Tesis sobre el tema "Catégorisation de documents"
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Koch, Guillaume. "Catégorisation automatique de documents manuscrits : Application aux courriers entrants". Rouen, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006ROUES033.
Texto completoThe work described in this document deals with the design, the development and the evaluation of a system of categorization of unconstrained handwritten documents such as handwritten incoming mails. We demonstrate that a system developed for electronic document categorization can be adapted for handwritten document categorization
Bertrand, Annick. "Compréhension et catégorisation dans une activité complexe : l'indexation de documents scientifiques". Toulouse 2, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993TOU20042.
Texto completoIndexing consists in identifying the main ideas of a document and in converging them into indexing terms chosen among a controlled vocabulary. An important variability among indexers has been shown and thereby raises two questions : what processing are made by indexers to structure and to reduce the information contained into a document and to categorize the ideas into indexing terms ? what factors step in these processing ? a situation reproducing the characteristics of the actual work has been built up. Twenty-five subjects have indexed eleven books ; they had to write the terms presenting the main ideas and the indexing terms retained from the documenting language rameau. Two classes of variables have been manipulated : the textual content (three topics and two languages) and the operators' characteristics (expertise in indexing, practice of rameau and familiarity with the scientific domain). The results reveal three indexing strategies that can vbe distinguished, on the one hand, by the nature of knowledge involved and the objectives pursued, on the other hand, by the preferential use of either bottom-up processes driven by the knowledge. The major difference depends on the level of analysis of the document : those who pratice rameau carried the level of analysisrequired by this language, the unexperienced in the language carried out a 'specific' description and the beginner indexers have chosen a general level of analysis to access quickly to the language
Peña, Saldarriaga Sebastián. "Approches textuelles pour la catégorisation et la recherche de documents manuscrits en-ligne". Phd thesis, Université de Nantes, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00483684.
Texto completoRéhel, Simon. "Catégorisation automatique de textes et cooccurrence de mots provenant de documents non étiquetés". Thesis, Université Laval, 2005. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2005/22376/22376.pdf.
Texto completoAutomated text categorization consists of developing computer programs able to autonomously assign texts to predefined categories, on the basis of their content. Such applications are possible thanks to supervised learning, which implies a training phase on manually labeled documents. However, the construction of a training set is long and expensive. This study suggests a way to assist text classifiers in the gathering of the vocabulary when the size of the training set is limited. So, it is proposed to analyze word cooccurrence inside a text collection of many non-labeled documents, to augment the vocabulary produced by the analysis of the labeled texts. The representation of new documents to classify can then be modified in order to better match the vocabulary used by the classifier. What is expected, of course, is an improvement of its ability to categorize texts.
Jaillet, Simon. "Catégorisation automatique de documents textuels : D'une représentation basée sur les concepts aux motifs séquentiels". Montpellier 2, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005MON20030.
Texto completoJalam, Radwan. "Apprentissage automatique et catégorisation de textes multilingues". Lyon 2, 2003. http://theses.univ-lyon2.fr/documents/lyon2/2003/jalam_r.
Texto completoGuernine, Taoufik. "Classification hiérarchique floue basée sur le SVM et son application pour la catégorisation des documents". Mémoire, Université de Sherbrooke, 2010. http://savoirs.usherbrooke.ca/handle/11143/4838.
Texto completoMoulin, Christophe. "Modélisation de documents combinant texte et image : application à la catégorisation et à la recherche d'information multimédia". Phd thesis, Université Jean Monnet - Saint-Etienne, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00630438.
Texto completoMaumigny-Garban, Bénédicte de. "Démarche autobiographique et formation : modélisation historique et essai de catégorisation fonctionnelle". Lyon 2, 2003. http://theses.univ-lyon2.fr/documents/lyon2/2003/demaumigny_b.
Texto completoThe autobiographical approach appears as a path to exploration and personal construction. During the Christian Antiquity, the "Confessions" by Saint Augustain offer the example of a self totally turned towards God in order to understand life. Writing recalls transcendence. In the Age of Enlightenment, the fundamental interrogation is not about God but about Man. Jean-Jacques Rousseau makes the autobiographical narrative appears as the revelation of a distinctive person. He explains in his "Confessions" how to take over one's life. In the 19th century, George Sand in "The story of my life" and Marie d'Agoult in her "Memoirs, memories and diaries" try to change people's mores and the education of girls. In the 20th century, the various literary forms taken on by personal experience are replaced by stories of lives. The autobiographical approach is not formative experience any more becomes a scientific means of training
Boughaba, Gisèle. "L'exogamie libanaise : catégorisation religieuse et stratégies identitaires dans le couple mixte". Lyon 2, 2007. http://theses.univ-lyon2.fr/documents/lyon2/2007/boughaba_g.
Texto completoMan has known various religious systems that he used to organize his environment : starting with the Sun god to monotheistic religions. Religious laws have been used as social rules. Today, many societies adopt or are inspired from a laisictic system using the following formula : separate the sacred from the profane. However, in some societies, religions still dominate while still inspiring social laws. Lebanon, a multiconfessional country in the Middle-East, could be a perfect exemple : 18 religions denominations live on the same lebanese soil. Each community manages its own business of which the management of matrimonal affairs. In consequence, mixed interreligious marriage becomes a complex reality. The mixed couple bears social and family pressure that may weigh heavily on their private life. Thus, they try to find nowadays their own identity strategie in order to ensure their continuity in a better manner. And if this couple "unidentical to all others" became a link and a place for priviliged discussions in order to discover the other and to move on towards a more intercultural society
Lamprier, Sylvain. "Vers la conception de documents composites : extraction et organisation de l'information pertinente". Phd thesis, Université d'Angers, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00417551.
Texto completoZerida, Nadia. "Apport de la combinaison des connaissances structuro-linguistiques et de la fouille de textes pour la catégorisation de documents". Paris 8, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA083147.
Texto completoThis thesis lies in the difficult context of linguistics and computer science. More precisely, we aim to demonstrate the value of the simultaneous consideration of the document structure and linguistic knowledge for the classification of documents according to their style. For this, we defined new descriptors, which, combined with linguistic descriptors exploiting hierarchy of text, are relevant to characterize the types of documents. Then, we proposed a classification method based on non-presence of patterns in the documents. One of originalities of our work is to combine linguistic and machine learning methods with techniques search for local patterns. Assumptions giving priority to descriptors related to the structure of documents, with a relativization of the lexicon are considered. These assumptions exploit an hierarchy of textual units, where the introduction of a strategy for prioritization of a set of hybrid multi-scale descriptors has been defined. This hierarchy represents the logical structure of the document based on the principle that different windows of observation correspond to different types of information. These are interconnected through the concept of inheritance of context in order to preserve the global coherence of the document. On the other hand, assumptions related to the task of categorization have emerged, such as exploitation of the total or partial absence of patterns under certain constraints, which can be used to build new analogies for the categorization of documents. Then, by analyzing by evidence pattrens with low or zero frequencies, a new approach of categorization by exclusion-inclusion was proposed by introducing a new concept such as exclusive patterns
Nguyen, Tuan Dang. "Extraction d'information `a partir de documents Web multilingues : une approche d'analyses structurelles". Phd thesis, Université de Caen, 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00258948.
Texto completoHonoré-Masson, Sandrine. "Etude de l'organisation des connaissances sémantiques en mémoire : approches cognitive, neuropsychologique et développementale". Lyon 2, 2002. http://theses.univ-lyon2.fr/documents/lyon2/2002/honore_s.
Texto completoNishio, Sumikazu. "Classificateurs numéraux en japonais : constructions et catégories". Lyon 2, 2000. http://theses.univ-lyon2.fr/documents/lyon2/2000/nishio_s.
Texto completoIn this dissertation a range of questions concerning the system of numeral classifiers in Japanese are considered. Input from both linguistics and cognitive psychology are taken into account. Careful study of the classifier system reveals many important aspects of both language and cognition. We propose the re-examination of major approaches proposed by linguists and cognitive psychologists for the study of classifiers, and present our theoretical concerns based on our empirical data. First of all, the numeral classifier is a linguistic tool used for quantification. Therefore, accurate description of this tool requires consideration of the logico-semantic value and the syntactic behavior of each of the linguistic units appearing in quantitative expressions. Our first concern is to evaluate different theories of logic and syntax (especially generative grammar" and "generalized quantifiers") applied to the study of quantitative expressions in Japanese, and to propose an alternative : an adequate theory of reference and a new syntactic analysis of quantification following the framework suggested by the "construction grammar" of Goldberg. Secondly, a numeral classifier system divides the entities of the world into a number of distinct categories. This classificational aspect of classifiers is examined under three perspectives : historical evolution, acquisition, and categorization. Our work on the evolutionary aspects of classifier systems is based on the historical data about Japanese classifiers and guided by the universals described by typologists interested in classifier languages. This historical study is confronted with recent findings on the acquisition of classifiers by children, and re-examined in the light of the domain specific hypothesis in cognitive psychology. Finally, using a priming paradigm, we show that classifiers represent a domain of particular interest for linguists and psychologists interested in the cognitive process of categorization. Specifically, the comparison of the experimental data obtained in two categorization tasks (categorization of object into a superordinate category and a classifier category) shed light on the nature of linguistically specific categories towards more conceptually natural ones such as lexicalized superordinates
Tissot, Jean-Michel. "Contribution à l'étude du développement de l'activité de généralisation chez l'enfant et l'adolescent : développement de l'activité opératoire et généralisation des connaissances". Lyon 2, 2003. http://theses.univ-lyon2.fr/documents/lyon2/2003/tissot_jm.
Texto completoDuring this research, we shall endeavour to study the problem of decalages and the development of the activity of cognitive generalisation of children. Our first hypothesis claims that there are eight different types of decalages and generalisations which make up a developmental sequence. Our second hypothesis deals with the recursive nature of this succession during the development of cognitive activity. We will test these assumptions with the aid of an operational test constiting of a panel of a hundred subjects aged between five and fifteen years old. Our results seem to confirm the existence of a recursive succession of the first five types of decalages and generalisations
Mehri, Maroua. "Historical document image analysis : a structural approach based on texture". Thesis, La Rochelle, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LAROS005/document.
Texto completoOver the last few years, there has been tremendous growth in digitizing collections of cultural heritage documents. Thus, many challenges and open issues have been raised, such as information retrieval in digital libraries or analyzing page content of historical books. Recently, an important need has emerged which consists in designing a computer-aided characterization and categorization tool, able to index or group historical digitized book pages according to several criteria, mainly the layout structure and/or typographic/graphical characteristics of the historical document image content. Thus, the work conducted in this thesis presents an automatic approach for characterization and categorization of historical book pages. The proposed approach is applicable to a large variety of ancient books. In addition, it does not assume a priori knowledge regarding document image layout and content. It is based on the use of texture and graph algorithms to provide a rich and holistic description of the layout and content of the analyzed book pages to characterize and categorize historical book pages. The categorization is based on the characterization of the digitized page content by texture, shape, geometric and topological descriptors. This characterization is represented by a structural signature. More precisely, the signature-based characterization approach consists of two main stages. The first stage is extracting homogeneous regions. Then, the second one is proposing a graph-based page signature which is based on the extracted homogeneous regions, reflecting its layout and content. Afterwards, by comparing the different obtained graph-based signatures using a graph-matching paradigm, the similarities of digitized historical book page layout and/or content can be deduced. Subsequently, book pages with similar layout and/or content can be categorized and grouped, and a table of contents/summary of the analyzed digitized historical book can be provided automatically. As a consequence, numerous signature-based applications (e.g. information retrieval in digital libraries according to several criteria, page categorization) can be implemented for managing effectively a corpus or collections of books. To illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed page signature, a detailed experimental evaluation has been conducted in this work for assessing two possible categorization applications, unsupervised page classification and page stream segmentation. In addition, the different steps of the proposed approach have been evaluated on a large variety of historical document images
Fiorini, Nicolas. "Semantic similarities at the core of generic indexing and clustering approaches". Thesis, Montpellier, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015MONTS178/document.
Texto completoIn order to improve the exploitation of even growing number of electronic documents, Artificial Intelligence has dedicated a lot of effort to the creation and use of systems grounded on knowledge bases. In particular in the information retrieval field, such semantic approaches have proved their efficiency.Therefore, indexing documents is a necessary task. It consists of associating them with sets of terms that describe their content. These terms can be keywords but also concepts from an ontology, in which case the annotation is said to be semantic and benefit from the inherent properties of ontologies which are the absence of ambiguities.Most approaches designed to annotate documents have to parse them and extract concepts from this parsing. This underlines the dependance of such approaches to the type of documents, since parsing requires dedicated algorithms.On the other hand, approaches that solely rely on semantic annotations can ignore the document type, enabling the creation of generic processes. This thesis capitalizes on genericity to build novel systems and compare them to state-of-the-art approaches. To this end, we rely on semantic annotations coupled with semantic similarity measures. Of course, such generic approaches can then be enriched with type-specific ones, which would further increase the quality of the results.First of all, this work explores the relevance of this paradigm for indexing documents. The idea is to rely on already annotated close documents to annotate a target document. We define a heuristic algorithm for this purpose that uses the semantic annotations of these close documents and semantic similarities to provide a generic indexing method. This results in USI (User-oriented Semantic Indexer) that we show to perform as well as best current systems while being faster.Second of all, this idea is extended to another task, clustering. Clustering is a very common and ancient process that is very useful for finding documents or understanding a set of documents. We propose a hierarchical clustering algorithm that reuses the same components of classical methods to provide a novel one applicable to any kind of documents. Another benefit of this approach is that when documents are grouped together, the group can be annotated by using our indexing algorithm. Therefore, the result is not only a hierarchy of clusters containing documents as clusters are actually described by concepts as well. This helps a lot to better understand the results of the clustering.This thesis shows that apart from enhancing classical approaches, building conceptual approaches allows us to abstract them and provide a generic framework. Yet, while bringing easy-to-set-up methods – as long as documents are semantically annotated –, genericity does not prevent us from mixing these methods with type-specific ones, in other words creating hybrid methods
Boutalbi, Rafika. "Model-based tensor (co)-clustering and applications". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Paris Cité, 2020. https://wo.app.u-paris.fr/cgi-bin/WebObjects/TheseWeb.woa/wa/show?t=7172&f=55867.
Texto completoClustering, which seeks to group together similar data points according to a given criterion, is an important unsupervised learning technique to deal with large scale data. In particular, given a data matrix where rows represent objects and columns represent features, clustering aims to partition only one dimension of the matrix at a time, by clustering either objects or features. Although successfully applied in several application domains, clustering techniques are often challenged by certain characteristics exhibited by some datasets such as high dimensionality and sparsity. When it comes to such data, co-clustering techniques, which allow the simultaneous clustering of rows and columns of a data matrix, has proven to be more beneficial. In particular, co-clustering techniques allow the exploitation of the inherent duality between the objects set and features set, which make them more effective even if we are interested in the clustering of only one dimension of our data matrix. In addition, co-clustering turns out to be more efficient since compressed matrices are used at each time step of the process instead of the whole matrix for traditional clustering. Although co-clustering approaches have been successfully applied in a variety of applications, existing approaches are specially tailored for datasets represented by double-entry tables. However, in several real-world applications, two dimensions are not sufficient to represent the dataset. For example, if we consider the articles clustering problem, several information linked to the articles can be collected, such as common words, co-authors and citations, which naturally lead to a tensorial representation. Intuitively, leveraging all this information would lead to a better clustering quality. In particular, two articles that share a large set of words, authors and citations are very likely to be similar. Despite the great interest of tensor co-clustering models, research works are extremely limited in this context and rely, for most of them, on tensor factorization methods. Inspired by the famous statement made by Jean Paul Benzécri "The model must follow the data and not vice versa", we have chosen in this thesis to rely on appropriate mixture models. More explicitly, we propose several new co-clustering models which are specially tailored for tensorial representations as well as robust towards data sparsity. Our contribution can be summarized as follows. First, we propose to extend the LBM (Latent Block Model) formalism to take into account tensorial structures. More specifically, we present Tensor LBM (TLBM), a powerful tensor co-clustering model that we successfully applied on diverse kind of data. Moreover, we highlight that the derived algorithm VEM-T, reveals the most meaningful co-clusters from tensor data. Second, we develop a novel Sparse TLBM taking into account sparsity. We extend its use for the management of multiple graphs (or multi-view graphs), leading to implicit consensus clustering of multiple graphs. As a last contribution of this thesis, we propose a new co-clusterwise method which integrates co-clustering in a supervised learning framework. These contributions have been successfully evaluated on tensorial data from various fields ranging from recommendation systems, clustering of hyperspectral images and categorization of documents, to waste management optimization. They also allow us to envisage interesting and immediate future research avenues. For instance, the extension of the proposed models to tri-clustering and multivariate time series
Ashraf, Muhammad. "Catégorisation de graphiques par les enseignants et les élèves". Thesis, Grenoble, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014GRENH018/document.
Texto completoVisualizations have gained more importance in pedagogical material, in text books and in computer programs. Despite the co-existence of many different types of visualizations or graphical genres, learning research only has taken into account the distinction between text and pictures. This thesis aims at unpacking what, at least in learning research, seems to be one single holistic indivisible category of visualizations. We focused on teachers' and Masters students' thoughts on the existence of different types of visualizations and their presumed function in teaching and learning. Research on graphical representations is mainly focused on students' comprehension of graphical representations. However, there is very little research in extend of teachers' comprehension of graphical representations. In addition, the aspect of teacher training of graphical representations is also relatively ignored. There are two main parts in this thesis: theoretical and empirical. In theoretical part, we presented the literature on the existence of graphical representations in worldwide curricula. Remarkable works of cartographers who played important rule for the advancement of graphic representations in context of teaching and learning. And finally, classification of different genres of graphical representations was also exhibited. Empirical part on the other hand, based on three studies conducted with in-service teachers and Masters students' about their comprehension of graphical genres. First study was conducted with in-service teachers from France and Pakistan to investigate their basic understanding of graphical representations. Second and third study explores the Masters' students' categorization of graphical representations. In conclusion, it seems that the teacher training programs lack the training of graphic comprehension. Even in the domain of geography which is considered the major domain about graphics and graphic education, teachers were observed unfamiliar with many graphic genres. Overall, Generic graphical representations (i.e. line graph, pie charts, bar charts, maps and tables etc.) were identified more comfortably. However, classification of hybrid graphical representations (i.e. combination of map and bar graph or other hybrid graphics) was slightly difficult for the participants
Kerviler, Gwarlann de. "La fidélité prototypique : une approche de la fidélité perçue par l'auto-catégorisation". Thesis, Paris 9, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA090037/document.
Texto completoPerception that the client has of his own brand loyalty has not been addressed in the marketing literature. This research attempts to overcome this limit in four ways: (1) demonstrating that customer’s perceived loyalty can be approached through Self-Categorization as brand Loyal (SCL) corresponding to a subjective evaluation of one’s similarity to a prototyped loyal customer (one’s perceived typicality); (2) identifying the attributes of the prototyped loyal customer organized around six factors: Confidence, Continuity, Information, Participation, Identity, Exclusivity - the first dimensions being more strongly associated to loyalty ; (3) studying the strong influence of CSF on customer expectations and future intentions and (4) demonstrating that it is more the CSF than the true contribution of a customer which determines the perceived legitimacy of benefits received from the brand.The integration of CSF in customer segmentation appears to be as an efficient tool to improve the acceptance and in turn the effectiveness of relationship marketing efforts
Ivannikova, Anastasia. "Catégorisation et nomination : des termes "concrets" aux termes "abstraits" au fil de l'eau". Thesis, Montpellier 3, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011MON30088/document.
Texto completoThe reflection focuses on how the world is categorized and named through our language. Firstly, theoretical framework is defined by a critical reminder of traditional comprehension of the category. We develop our reflection on the production of meaning and the prototype organization issues. A particular attention is given to linguistic relativity and opposition between terms considered as «concrete» and «abstract». Our analysis focuses on water vocabulary in three languages (French, Russian and English) as it appears through the samples taken from two types of discourse, literary and scientific. The study suggests a confrontation of identified meanings in order to develop a sketch of the prototypical water representation
Bastart, Jennifer. "La détection de la discrimination par un observateur : le rôle de la catégorisation sociale du discriminateur et de la victime et de la légitimité du comportement du discriminateur". Thesis, Grenoble, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012GRENS045/document.
Texto completoIn this research, we attempt to answer the following question: How a distant observer – or witness – will detect an observed situation as discriminatory? Our aim is to elaborate a general model of discrimination detection by the distant observer. Based on scientific, legal, and lay definition of discrimination, we propose the following argument: As discrimination is defined as a counter-normative intergroup behavior, discrimination detection will depend on a) the distinctiveness of both perpetrator and victim social categories, and by the nature of these actors exchange, and b) the perceived legitimacy of the perpetrator's behavior. The first part of this research deals with the first point quoted above. We made the hypothesis that discrimination detection will depend on the nature of the perceived exchange between the perpetrator and the victim as intergroup rather than interpersonal. In order to test this hypothesis, we manipulated the distinctiveness of the respective social categories of perpetrator and victim. The five studies of this research first part support the hypothesis that the social categorization of perpetrator and victim and the following perception of their exchange impact discrimination detection. The second part of this research deals with the second point quoted above. We defended the hypothesis that the perceived legitimacy of the perpetrator's behavior moderates the effect of social categories distinctiveness on discrimination detection. The two studies of the second part of this work support this hypothesis. Broadly speaking, this work allows to understand the discrimination detection process as the interaction between a perceptive process –the social categorization of the actors–, and a deliberative process, which imply the normative evaluation of perpetrator's behavior and/or motivations
Carayon, Lisa. "La catégorisation des corps : étude sur l'humain avant la naissance et après la mort". Thesis, Paris 1, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA01D070/document.
Texto completoEmbryos and corpses are often presented as unidentified legal objects, in between people and things. However, a detailed analysis of French case law and statute law shows that the classification of bodies is not unclear, but eluded. The extreme political sensitivity of the matter leads to the construction of a subdivided law, offering one-time solutions to specific questions, without due regard to categorical coherence. Most of the doctrine seems to elude the political dimension of this construction and presents classification as an actual question of legal knowledge. Resorting to extraneous disciplines (biology, psychoanalysis, philosophy…) in order to identify the nature of the bodies, authors seem to repeat a prescriptive approach based on natural law theory even if they often deny it.In contrast, a historical approach of classification and legal systems applied to embryos and corpses reveals that the main issue is that the bodies’ categories induced by law are above all hierarchization. All bodies do not benefit from the same legal protection and the status of embryos and corpses very often reflects existing hierarchies between individuals – distinctions based on social level, religion, gender, ethnicity… Hence a question arises as to possible solutions to this manifold categorization of bodies : should the law be relaxed in isolated cases or should a more radical transformation of the law be considered ?
Zhao, Shuji. "Catégorisation par le contenu sémantique d'objets vidéo : recherche et reconnaissance d'acteurs dans les films". Thesis, Cergy-Pontoise, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011CERG0511/document.
Texto completoIn this thesis, we propose a new video object retrieval and recognition system based on visual content.From video sequences, we detect, then extract video objects such as face and car, and define the continuous content made of regions containing this object in successive frames. From this volume, called Track, we extract spatio-temporally consistent visual features to define the video object representation: Spatio-Temporal Tube.To evaluate the similarity between complex tube objects, we design a Spatio-Temporal Tube Kernel (STTK) function. Based on this kernel similarity we present both supervised and active learning strategies embedded in Support Vector Machine framework. Additionally, we propose a multi-class classification framework dealing with highly unbalanced datasets.Our approach is successfully evaluated on real movie databases. Our machine learning approach outperforms the state of the art methods for multi-class actor recognition. Our method is also evaluated for actor retrieval task and on a car database showing hence promising results for car identification task and the potential of extension to any category of video objects
Sgro, Aurélie. "Les déplacés de l'environnement à l'épreuve de la catégorisation en droit de l'Union européenne". Thesis, Nice, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013NICE0056/document.
Texto completoThe Lisbon Treaty has put in place a new legal framework which allows environmental displacement, an issue of growing concern for the EU, to be better addressed. However, even though several external policies already support them, to date there is no specific EU framework for the protection of this new kind of migrant. The categorisation of such persons is necessary for determining the legal consequences. The present research demonstrates that, from a legal point of view, environmentally-displaced persons do not meet the requirements to constitute a new category of “persons in need of protection” within EU asylum policy, on the basis of the criterion of environmental prejudice. The lack of conceptual autonomy and the heterogeneity of environmentally-displaced persons create identification and qualification problems, and thus oppose a unitary approach. Furthermore, a complementary system of protection cannot be created given the presumed continuation of internal protection and the lack of a human right to environment. Additionally, the existence of multiple relevant EU competences attenuates the need for international protection. Therefore, the integration of these persons into existing categories, such as the beneficiaries of temporary or subsidiary protection, and the future category of seasonal migrant workers, is suggested. As a result, the category definition of third country nationals in EU law is brought to the fore.Finally, this research includes an examination of the relevance of consular protection for EU citizens affected by natural catastrophes outside EU territory
Zong, Zhen. "Le processus de catégorisation des activités économiques émergentes : le cas des nanotechnologies en France". Thesis, Lille 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LIL12024/document.
Texto completoThe aim of this thesis is to study the categorization process of emerging activities to contribute to the discussion about industries’ creations, especially through technological innovations.Two approaches of categorization in the literature have been identified: a content approach that focuses on the consequences of the categories and a process-based approach that focuses on the process of categorizing organizations. Both approaches are converging by showing the importance of the concept of boundary for categorization. In terms of methodology, we chose a qualitative approach based on a longitudinal case study on nanotechnologies in France. The results of this research show that two types of processes exist for the categorization of economic activity: the internal process and external process of boundary creation. The internal process is characterized by mutual awareness of common interest between stakeholders of the activity, theorization of knowledge, and claiming for differentiation between stakeholders. The external process is reflected in the efforts of stakeholders to the legitimization of nanotechnologies in the eyes of external audiences. Internal and external processes of boundary creation in the case of nanotechnologies interact and reinforce each other. A typology of three strategies mobilized in the categorization including attachment strategies, distinction strategies and ambiguity strategies, has also been proposed through this study. The thesis provides recommendations towards entrepreneurs to better manage the acceptance of their emerging activity
Collett, Edward. "Strategies of auditory categorisation in cochlear implant users and normal hearing listeners". Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016TOU30169/document.
Texto completoAuditory categorisation is a process essential for coping with the large amount of sounds encountered in the real world. However it is affected by the use of a cochlear implant (CI) deviee. Whilst CI users may attain high levels of speech performance,ad their ability to perceive other kinds of sounds is impaired in comparison to Normal Hearing Listeners (NHL). The current project therefore proposes a new approach, looking at the perception of sounds at the leve!of categories rather than individual sounds. In the first study CI users and NHL were tested to see how accurately they categorised a series of vocal, environmental and musical sounds. Results showed that CI users with the longest duration of implantation and therefore of listening experience demonstrated results more similar to those ofNHL. A second study involving oniy vocal sounds showed that information pertaining to the emotion and age of a speaker was used to categorise different speakers and that gender was not strongly perceived. A third study looked at how different environmental sounds were categorised and whether or not the auditory context (i.e. location) was helpful to the categorisation and identification of vocoded sounds. Although context information did not appear to aid listeners the results showed the robustness of certain information regarding the perception of the sound producing action and material, even when listeners could not identify sounds. The research domain of auditory categorisation is not as large as that for the visual domain and subsequent!y this project is important for the further understanding of how sounds are categorised and what categories are commoniy used by listeners. For example the perception of the sound producing action and material as weil as results that show categories of sounds corresponding to hnman vocalisations, hnman actions, nature, mechanical and musical sounds, which agrees with previously conducted studies Concerning the results of CI users it appears that experienced listeners may have fewer problems perceiving auditory categories as compared to identifying individual sounds. This is the first study to test CI users in a free-sorting task and in addition to the few studies that have also tested CI users auditory categorisation suggests that categorical perception may be a useful way in which to test and rehabilitate CI users to different kinds of sounds
Sirdey, Adrien. "Analyse modale de sons d'impact par méthodes haute résolution pour la catégorisation perceptive des matériaux". Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013AIXM4727/document.
Texto completoLinking an audio signal morphology with some of its perceptual attributes is a key step when elaborating a intuitively controlled synthesizer. Some of these morphology aspects can be characterized using "acoustical descriptors". When chosen wisely, descriptors can allow a classification of audio signals in categories which are perceptually relevant ; in such cases, this approach establishes a link between morphology and perception. The present work focuses on the perceptual categorization of impact sounds.Most of the descriptors proposed here are computed using a parametrized description of the signal. Here, the most appropriate parametrization seems to be a decomposition in exponentially damped sinusoids. A robust and stable estimation of the model parameters being essential to the computation of relevant descriptors, different parametrization methods are described and compared. From these comparisons, it appears that the high-resolution method ESPRIT is the most appropriate, but that it cannot be applied in its classical form. Several adaptations are therefore investigated. In particular, the application of ESPRIT in Gabor frames is considered. Besides, a method is proposed in order to minimize the number of components necessary for a satisfactory decomposition.Finally, a concrete application is addressed : from an impact sounds bank recorded in an anechoic chamber, elaborated with a wide range of everyday-life objects, the relevance of several acoustical descriptors for the perceptual categorization of the perceived material is investigated
Da, Silva Fabrice. "L’effet d’affordance comme processus émergeant et constitutif de l’activité perceptive". Thesis, Montpellier 3, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017MON30028/document.
Texto completoPerceptual activity seems to be impacted by the actions the subject can actually carry out with regard to its environment. Nevertheless, it seems that subject action possibilities are most often considered as objective properties of the environment so that they are generally described as being preparatory to action. This thesis work has been devoted to defending the idea that on the one hand, these possibilities of action are emergent properties of the subject-environment relationship and on the other hand, they are likely to have a constitutive functional role for perceptual activity. In a first series of studies we observed that modulations in the possibilities of action lead to a reversal of the facilitation effects when subjects were to categorize prehensile objects. In a second series of studies we observed that the ability to detect an object among a set of others was impacted by the action potentials suggested by the objects but also modulated by the subject's driving engagement in the task. Finally, in a third series of studies, we have shown that the possibilities of action could play a significant functional role for subject perceptual activity. Indeed, this last work shows that in ambiguous perceptual situations, the way in which an object is categorized seems to depend on the ability of the subject to grasp it effectively. All these results seem to indicate that the action possibilities are properties of the subject-environment coupling and occupy a major place in the perceptual activity. More generally, these works constitute some arguments in favor of taking into account the whole subject-environment situation as well as the importance of the meaning of the subject actions according to the constraints that are exerted on him, here and now
Garcin, Béatrice. "Etude des bases neurales de la catégorisation chez les sujets sains et les patients cérébro-lésés". Thesis, Paris 6, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA066371/document.
Texto completoCategorization is a set of mental processes that allow classifying objects and events. It is crucial in various contexts such as survival in animals, concept learning in children, abstract reasoning and problem solving. Patients with brain lesions involving the prefrontal cortex are impaired in categorization tasks. Categorization impairment correlates with functional autonomy in dementia. In the first part, we have developed a task, named SimiCat that we designed in order to assess categorization abilities in patients. With the help of this task, we showed that differentiation errors are specific of frontal patients. The SimiCat task has a good diagnostic value to distinguish behavior variant Frontotemporal dementia from Alzheimer disease.In the second part, we assessed the brain correlates of categorization. With functional MRI, we showed that abstraction involves the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, while similarity detection involves bilateral ventrolateral prefrontal cortex. With voxel-based morphometry we showed that variability in categorization performances correlates with the volume of the right anterior temporal lobe, with a caudo-rostral gradient according to abstraction. In the third part, we developed a double priming task that we will use to assess automatic categorization processes in patients with temporal and frontal lesions. Based on these results, we propose a model of brain organization for categorization. This model involves both anterior temporal lobes, as well as bilateral ventrolateral and left dorsolateral prefrontal cortices. Our results also contribute to a better understanding and management of patients suffering from categorization deficits
Kauffmann, Louise. "Mécanismes et bases cérébrales du traitement des fréquences spatiales lors de la catégorisation de scènes visuelles". Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015GREAS047/document.
Texto completoVisual analysis begins with the parallel extraction of different attributes at different spatial frequencies following a predominantly coarse-to-fine default processing sequence. Rapid processing of low spatial frequency information would permit a coarse parsing of the visual input, prior to the detailed analysis of fine information in high spatial frequencies. Our aim was to further address the neural bases of spatial frequency processing during scene categorization. We first demonstrated in two behavioral studies that a coarse-to-fine processing is indeed an advantageous strategy for rapid scene categorization, and is independent of the luminance contrast values associated with the different spatial frequencies (Experiments 1 and 2). In two fMRI studies, we showed first the involvement of a large cerebral network during coarse-to-fine processing of scenes, including early visual and occipito-temporal areas, but also the inferior frontal cortex. Effective connectivity analysis revealed that the inferior frontal gyrus exerts top-down influence on the early visual cortex as well as on the parahippocampal and fusiform gyri in the occipito-temporal cortex (Experiment 3). These results highlight the role of the primary visual cortex in integrating top-down influences from frontal areas to retino-thalamic incoming signals. We also evidenced that the inferior frontal and fusiform gyri actively participate to the integration of the semantic information contained in low and high spatial frequency (Experiment 4). Finally, we specifically investigated the spatial frequency processing of scenes within scene-selective areas of the occipito-temporal cortex: the parahippocampal place area (PPA), the retrosplenial cortex, and the occipital place area. We demonstrated that these regions participate differently in the spatial frequency processing of scenes (Experiment 5) and that a coarse-to-fine processing is favored within the PPA (Experiment 6). Overall, results allow us to refine current model of visual scene categorization based on a spatial frequency analysis
Parant, Aymeric. "Préserver la distinctivité pour améliorer les relations intergroupes par la recatégorisation : d’un Common Ingroup à un Common Outgroup". Thesis, Bordeaux, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014BORD0258/document.
Texto completoOn the premise that categorising individuals into “Us” and “Them” can be enough to elicit unequal treatment between the members of those groups, some strategies suggest recommend to blur group boundaries by recategorising all the members of both groups into one superordinate group. However, this strategy may prove inefficient or even counterproductive, precisely when it threatens initial identities functions. Among those functions, being able to define oneself as different from the others (ie. distinctiveness) is especially affected. This research aims at testing, in 5 studies: 1) if indeed recatégorisation produces a threat to distinctiveness 2) its consequences on intergroup bias 3) the relevance of a distinctiveness preservation strategy by social categories addition.Results, on both minimal and national groups, showed that a threat stemmed from recatégorisation which had impact on both implicit and explicit measures of intergroup bias, although propositional processes seem to moderate threat’s influence on the latter. Moreover, offering additional categorization allowed for a threat and related intergroup bias reduction, with no measurable harmful effect arising.These results underline the contribution of putting together functional and sociocognitive approaches of social categorisations and encourage rethinking the latter not necessarily as issues but also as resources in social harmonization strategies
Calais, Séverine. "La politique d'un auteur : une analyse critique des personnages renoiriens". Thesis, Nancy 2, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007NAN21020/document.
Texto completoIn the first volume, we will broach the creation of the character on paper while differentiating, if possible, the original creations of "literary" characters' transpositions. From the biographical influences, the creation phenomenon will be dealt with as what is due to the rehearsals and filming (inscription of the character in his architectural and musical setting), moments of maturation and delivery after the conception on paper. It will enable us to approach some of the permanent features of the characters before specifying the nesting aspect of the filmmaker's films and their interacting relationship. Our convition is that entering a coherent work such as Renoir's one can also be done by the description and the analysis of the characters. The second volume of this thesis draws up a comparative catalogue and a typology of the "renoirian" characters
Velandia, Torres Carlos Roberto. "Les relations intergroupes entre les Français et les ressortissants d'Afrique subsaharienne francophone". Thesis, Dijon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016DIJOL016/document.
Texto completoThe aim of this research is to update the identity changes and inter-categorical relational processes between Blacks and Whites, between Africans and Europeans on African migrants in Burgundy. We propose to understand migration as a process considering two elements: a) the temporality of the process and b) the space in which the various stages of migration take place. Our theoretical background is based on two major currents. The first one is the meta-theory of social identity, completed by the model of social partitions. The second one concerns some achievements of acculturation studies. A twofold methodology was used: firstly, the use of quantitative questionnaires, including the RepMut tool (diagnostic tool of inter-categorical relations) allowed us to highlight the underlying relations of psychological functioning mechanisms between Whites and Blacks, Natives and Migrants in our sample. Also, Interviews were carried out in order to complement and particularize the identified process with qualitative data and examples. The results allow us to consider the migration process as a multiple, variable and multidirectional phenomenon, on two axes: the geographic axis (return to the home country; migrate to a third country, or remain in the host country) and the time axis (now, in x time, after, one day, never). In the discussion a) The notions of family and African solidarity are further developed, b) the difference between the real and ideal plan are questioned in order to qualify the border between these two plans and c) the weight of multiple affiliations associated with multiple categorizations which can create an effect of "double jeopardy" are examined
Esta investigación busca actualizar los cambios de identidad y los procesos de relación intergrupales entre Negros y Blancos, entre Africanos y Europeos acerca de los Migrantes de Africa sub-sahariana en Borgoña. Proponemos entender la migración como un proceso, a partir de la consideración de dos elementos: a) la temporalidad del proceso, y b) el espacio en el que las diversas etapas de la migración se llevan a cabo. Teóricamente, nuestra reflexión se basa en dos corrientes principales. La primera es la meta-teoría de la identidad social, modelo enriquecido de la teoría de particiones sociales. La segunda se refiere a los avances de la aculturación. Metodológicamente, hemos establecido un programa mixto: en primer lugar, el uso de cuestionarios cuantitativos, incluyendo el instrumento RepMut (herramienta de diagnóstico de las relaciones entre categorías) el cual nos ha permitido resaltar los mecanismos de funcionamiento psicológico subyacente a las relaciones entre Blancos y Negros, entre Autóctonos y Migrantes en nuestra muestra. Igualmente, se utilizaron una serie de entrevistas semiestructuradas que, gracias a su contenido y ejemplos, nos han permitido enriquecer y particularizar el proceso identificado. Los resultados permiten considerar el proceso de migración como un fenómeno múltiple, variable y multidireccional, en dos ejes: el primero geográfico (regresar al país de origen, migrar a un tercer país, permanecer en el país de acogida actual) el segundo temporal (ahora, en x tiempo, después de…, un día, nunca). En la discusión a) profundizamos los conceptos de familia y la solidaridad africana, b) interrogamos la diferencia entre el plano real y el plano ideal, matizando la frontera entre estos dos planos y c) cuestionamos el peso de múltiples afiliaciones asociadas con múltiples categorizaciones que puede crear un efecto de "doble pena"
Collet, Anne-Claire. "Implication relative des traits de haut niveau et de bas niveau des stimuli dans la catégorisation, chez l'homme et le singe". Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016TOU30118/document.
Texto completoIn this thesis, we explored the relative contributions of high level and low level features of stimuli used in object categorization tasks. This work consists of three studies in human and monkey. The originality of this thesis lies in stimuli construction. Our first study aimed to characterize neural correlates of image recognition in monkey, using ECoG recordings. For that purpose we developped a categorization task using SWIFT technique (technique created by Roger Koenig and Rufin VanRullen). Stimuli were visual sequences in which object contours (semantic content, high level feature) were cyclically modulated while luminance, contrasts and spatial frequencies (low level features) remained stable. By analyzing evoked potentials, we brought to light a late electrophysiological activity, in an " all or none " fashion, specifically related to the target recognition in monkey. But because in real condition objects are never isolated, we explored in a second study contextual congruency effect in visual categorization task in humans and monkeys. We compared the contribution of Fourier transform amplitude spectrum to this congruency effect in the both species. We found a strategy divergence showing that monkeys were more sensitive to the low level features of stimuli than humans. Finally, in the last study, we tried to quantify multisensory semantic congruency effect, during a audiovisual categorization task in humans. In that experiment, we equalized a maximum of low level features, in both sensory modalities which were always jointly stimulated. In the visual domain, we used again the SWIFT technique, whereas in auditory domain we used a snippets randomization technique. We highlighted a large multisensory gain in congruent trials (i.e. image and sound related to the same object), specifically linked to the semantic content of stimuli. This thesis offers new perspectives both for comparative cognition between human and non human primates and for the importance of controlling the physical features of stimuli used in object recognition tasks
Camblats, Anna-Malika. "Etude des processus d’activation et d’inhibition lexico-émotionnelles dans des tâches de reconnaissance visuelle de mots et de catégorisation de couleurs de mots". Thesis, Bordeaux, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015BORD0367/document.
Texto completoThe aim of this thesis was to study lexical activation and inhibition processes underlying word reading and to determine the role of affective system on these processes in adults. For this, we investigated the effects of orthographic neighbourhood frequency and emotionality of this neighbourhood in several cognitive tasks. Results showed an orthographic neighbourhood frequency effect that was inhibitory in visual word recognition tasks (Experiments 1-4) and facilitatory in colour categorization tasks (Experiments 6-8). Lexical inhibition likely slows down the recognition of the stimulus word as well as diminishing its interference effect in Stroop-like tasks. Moreover, emotional valence and arousal level of the higher-frequency neighbour also modified the speed of stimulus word recognition (Preliminary study, Experiments 1-5) and its colour categorization (Experiments 6, 7 and 9). Thus, the affective system would be activated during reading of words with an emotional neighbour and would modify the spread of lexico-emotional activation and inhibition. Moreover, results indicated that these orthographic neighbourhood effects were sensitive to participants‟ characteristics. A decreaseof the orthographic neighbourhood effect depending on age was shown and interpreted in terms of deficits in both activation and inhibition processes (Experiments 4, 5, 8 and 9). Finally, the emotional neighbourhood effect that was obtained suggested a preservation of lexico-emotional processes with advance in age (Experiments 4, 5, and 9), but this effect was negatively correlated with individuals' level of alexithymia (Experiments 2, 4, and 6). Taken together, thes data underline the importance of taking the affective system into account in models of visual word recognition
Barraud, Catherine. "Professionnalisation des étudiants infirmiers et construction identitaire : une approche par les représentations du métier et sous l'angle de la catégorisation sociale inter IFSI". Thesis, Bordeaux 2, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013BOR22035/document.
Texto completoThe professionalization process of nurses in France seems to be preferentially based on knowledge and activities. The professionalization of individuals through the building up of a professional identity is hardly taken into account. In this study, we suggest to examine the professional identity development of nursing students from a psychosocial viewpoint. The building up of nursing students’ professional identity rests on the elaboration and development of socio-professional representations of the nursing profession on the one hand, and of cross-group relationships and the process of social categorization embraced by nursing students through their training on the other. Conducted among beginning and advanced students in four Training Institutes of the Aquitaine Region, this two-stage survey combines quantitative and qualitative methods: small, spontaneous group interviews were conducted at the beginning and end of the school year; the full student body was also given a questionnaire halfway through the school year. The results indicate differences and changes in the students’socio-professional representations of their future profession. Differences were observed not only depending on training level but also depending on the students’ home IFSI (Institut de Formation en Soins Infirmiers - Nursing Assistant Training Institute). The cross-ISFI social categorization reveals changes in categorization methods depending on the IFSI, and little correlation with training levels
Traoré, Assitan. "Catégorisation des comportements de conduite en termes de consommation en carburant : une méthode de découverte de connaissances contextuelles à partir des traces d’interactions". Thesis, Lyon, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LYSE1012/document.
Texto completoThis thesis proposes an engineering method of contextual knowledge that allows identification and modelling of explanatory context of observed criteria. The context consists of located explanatory knowledge allowing valid representation of an object in the covered situation. This knowledge is generally elicited when observing the activity performance in which the object is involved. They are therefore difficult to describe in the beginning of activity analysis but are necessary for the definition, explanation and effective understanding of an activity according to an observed criterion characterizing this activity. This thesis proposes a progressive definition of adequate context to explain an observed criterion during activity observation. The research mobilizes interaction traces of the analysed activity, clarify context notion and uses data mining methods for classification or categorization of an observed criterion by distinguishing contextual parameters and no contextual parameters. The developed environment, based on interaction traces principles, allows to assist explanatory context discovery by interactive approach, using context analyst knowledge. We demonstrate that it’s possible to build a valid context, by discovering it and by formulating it in a generic form as proposed in literature. An application of the method was performed in driving situation to identify and model the explanatory context of fuel consumption. The method validation is performed by studying produced knowledge on fuel consumption, qualitatively by relying on existing domain knowledge and quantitatively by applying classification rules established trough data collected from driving activity. This illustration of driving activity analysis with the contextual knowledge discovery method to determine explanatory context of fuel consumption was conducted at Ifsttar on real data, collected during driving activity in natural driving situation. The led experiments show encouraging results and allows considering the integration of contextual knowledge discovery method in Ifsttar analyst practices
Oker, Ali Mehmet. "L’effet de distinctivité dans les tâches implicites et explicites de mémoire : une explication en termes d’intégration multimodale". Thesis, Lyon 2, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009LYO20032/document.
Texto completoThe series of research presented in this thesis considers human memory as a single and non-abstractive system which reflects all of our experiments in an episodical multimodal traces form. Objectives of this thesis are multiple, but the main issue is to show that the distinctiveness effect, a well known phenomenon of memory, can emerge in implicit memory tasks as well as in explicit memory tasks and this effect can be explained in specific terms of mechanisms (activation and multimodal integration) and not in terms of subjacent memory systems.Three series of experiments were elaborated. In the first series, we used an extrinsic contextual information associated to concepts. A categorization task permitted us to show that distinctiveness effect can appear within an implicit memory task.In the second series of experiments, we manipulated the distance between images to be categorized in an encoding phase. Thus, images presented were either more distant to each other, or more closer. Following an implicit retrieval, we highlighted that spatial distinctiveness hypothesis was validated. This means that spatially more distinct items during the encoding phase are associated to higher retrieval performances in the test phase.In the third series of experiments, we showed that performances related to distinctiveness effect in implicit and explicit memory tasks varied according to various levels of sensory dimension integration. This postulate was tested with free recall, lexical decision and recognition tasks.Finally, our experimental results suggest that performances from implicit and explicit memory tasks can be explained within the same single memory system. Thus, the integration process would be at the origin of this phenomenon
Rizzo, Sabine. "Influence of the difference between expectation & perception on affective judgment : from consumers’ memory to product design : how to deal with variability among individuals’ expectations?" Thesis, Lyon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LYSE1262/document.
Texto completoOne challenge when dealing with the launching of new products is to understand consumers’ expectations towards the product experience. Many innovations fail because they do not address the right expectations, for the right consumers, and for the right product.Theories in cognitive psychology allow us to improve current methodologies of consumer tests and to design food products based on the knowledge of consumers. The objective of this research is to better understand the influence of the discrepancy between consumers’ expectations and perceptions on the affective judgment in the context of food consumption. Within the framework of Grounded and Embodied cognition, we use theories developed on Perceptual Symbol System assuming a strong relationship between conceptual knowledge and sensory properties. Three studies were conducted on familiar and non-familiar product ranges. Results allow us to conclude that consumers’ expectations are defined as ad-hoc categories dependent on a situation of consumption, i.e. a motivation to consume the product in a determined context of consumption.Properties of the category define conceptual expectations and expected sensory properties of the product. Thus, we provide evidence that concepts and sensory properties are strongly related through retrieval of categories.The results of this thesis also provide methodological improvements to elicit consumers’ expectations through categorization tasks and to screen samples fitting the best with consumers’ expectations through affective judgment
Lelièvre, Maud. "De la première gorgée de bière au concept : le même processus pour tous ? Effet de l'expertise sur la catégorisation et la représentation des bières". Thesis, Dijon, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010DIJOS001/document.
Texto completoThis current work was undertaken to understand the influence of expertise on mental representations linked to beer perception. Precisely, this study explores the differences in terms of perceptive categorisation and mental representation between individuals having varied sensory and theoretic knowledge of beer. Our approach was based on comparisons of individuals having different beer expertises between themselves and to a control group of novices. Four studies were organised, based on different tasks of cognitive psychology, e.g. sorting and matching tasks. We found there were differences in the perceptive categorisation of beers between beer sensory trained panellists, brewers, individuals familiar with certain kinds of beers and novices. These findings suggest that mental representations of beers vary with the type of expertise. The results also indicate that a repeated exposure to beers from different categories leads novices to correctly identify the category membership of these beers, but not to generalise their learning to new beers. An examination of the different angles of each type of expertise allowed us to identify the tasting approach (analytic vs. global) as a possible factor of the conceptual changes taking place with expertise development. Moreover, it seems that the only knowledge of the typical sensory characteristics of beer categories, gained through repeated exposures to different beers, is not sufficient to build mental representations of beers. The conceptual change would be led both by perceptive information and more abstract information (e.g. general and technical knowledge on beer). Besides, our results showed a familiarity effect on beer discrimination performance. This finding questions the influence of familiarity for certain beers on the results of beer categorisation
Guerin, Olivia. "Nomination et catégorisation des realia exotiques dans les récits de voyage (Afrique noire, de la fin du 18e siècle à 1960) : une approche sémantico-discursive". Thesis, Paris 3, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA030085/document.
Texto completoThe present study explores how reference is constructed in the discursive genre specifiedas travel narrative. A hallmark of the genre is a common posture towards the production of thetext where enunciator-travellers are placed in an asymmetric context between language and cultureand have to give an account of realia (natural species, artefacts, social practices) which are not systematically lexicalized in their own languages or for which they do not have naming competence. They thus tend to present referencing as problematic. In order to describe how incontext enunciators manage to reference “against all odds”, the present dissertation analysesnaming and categorization procedures of exotic realia in a corpus of travel accounts by Frenchtravellers to Black Africa in the colonial period. A discursive semantics is set up based on thepatterning of the three orders, language, textuality and discourse. The present work first builds upa typology of naming patterns implemented in the corpus and is able to show that discursivepractices concerned with naming rest on the language as a system. This first referencing procedureis followed by sequential operations to delimit categories; textual constraints on this secondprocedure are shown up. There follows the analysis of the discursive effects that result from theuse of such linguistic resources and this is done through articulation with the generic dimensionand the enunciative and ideological stances. Finally the analytic tools that have been devised areapplied to the characterization of specific discursive processes in two contrasting texts from thecorpus
Jumageldinov, Askar. "Diversités culturelles et construction identitaire chez les jeunes appartenant aux différents groupes ethniques au Kazakhstan : approche comparative". Thesis, Lyon 2, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009LYO20096/document.
Texto completoOur thesis is mainly orientated on relations between groups and the construction of identity in a situation of cultural plurality. These mechanisms are studied in a context of important social changes and deep ideological fractures. We will focus more specifically on the post Soviet societies. The fall of the political system of the former USSR led to political changes in Kazakhstan. From these changes originated a new social and ethnic organization : appointed ethnic groups (Kazakhs) and non appointed ethnic groups (others ethnic groups). This new classification led to some considerable changes in the representation of the national identity and the relations between ethnic groups. The new ideological objective of Kazakhstan was indeed to build a new nation based on the Kazakh identity. However it encountered the opposition of minority ethnic groups which encouraged the development of new identity strategies so as to react to the unification tendency of this State - Nation's model. For our study, we have chosen the centre region of Kazakhstan where cross cultural contacts are particularly important due to the presence of several ethnies. Firstly, our goal is to analyse the links between the belonging to an ethnic group and the construction of the national identity. Secondly, we will interest ourselves to the effects of identity construction on the relationships between the different ethnic groups. Considering our research objectives and the reality of the context on which was based our study, we applied a both qualitative and quantitative methodology: the questionnaire is specifically adapted to our field and the semi – directive interview explains the interethnic variabilities. Our sample is composed of 371 young people aged from 15 to 31 years old, who represent the different ethnic groups in presence (Kazakhs, Russian and others minorities ethnic groups)
Kone, Siaka. "Catégorisation et évaluation de divers scénarios de conclusion du volet agricole du cycle de Doha pour les filières coton en Afrique de l'ouest et du centre". Thesis, Montpellier, SupAgro, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011NSAM0015/document.
Texto completoAgriculture, especially cotton, causes contention in the World Trade Organization's (WTO) Doha Development Agenda (DDA) since 2001. This study analyses and provides quantitative estimates of the likely economics impacts of various scenarios. We propose an alternative scenario further based on the principle of special and differential treatment provided to developing countries. We consider seven key scenarios in this study: (1) the Uruguay Round agreements, (2) Falconer' negotiation draft, revised in December 2008 but without special measures for cotton, (3) Similar Falconer's draft but including special measures for cotton as proposed by the C4 Group, (4) the European Union position, (5) the United States position, (6) our alternative scenario of agreements and (7) the total liberalization even if ambitious in scope. Our alternative scenario lies on the improvement of the access of African cotton into the Chinese market and on the strengthening of domestic support to cotton production in West and Central Africa. This scenario is original by considering the set up of a new fund for international solidarity through the subsidy savings implemented by developed countries. We use the Agricultural trade Policy Simulation Model (ATPSM) to evaluate the economic effect and the Stiglitz and Charlton theory of equity for equity assessment. The results showed that our alternative scenario increases the world cotton price by 8.1%, the producer price by 10.8% which is higher than the Falconer' negotiation draft with special measures for cotton (9.0%) and the United States position (6.1%). With regard to the equity criteria, our alternative scenario is as attractive as the other scenarios in comparison with the Uruguay Round agreements scenario. The alternative scenario can help to conclude the WTO-Doha Development Agenda. This scenario takes into account some key elements of a compromise between major actors of WTO, and provides provisions for and international fund to help the west and central Africa cotton sectors
Tahata, Yumiko. "Qu'est-ce qu'un Français ? : La construction et les effets de la "francité" dans la société française contemporaine". Thesis, Nice, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016NICE2012/document.
Texto completoThis thesis analyses the construction of the idea of prototypical French – Frenchness – and its social effects on the categorization of individuals. The aim of this research is to take the French majority as an object of study in the same way as minority groups, and to highlight the logics of the production of figures of « internal otherness » (those who are viewed as not or not totally French). The study relies on the data from two types of investigations: political discourse analysis, and ethnographic research on a specific institutional practice of integration. On the one hand, the analysis shows the transition from a figure of the French majority as a reference requiring no specific definition, to an ethnicized and specified French figure (“French-lineage French”). On the other hand, we observe that the criteria which define Frenchness converge into its civic dimension, with the effect of differentiating the populations in French society according to their commitment to or respect of “republican values”. This current conception of Frenchness forms the basis of the “welcome and integration contract”. Fieldwork on this program reveals the categorizations of “Us” and “Them” around the Frenchness implemented by the officials, and the various tactics of resistance and impression management employed by the signatories as a response to these categorizations
Lenoble, Quentin. "Etude psychophysique des systèmes visuels magnocellulaire et parvocellulaire dans le vieillissement normal et proposition de réhabilitation des déficits : une approche en neuropsychologie cognitive". Thesis, Bordeaux 2, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011BOR21829/document.
Texto completoThe thesis aimed at studying the dissociation between the magnocellular and the parvocellular system by testing their evolution in normal aging and their rehabilitation with yellow filter glasses. Two experimental paradigms whose specific stimuli characteristics and task allow to bias visual processing toward one or the other system and which involved a low or an elaborated cognitive processing were used.In a luminance discrimination task, the results showed a massive parvocellular and a lower magnocellular deficit at the beginning of aging, but the magnocellular deficit increased rapidly beyond 75 years old. In an object categorization task, the presence of magnocellular deficit with age and very old age was corroborated but there was no parvocellular deficit suggesting that the parvocellular deficit found at earlier stage of processing had no consequence for higher-level processes.Regarding rehabilitation, yellow filter improved sensitivity in the discrimination of luminance specifically in the condition involving the magnocellular system and for the very old group of participants (> 75 years old) only. In the categorization task, yellow filter significantly decreased response time specifically in the condition isolating the magnocellular system for both old groups and increased the accuracy for the very-old group.Taken together, the results confirm the dissociation between the magnocellular and parvocellular systems. Magnocellular system undergoes age-related changes at later stage of ageing than parvocellular system and it could be rehabilitated with yellow filter
Saimouaa, Khaled. "Rôle des identités sociales dans la représentation sociale de la fatigue en France et en Syrie". Thesis, Dijon, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015DIJOL021/document.
Texto completoFor a few years, many factors, such as the burden of training, are considered to be linked to the athletes’ difficulties to get used to training. The fatigue is one of the perceived problems by the athletes. Physiologically, the fatigue can be defined as “the decrease of a muscle’s capacity over time to exert force or power during a given exercise”. However, from the social point of view, the interpretation of fatigue is different and varies according to the social groups. This representation of the fatigue, specific to each group, should be considered as “a form of knowledge, socially developed and shared. In this doctoral thesis, we focus on the representation of fatigue in France and in Syria, more precisely on the social representation of being fatigued (worn out/tired/exhausted) among athletes and non-athletes in these two countries. The form of social knowledge of fatigue is approached via theories related to the physiological fatigue, the social categorization and in particular, via the theories of social identity and social representation. After the construction of the theoretical framework, six studies have been carried out in order to ascertain the representation of fatigue in each group of the two countries.The first two studies sought to highlight the elements of the social representation of fatigue in the French and Arabic dictionary. In the field of sports, low fatigue and better physical shape remain more to the athletes benefit then the non-practicing sport group. That why athletes seek to establish a favorable social position in their group by using social categorization. In the following research, four of the studies are interested in the representation of fatigue from two groups coming from two differents countries. Results using our ‘RepMut’ tool allow us to see that the representation of fatigue is different depending on the social group interviewed (sports, non-sport) and the country of origin of its members (France, Syria). In France, it appears that on a categorical level, only athletes are able to position themselves satisfactorily in the case of fatigue only, while in Syria the athletes are able to position themselves satisfactorily in the cases of fatigue and well being
Marcellin, Catherine. "Un système cognitif polymorphe enculturé. Langues, langages et cognition". Thesis, La Réunion, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LARE0033/document.
Texto completoThis research work is about the specific characteristics linked to learning in a multicultural context. It takes place at the crossroads between reflections on the conceptual fields dealing with the teenagers’ mental lexis and the two great existing cognitive orientations, in relation with local culture in vocational schools in Reunion Island. The context of this study lies in observing that learners might preferentially activate a certain kind of logic: whether it be an abstract logic or a natural logic depending on the contexts of integration. There exist two systems of development, which are parallel. One conditions the other according to its localization. Thus, there might be a relation between the linguistic codes used on the island and the learners’ performances at school. Two groups of teenagers attending the same vocational school in the island agreed to submit themselves to a battery of tests. This sample of data stands as numerically sufficient to describe and observe behavior and existing relations inside our population. Concerning of tests, were taken in the assessment-diagnosis implemented by the French Ministry of Education – their levels are: entering the consolidation of knowledge and the end of them. Then some Piaget’s evaluations as well as evaluations Binet-Simon were used. They suggest a loss in performance of around 40% between the level of the second year of primary school and the level at entering the first of secondary school. Less than one pupil out of two succeeds at the evaluations. The Piaget’s evaluations and the evaluation on verbal thinking linked with cognitive age would be that of a 9 year old
Damon, Fabrice. "Développement des préférences pour la familiarité chez le nourrisson". Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015GREAS033/document.
Texto completoThe purpose of this work is to examine of the development of face category formation using infants’ visual preferences. We investigated the mechanisms leading to differential face preferences by integrating them in the theoretical framework developed by Valentine (1991), the face-space. We proposed that the way perceptual experience shape the structure of the face-space is a determinant of infants’ face preferences. We postulated that faces close to the central tendency of the face-space (i.e., prototype) will be preferred. We first reported a bias to look more toward adult faces than infant faces from birth to 6 month of age (Studies 1 and 2). Adult faces correspond to a frequently encountered category while infant faces represent a less frequently encountered category. We also showed a downturn of this familiarity bias as infants grow older (Study 3). The preferences showed by younger infants might be linked to a form of false recognition of the caregivers’ faces, due to the massive exposure to these faces. This pattern of preferences was not found in 3-to 12-month-olds presented with child and infant faces (Studies 4 and 5). Conversely, infants showed a tendency to prefer the less familiar faces, depending on their perceptual experience. We then studied 9- and 12-month-olds’ abilities to form categories of faces differing by age, i.e., adult, child, and infant faces, (Study 6). Twelve-month-olds formed discrete categories of adult and infant faces in one hand, and of child and infants faces on the other hand. Nine month-olds showed an asymmetric pattern of behavior, forming categories of child faces that exclude a new infant face, and categories of infant faces that include a new child face. All these infants being exposed to infant faces via nursery, the asymmetry might stem from the influence of the knowledge of this category of faces. In the last study (Study 7), we tried to provide more direct evidences of the link between face preferences and the distance from the prototype in two different populations: 12-month-old human infants, and 3-month-old macaque infants (Macaca mulatta). Preferences for faces close to the prototype in both species suggest a common mechanism leading to face preferences