least 120 hours outage. The results show a start-up time reduction of approximately two-thirds in comparison to a conventional cold start. Furthermore, the potential of steam turbine warm-keeping is discussed with regards to the power output, NOx-emissions, start-up costs and lifetime consumption.
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Shaw, Paul, Farshid Zabihian y Alan S. Fung. "Gas Turbine-Based Combined Cycle Power Plant Modeling and Effects of Ambient Temperature". En ASME 2013 7th International Conference on Energy Sustainability collocated with the ASME 2013 Heat Transfer Summer Conference and the ASME 2013 11th International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2013-18256.
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This paper presents results of the combined cycle power plant (CCPP) modeling when the ambient temperature is varying. The model of the CCPP was developed using a gas turbine and a heat recovery steam generator (HRSG) models that had been already developed and validated. The model of the components was developed based on an actual existing power plant and then the operational data of the power plant was used to validate the model. The results of running the model for various ambient temperatures demonstrated that the performance of the gas turbine part of the cycle was heavily affected by the changes in the ambient temperature, particularly the output power of the gas turbines. However, the performance of the steam cycle was almost untouched by the changes of ambient temperature. This suggests that operation of the CCPP is more stable than stand-alone gas turbine in hot summer days especially if the cycle is not equipped with an inlet air cooling system.
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Sanaye, Sepehr, Arash Moradi, Farid Bashiri, Amir Saeed Dashti, Daryoush Mehranian y Mansoor Mehrara. "Performance Assessment of a Transient Model for HRSGs in Combined Cycle Power Plants". En ASME Turbo Expo 2003, collocated with the 2003 International Joint Power Generation Conference. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2003-38810.
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Heat Recovery Steam Generators (HRSGs) are major Componets in Combined Cycle Power Plants (CCPPs) which are particulary subject to severe thermal and flow stresses specially during cold start-up period. Hence it is important to predict the operational parameters of HRSGs such as temperature of steam, water steam, water, tube metal and flue gas at various parts sections during the transient operation as well as steady sate conditions. In this paper, the transient model proposed by Pasha and Jolly et al. [2,3] has been selected and developed as a program (HRSG) to predict the operational conditions of the whole HRSG elements during transient and steady state operations. The program is able to analyze arbitrary number of pressure levels and any number of elements such as superheater, evaporator, economizer, deaerator and desuperheater. To assess the correct performance of the developed model and program, and to predict the capability of the method in predicting variations of temperature with time at various elements, three groups of data verifications were performed. First, the numerical outputs were checked against the same outputs reported by Jolly et al. [3]. Second, the theoretical results were checked with experimental data obtained for HRSG at Tehran CCPP during cold start run. The variations with time of gas, metal, water and steam temperatures at various sections of HRSG were among the studied parameters. Third, the model outputs were checked against the data reported for the HRSG performance test at Neyshaboor CCPP, at base and part loads. In all above cases the theoretical and measured or reported values were compared and satisfactory closeness was found.
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Sanaye, Sepehr, Moein Rezazadeh, Jalaleddin Oladi, Gholam Hossein Sadeghpoor, Farid Bashiri y Jamshid Sahebi. "Thermal Modeling of HRSG Transient Behavior in Combined Cycle Power Plants". En ASME Turbo Expo 2006: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2006-90718.
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Combined Cycle Power Plants (CCPP) are attractive electricity generation systems due to high cycle efficiency and quick response of the system to load change. Heat recovery steam generator (HRSG) is an important part of a CCPP and it is important to predict the HRSG operating conditions in transient and steady state modes. It should be emphasized that the biggest pressure and thermal stresses are imposed on HRSG superheater and evaporator tubes banks during transient periods (cold start up and load change). Due to these effects a software program was developed for analyzing the HRSG transient and steady state operating conditions. The HRSG software included arbitrary number of pressure levels (usually up to three) and any number of elements (superheater, evaporator, economizer, desuperheater and duct burner). In this paper theories and equations (mass/energy balance and heat transfer coefficients) applied for HRSG thermal analysis are described. Also HRSG program software outputs were compared with real data collected from HRSG cold start-up at Tehran CCPP with specified geometry and arrangement of elements. The closeness of two groups of data in this transient and steady state modes was acceptable. The numerical outputs in steady state condition also were found very close to GT MASTER program software outputs.
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Karrabi, H. y S. Rasoulipour. "Second Law Based Analysis of Supplementary Firing Effects on the Heat Recovery Steam Generator in a Combined Cycle Power Plant". En ASME 2010 10th Biennial Conference on Engineering Systems Design and Analysis. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/esda2010-24660.
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The supplementary firing is one of the techniques which are used to increase the output power of the combined cycle power plants (CCPP). The low construction cost per generated power encourages designers to consider it in the new CCPP. In this paper the thermal and exergy analyses of HRSG for various operating conditions in variation of loads and variation of ambient temperature carried out. They are based on the performance test data at different operating conditions. The objective of these analyses is to present the effects of supplementary firing on gross power output, combined cycle efficiency and the exergy loss in Heat Recovery Steam Generator (HRSG) devices at different ambient temperatures and different gas turbine loads. This study is based on 420 MW Neka combined cycle power plant operation and performance data sheet. The results show that the most effective components for the exergy losses are stack, HP Evaporator and HP Superheater at the rated load. The results reveal that although the supplementary firing increases the gross output power of the combined cycle power plant, however it increases the total exergy loss of HRSG and consequently decreases the total exergy efficiency. Moreover, it shows that the most effective components for the exergy losses in this case are HP Evaporator and HP Economizer at partial loads. Also, LP Evaporator and LP Superheater have the same effect at the different ambient temperature.
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Jeffries, Brien, J. Wesley Hines, Albert Klein, Thomas Palmé y Romain Bayère. "Early Detection of Boiler Leakage in a Combined Cycle Power Plant Using an Auto Associative Kernel Regression Model". En ASME Turbo Expo 2013: Turbine Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2013-94216.
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This paper presents the results of applying a data-driven condition-based monitoring system for the fault detection of a boiler leakage in a Combined Cycle Power Plant (CCPP). An auto associative kernel regression model is developed using normal process data and tested with faulted data to determine the earliest warning of the boiler leakage. Automatic variable grouping, which uses the linear correlations among the available thirty sensors, is employed to obtain optimal groupings to be used in model development. Several models were developed, optimized and compared. A logic test was used for fault detection and this test produced alarms in the region were the leak was later confirmed to have occurred. Comparison of these results with those of a physics-based analysis also confirmed the accuracy of the models in the early detection of the leakage.
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Di Maso, Rosa y Maria Beatrice Ligorio. "An example of innovative university teaching: the model of Constructive and Collaborative Professional Participation". En Fifth International Conference on Higher Education Advances. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica València, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/head19.2019.9293.
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This contribution presents a blended course model called Constructive and Collaborative Professional Participation (CCPP), developed since 2005. We will describe theories of reference, course structure, activities performed and methods adopted. Starting from a socio-constructivist framework, both online individual and group activities and offline individual and group activities were organized together with Role Taking, "expert" and "Jigsaw" groups inspired by the Aronson method, web-forum and in presence discussions aimed at building various products. The model has been implemented in university courses about Psychology of e-learning and involves companies from the field to professionalize the activities. Academic and business tutors have been purposely trained, to support student participation. Following the Design Based Research methodology, at the end of each edition various kinds of data were collected: questionnaires, interviews, and focus groups with the students and feedback from the tutors and the companies involved. The course trained students on skills related to the syllabus, together with communication, organizational and self-assessment skills. Our results also showed how it was possible to develop identity positioning, in particular the transition from positions as students towards professional positioning.
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Dua, Dipankar, Don Shaffer y Graeme Short. "Life Prediction of Power Turbine Components for High Exhaust Back Pressure Applications: Part II — Power Turbine Exhaust System". En ASME Turbo Expo 2015: Turbine Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2015-43335.
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Industrial and aeroderivative gas turbines when used in CHP and CCPP applications typically experience an increased exhaust back pressure due to losses from the downstream balance-of-plant systems. Also, gas turbines for mechanical drive application have a wide operating envelope which leads to a fluctuating back pressure that varies with change in exhaust flows. This increased back pressure on the power turbine results in increased exhaust gas temperatures and aerodynamic loading that can influence the mechanical integrity and life of Power Turbine Exhaust System. This Paper discusses the Impact to Fatigue and Creep life of free power turbine exhaust system subjected to high back pressure applications using Siemens Energy approach. Steady state and transient temperature fields were predicted using finite element method. These predictions were validated using full-scale engine test and are found to correlate well with the test results. Full Scale strain gauge survey of the exhaust hood was undertaken at ambient conditions at various pressure levels to validate the structural boundary conditions of lifing models. Strain Predictions were found in good agreement with measured strain gauge data. Steady State and Transient stress fields have been estimated using validated structural and thermal finite element models. Walker Strain Initiation model [1] is utilized to predict Low Cycle Fatigue Life and Larson Miller Parameter Creep Model has been used to estimate creep damage to the exhaust system. The Life Prediction Study shows that the exhaust system design for high back pressure applications meets the product design standards.
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Liu, Jinwei, Haiying Shen y Husnu S. Narman. "CCRP: Customized cooperative resource provisioning for high resource utilization in clouds". En 2016 IEEE International Conference on Big Data (Big Data). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/bigdata.2016.7840610.
Texto completoInformes sobre el tema "CCPP DATA"
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Thompson, Marshall y Ramez Hajj. Flexible Pavement Recycling Techniques: A Summary of Activities. Illinois Center for Transportation, julio de 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36501/0197-9191/21-022.
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Cold in-place recycling (CIR) involves the recycling of the asphalt portions (including hot-mix asphalt and chip, slurry, and cape seals, as well as others) of a flexible or composite pavement with asphalt emulsion or foamed asphalt as the binding agent. Full-depth reclamation (FDR) includes the recycling of the entire depth of the pavement and, in some cases, a portion of the subgrade with asphalt, cement, or lime products as binding agents. Both processes are extensively utilized in Illinois. This project reviewed CIR and FDR projects identified by the Illinois Department of Transportation (IDOT) from the Transportation Bulletin and provided comments on pavement designs and special provisions. The researchers evaluated the performance of existing CIR/FDR projects through pavement condition surveys and analysis of falling weight deflectometer data collected by IDOT. They also reviewed CIR/FDR literature and updated/modified (as appropriate) previously provided inputs concerning mix design, testing procedures, thickness design, construction, and performance as well as cold central plant recycling (CCPR) literature related to design and construction. The team monitored the performance of test sections at the National Center for Asphalt Technology and Virginia Department of Transportation. The researchers assisted IDOT in the development of a CCPR special provision as well as responded to IDOT inquiries and questions concerning issues related to CIR, FDR, and CCPR. They attended meetings of IDOT’s FDR with the Cement Working Group and provided input in the development of a special provision for FDR with cement. The project’s activities confirmed that CIR, FDR, and CCPR techniques are successfully utilized in Illinois. Recommendations for improving the above-discussed techniques are provided.
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Gregow, Hilppa, Antti Mäkelä, Heikki Tuomenvirta, Sirkku Juhola, Janina Käyhkö, Adriaan Perrels, Eeva Kuntsi-Reunanen et al. Ilmastonmuutokseen sopeutumisen ohjauskeinot, kustannukset ja alueelliset ulottuvuudet. Suomen ilmastopaneeli, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31885/9789527457047.
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The new EU strategy on adaptation to climate change highlights the urgency of adaptation measures while bringing forth adaptation as vitally important as a response to climate change as mitigation. In order to provide information on how adaptation to climate change has been promoted in Finland and what calls for attention next, we have compiled a comprehensive information package focusing on the following themes: adaptation policy, impacts of climate change including economic impacts, regional adaptation strategies, climate and flood risks in regions and sea areas, and the availability of scientific data. This report consists of two parts. Part 1 of the report examines the work carried out on adaptation in Finland and internationally since 2005, emphasising the directions and priorities of recent research results. The possibilities of adaptation governance are examined through examples, such as how adaptations steering is organised in of the United Kingdom. We also examine other examples and describe the Canadian Climate Change Adaptation Platform (CCAP) model. We apply current information to describe the economic impacts of climate change and highlight the related needs for further information. With regard to regional climate strategy work, we examine the status of adaptation plans by region and the status of the Sámi in national adaptation work. In part 2 of the report, we have collected information on the temporal and local impacts of climate change and compiled extensive tables on changes in weather, climate and marine factors for each of Finland's current regions, the autonomous Åland Islands and five sea areas, the eastern Gulf of Finland, the western Gulf of Finland, the Archipelago Sea, the Bothnian Sea and the Bay of Bothnia. As regards changes in weather and climate factors, the changes already observed in 1991-2020 are examined compared to 1981-2010 and future changes until 2050 are described. For weather and climate factors, we examine average temperature, precipitation, thermal season duration, highest and lowest temperatures per day, the number of frost days, the depth and prevalence of snow, the intensity of heavy rainfall, relative humidity, wind speed, and the amount of frost per season (winter, spring, summer, autumn). Flood risks, i.e. water system floods, run-off water floods and sea water floods, are discussed from the perspective of catchment areas by region. The impacts of floods on the sea in terms of pollution are also assessed by sea area, especially for coastal areas. With regard to marine change factors, we examine surface temperature, salinity, medium water level, sea flood risk, waves, and sea ice. We also describe combined risks towards sea areas. With this report, we demonstrate what is known about climate change adaptation, what is not, and what calls for particular attention. The results can be utilised to strengthen Finland's climate policy so that the implementation of climate change adaptation is strengthened alongside climate change mitigation efforts. In practice, the report serves the reform of the National Climate Change Adaptation Plan and the development of steering measures for adaptation to climate change both nationally and regionally. Due to its scale, the report also serves e.g. the United Nations’ aim of protecting marine life in the Baltic Sea and the national implementation of the EU strategy for adaptation to climate change. As a whole, the implementation of adaptation policy in Finland must be speeded up swiftly in order to achieve the objectives set and ensure sufficient progress in adaptation in different sectors. The development of binding regulation and the systematic evaluation, monitoring and support of voluntary measures play a key role.
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Payment Systems Report - June of 2020. Banco de la República de Colombia, febrero de 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.32468/rept-sist-pag.eng.2020.
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With its annual Payment Systems Report, Banco de la República offers a complete overview of the infrastructure of Colombia’s financial market. Each edition of the report has four objectives: 1) to publicize a consolidated account of how the figures for payment infrastructures have evolved with respect to both financial assets and goods and services; 2) to summarize the issues that are being debated internationally and are of interest to the industry that provides payment clearing and settlement services; 3) to offer the public an explanation of the ideas and concepts behind retail-value payment processes and the trends in retail payments within the circuit of individuals and companies; and 4) to familiarize the public, the industry, and all other financial authorities with the methodological progress that has been achieved through applied research to analyze the stability of payment systems. This edition introduces changes that have been made in the structure of the report, which are intended to make it easier and more enjoyable to read. The initial sections in this edition, which is the eleventh, contain an analysis of the statistics on the evolution and performance of financial market infrastructures. These are understood as multilateral systems wherein the participating entities clear, settle and register payments, securities, derivatives and other financial assets. The large-value payment system (CUD) saw less momentum in 2019 than it did the year before, mainly because of a decline in the amount of secondary market operations for government bonds, both in cash and sell/buy-backs, which was offset by an increase in operations with collective investment funds (CIFs) and Banco de la República’s operations to increase the money supply (repos). Consequently, the Central Securities Depository (DCV) registered less activity, due to fewer negotiations on the secondary market for public debt. This trend was also observed in the private debt market, as evidenced by the decline in the average amounts cleared and settled through the Central Securities Depository of Colombia (Deceval) and in the value of operations with financial derivatives cleared and settled through the Central Counterparty of Colombia (CRCC). Section three offers a comprehensive look at the market for retail-value payments; that is, transactions made by individuals and companies. During 2019, electronic transfers increased, and payments made with debit and credit cards continued to trend upward. In contrast, payments by check continued to decline, although the average daily value was almost four times the value of debit and credit card purchases. The same section contains the results of the fourth survey on how the use of retail-value payment instruments (for usual payments) is perceived. Conducted at the end of 2019, the main purpose of the survey was to identify the availability of these payment instruments, the public’s preferences for them, and their acceptance by merchants. It is worth noting that cash continues to be the instrument most used by the population for usual monthly payments (88.1% with respect to the number of payments and 87.4% in value). However, its use in terms of value has declined, having registered 89.6% in the 2017 survey. In turn, the level of acceptance by merchants of payment instruments other than cash is 14.1% for debit cards, 13.4% for credit cards, 8.2% for electronic transfers of funds and 1.8% for checks. The main reason for the use of cash is the absence of point-of-sale terminals at commercial establishments. Considering that the retail-payment market worldwide is influenced by constant innovation in payment services, by the modernization of clearing and settlement systems, and by the efforts of regulators to redefine the payment industry for the future, these trends are addressed in the fourth section of the report. There is an account of how innovations in technology-based financial payment services have developed, and it shows that while this topic is not new, it has evolved, particularly in terms of origin and vocation. One of the boxes that accompanies the fourth section deals with certain payment aspects of open banking and international experience in that regard, which has given the customers of a financial entity sovereignty over their data, allowing them, under transparent and secure conditions, to authorize a third party, other than their financial entity, to request information on their accounts with financial entities, thus enabling the third party to offer various financial services or initiate payments. Innovation also has sparked interest among international organizations, central banks, and research groups concerning the creation of digital currencies. Accordingly, the last box deals with the recent international debate on issuance of central bank digital currencies. In terms of the methodological progress that has been made, it is important to underscore the work that has been done on the role of central counterparties (CCPs) in mitigating liquidity and counterparty risk. The fifth section of the report offers an explanation of a document in which the work of CCPs in financial markets is analyzed and corroborated through an exercise that was built around the Central Counterparty of Colombia (CRCC) in the Colombian market for non-delivery peso-dollar forward exchange transactions, using the methodology of network topology. The results provide empirical support for the different theoretical models developed to study the effect of CCPs on financial markets. Finally, the results of research using artificial intelligence with information from the large-value payment system are presented. Based on the payments made among financial institutions in the large-value payment system, a methodology is used to compare different payment networks, as well as to determine which ones can be considered abnormal. The methodology shows signs that indicate when a network moves away from its historical trend, so it can be studied and monitored. A methodology similar to the one applied to classify images is used to make this comparison, the idea being to extract the main characteristics of the networks and use them as a parameter for comparison. Juan José Echavarría Governor