Tesis: "Categorical semantic"

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Sbardellini, Luis Augusto. "Semantica categorial generalizada". [s.n.], 2001. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/278900.

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Orientador: Marcelo Esteban Coniglio
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciencias Humanas
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Resumo: o presente trabalho trata de semântica categorial, isto é, da interpretação de linguagens de primeira ordem em categorias. Propomos aqui uma generalização da semântica categorial usual (no sentido de [9]) através da modificação adequada da interpretação de símbolos de constantes. Na nossa nova abordagem, qualquer objeto de categoria pode interpretar a sorte de uma constante, mesmo que ele não tenha elementos globais. Exemplificamos os resultados conseguidos através do estudo de feixes e pré-feixes e realizamos uma comparação com as abordagens tradicional e estendida (em [3])...Observação: O resumo, na íntegra, poderá ser visualizado no texto completo da tese digital
Abstract: The present work treats of categorial semantics, that is, the interpretation of first order languages in categories. We propose here a generalization of the usual categorial semantics (in the sense of [9]) through the suitable modification of the interpretation of symbols of constants. In our approach, any categorial object may interpret the sort of a constant, even of it does not have global elements. We exemplified the results obtained through the study of sheaves and presheaves and established a comparison with the traditional and extended approaches (in [3])....Note: The complete abstract is available with the full electronic digital thesis or dissertations
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2

Kravchenko-Biberson, Olga. "Actualisation, intensité et saillance : raz mot autonome et préfixe en russe contemporain". Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017USPCF003/document.

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A travers l’analyse du fonctionnement de la forme RAZ, qui peut correspondre en russe contemporain soit à un mot autonome, soit à un préfixe, cette thèse se veut une contribution à l’étude de la sémantique des unités polycatégorielles, mais aussi à l’approfondissement des notions d’intensité et de saillance. L’analyse s’appuie sur le modèle général de la construction du sens et de la référence élaboré dans le cadre de la Théorie des Opérations Prédicatives et Enonciatives développée à partir des travaux d’Antoine Culioli et tient compte des conditions discursives (situation, cotexte, contexte) dans lesquelles apparaît RAZ. Elle aboutit à l’élaboration d’une signification invariante pour chacun de ses emplois catégoriels comme mot autonome et comme préfixe. Chaque invariant est défini non comme une valeur abstraite ou une valeur prototypique, mais comme un schéma qui indique le rôle spécifique joué par RAZ dans les interactions avec son cotexte. Les invariants proposés sont élaborés sur des critères distributionnels et formels précis, tels que la sémantique catégorielle de RAZ, sa fonction syntaxique, la nature et la fonction syntaxique de sa portée. On démontre que malgré l’existence de deux étymons à la sémantique différente, une partie des emplois du préfixe raz- est en fait rattachable au mot autonome raz. Ils relèvent d’une même sémantique de l’actualisation, qui est à la base de l’interprétation intensive et des effets de mises en saillance associés à certains emplois de RAZ. De là découle la difficulté à les traiter au niveau lexicographique, car leur description nécessite la prise en compte des facteurs énonciatifs et du contexte d’emploi large
This thesis analyses the functioning of the form RAZ that in contemporary Russian can be either a word or a prefix, and is intended as a contribution to the study of the semantics of polycategorical lexical items as well as to a better understanding of the notions of intensity and salience. The analysis is based on the model of meaning and reference construction elaborated within the framework of the Theory of the Predicative and Enunciative Operations developed by Antoine Culioli’s associates, and takes into consideration the discursive conditions (situation, co-text, context) under which RAZ occurs. It results in the elaboration of a semantic invariant for each categorical use of RAZ as a word and as a prefix. Each invariant is defined not as an abstract value or a prototypic value, but as a schema that indicates the specific role played by RAZ in the interactions with its co-text. The proposed invariants are developed on the basis of specific distributional and formal criteria, such as the categorical semantics of RAZ, its syntactic function, the nature and the function of its scope. It is demonstrated that despite the existence of two etymons with different meanings, some of the uses of the prefix raz- are, in fact, attachable to the word raz. They emerge from the semantics of actualisation (in Bally’s sense), which is responsible for the intensive interpretation and the effects of salience proper to certain uses of RAZ. Hence the difficulty in treating them on the lexicographic level, since their description requires consideration of enunciative factors and of the wider context

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3

Jürgensen, Claus. "Categorical semantics and composition of tree transducers". [S.l. : s.n.], 2003. http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=974221376.

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4

Jürgensen, Claus. "Categorical semantics and composition of tree transducers". Doctoral thesis, Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2004. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:swb:14-1107164334013-70165.

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In this thesis we see two new approaches to compose tree transducers and more general to fuse functional programs. The first abroach is based on initial algebras. We prove a new variant of the acid rain theorem for mutually recursive functions where the build function is substituted by a concrete functor. Moreover, we give a symmetric form (i.e. consumer and producer have the same syntactic form) of our new acid rain theorem where fusion is composition in a category and thus in particular associative. Applying this to compose top-down tree transducers yields the same result (on a syntactic level) as the classical top-down tree transducer composition. The second approach is based on free monads and monad transformers. In the same way as monoids are used in the theory of character string automata, we use monads in the theory of tree transducers. We generalize the notion of a tree transducer defining the monadic transducer, and we prove an according fusion theorem. Moreover, we prove that homomorphic monadic transducers are semantically equivalent. The latter makes it possible to compose syntactic classes of tree transducers (or particular functional programs) by simply composing endofunctors.

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5

Paquette, Eric Olive. "A categorical semantics for topological quantum computation". Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/26738.

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The aim of this thesis is to develop an abstract categorical setup in order to show that C -colored manifolds (i.e. compact closed manifolds with boundary where each boundary component is colored with an object of a semisimple strongly ribbon category) behaves basically in a similar manner as quantum circuits under the action of a unitary modular functor. There, the set of gates is composed only of braid operations, rotations and Dehn-twists. We first introduce the basic mathematical structure of a quantum circuit. We then provide a complete development of a 2-dimensional CW-complex over an extended surface. Furthermore, we provide a complete development of the categorical framework in order to construct a C -extended unitary modular functor (UMF) acting from the category of C -colored surfaces and morphisms of C -colored surfaces to the category of finite-dimensional vector spaces and linear isomorphisms. We then conclude by giving a complete semantics for topological quantum computation including an abstract version of the inner product, basic data units, basic data transformations, projectors and the notion of topological invariance of the algorithms.

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6

Jürgensen, Claus. "Categorical semantics and composition of tree transducers". Doctoral thesis, Technische Universität Dresden, 2003. https://tud.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A24455.

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In this thesis we see two new approaches to compose tree transducers and more general to fuse functional programs. The first abroach is based on initial algebras. We prove a new variant of the acid rain theorem for mutually recursive functions where the build function is substituted by a concrete functor. Moreover, we give a symmetric form (i.e. consumer and producer have the same syntactic form) of our new acid rain theorem where fusion is composition in a category and thus in particular associative. Applying this to compose top-down tree transducers yields the same result (on a syntactic level) as the classical top-down tree transducer composition. The second approach is based on free monads and monad transformers. In the same way as monoids are used in the theory of character string automata, we use monads in the theory of tree transducers. We generalize the notion of a tree transducer defining the monadic transducer, and we prove an according fusion theorem. Moreover, we prove that homomorphic monadic transducers are semantically equivalent. The latter makes it possible to compose syntactic classes of tree transducers (or particular functional programs) by simply composing endofunctors.

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7

Hirsch, Aron Ph D. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. "An inflexible semantics for cross-categorial operators". Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/113782.

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Thesis: Ph. D., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Linguistics and Philosophy, 2017.
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 305-323).
This thesis studies operators such as and and only, which occur in a broad range of environments. And, for instance, appears between sentences, intransitive verbs, quantifiers, and so forth. One line of analysis assigns and/only a "cross-categorial" semantics flexible enough to compose with different arguments. This thesis challenges that view, pursuing the "Semantic Inflexibility Hypothesis" (SIH). Regardless of the surface string, and and only uniformly operate on a meaning characteristic of a sentence -- a truth-value or proposition. The thesis presents four case studies testing a central prediction of the SIH: that when and/only appear to compose with an expression having a non-sentential meaning, there must be covert syntax underlying to furnish an appropriate scope site. Most of the cases involve object DPs: (a) apparent object DP conjunction in basic sentences (John saw every student and every professor) and (b) in pseudo-clefts (What Obama approved was this bill and that bill), along with (c) only preceding an object DP (John learned only one language). The additional case study examines coordination of questions. Novel diagnostics reveal covert syntax in each case, reconciling the data with the SIH -- and, in some cases, leading to a new perspective on the construction. In addition to showing that a range of data may be parsed with covert syntax, I present reason to question whether cross-categorial meanings are available at all. Specifically, I point out that crosscategorial analyses over-generate. First: the mechanisms which give rise to cross-categorial meanings are too powerful, and predict more operators to be cross-categorial than actually are. Second, I show that if and itself were cross-categorial, unattested scope readings would derive. If there are no crosscategorial operators, the over-generation problems resolve without new constraints.
by Aron Hirsch.
Ph. D.

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8

Germain, Veronique. "La récupération du nom propre d'une personne : éléments fondamentaux sur les informations sémantiques en mémoire et éléments appliqués pour la prise en charge de la maladie d'Elzheimer". Thesis, Clermont-Ferrand 2, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013CLF20006.

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Pouvoir identifier la personne en face de soi et être capable de retrouver son nom apparaissent des activités indispensables aux interactions sociales quotidiennes. Or, le nom propre s‟avère être une information spécifique comparée aux autres informations disponibles sur une personne. La récupération de cette information est souvent décrite comme difficile. Pour autant, si les auteurs s‟accordent sur la spécificité du nom propre, l‟examen de l‟organisation en mémoire du nom propre et des informations sémantiques liées aux personnes sera l‟objet de ce travail. De plus, l‟accès aux informations sémantiques s‟avère déficitaire dans la maladie d‟Alzheimer.Une première expérience a permis d‟élaborer un matériel normé sur 210 visages/noms, permettant la sélection précise de stimuli. Afin d'étudier la question de l‟organisation en mémoire des informations sémantiques et plus particulièrement l‟information nom propre, deux études comportementales et trois études électrophysiologiques ont été menées. Dans les deux dernières études, nous avons travaillé sur l‟apprentissage et le maintien en mémoire de l‟information spécifique nom propre auprès d‟une population Alzheimer. La discussion des différents résultats s‟appuie sur les connaissances théoriques actuelles sur le sujet
Being able to identify the person in front of us and being able to remember his or her name appear to be essential activities to daily social interactions. However, compared to other available information related to a person, the proper name seems to be specific information. Proper name retrieval has been very often described as particularly difficult. Although this work aims to study the organization of semantic information in memory, and more specifically the proper name information. Moreover, access to semantic information is known be deficient for Alzheimer disease.A first study has allowed to develope out a standardized material of 210 faces/names, permitting an accurate selection of stimuli. Two behavioural and three electrophysiological studies have been carried out to study the organization of semantic information in memory, and more specifically the proper name. For the last two experiments, we have worked on learning and how to keep specific information « proper name » into memory for Alzheimer‟s disease patients. Discussion of the different results is based on current theorical knowledge on the subject

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9

Fukihara, Yoji. "Generalization of Bounded Linear Logic and its Categorical Semantics". Doctoral thesis, Kyoto University, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/263441.

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10

Hasegawa, Masahito. "Models of sharing graphs : a categorical semantics of let and letrec". Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/15001.

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A general abstract theory for computation involving shared resources is presented. We develop the models of sharing graphs, also known as term graphs, in terms of both syntax and semantics. According to the complexity of the permitted form of sharing, we consider four situations of sharing graphs. The simplest is first-order acyclic sharing graphs represented by let-syntax, and others are extensions with higher-order constructs (lambda calculi) and/or cyclic sharing (recursive letrec binding). For each of four settings, we provide the equational theory for representing the sharing graphs, and identify the class of categorical models which are shown to be sound and complete for the theory. The emphasis is put on the algebraic nature of sharing graphs, which leads us to the semantic account of them. We describe the models in terms of the notions of symmetric monoidal categories and functors, additionally with symmetric monoidal adjunctions and traced monoidal categories for interpreting higher-order and cyclic features. The models studied here are closely related to structures known as notions of computation, as well as models for intuitionistic linear type theory. As an interesting implication of the latter observation, for the acyclic settings, we show that our calculi conservatively embed into linear type theory. The models for higher-order cyclic sharing are of particular interest as they support a generalized form of recursive computation, and we look at this case in detail, together with the connection with cyclic lambda calculi. We demonstrate that our framework can accommodate Milner's action calculi, a proposed framework for general interactive computation, by showing that our calculi, enriched with suitable constructs for interpreting parameterized constants called controls, are equivalent to the closed fragments of action calculi and their higher-order/reflexive extensions. The dynamics, the computational counterpart of action calculi, is then understood as rewriting systems on our calculi, and interpreted as local preorders on our models.

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11

Yuasa, Etsuyo. "Modularity in language : constructional and categorial mismatch in syntax and semantics /". Berlin : Mouton de Gruyter, 2005. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb40020784p.

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12

LIU, HSIAO-MEI. "A CATEGORIAL GRAMMAR ANALYSIS OF CHINESE SEPARABLE COMPOUNDS AND PHRASES (SYNTAX, SEMANTICS)". Diss., The University of Arizona, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/183896.

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The lexicon of modern Chinese is composed mainly of disyllabic compound words; some of the compounds are separable, while others are not. Hindered by problems with the definition of the Chinese word and by the concept of separate grammatical levels on which morphological, syntactic and semantic processes occur, previous linguistic studies have been unable to fully account for the separability of some compounds and for the relationship of compound separability to phrase separability. This dissertation finds that, with morphemes having the same syntactic association with other morphemes that words or phrases have with other words or phrases, categorial rules logically explain the common syntax of Chinese words and phrases. In categorial grammar analysis based on the work of Ajdukiewicz (1935), Montague (1974), Partee (1972; 1975), and Bach (1983; 1984), categories are determined by functions associating the expressions in component sets, and syntactic operations build categories up into larger derived categories according to specified functor-argument relations. In the present analysis of Chinese, to the set of the non-verb general category belong morphemes, words and phrases whose form classes are not verbs and which are generic names. Argument expressions, both compound words and verb phrases which belong to this category, combine with the intransitive/non-verb general functor to form the IV category. Rules operating by concatenation, cliticization and wrapping account for the occurrence of resultative expressions, aspect markers, and expressions of time duration or time frequency between the components of separable compounds. Further, the hierarchy of thematic roles devised by Jackendoff (1972) is applied to account for cases in which the functors in IV combine with more than one argument. In this way, an analysis which combines principles of morphology, syntax and semantics is able to account for the identity of compound and phrase separability and derive grammatical sentences for the language.

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13

Ranalter, Kurt. "Reasoning about assertions, obligations and causality on a categorical semantics for a logic for pragmatics". Thesis, Queen Mary, University of London, 2008. http://qmro.qmul.ac.uk/xmlui/handle/123456789/28169.

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The aim of the logic for pragmatics considered in this work is to provide a logical framework that formalises reasoning about the pragmatic forces with which a sentence may be uttered. The concept of pragmatic or illocutionary force comes from speech act theory and plays a crucial role also in certain branches of artificial intelligence, in particular in the development of communication protocols for software agents. Instead of considering the full-blown theory of speech acts, we focus on speech acts that either have the pragmatic force of an assertion or the pragmatic force of an obligation, and on how these speech acts may be related to each other. In particular, we are interested in a principle proposed by Bellin and Dalla Pozza that allows one to promote acts of obligations through causal chains of acts of assertions. The main achievement of this thesis is a sound and complete categorical semantics for a logic for pragmatics incorporating the aforementioned principle. One of the benefits of the proposed semantics is that it allows one to deal with conditional obligations as well, thus extending the framework in a very interesting way. Although the logical framework considered in this work incorporates only two types of speech acts, we hope to be able to show that we have a well-behaved core fragment that can serve as a fruitful basis for further investigations.

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14

Maskharashvili, Aleksandre. "Discourse Modeling with Abstract Categorial Grammars". Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LORR0195/document.

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Ce mémoire de thèse traite de la modélisation du discours dans le cadre grammatical des Grammaires Catégorielles Abstraites (Abstract Categorial Grammars, ACGs). Les ACGs offrent un cadre unifié pour la modélisation de la syntaxe et de la sémantique. Nous nous intéressons en particulier aux formalismes discursifs qui utilisent une approche grammaticale pour rendre compte des régularités des structures discursives. Nous proposons en particulier un encodage à l'aide des ACGs de deux formalismes discursifs : G-TAG et D-STAG. Ces encodages permettent d'éclairer le problème des connecteurs discursifs médiaux que les formalismes s'appuyant sur TAG ne traitent pas, du moins pas par un mécanisme grammatical. En effet, pour prendre en compte ces connecteurs, G-TAG et D-STAG utilisent une étape extra-grammaticale. Notre encodage offre au contraire une approche purement grammaticale de la prise en compte de ces connecteurs discursifs. Ces encodages se font à l'aide d'ACGs de second ordre. Les grammaires de cette classe ont des propriétés de réversibilité qui nous permettent d'utiliser les mêmes algorithmes polynômiaux aussi bien pour l'analyse discursive que pour la génération de discours
This dissertation addresses the questions of discourse modeling within a grammatical framework called Abstract Categorial Grammars (ACGs). ACGs provide a unified framework for both syntax and semantics. We focus on the discourse formalisms that make use of a grammatical approach to capture the discourse structure regularities. In particular, we propose ACG encodings of two discourse formalisms: G-TAG and D-STAG. These ACG encodings shed light on the problem of clause-medial connectives that the G-TAG and D-STAG grammars leave out of account. Both G-TAG and D-STAG make use of an extra-grammatical processing to deal with discourse connectives that appear at clause-medial positions. In contrast, the ACG encodings of G-TAG and D-STAG offer a purely grammatical approach to clause-medial connectives. Each of these ACG encodings are second-order. Grammars of this class have reversibility properties that allow us to use the same polynomial algorithmes both for the discourse parsing and generation tasks

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15

Oliveira, Anna Maria Russo Patricio de. "Aspectos semânticos, conceituais e morfo-sintáticos das categorias nominais". Universidade de São Paulo, 2009. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8139/tde-05022010-155317/.

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Esta dissertação discute o estatuto morfossintático, semântico e conceitual das categorias nominais, a partir das denominações encontradas em textos didáticos e em trabalhos acadêmicos. O objetivo principal é esclarecer alguns aspectos que ainda permanecem obscuros na literatura, principalmente no que diz respeito às extensões de determinadas categorias nominais. As categorias discutidas neste trabalho são os nomes próprios, os nomes concretos e abstratos, os nomes de eventos e os nomes coletivos. Investigam-se especialmente as particularidades ligadas à interpretação das diferentes categorias nominais enquanto possíveis desencadeadoras de diferentes modos de denotação. Tendo como ponto de partida a semântica formal, este trabalho recebe contribuições também de outras sub-áreas da lingüística, assim como da filosofia da linguagem. Devido à escassez de embasamento teórico recente, foram buscados argumentos tanto em autores oriundos do campo filosófico tais como Russell, Wittgenstein e Varzi como lingüistas relativamente pouco freqüentados em nossos dias, como Jespersen e Pichon. O desenvolvimento desta pesquisa, que priorizou como objeto de análise, a língua portuguesa do Brasil, parece apontar alguns aspectos relevantes na diferenciação e na delimitação das classes nominais supra citadas. No caso dos nomes próprios, foi possível observar que as duas principais teorias que tratam deles, a descritivista e a referencialista, não são necessariamente excludentes. Do estudo dos vários autores que, de uma forma ou de outra, aderiram a essas teorias, evidenciou-se que cada uma delas, isoladamente tomada, apresenta deficiências que poderiam ser preenchidas pela outra e que ambas poderiam ser beneficiadas pelo acréscimo do fator contextual. Embora haja consenso quanto ao fato de que, do ponto de vista sintático, os nomes próprios ocupam o lugar do sujeito em sentenças afirmativas e que, do ponto de vista lógico, nomes próprios são todas as expressões nominais definidas, não é suficientemente salientado que, nesse aspecto, os nomes próprios são uma subclasse dos nomes concretos, assim como, de acordo com Ockham, coincidem com os nomes concretos os adjetivos empregados na predicação. Quanto à classe dos nomes abstratos, esta mostrou-se muito mais ampla do que se possa imaginar, abarcando além dos nomes abstratos de qualidades, derivados de adjetivos, também os nomes de ação e de estados, de derivação verbal, e os nomes quantificados (pela aposição de sufixos como edo, al, ama) ou massificados (pela aposição de sufixos como ada), de derivação substantival. No que diz respeito aos nomes coletivos, a pesquisa mostrou que, por exemplo, quando são examinados em sua forma desenvolvida (grupo de flores, no lugar de buquê), estes formam uma classe conspícua e de vasta aplicação. Além disso, o estudo dessa categoria abriu um interessante questionamento no que diz respeito à denotação dos nomes de espécies, pois os nomes coletivos teriam, apesar do atributo, uma extensão menor daquela dos nomes comuns. Os nomes de eventos constituíram também um assunto que não pode ser examinado apenas do ponto de vista semântico. No decorrer da pesquisa, este assunto levantou importantes aspectos morfológicos e sintáticos, pois, contrariamente ao que é consenso na literatura, os nomes de evento não parecem ser necessariamente de derivação verbal. No português, por exemplo, foram detectados vários nomes não deverbais que denotam eventos (festa, desastre, neblina, etc.), que são selecionados pelos mesmos verbos que selecionam os nomes de eventos derivados.
This work discusses the morphosyntatic, semantic and conceptual statute of nominal categories from the denominations found in textbooks and academic writings. The main purpose is to clarify some aspects which remain obscure in the literature, mainly in regard to extensions of particular nominal categories. The categories discussed are the proper names, the concrete and abstract names, the event nouns and collective nouns. Particularities related to interpretations of different nominal categories are investigated as possible triggers of different denotation modes. Formal Semantics is the starting point of this work, which also has contributions from other subareas of Linguistics and from Philosophy of Language as well. Due to the lack of recent theoretical framework, arguments have been searched either in authors deriving from the philosophical area such as Russell, Wittgenstein and Varzi, or in not frequently studied nowadays linguists, like Jespersen and Pichon. The development of this research, which prioritized as its main analysis object Brazilian Portuguese, seems to point out some relevant aspects in the differentiation and delimitation of the nominal classes supra cited. Regarding proper names, it was possible to observe that the two main theories that deal with them, the descriptivist and referentialist ones, are not necessarily excludent. Considering the authors who somehow adhered to these theories, it became evident that each of them presents deficiencies that could be filled by the other and that both would benefit from the addition of the contextual factor. Despite of the consensus about the fact that, according to the syntactic point of view, proper names occupy the subject position in affirmative sentences and that, according to the logical point of view, proper names are all the definite nominal expressions, it is not enough highlighted that, in respect to that, proper names are a subclass of concrete names, likewise, to Ockham, III coincide with concrete nouns the adjectives used in predication. Concerning the abstract names class, it turned out to be much larger than could be expected, including not only the abstract names of qualities, but also nouns of actions and states, of verbal derivation, and the nouns quantified (by the adposition of suffixes like -edo, -al, -ama) or massified (by the adposition of suffixes like -ada), of nominal derivation. With respect to collective nouns, the research revealed that, for instance, when examined in their developed form grupo de flores (group of flowers) instead of buquê (bouquet), they represent a conspicuous class of large application. Additionally, the study of this category led to an interesting questioning of the species names denotation because the collective nouns seem to have, besides the attribute, a smaller extension than that of common names. Similarly, event nouns cant be analyzed only on a semantic basis. As the research advanced, this issue raised important morphological and syntactic aspects, because in spite of the consensus found in the literature, event nouns dont seem to be necessarily derived from verbs. In Portuguese, for example, there are non-deverbal event nouns like festa (party), desastre (disaster), neblina (fog), etc., which are selected by the same verbs that select the derived event nouns.

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Albergaria, Genezpabla. "Projeção figurativa e expansão categorial no PB: o caso de um frame ‘animal’". Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora (UFJF), 2008. https://repositorio.ufjf.br/jspui/handle/ufjf/3801.

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O presente estudo constitui-se como um subprojeto que integra o macro-projeto Construções Superlativas no Português do Brasil – Uma Abordagem Sociocognitiva (MIRANDA 2007) - e tem como objeto de pesquisa o processo de mudança semântica e categorial que, tendo como domínio-fonte o frame de animal (itens lexicais ‘animal’, ‘bicho’, ‘fera’, ‘monstro’ e ‘gigante’), resulta em um frame de escala, como ilustram os exemplos a seguir: Irritado, Animal acaba com treino do Verdão; Skol gelada é o bicho!; Você, fera na cama!; Festival reúne feras do jazz; TV 'monstra' chega ao mercado brasileiro por R$ 299 mil; Zoomp compra quatro grifes e vira gigante da moda. Este trabalho, de viés sociocognitivo, tem como escopo teórico central as bases pré-conceptuais (Categorias de Nível Básico e Esquemas Imagéticos) e conceptuais (Domínios Conceptuais ou Frames, Metáfora e Metonímia) do nosso processo de categorização, ancoradas nos estudos de Lakoff & Johnson (1980,1987, 1999), Fauconnier & Turner (2002), Tomasello (2003), Croft (2004), Fillmore (2007), Talmy (2000); Geeraerts (2007). Dada a relevância do uso lingüístico em nossa agenda investigativa, a Linguística de Corpus (Sardinha 2004; Aluísio e Almeida 2006) se constituiu como a escolha metodológica. Com o intuito de espelhar, de fato, o comportamento de uso dos itens lexicais em foco, nossa base empírica consiste em um corpus específico obtido através de pesquisa na internet, no site de revistas da Editora Abril (ABRIL.COM), no CETENFolha/Folha de São Paulo, no G1 – Portal de Notícias da Globo.com, em blogs e em comunidades de relacionamento do Orkut. O eixo norteador de nossa análise consiste em: (i) Descrever a dimensão semântico-pragmática e formal da rede lexical em foco; (ii) Desvelar a motivação conceptual – esquemas imagéticos e processos metafóricos e metonímicos – dessa rede de modo a compreender os 6 possíveis elos cognitivos que a instituem. Neste sentido, nossa pesquisa apresenta os seguintes resultados: a confirmação em nosso corpus da primeira de nossas hipóteses, qual seja, a de que está em curso um processo de expansão lexical em que os itens lexicais (‘animal’, ‘fera’, ‘bicho’, ‘monstro’, ‘gigante’) que integram o nódulo da rede metafórica do frame ‘animal’ passam a atuar como OPERADORES SEMÂNTICOS DE ESCALA, compondo uma rede polissêmica. Em termos da expansão morfossintática, passamos a ter um padrão duplo: (1) o SN2 (com sentido metafórico) mantém a função de substantivo: o que ocorre em 68,7% das ocorrências analisadas e (2) é sintaticamente reanalisado como um adjetivo, com estatuto de adnominal ou predicativo, como podemos verificar em 31,3% das ocorrências. Os resultados mostram, em síntese, que os processos de mudança semântica dessa rede lexical se fazem de uma maneira mais ostensiva, robusta do que os morfossintáticos. Em termos da motivação conceptual, pudemos apresentar a relevância do esquema imagético de força (Modelo da Dinâmica das Forças) na configuração de um cenário agonístico, perspectivizado pelas construções lexicais em foco. De igual modo, apresentamos a METÁFORA CONCEPTUAL DA GRANDE CADEIA que nos permite compreender de que forma os itens lexicais do frame conceptual de ‘animal’ passam a referenciar seres de outra ordem, como ‘humanos’ (PESSOAS SÃO ANIMAIS) e ‘entidades’ (OBJETOS COMPLEXOS SÃO ANIMAIS).
This study is a subproject which makes part of the macroproject Superlative Constructions of the Brazilian Portuguese – A Sociocognitive Approach (MIRANDA, 2007) – and has as a research object the semantic and categoric change which, having as source domain the frame of animal (lexical items ‘animal’, ‘bicho’, ‘fera’, ‘monstro’ and ‘gigante’), results from a scale frame, as illustrated by the following examples: Irritado, Animal acaba com treino do Verdão; Skol gelada é o bicho!; Você, fera na cama!; Festival reúne feras do jazz; TV 'monstra' chega ao mercado brasileiro por R$ 299 mil; Zoomp compra quatro grifes e vira gigante da moda. This work, of sociocognitivism base, has as a central thoretical scope the preconceptual bases (Basic level categories and image schemas) and conceptual bases (Conceptual Domains or Frames, Metaphor and Metonym) of our categorizing process, anchored on the studies by Lakoff & Johnson (1980,1987, 1999), Fauconnier & Turner (2002), Tomasello (2003), Croft (2004) and Fillmore (2007), Talmy (2000); Geeraerts (2007). Because of the linguistic usage in our investigative purpose, the Corpus Linguistics (Sardinha 2004; Aluísio and Almeida 2006) motivated our methodological choice. Attempting to actually unveil the usage behavior of the lexical items, our empiric base consists of a specific corpus collected through internet researches on: Editora Abril magazine site (ABRIL.COM), CETENFolha/Folha de São Paulo, G1 – Globo.com News website, blogs and on Orkut relationship communities. The main purpose of our analysis is: (i) to describe the semantic-pragmatic and formal dimension of the focused lexical net; (ii) to unveil the conceptual motivation – image schemas and metaphoric / metonymic processes – of this net in order to understand the possible cognitive links which compose it. This way, our research presents the following results: the confirmation in our corpus 8 of our first hypothesis, that is, that there has been a process of lexical expansion in course in which lexical items (‘animal’, ‘fera’, ‘bicho’, ‘monstro’, ‘gigante’) that integrate the nodes of metaphoric net of the frame ‘animal’ turn out to be SEMANTIC OPERATORS OF SCALE, forming a polysemic net. In terms of the morphosyntactic expansion, we tend to have a double standard: (1) the NP2 (with metaphoric meaning) keeps its noun function: present in 68.7% of the analysed occurrences and (2) is syntatically re-evaluated as an adjective, with adnominal or predicative function, as perceived in 31,3% of the occurrences. The results show, in short, that the change processes on the lexical rede happen more ostensively and robusty than the morphosyntactic ones. In terms of the conceptual motivation, we could present the relevance of the image schema of force (force dynamic Model) in the configuration of an agonistic scene, perspectivized by the focused lexical constructions. Moreover, we presented the THE GREAT CHAIN METAPHOR which leads us to figure out how the lexical items of the conceptual frame of ‘animal’ tend to refer to beings of another order, like ‘humanos’ (PEOPLE ARE ANIMALS) and ‘entidades’ (COMPLEX OBJECTS ARE ANIMALS).

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Bueno-Soler, Juliana 1976. "Semantica algebrica de traduções possiveis". [s.n.], 2004. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/279780.

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Orientadores: Marcelo Esteban Coniglio, Carlos Caleiro
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciencias Humanas
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Whitman, Philip Neal. "Category neutrality : a type-logical investigation /". Connect to this title online, 2002. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1023679306.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Ohio State University, 2002.
Title from first page of PDF file. Document formatted into pages; contains xii, 320 p., also contains graphics. Includes abstract and vita. Advisor: David R. Dowty, Dept. of Linguistics. Includes bibliographical references (p. 315-320).

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Lima, Hildomar José de. "Categorias lexicais na língua brasileira de sinais: nomes e verbos". Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2012. http://repositorio.bc.ufg.br/tede/handle/tede/4423.

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The objective of this paper is to analyze some ‘morphic’ and semantic-syntactic properties that allow us to define Noun and Verb in Brazilian Sign Language (BSL). It is based on a contemporary approach of linguistic analysis named functional-cognitive (Croft e Cruse, 2004; Fauconnier e Turnner, 1998, 2008; Givón, 2001; Langacker, 1987, 1990, 1991, 2008 e Taylor, 2002). In this perspective, a linguistic analysis asserts that the code should be regarded as dynamic and likely to suffer changes that come from the speaking community and the universe, never as an immutable entity. In this way, this research bases itself on the fact that in BSL, the processes of cognitive nature and discursive-pragmatic nature motivate the distribution of such linguistic code in terms of categories. The data analysis is done in two distinct moments. First, we showed analysis observations concerning those signs in BSL that are related to Nouns and Verbs in Brazilian Portuguese (BP), that is, we worked with nominal notions and verbal notions based on the prototypical semantic characteristics proposed by Givón (2001). At this stage, it was possible to link the prototypical semantic characteristics that are correlated to Verbs and Nouns in BP. Afterwards, we analyzed the grammatical criteria that are typical of the language being studied based on bigger constructions. In such analyses, we verified that a first criterion to identifying a contrast between verbal and nominal notions, in BSL, was semantic feature dynamicity, which separates dynamic events/activities from entities/states more stable in time.
Este trabalho objetiva analisar algumas propriedades ‘mórficas’ e sintático-semânticas que nos permitam definir as categorias lexicais Nome e Verbo na Língua de Sinais Brasileira (LSB). Fundamenta-se em uma abordagem contemporânea de análise linguística denominada Cognitivo-funcional (Croft e Cruse, 2004; Fauconnier e Turnner, 1998, 2008; Givón, 2001; Langacker, 1987, 1990, 1991, 2008 e Taylor, 2002). Nessa perspectiva, uma análise linguística implica que se considere o código como dinâmico e passível de mudanças advindas da relação entre comunidade falante e o universo, jamais como uma entidade imutável. Dessa forma, esta pesquisa parte do pressuposto de que na LSB os processos de natureza cognitiva e de natureza pragmático-discursiva motivam a distribuição do código linguístico em estudo em termos de categorias. Este trabalho envolveu pesquisa de campo, com dados coletados especialmente para esta investigação, através de narrativas de surdos adultos usuários de LSB. A análise dos dados se dá em dois momentos distintos. Primeiramente, explicitamos observações de análise sobre aqueles sinais em LSB que se correlacionam com Nome e os que se correlacionam com Verbo no Português do Brasil (PB), ou seja, trabalhamos com noções nominais e noções verbais com base nas características semânticas prototípicas propostas por Givón (2001). Nesta etapa foi possível traçar as características semânticas prototípicas daqueles sinais que se correlacionam com Verbos e Nomes no PB. Em seguida, analisamos critérios gramaticais internos à língua em estudo a partir de construções maiores. Nesta análise verificou-se que um primeiro critério para a identificação de um contraste entre noções verbais e nominais, na LSB, foi o traço semântico de dinamicidade, que separa eventos/ações, dinâmicos, de entidades/estados, mais estáveis no tempo.

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Novakovic, Novak. "Sémantique algébrique des ressources pour la logique classique". Thesis, Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011INPL075N/document.

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Le thème général de cette thèse est l’exploitation de l’interaction entre la sémantique dénotationnelle et la syntaxe. Des sémantiques satisfaisantes ont été découvertes pour les preuves en logique intuitionniste et linéaire, mais dans le cas de la logique classique, la solution du problème est connue pour être particulièrement difficile. Ce travail commence par l’étude d’une interprétation concrète des preuves classiques dans la catégorie des ensembles ordonnés et bimodules, qui mène à l’extraction d’invariants signiﬁcatifs. Suit une généralisation de cette sémantique concrète, soit l’interprétation des preuves classiques dans une catégorie compacte fermée où chaque objet est doté d’une structure d’algèbre de Frobenius. Ceci nous mène à une déﬁnition de réseaux de démonstrations pour la logique classique. Le concept de correction, l’élimination des coupures et le problème de la “full completeness” sont abordés au moyen d’un enrichissement naturel dans les ordres sur la catégorie de Frobenius, produisant une catégorie pour l'élimination des coupures et un concept de ressources pour la logique classique. Revenant sur notre première sémantique concrète, nous montrons que nous avons une représentation ﬁdèle de la catégorie de Frobenius dans la catégorie des ensembles ordonnés et bimodules
The general theme of this thesis is the exploitation of the fruitful interaction between denotational semantics and syntax. Satisfying semantics have been discovered for proofs in intuitionistic and certain linear logics, but for the classical case, solving the problem is notoriously difficult.This work begins with investigations of concrete interpretations of classical proofs in the category of posets and bimodules, resulting in the definition of meaningful invariants of proofs. Then, generalizing this concrete semantics, classical proofs are interpreted in a free symmetric compact closed category where each object is endowed with the structure of a Frobenius algebra. The generalization paves a way for a theory of proof nets for classical proofs. Correctness, cut elimination and the issue of full completeness are addressed through natural order enrichments defined on the Frobenius category, yielding a category with cut elimination and a concept of resources in classical logic. Revisiting our initial concrete semantics, we show we have a faithful representation of the Frobenius category in the category of posets and bimodules

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Reis, Teofilo de Souza. "Conectivos flexíveis : uma abordagem categorial às semânticas de traduções possíveis". [s.n.], 2008. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/278896.

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Orientador: Marcelo Esteban Coniglio
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciencias Humanas
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Resumo: Neste trabalho apresentamos um novo formalismo de decomposição de Lógicas, as Coberturas por Traduções Possíveis, ou simplesmente CTPs. As CTPs constituem uma versão formal das Semânticas de Traduções Possíveis, introduzidas por W. Carnielli em 1990. Mostramos como a adoção de um conceito mais geral de morfismo de assinaturas proposicionais (usando multifunções no lugar de funções) nos permite definir uma categoria Sig?, na qual os conectivos, ao serem traduzidos de uma assinatura para outra, gozam de grande flexibilidade. A partir de Sig?, contruímos a categoria Log? de lógicas tarskianas e morfismos (os quais são funções obtidas a partir de um morfismo de assinaturas, isto é, de uma multifunção). Estudamos algumas características de Sig? e Log?, afim de verificar que estas categorias podem de fato acomodar as construções que pretendemos apresentar. Mostramos como definir em Log? o conjunto de traduções possíveis de uma fórmula, e a partir disto definimos a noção de CTP para uma lógica L. Por fim, exibimos um exemplo concreto de utilização desta nova ferramenta, e discutimos brevemente as possíveis abordagens para uma continuação deste trabalho.
Abstract: We present a general study of a new formalism of decomposition of logics, the Possible- Translations Coverings (in short PTC 's) which constitute a formal version of Possible-Translations Semantics, introduced by W. Carnielli in 1990. We show how the adoption of a more general notion of propositional signatures morphism allows us to define a category Sig?, in which the connectives, when translated from a signature to another one, enjoy of great flexibility. Essentially, Sig? -morphisms will be multifunctions instead of functions. From Sig? we construct the category Log? of tarskian logics and morphisms between them (these .are functions obtained from signature morphisms, that is, from multifunctions) . We show how to define in Log? the set of possible translations of a given formula, and we define the notion of a PTC for a logic L. We analyze some properties of PTC 's and give concrete examples of the above mentioned constructions. We conclude with a discussion of the approaches to be used in a possible continuation of these investigations.
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22

Lorandi, Ana María y Cora Bunster. "Reflexiones sobre las categorias semanticas en las fuentes del Tucuman colonial, los valles calchaquies". Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2014. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/121629.

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Carlisle, Judith Pinn. "Using categorical grammars and a non-model-theoretic semantics to build automated representations of concepts: A non-keyterm approach to information retrieval". Diss., The University of Arizona, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/187347.

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This research develops an information retrieval system (IRS) using a semantic document representation derived using a combination of categorial grammars and conceptual semantics. Of particular interest to this research are documents in the document collection which a user would include in the set of retrieved documents, if the set was selected manually, yet are excluded by automated methods of IR. This research vigorously embraces the belief that language is a comprehensive system which encodes and transmits information. Therefore, traditional keyterm approaches used as a automatic document representation generation paradigm are rejected. Rather, natural language processing (NLP) and computational linguistic techniques are explored in depth as methods to automatically extract information from natural language texts and build electronic document representations. Important aspects of this project include implementation of an automated syntactic categorial parser and a conceptual semantic model to create a working IRS. Results of this research have proved promising and suggest that richer, more complex document representations can be applied to the automated information retrieval (IR) process.

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24

Horn, Stephen Wright. "Syntax, semantics, and pragmatics of accusative-quotative constructions in Japanese". Columbus, Ohio : Ohio State University, 2008. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1204662234.

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Mirandez, Roberta Massariolli. "Estudo da fluência verbal em categorias múltiplas no comprometimento cognitivo leve". Universidade de São Paulo, 2015. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/5/5138/tde-05012016-110612/.

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INTRODUÇÃO: A queixa de dificuldades cognitivas, especialmente de memória, é frequente entre idosos e, no envelhecimento normal, pode ocorrer um declínio mensurável da memória, que não acarreta declínio funcional significativo. Levando-se em conta que o comprometimento cognitivo leve (CCL) pode representar um estágio transicional entre o envelhecimento saudável e a doença de Alzheimer (DA), o estudo das alterações de linguagem no CCL procura comparar os déficits descritos em ambos, com o intuito de detectar prejuízos que possam auxiliar na identificação precoce de indivíduos com declínio cognitivo que apresentem maior risco de conversão para demência. OBJETIVOS: Verificar o padrão de desempenho de pacientes com CCL em testes de fluência verbal (FV) semântica (frutas, animais, meios de transporte), FAS-COWA (fluência fonológica) e fluência de verbos; determinar qual categoria de FV dentre as estudadas permite a melhor discriminação entre idosos cognitivamente saudáveis e CCL. MÉTODOS: Foram avaliados 67 idosos (37 cognitivamente saudáveis - controles - e 30 com CCL) por meio dos testes de FV descritos. O desempenho dos grupos nas provas de FV em função de intervalos de tempo (15, 30, 45 e 60 seg) foi também registrado. RESULTADOS: O grupo CCL apresentou pior desempenho em todas as tarefas de FV (p < 0,0001). As notas de corte obtidas para as diversas tarefas foram: 14 (animais), 12 (frutas e meios de transporte), 41 (fonológica) e 11 (verbos).As provas se mostraram equivalentes na diferenciação entre controles e CCL, com discreta superioridade para a fluência de animais, que classificou corretamente 73,9% dos indivíduos (p < 0,0001). Pacientes com CCL apresentaram desempenho inferior ao dos controles de forma consistente durante todo o período de cronometragem das provas; o número de palavras geradas decresceu progressivamente em cada quartil de tempo em todas as categorias de FV, em ambos os grupos (p < 0,0001). CONCLUSÃO: Pacientes com CCL apresentaram pior desempenho em todas as tarefas de FV, sendo a fluência de animais a mais acurada para a discriminação entre CCL e idosos cognitivamente saudáveis
INTRODUCTION: Complaints of cognitive difficulties, especially memory, are frequent among the elderly and, in normal aging, a measurable decline in memory, which does not cause significant functional decline may occur. Taking into account that mild cognitive impairment (MCI) may represent a transitional stage between healthy aging and Alzheimer\'s disease (AD), the study of language disorders in MCI seeks to compare deficits described in both groups, in order to detect impairments that may aid in the early identification of individuals with cognitive decline that pose a higher risk of conversion to dementia. OBJECTIVES: To verify the performance of MCI patients in semantic verbal fluency (VF) tasks (fruits, animals, means of transportation), FAS - COWA (phonological fluency) and verb fluency; to determine which category of VF among those studied allows better discrimination between cognitively healthy elderly and MCI. METHOD: Sixty-seven elderly were evaluated through the above-described VF tasks (37 cognitively healthy elderly - controls - and 30 MCI patients). The performance of both groups in all VF tasks according to time intervals (15, 30, 45 and 60 sec).was also recorded. RESULTS: The MCI group performed worse than controls in all VF tasks (p < 0,0001). The cut off scores for the different VF tasks were: 14 (animals), 12 (fruits and means of transportation), 41 (phonological), and 11 (verbs). All tasks were equivalent in the discrimination between controls and MCI, being the animal fluency slightly superior in accuracy (correct classification: 73.9% of subjects, p < 0.0001). The MCI group exhibited worse performance in all time intervals; the number of generated words decreased progressively for each quartile of time in all VF categories in both groups (p < 0.0001). CONCLUSION: MCI patients performed worse than controls n all proposed VF tasks. Animal fluency was the most accurate to discriminate MCI patients from cognitively healthy elderly

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26

Martin, Scott. "The Dynamics of Sense and Implicature". The Ohio State University, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1377010890.

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Ataíde, Cleber Alves de. "O comportamento sintático-semântico da categoria gramatical de sujeito em títulos jornalísticos: uma abordagem funcionalista". Universidade Federal da Paraíba, 2008. http://tede.biblioteca.ufpb.br:8080/handle/tede/6483.

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This research proposes a study of the syntactic- semantic dimensions of the lexical items that, syntactically, exercise a function of subject in journalistic titles. Still it investigates the configuration of verbal constructions, observing its pragmatic- ideological motivations subjacent to the journalistic context. Our investigation stars from the principle that, in the titles sentence type ( SVO- SV), for example Justice limits liberty of the supporters, the position of the subject is occupied by expressions that assume metonymically the paper of controller of the dynamic process expressed by the verb, as in these enunciates there are a kind of configuration of sense of the subject, as its main characteristic prototypical characteristic of agentivity is frequently dissociated. To the realization of the analysis, we constituted a corpus of 120 journalistic news published in two periodic from Pernambuco, through the years 2006, 20007 and 2008 and analyzed the expressions from the left side of the verb (process). To the discussion of the obtained results we proceeded, methodologically, as follows: we presented the occurrences number of the processes, taking into account the frequency of determined kind present in our corpus; we verified the participants actor, beneficiary, experiencer and teller, to verify in which way these participants represent the referred entity in the position of subject in a determined thematic area: politics, economy and urban life and, to finish, we categorized the representation of the first participant ( P1), that, syntactically, expresses the subject, according to Souza ( 2006, p. 165), as nominal syntagmas (SN) of two kinds: the lexical SN, having as a centre a noun, modified or not; the individualized SN ( SNi), subtype of SNL, that that has as a centre a being. To evidence such position, we fundament in the pretext of Systemic- Functional Linguistic of Halliday ( 1985), Halliday & Mathiessen ( 2004), Souza ( 2006) and Furtado da Cunha & Souza ( 2007). We observed that the nominal syntagmas (SNs) that occupy a position of subjects in the journalistic titles accomplish the most varied forms of representativity and that these syntagmas represent semantic-pragmatic behaviours determined by the thematic context.
Esta pesquisa propõe um estudo das dimensões sintático-semânticas dos itens lexicais que, sintaticamente, exercem a função de sujeito em títulos jornalísticos. Ainda investiga a configuração de construções verbais, observando suas motivações pragmático-ideológicas subjacentes ao contexto jornalístico. Nossa investigação parte do princípio de que, nos títulos do tipo oracional (SVO SV), por exemplo, Justiça limita liberdade dos torcedores, a posição de sujeito é ocupada por expressões que assumem metonimicamente o papel de controlador do processo dinâmico expresso pelo verbo, uma vez que nestes enunciados há uma certa reconfiguração de sentido do sujeito, pois sua principal característica prototípica de agentividade é freqüentemente desassociada. Para a realização das análises, constituímos um corpus de 120 títulos de notícias jornalísticas publicados em dois periódicos pernambucanos, ao longo dos anos 2006, 2007 e 2008 e analisamos as expressões ocupantes do lado esquerdo do verbo (processo). Para discussão dos resultados obtidos procedemos, metodologicamente, da seguinte forma: apresentamos o número de ocorrências dos processos, levando em conta a freqüência de determinado tipo presente em nosso corpus; verificamos os participantes ator, beneficiário, experienciador e dizente, a fim de averiguar de que forma esses participantes representam a entidade referida na posição de sujeito em determinada área temática: política, economia e vida urbana e, por fim, categorizamos a representação do primeiro participante (P1) que, sintaticamente, expressa o sujeito, conforme Souza (2006, p. 165), como sintagma nominal (SN) de dois tipos: o SN lexical (SNL), tendo como núcleo um substantivo, modificado ou não; o SN individualizado (SNi), subtipo do SNL, aquele que tem como núcleo um indivíduo. Para evidenciar tal posicionamento, fundamentamo-nos em pressupostos da Lingüística Sistêmico-Funcional de Halliday (1985), Halliday & Mathiessen (2004), Souza (2006) e Furtado da Cunha & Souza (2007). Constatamos que os sintagmas nominais (SNs) que ocupam a posição de sujeito nos títulos jornalísticos cumprem as mais variadas formas de representatividade e que esses sintagmas representam comportamentos semânticopragmáticos determinados pelo contexto temático.

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28

Kartsaklis, Dimitrios. "Compositional distributional semantics with compact closed categories and Frobenius algebras". Thesis, University of Oxford, 2014. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:1f6647ef-4606-4b85-8f3b-c501818780f2.

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The provision of compositionality in distributional models of meaning, where a word is represented as a vector of co-occurrence counts with every other word in the vocabulary, offers a solution to the fact that no text corpus, regardless of its size, is capable of providing reliable co-occurrence statistics for anything but very short text constituents. The purpose of a compositional distributional model is to provide a function that composes the vectors for the words within a sentence, in order to create a vectorial representation that re ects its meaning. Using the abstract mathematical framework of category theory, Coecke, Sadrzadeh and Clark showed that this function can directly depend on the grammatical structure of the sentence, providing an elegant mathematical counterpart of the formal semantics view. The framework is general and compositional but stays abstract to a large extent. This thesis contributes to ongoing research related to the above categorical model in three ways: Firstly, I propose a concrete instantiation of the abstract framework based on Frobenius algebras (joint work with Sadrzadeh). The theory improves shortcomings of previous proposals, extends the coverage of the language, and is supported by experimental work that improves existing results. The proposed framework describes a new class of compositional models thatfind intuitive interpretations for a number of linguistic phenomena. Secondly, I propose and evaluate in practice a new compositional methodology which explicitly deals with the different levels of lexical ambiguity (joint work with Pulman). A concrete algorithm is presented, based on the separation of vector disambiguation from composition in an explicit prior step. Extensive experimental work shows that the proposed methodology indeed results in more accurate composite representations for the framework of Coecke et al. in particular and every other class of compositional models in general. As a last contribution, I formalize the explicit treatment of lexical ambiguity in the context of the categorical framework by resorting to categorical quantum mechanics (joint work with Coecke). In the proposed extension, the concept of a distributional vector is replaced with that of a density matrix, which compactly represents a probability distribution over the potential different meanings of the specific word. Composition takes the form of quantum measurements, leading to interesting analogies between quantum physics and linguistics.

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29

Granzotto, Carina Maria Niederauer. "Semântica cognitiva aplicada: a radialidade da categoria RELIGIÃO nos discursos dos imigrantes italianos (de 1875 à década de 1950)". reponame:Repositório Institucional da UCS, 2007. https://repositorio.ucs.br/handle/11338/270.

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Esta dissertação tem por objetivo reconstruir os modelos cognitivo-culturais que estruturam a categoria conceitual RELIGIÃO, com base nos discursos dos/sobre os imigrantes das antigas colônias italianas na região Nordeste do estado do Rio Grande do Sul, relativamente ao modo como esses experienciavam a religiosidade. Isso se dá a partir de uma análise semântica dos enunciados presentes, por exemplo, em textos de natureza antropológica, historiográfica; relatos de memórias, cartas e diários. As fontes desses discursos são documental-bibliográficas e cobrem o período de 1875 à década de 1950. O corpus é constituído de 138 segmentos discursivos, organizados de acordo com cinco categorias diferentes de fontes. A investigação situa-se no campo da Semântica Cognitiva, orientada pela Teoria dos Modelos Cognitivos Idealizados (TMCI), proposta por Lakoff e seus colaboradores. Esse trabalho se justifica uma vez ainda não existirem estudos empíricos sobre a religião em uma cultura ou subcultura sob o viés da Semântica Cognitiva, garantindo seu caráter inédito. Essa teoria permite avaliar como uma categoria conceitual se estrutura e evolui em uma cultura. A análise empreendida dá-se dentro da esfera da Religião Católica, uma vez ser esta a religião predominante na cultura em questão. O método utilizado é o hipotético-dedutivo, a partir do qual se constrói a estrutura radial preliminar da categoria, com base numa análise inspecional do corpus inicial. Tem-se por hipóteses que: (1) a categoria tem uma estrutura proposicional radial, cujo submodelo prototípico é RITUAIS; (2) a categoria RELIGIÃO estrutura-se basicamente por radialidade, tendo como eixo-de-raio DEUS, com centro prototípico em PAI; (3) estruturas metafóricas e metonímicas organizam extensões ou projeções a partir desses raios; (4) tipos de estruturas proposicionais, como o modelo proposicional script, organizam elementos constitutivos da estrutura radial. O Sistema da Metáfora Moral é aplicado como um modelo organizador dessa estrutura. A análise do corpus selecionado confirma as hipóteses inicialmente levantadas. O submodelo RITUAIS é confirmado como o que prototipicamente representa a categoria. Outra hipótese confirmada é a da influência do modelo proposicional script, como parte integrante do modelo RITUAIS. A estrutura radial hipotética preliminar, ao final das análises, é ajustada aos achados da pesquisa. Esta investigação não visa levantar concepções de religião, mas investigar a estrutura semântico-conceitual de RELIGIÃO por meio da codificação explícita revelada em expressões lingüísticas ou em inferências a partir delas, por meio de modelos metafóricos, metonímicos e proposicionais.
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This dissertation has the goal of reconstructing the cognitive cultural models that made up the conceptual category RELIGION, with a basis on the discourse of/about immigrants from the Old Italian colonies from the northern region of Rio Grande do Sul, in relation to how they experienced religiosity. This is done through a semantic analysis of the expressions used, for instance, in the texts of anthropologic and historiographic nature; reports of memories, letters, and diaries. The sources of this discourse are documented bibliographies that cover the period from 1875 to the decade of 1950. The corpus of this work is made up of 138 segments, organized accordingly into five categories with different sources. The investigation centers on the field of Cognitive Semantic, oriented by the Theory of Idealized Cognitive Models (TICM), proposed by Lakoff and his colleagues. This study justifies itself and guarantees its unprecedented nature since there has not yet been empirical studies done about religion in a culture or sub culture. The theory presented allows the evaluation of how a conceptual category structures itself and evolves in a culture. The analysis takes place inside the sphere of Catholic Religion, since this is the religion that predominates the culture in question. The method utilized is the hypothetic-deductive, from which the preliminary radial structure of the category is built, with a basis on the inspectional analysis of the initial corpus. The hypotheses is that: (1) the category has a structure that is propositional radial, in which the prototypical sub-models are RITUALS; (2) the category RELIGION has a radial structure having GOD as a radial axis and FATHER as the prototypical center; (3) metaphoric and metonymic structures organize extensions or projections from these rays; (4) the types of propositional structures, like the propositional model script, organize elements that make up the radial structure. The Moral Metaphor System is applied as a model that organizes this structure. The analyses of the selected corpus confirm the initial hypotheses suggested. The sub model RITUALS is confirmed as the one which prototypically represents the category. The other hypotheses confirmed concerns the influence of the propositional model script as the integral part of the RITUALS model. The preliminary hypothetic radial structure, at the end of the analyses, is adjusted to the findings of the research. This investigation does not aim to bring up conceptions of religion but rather to investigate the semantic-conceptual structure of RELIGION through the explicit codification reveled in linguistic expressions or in inferences from them, as well as through metaphoric, metonymic, and propositional models.

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30

Bona, Camila de. "Os prefixos de negação des- e in- no PB : considerações morfossemânticas". reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/103873.

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Este trabalho objetiva estudar as propriedades semânticas e categoriais de dois prefixos de negação do português brasileiro, quais sejam in- e des-. Com a evidência de que os prefixos de negação apresentam uma variada gama de categorias lexicais às quais eles podem se adjungir (nomes, adjetivos e verbos), buscamos delinear a frequência com que cada um desses prefixos de negação aparece em relação às suas bases e a semântica por eles atualizada, com o intuito de verificar quais seriam as principais propriedades gramaticais e semânticas capazes de apresentar um papel determinante na eleição e produtividade de determinado prefixo. Através de um estudo que se pretenda exaustivo dos itens lexicais formados por esses prefixos no português, analisamos a plausibilidade da procura de alguma regularidade semântica presente nas bases, para verificar se a distinção entre des- e in- se dá relativamente a determinados elementos de sentido que as palavras formadas por cada prefixo apresentam. Para fins de análise, nos valemos dos vocábulos prefixados com os afixos de negação in- e des- listados no Dicionário de Usos do Português do Brasil, de Francisco S. Borba (2002). Como referencial teórico, elegemos o modelo de Lieber (2004), o qual apresenta o traço [-Loc] como única característica necessária para a descrição da prefixação negativa; esse traço, segundo a autora, pode dar origem a quatro nuances de significado levemente distintas, quais sejam: privação, negação contrária, negação contraditória e reversão. Pelo fato de a Lieber não fazer apontamentos muito relevantes no que diz respeito à seleção categorial, nos valemos dos argumentos de Silva e Mioto (2009) para a análise dos dados do português, os quais advogam pela ideia de que os prefixos selecionam rigidamente as bases com as quais se combinam: in- seleciona apenas bases adjetivais e des- seleciona, além das adjetivais, também bases verbais. Ademais, relativamente a des-, os pesquisadores defendem a existência de dois afixos homófonos: um que seleciona verbos, aplicando o sentido de reversão, e outro que seleciona adjetivos, atualizando o sentido de um tipo de negação. Nossa análise evidencia que parece não existir um suposto traço semântico presente nas bases adjetivais capaz de licenciar a presença de des- ou in-. É provável que, em se tratando de adjetivos especificamente, des- e in- sejam concorrentes – a diferença entre os dois se estabelece mais em termos de produtividade categorial. A postulação de Silva e Mioto (2009) acerca de uma seleção rígida para os prefixos parece não ser condizente com nossos dados. No que tange à análise semântica, defendemos que o traço [-Loc], apesar de ser pertinente quando aplicado a itens lexicais estativos (ou àqueles que não implicam trajetória) prefixados por in- e des-, não é capaz de descrever adequadamente a noção de reversão atualizada por des- quando em presença de bases que denotam processos de mudança. Com isso em vista, defendemos que a solução para melhor descrever esses verbos está no próprio sistema proposto por Lieber, qual seja a evidenciação do traço [+IEPS], que apresenta a noção de trajetória. Esse traço já se faz presente em todos os verbos que implicam processos de mudança e, ao adicionarmos o prefixo negativo, o traço [-Loc] atua sobre [+IEPS], não anulando a presença da trajetória, mas invertendo a direção da mesma. Considerando que [-Loc] se faz presente tanto para a noção de negação quanto para a noção de reversão, não faz sentido a postulação da existência de dois des- homófonos no português para tratar desses dois sentidos.
This thesis aims to study the semantic and categorical properties of two negative prefixes of Brazilian Portuguese, which are in- and des-. With the evidence that the negative prefixes attach to a wide range of lexical categories (nouns, adjectives and verbs), we intend to delineate the frequency with which each of these negative prefixes appears in relation to their bases and the semantics updated by them, in order to see what are the decisive categorical and semantic properties to the election and productivity of the given prefix. Through a study which aims to be exhaustive regarding the lexical items with these prefixes in Portuguese, we analyze the plausibility of looking for some semantic regularity present in the bases, to verify if the distinction between in- and des- occurs with respect to certain elements of meaning present in the words formed by these prefixes. For analysis purposes, we make use of the words with negative affixes in- and des- from Dicionário de Usos do Português do Brasil, by Francisco S. Borba (2002). The theoretical model elected is from Lieber (2004), which exhibits the trace [-Loc] as the only necessary feature to describe the negative affixation; this trace, according to the author, can give rise to four slightly different meanings, which are: privation, contrary negation, contradictory negation and reversion. Since Lieber does not present relevant notes regarding the categorical selection, we make use of Mioto and Silva (2009)‟s arguments for the analysis of Portuguese data. These authors advocate for the idea that prefixes rigidly select the bases to which they combine: in- selects only adjectival bases and des- selects adjectival and also verbal bases. Moreover, for des-, the researchers advocate for the existence of two homophones affixes: one would select verbs, applying the sense of reversion, and the other one would select adjectives, attributing the sense of a kind of negation. Our analysis shows that there seems to be no alleged semantic feature present in adjectival bases able to license the presence of in- or des-. It seems that these prefixes are in competition - the difference between the two is established more in terms of categorical productivity. The postulation of Silva and Mioto (2009) regarding a rigid selection of prefixes does not seem to be consistent with our data. Regarding the semantic analysis, we hold that [-Loc] trace, despite being relevant when applied to stative lexical items (or the ones which do not bear the notion of trajectory) prefixed by in- and des-, is not able to adequately describe the notion of reversion updated by des- when in the presence of bases that denote changing processes. Therefore, we argue that the solution to better describe these verbs are in Lieber‟s theoretical model itself, which is the disclosure of the feature [+IEPS], the one that introduces the notion of trajectory. This feature is already present in all verbs that involve changing processes, and when we add the negative prefix, the feature [-Loc] acts on [+IEPS], not denying the presence of the trajectory, but reversing the direction of it. Whereas [-Loc] is present for both the concept of negation and reversion, it makes no sense to postulate the existence of two homophones des- in Portuguese.

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31

Maršík, Jiří. "Les effects et les handlers dans le langage naturel". Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LORR0322/document.

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Ces travaux s’intéressent à la modélisation formelle de la sémantique des langues naturelles. Pour cela, nous suivons le principe de compositionnalité qui veut que le sens d’une expression complexe soit une fonction du sens de ses parties. Ces fonctions sont généralement formalisées à l’aide du [lambda]-calcul. Cependant, ce principe est remis en cause par certains usages de la langue, comme les pronoms anaphoriques ou les présuppositions. Ceci oblige à soit abandonner la compositionalité, soit modifier les structures du sens. Dans le premier cas, le sens n’est alors plus obtenu par un calcul qui correspond à des fonctions mathématiques, mais par un calcul dépendant du contexte, ce qui le rapproche des langages de programmation qui manipulent leur contexte avec des effets de bord. Dans le deuxième cas, lorsque les structures de sens sont ajustées, les nouveaux sens ont tendance à avoir une structure de monade. Ces dernières sont elles-mêmes largement utilisées en programmation fonctionnelle pour coder des effets de bord, que nous retrouvons à nouveau. Par ailleurs, s’il est souvent possible de proposer le traitement d’un unique phénomène, composer plusieurs traitements s’avère être une tâche complexe. Nos travaux proposent d’utiliser les résultats récents autour des langages de programmation pour parvenir à combiner ces modélisations par les effets de bord. Pour cela, nous étendons le [lambda]-calcul avec une monade qui implémente les effects et les handlers, une technique récente dans l’étude des effets de bord. Dans la première partie de la thèse, nous démontrons les propriétés fondamentales de ce calcul (préservation de type, confluence et terminaison). Dans la seconde partie, nous montrons comment utiliser le calcul pour le traitement de plusieurs phénomènes linguistiques : deixis, quantification, implicature conventionnelle, anaphore et présupposition. Enfin, nous construisons une unique grammaire qui gère ces phénomènes et leurs interactions
In formal semantics, researchers assign meanings to sentences of a natural language. This work is guided by the principle of compositionality: the meaning of an expression is a function of the meanings of its parts. These functions are often formalized using the [lambda]-calculus. However, there are areas of language which challenge the notion of compositionality, e.g. anaphoric pronouns or presupposition triggers. These force researchers to either abandon compositionality or adjust the structure of meanings. In the first case, meanings are derived by processes that no longer correspond to pure mathematical functions but rather to context-sensitive procedures, much like the functions of a programming language that manipulate their context with side effects. In the second case, when the structure of meanings is adjusted, the new meanings tend to be instances of the same mathematical structure, the monad. Monads themselves being widely used in functional programming to encode side effects, the common theme that emerges in both approaches is the introduction of side effects. Furthermore, different problems in semantics lead to different theories which are challenging to unite. Our thesis claims that by looking at these theories as theories of side effects, we can reuse results from programming language research to combine them.This thesis extends [lambda]-calculus with a monad of computations. The monad implements effects and handlers, a recent technique in the study of programming language side effects. In the first part of the thesis, we prove some of the fundamental properties of this calculus: subject reduction, confluence and termination. Then in the second part, we demonstrate how to use the calculus to implement treatments of several linguistic phenomena: deixis, quantification, conventional implicature, anaphora and presupposition. In the end, we build a grammar that features all of these phenomena and their interactions

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32

Mirzapour, Mehdi. "Modeling Preferences for Ambiguous Utterance Interpretations". Thesis, Montpellier, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018MONTS094/document.

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Le problème de représentation automatique de la signification logique des énoncés ambigus en langage naturel a suscité l'intérêt des chercheurs dans le domaine de la sémantique computationnelle et de la logique. L'ambiguïté dans le langage naturel peut se manifester au niveau lexical / syntaxique / sémantique de la construction de sens, ou elle peut être causée par d'autres facteurs tels que la grammaticalité et le manque de contexte dans lequel la phrase est effectivement prononcée. L'approche traditionnelle Montagovienne ainsi que ses extensions modernes ont tenté de capturer ce phénomène en fournissant quelques modèles qui permettent la génération automatique de formules logiques. Cependant, il existe un axe de recherche qui n'est pas encore profondément étudié: classer les interprétations d'énoncés ambigus en fonction des préférences réelles des utilisateurs de la langue. Ce manque suggère une nouvelle direction d'étude qui est partiellement explorée dans ce mémoire en modélisant des préférences de sens en alignement avec certaines des théories de performance préférentielles humaines bien étudiées disponibles dans la littérature linguistique et psycholinguistique.Afin d'atteindre cet objectif, nous suggérons d'utiliser / d'étendre les Grammaires catégorielles pour notre analyse syntaxique et les Réseaux catégoriels de preuve comme notre analyse syntaxique. Nous utilisons également le Lexique Génératif Montagovien pour dériver une formule logique multi-triée comme notre représentation de signification sémantique. Cela ouvrirait la voie à nos contributions à cinq volets, à savoir, (i) le classement de la portée du quantificateur multiple au moyen de l'opérateur epsilon de Hilbert sous-spécifié et des réseaux de preuve catégoriels; (ii) modéliser la gradation sémantique dans les phrases qui ont des coercitions implicites dans leurs significations. Nous utilisons un cadre appelé Montagovian Generative Lexicon. Notre tâche est d'introduire une procédure pour incorporer des types et des coercitions en utilisant des données lexicales produites par externalisation ouverte qui sont recueillies par un jeu sérieux appelé JeuxDeMots; (iii) l'introduction de nouvelles métriques sensibles au référent basées sur la localité pour mesurer la complexité linguistique au moyen de réseaux de preuve catégoriels; (iv) l'introduction d'algorithmes pour l'achèvement des phrases avec différentes mesures linguistiquement motivées pour sélectionner les meilleurs candidats; (v)l'intégration de différentes métriques de calcul pour les préférences de classement afin de faire d'elles un modèle unique
The problem of automatic logical meaning representation for ambiguous natural language utterances has been the subject of interest among the researchers in the domain of computational and logical semantics. Ambiguity in natural language may be caused in lexical/syntactical/semantical level of the meaning construction or it may be caused by other factors such as ungrammaticality and lack of the context in which the sentence is actually uttered. The traditional Montagovian framework and the family of its modern extensions have tried to capture this phenomenon by providing some models that enable the automatic generation of logical formulas as the meaning representation. However, there is a line of research which is not profoundly investigated yet: to rank the interpretations of ambiguous utterances based on the real preferences of the language users. This gap suggests a new direction for study which is partially carried out in this dissertation by modeling meaning preferences in alignment with some of the well-studied human preferential performance theories available in the linguistics and psycholinguistics literature.In order to fulfill this goal, we suggest to use/extend Categorial Grammars for our syntactical analysis and Categorial Proof Nets as our syntactic parse. We also use Montagovian Generative Lexicon for deriving multi-sorted logical formula as our semantical meaning representation. This would pave the way for our five-folded contributions, namely, (i) ranking the multiple-quantifier scoping by means of underspecified Hilbert's epsilon operator and categorial proof nets; (ii) modeling the semantic gradience in sentences that have implicit coercions in their meanings. We use a framework called Montagovian Generative Lexicon. Our task is introducing a procedure for incorporating types and coercions using crowd-sourced lexical data that is gathered by a serious game called JeuxDeMots; (iii) introducing a new locality-based referent-sensitive metrics for measuring linguistic complexity by means of Categorial Proof Nets; (iv) introducing algorithms for sentence completions with different linguistically motivated metrics to select the best candidates; (v) and finally integration of different computational metrics for ranking preferences in order to make them a unique model

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33

Menezes, Paulo Fernando Blauth. "Reificação de objetos concorrentes". reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/18396.

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Autômatos não-seqüenciais constituem um domínio semântico categorial do tipo não-intercalação para sistemas reativos, comunicantes e concorrentes.É baseado em sistemas de transições etiquetados, inspirado em "Redes de Petri são Monóides" de Meseguer e Montanari, onde as operações de sincronização e encapsulação são funtoriais e as reificações constituem uma classe de morfismos especiais. Do que se tem conhecimento, é o primeiro modelo de concorrência a satisfazer a composicionalidade diagonal, ou seja, onde as reificações compõem (verticalmente) e distribuem-se sobre a composição paralela (verticalmente). Adjunções entre autômatos não-seqüenciais, redes de Petri e autômatos seqüenciais são introduzidas estendendo a abordagem de Winskel, Nielsen e Sassone onde é proposta uma classificação formal para modelos de concorrência. Dos passos que envolvem a passagem de um modelo para outro, pode-se inferir que os autômatos não-seqüenciais são mais concretos do que as redes de Petri e os autômatos seqüenciais. Para experimentar o domínio semântico proposto, é dada semântica a uma linguagem concorrente, baseada nos objetos, denominada Náutilus. Trata-se de uma versão simplificada e revisada da linguagem de especificação orientada aos objetos GNOME, onde são introduzidos algumas facilidades especiais, inspiradas no domínio semântico, como a reificação e a agregação. Neste contexto, a composicionalidade diagonal é uma propriedade essencial para dar a semântica.
Nonsequential automata constitute a non-interleaving categorial semantic domain for reactive, communicating and concurrent systems. It is based on labeled transition systems, inspired by Meseguer and Montanari's "Petri Nets are Monoids", where synchronization and encapsulation operations are functorial and a class of morphisms stands for reification. It is, for our knowledge, the first model for concurrency which satisfies the diagonal compositionality requirement, i. e., reifications compose (vertical) and distribute over the parallel composition (horizontal). Adjunctions between nonsequential automata, Petri nets and sequential automata are provided extending the approach of Winskel, Nielsen and Sassone where a scene for a formal classification of models for concurrency is set. The steps of abstraction involved in moving between models show that nonsequential automata are more concrete than Petri nets and sequential automata. To experiment with the proposed semantic domain, a semantics for a concurrent, object-based language named Nautilus is given. It is a simplified and revised version of the object-oriented specification language GNOME, introducing some special features inspired by the semantic domain such as reification and aggregation. The diagonal compositionality is an essential property to give semantics in this context.

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34

Westum, Asbjörg. "Ris, skäver och skärva : Folklig kategorisering av några barnsjukdomar ur ett kognitivt semantiskt perspektiv". Doctoral thesis, Umeå universitet, Litteraturvetenskap och nordiska språk, 1999. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-51634.

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In Swedish dialects we find the terms ris,skäver and skärva referring to illnesses in children. The words are also parts of various compounds which refer to variants of the illnesses. The terms are linguistic expressions denoting two folk categories of illnesses, RIS and SKÄVER/SKÄRVA. These categories are investigated from a cognitive semantic perspective. The cognitive perspective argues that we organize our understanding of reality by using Idealized Cognitive Models (ICM) based on our physical, mental and emotional experiences of the world. The aim is twofold: to demonstrate the bases on which an experienced illness is placed in a certain category, and to show how a folk conception of illness is reflected in the word formation strategies. The word formation strategies emanate from notions of characteristic symptoms, and from notions of causes of illnesses. Both categories, RIS and SKÄVER/SKÄRVA, are based on a number of ICM's. The category RIS is a radial structure, which means that the category is held together although its members have no structural criteria in common. The category SKÄVER/SKÄRVA is a concentrating structure, meaning that all members share all structural criteria. There is a strong connection between word formation strategies and the structures of the categories. Terms related to symptoms refer to members of a category which are part of a radial structure, while terms related to causes refer to members of a category which are part of a concentrating structure. This can be explained by two of the basic assumptions of cognitive semantics: semantic content is structred and symbolized overtly on the surface form of a language and categories are conventional, based on cultural assumptions about the world.
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35

Bernard, Timothée. "Approches formelles de l'analyse du discours : relations discursives et verbes d'attitude propositionnelle". Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019USPCC034.

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Cette thèse s’intéresse aux formalismes qui permettent de représenter mathématiquement non seulement le sens de phrases indépendantes mais aussi de textes entiers, en incluant les liens de sens que les différentes phrases qui les composent entretiennent les unes avec les autres. Ces liens de sens — les relations discursives — sont divers ; nous trouvons notamment des relations temporelles, causales et contrastives. Nous ne nous posons pas seulement la question du sens et de sa représentation, mais aussi celle de la détermination algorithmique de cette représentation à partir des séquences de mots qui composent les énoncés. Nous nous situons donc à l’interface de trois traditions : l’analyse discursive, la sémantique formelle et la linguistique computationnelle.La plupart de travaux formels portant sur le discours ne prêtent que peu d’attention aux verbes de dire (affirmer, dire, etc.) et d’attitude propositionnelle (penser, croire, etc.). Tous ces verbes, que nous regroupons sous l’abréviation « VAP », ont en commun d’exprimer l’attitude ou la position d’une personne sur une proposition donnée. Ils sont utilisés fréquemment et introduisent de nombreuses subtilités échappant de fait aux théories actuelles. Cette thèse a pour objectif principal de mettre à jour les principes d’une grammaire formelle compatible avec l’analyse du discours et prenant en compte les VAP. Nous commençons donc par présenter de nombreuses données linguistiques illustrant les interactions entre VAP et relations discursives.Il est souvent considéré que les connecteurs adverbiaux (ensuite, par exemple, etc.) sont anaphoriques. Cependant, nous pouvons nous demander si, en pratique, un système de linguistique computationnelle ne peut pas gérer cette catégorie particulière d’anaphore comme s’il s’agissait d’un type de dépendance structurelle, étendant d’une certaine manière la syntaxe au-delà de la phrase. C’est ce que nous nous proposons de faire à l’aide du formalisme D-STAG. Une telle approche, bien qu’ayant un certain nombre de propriétés intéressantes dans le cadre de l’analyse automatique du discours, fait peser un poids important sur la syntaxe, et nous discutons alors les difficultés qu’elle soulève.Cela nous amène à développer une approche anaphorique, c’est-à-dire dans laquelle les arguments des relations discursives ne sont plus déterminés uniquement par la structure grammaticale des énoncés. Ce sont les mêmes outils conceptuels que nous utilisons pour rendre compte de l’anaphoricité des connecteurs adverbiaux, des structures discursives non-arborées (observées avec tout type de connecteurs), mais aussi de l’usage évidentiel des VAP.Cependant, si nous employons la notion d’anaphore, nous voulons l’intégrer explicitement dans le formalisme grammatical, en spécifiant quand sont exécutées les résolutions d’anaphore et avec quelles informations en entrée. Cela est possible avec la sémantique par continuation, que nous utilisons en combinaison à la sémantique événementielle. Les événements sont souvent invoqués pour exprimer la sémantique des relations notamment causales ou temporelles, mais posent aussi un certain nombre de questions, liées aux schémas logiques d’inférence qu’autorisent les énoncés linguistiques ainsi qu’à la présence de la négation pour exprimer les arguments des relations discursives. Nous avançons plusieurs pistes pour y répondre et étudions plus en détail le cas de la négation.Nous revenons ainsi sur les difficultés que pose la négation linguistique pour une analyse sémantique événementielle, qui concernent autant l’interface syntaxe-sémantique que le niveau purement sémantique. Nous montrons que ces difficultés ont pour origine l’analyse standard de la négation, qui traite phrases positives et phrases négatives de manière fondamentalement différente. Rejetant cette vue, nous présentons une formalisation nouvelle de la notion d’événement négatif, adaptée à l’analyse de divers phénomènes linguistiques
This thesis focuses on the formalisms that make it possible to mathematically represent not only the meaning of independent sentences, but also whole texts, including the meaning relations that link sentences together. These links — the discourse relations — include temporal, causal and contrastive relations. Not only are we interested in meaning and its representation, but also on the algorithmic process of how this representation is computed using the sequence of words that constitute the text. We thus find ourselves at a point where three disciplines intersect: discourse analysis, formal semantics and computational linguistics.Most formal work on discourse pay little attention to reporting verbs (say, tell, etc.) and attitude verbs (think, believe, etc.). These verbs, henceforth ‘AVs’, all express the attitude or stance of one person on a given proposition. They are used frequently and introduce many subtleties that are not addressed in current theories. The main objective of this thesis is to shed light on the principles of a formal grammar that is compatible with discourse analysis that takes AVs into account. We therefore start by presenting a set of linguistic data illustrating the interactions between AVs and discourse relations.Adverbial connectives (then, for example, etc.) are usually considered anaphoric. One might wonder, however, whether, in practice, a computational linguistic system cannot deal with this particular category of anaphora as a kind of structural dependency, meaning that syntax is somehow extended above the sentence level. This is what we try to achieve using the D-STAG formalism. While it has properties that are relevant for automatic discourse analysis, such an approach imposes quite the burden on syntax. We therefore discuss the difficulties that this approach poses.Consequently, we develop an anaphor based approach, in which the arguments of discourse relations are not determined solely by the grammatical structures of the utterances. We use the same conceptual tools to account for the anaphoricity of adverbial connectives, the shape of non-tree discourse structures (observed for all type of connectives) but also the evidential use of AVs.If, however, we look at the notion of anaphora, our aim is to have it explicitly integrated into grammatical formalism. In particular, we set out to specify when anaphora resolution is performed and on which input. This is made possible by continuation semantics, which we use in conjunction with event semantics. Events have often been appealed to in order to describe the semantics of causal and temporal relations. Nevertheless, events raise a number of questions related to the possibility of some inference patterns that are observed, in addition to the presence of negation in the arguments of discourse relations. We suggest a number of potential answers and study the case of negation in more detail.We therefore review the issues facing event semantics when dealing with negation. Such issues concern both the syntax-semantics interface and the purely semantics level. We argue that these difficulties originate from the standard analysis of negation, which interprets positive and negative sentences is an essentially different fashion. Rejecting this view, we propose a novel formalisation of negative events that is relevant to the analysis of various linguistic phenomena

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Petit, Barbara. "Autour du lambda-calcul avec constructeurs". Phd thesis, Ecole normale supérieure de lyon - ENS LYON, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00662500.

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Le lambda calcul avec constructeurs (de Arbiser, Miquel et Rios) est une extension du lambda calcul avec un mécanisme de filtrage. Le filtrage à la ML y est décomposé en deux étapes: une analyse de cas sur des constantes (telle l'instruction "case" de Pascal), et une commutation de l'application avec la construction de filtrage. Cette règle de commutation entre deux constructions de natures différentes induit une géométrie de calcul surprenante, a priori incompatible avec les intuitions habituelles de typage. Cependant il a été montré que ce calcul est confluent, et vérifie la propriété de séparation (à la Böhm). Cette thèse propose un système de types du polymorphique pour ce calcul, et décrit ensuite un modèle de réalisabilité, qui adapte les candidats de réductibilité de Girard au lambda calcul avec constructeurs. La normalisation forte du calcul typé et l'absence d'erreur de filtrage lors de l'évaluation en découlent immédiatement. Nous nous intéressons ensuite à la sémantique du lambda calcul avec constructeurs non typé. Une notion générique de modèle catégorique pour ce calcul est définie, puis un modèle particulier (le modèle syntaxique dans la catégorie des PERs) est construit. Nous en déduisons un résultat de complétude. Enfin, nous proposons une traduction CPS du lambda calcul avec constructeurs dans le lambda calcul simplement typé avec paires. Le lambda calcul avec constructeurs peut ainsi être simulé dans un calcul bien connu, et cette traduction nous permet aussi de transformer tout modèle par continuation en modèle du lambda calcul avec constructeurs. Une équation catégorique caractéristique de ces modèles apparait alors, qui permet de construire des modèles non syntaxiques (dans les domaines) de Scott du lambda calcul avec constructeurs.

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Artencio, Luciane Maria. "Princípios de categorização nas linguagens documentárias". Universidade de São Paulo, 2007. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/27/27151/tde-30052008-152640/.

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Para verificar como a noção de categoria é utilizada historicamente nas linguagens documentárias, partimos de uma breve sistematização das propostas de categorização na filosofia, tal como ela se apresenta em Aristóteles, Kant e Wittgenstein, na semântica cognitiva, segundo Lakoff, com base em Rosch, e na sociologia do conhecimento, com Mauss. Analisamos, em seguida, reflexões feitas sobre a categorização nas linguagens documentárias realizadas por autores clássicos da Biblioteconomia - Shera, Dahlberg, Piedade, Fonseca, Grolier - e pelos autores contemporâneos - Blair e Iyer. O levantamento permitiu verificar que as noções de categoria e de categorização, embora nem sempre trabalhadas de modo explícito na literatura da Biblioteconomia e Ciência da Informação, permeiam os princípios de elaboração das linguagens documentárias refletindo, de certo modo, as várias formas de conceber os conceitos. Os sistemas enciclopédicos de classificação tendem a utilizar o conceito a partir de Aristóteles, aplicando-o prioritariamente como noção de classe que se divide, de modo apriorístico e sucessivo, em gêneros e espécies etc., procedimento que se altera gradativamente por influência de Kant, quando a noção passa a privilegiar as propriedades dos objetos e fenômenos. Atualmente existe uma tendência fugaz de categorização nas linguagens documentárias de acordo com as variações socioculturais, enfatizando as funções e locais onde estas variações ocorrem. Este procedimento confere maior flexibilidade à linguagem documentária.
In order to find out how the concept of category is historically used in documentary language we start from a limited systematization of philosophy categorization as proposed by Aristotle, Kant and Wittgenstein, the cognitive semantic categorization according to Lakoff who based his proposal on Rosch, and in knowledge sociology as per Mauss. We then proceed to analyze categorization of documentary language as presented by Librarianship classic authors such as Shera, Dahlberg, Piedade, Fonseca, and Grolier. We also looked into the contemporary authors Blair and Iyer. The investigation allowed us to see that although not always apparent in the literature of Librarianship and Information Science, the notion of category and categorization is implicit in the principles of documentary language elaboration which influences the several ways of elaborating concepts. The encyclopedic classification systems have a tendency of utilizing concepts according to Aristotle, applying it as a notion of class which breaks down according to priority, successiveness, genre, type, etc. This classification style was gradually altered by Kant, where the concept of category and categorization first emphasizes the properties of objects and phenomena. Today we see a brief tendency to categorizing documentary language according to social and cultural variations, observing the functions and sites where the processes occur. This tendency allows more flexibility to documentary language.

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Sequeira, João Manuel dos Santos. "Extracção de relações entre entidades mencionadas". Master's thesis, Universidade de Évora, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10174/11851.

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Actualmente existe uma grande quantidade de conteúdos digitais de cariz académico, pessoal e noticioso, entre outros, disponvéis para consulta na Internet. A obtenção de informação estruturada a partir destes conteúdos de forma manual tornou-se praticamente impossível. Assim, nos últimos anos tem-se registado um aumento na investigação de sistemas para análise e extracção de informação de forma automática. A classicação dos documentos por temas ou categorias constitui uma forma de relacionar conteúdos. No entanto, os documentos poderão, de igual forma, ser relacionados a partir das entidades que neles figuram, sejam elas Pessoas, Locais ou Organizações; mais ainda, ao extrair informação sobre as relações existentes entre as entidades, as formas de interacção entre documentos tornam-se muito mais ricas já que será possivel, por exemplo, relacionar os documentos que referem que determinada entidade praticou determinada acção e quais as entidades que a sofreram. Este trabalho propõe um sistema para identificação e extracção de relações entre entidades presentes num documento. As relações são obtidas a partir de um classicador de argumentos sintácticos utilizado em conjunto com um reconhecedor de entidades. Tratando-se de um sistema aplicado a língua Portuguesa foi necessário desenvolvimento de alguns recursos específicos para a língua : um etiquetador de categorias gramaticais e dois corpora: um para ser utilizado pelo etiquetador e outro com informação sintáctica a nível das palavras, sintagmas e orações para ser utilizado na tarefa de classicação de argumentos sintácticos. Embora utilizando um classicador de argumentos sintácticos preliminar, a experimentação mostra que o sistema desenvolvido consegue atingir o objectivo proposto e identificar relações entre entidades. Por outro lado, a criação dos recursos referidos vem enriquecer o conjunto de ferramentas disponveís para a língua Portuguesa passíveis de serem utilizados em futuros trabalhos; ### Abstract: Currently there is a large amount of digital content, being personal, academic and news, among others, available on the Internet. Obtaining structured information from these contents by hand has become virtually impossible. So, in recent years there has been an increase in the investigation of systems for automatic analysis and information extraction. Classi cation of documents by themes or categories is a way of relating content. However, documents can, likewise, be related by the entities they contain, being they people, places or organizations; moreover, extracting information on relations between the entities, the forms of interaction between documents become much richer as it will enable, for example, to list the documents that refer to a particular entity having practiced a speci c action and which entities have su ered that action. This paper proposes a system for identifying and extracting relations between entities present in a document. Relations are obtained from a semantic role labeller used in conjunction with named entity recognizer. Being applied to the Portuguese language, it was necessary to develop speci c resources for the language: a part-of-speech tagger and two corpora: one to be used with the POS-tagger and other with syntactic information for words, phrases and sentences to be used by the semantic role labeller. Although a preliminary semantic role labeller, experimentation shows that the system can achieve the proposed objective and identify relationships between entities. On the other hand, the creation of the refered resources will enrich the available Portuguese language set of tools that can be used in future work

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Bosch, Rué Anna. "Image classification for a large number of object categories". Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Girona, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/7884.

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L'increment de bases de dades que cada vegada contenen imatges més difícils i amb un nombre més elevat de categories, està forçant el desenvolupament de tècniques de representació d'imatges que siguin discriminatives quan es vol treballar amb múltiples classes i d'algorismes que siguin eficients en l'aprenentatge i classificació. Aquesta tesi explora el problema de classificar les imatges segons l'objecte que contenen quan es disposa d'un gran nombre de categories. Primerament s'investiga com un sistema híbrid format per un model generatiu i un model discriminatiu pot beneficiar la tasca de classificació d'imatges on el nivell d'anotació humà sigui mínim. Per aquesta tasca introduïm un nou vocabulari utilitzant una representació densa de descriptors color-SIFT, i desprès s'investiga com els diferents paràmetres afecten la classificació final. Tot seguit es proposa un mètode par tal d'incorporar informació espacial amb el sistema híbrid, mostrant que la informació de context es de gran ajuda per la classificació d'imatges. Desprès introduïm un nou descriptor de forma que representa la imatge segons la seva forma local i la seva forma espacial, tot junt amb un kernel que incorpora aquesta informació espacial en forma piramidal. La forma es representada per un vector compacte obtenint un descriptor molt adequat per ésser utilitzat amb algorismes d'aprenentatge amb kernels. Els experiments realitzats postren que aquesta informació de forma te uns resultats semblants (i a vegades millors) als descriptors basats en aparença. També s'investiga com diferents característiques es poden combinar per ésser utilitzades en la classificació d'imatges i es mostra com el descriptor de forma proposat juntament amb un descriptor d'aparença millora substancialment la classificació. Finalment es descriu un algoritme que detecta les regions d'interès automàticament durant l'entrenament i la classificació. Això proporciona un mètode per inhibir el fons de la imatge i afegeix invariança a la posició dels objectes dins les imatges. S'ensenya que la forma i l'aparença sobre aquesta regió d'interès i utilitzant els classificadors random forests millora la classificació i el temps computacional. Es comparen els postres resultats amb resultats de la literatura utilitzant les mateixes bases de dades que els autors Aixa com els mateixos protocols d'aprenentatge i classificació. Es veu com totes les innovacions introduïdes incrementen la classificació final de les imatges.
The release of challenging data sets with ever increasing numbers of object categories is
forcing the development of image representations that can cope with multiple classes and
of algorithms that are efficient in training and testing. This thesis explores the problem of
classifying images by the object they contain in the case of a large number of categories. We first investigate weather the hybrid combination of a latent generative model with a discriminative classifier is beneficial for the task of weakly supervised image classification.
We introduce a novel vocabulary using dense color SIFT descriptors, and then investigate classification performances by optimizing different parameters. A new way to incorporate spatial information within the hybrid system is also proposed showing that contextual information provides a strong support for image classification. We then introduce a new shape descriptor that represents local image shape and its spatial layout, together with a spatial pyramid kernel. Shape is represented as a compact
vector descriptor suitable for use in standard learning algorithms with kernels. Experimental
results show that shape information has similar classification performances and sometimes outperforms those methods using only appearance information. We also investigate how different cues of image information can be used together. We
will see that shape and appearance kernels may be combined and that additional information
cues increase classification performance. Finally we provide an algorithm to automatically select the regions of interest in training. This provides a method of inhibiting background clutter and adding invariance to the object instance's position. We show that shape and appearance representation over the regions of interest together with a random forest classifier which automatically selects the best cues increases on performance and speed. We compare our classification performance to that of previous methods using the authors'own datasets and testing protocols. We will see that the set of innovations introduced here lead for an impressive increase on performance.

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Säge, Morgana Larissa. "Modelos cognitivos na categorização de "violência" : estruturas e processos no discurso de sujeitos urbanos, rurais e "rurbanos"". reponame:Repositório Institucional da UCS, 2010. https://repositorio.ucs.br/handle/11338/559.

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O problema norteador desta dissertação é: como indivíduos urbanos, rurais e rurbanos, da região de Caxias do Sul, estruturam a categoria VIOLÊNCIA, a partir de modelos cognitivos, os quais emergem do modo como esses indivíduos expressam linguisticamente suas experiências nesse domínio? O objetivo geral é o de investigar, no âmbito da Linguística Cognitiva (LC), especificamente da Semântica Cognitiva, quais processos e estruturas estão implicados na categorização de VIOLÊNCIA, a partir da análise de trechos de entrevistas realizadas com indivíduos urbanos, rurais e rurbanos da região de Caxias do Sul. A amostra é constituída de 20 entrevistas, a partir das quais é gerado o corpus para análise. As análises fundamentam-se na Teoria dos Modelos Cognitivos Idealizados (TMCI) e seus desdobramentos teóricos, com ênfase em modelos metafóricos e metonímicos. Esta investigação é particularmente relevante à medida que VIOLÊNCIA é um conceito abstrato complexo, cuja estruturação se encontra fortemente ligada a fatores cognitivos e socioculturais. O objetivo geral desdobra-se nos seguintes objetivos específicos: (a) identificar e analisar a estrutura da categoria VIOLÊNCIA em termos de mapeamentos metafóricos e metonímicos; e (b) discutir questões metodológicas atinentes à entrevista, avaliando sua adequação como o instrumento da pesquisa em LC. As hipóteses formuladas a partir do problema de pesquisa são: (1) modelos metafóricos, que estruturam a categoria, diferem entre sujeitos urbanos, rurais e rurbanos; (2) modelos metonímicos, que são culturalmente motivados, diferem entre sujeitos urbanos, rurais e rurbanos; (3) a entrevista individual, como inicialmente proposta, constitui-se como um ato de fala legítimo para análise em LC, à medida que um conjunto de requisitos técnico-procedimentais for atendido. A partir da análise do corpus, verifica-se que as hipóteses (1) e (2) não se confirmam completamente, uma vez que, apesar de se observarem, na amostra, ricos mapeamentos metafóricos e metonímicos, com maior ocorrência de modelos metonímicos, estes não diferem em função do critério de pertencimento a dada comunidade, mas sim em função da formação escolar. Entretanto, a verificação dessas hipóteses deve ainda merecer atenção em pesquisas posteriores com ampliação dessa amostra. A hipótese (3) é confirmada, à medida que os discursos gerados nesse tipo de evento de fala forneceram dados altamente relevantes para a investigação da estruturação da categoria VIOLÊNCIA, os quais podem ainda ser explorados em novas pesquisas que focalizem aspectos mais específicos de determinadas manifestações linguísticas.
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The guiding problem of this dissertation is: how do urban, rural and rurban individuals of the region of Caxias do Sul structure the category VIOLENCE, on the basis of cognitive models, which emerge from the way these individuals express linguistically their experiences in this domain? The general objective is to investigate, in the field of Cognitive Linguistics (CL), Cognitive Semantics more specifically, which processes and structures are implied in the categorization of VIOLENCE from the analysis of parts of interviews carried out with urban, rural and rurban individuals of the region of Caxias do Sul. The sample is constituted by 20 interviews, which generates a corpus for analysis. The analyses are founded on the Theory of Idealized Cognitive Models (ICMT) and its theoretical consequences, with emphasis on metaphorical and metonymical models. This investigation is particularly relevant since VIOLENCE is a complex abstract concept, whose structuring is strongly connected to cognitive and sociocultural factors. The general objective is opened up in the following specific objectives: (a) to identify and analyze the structure of the category VIOLENCE in terms of metaphorical and metonymical mappings; and (b) to discuss methodological issues concerning the interview, thus evaluating its adequacy as a survey instrument in CL. Hypotheses formulated on the basis of the survey problem are: (1) metaphorical models structuring the category differ in urban, rural and rurban subjects; (2) metonymical models, which are culturally motivated, differ among urban, rural and rurban subjects; (3) the individual interview, as initially proposed, constitutes a legitimate speech act for analysis in CL as long as a set of technical-procedural requirements is met. After analyzing the corpus, it has been noticed that hypotheses (1) and (2) are not confirmed completely because, although the sample presents rich metaphorical and metonymical mappings, these do not differ due to the criterion of belonging to a certain community but rather due to schooling. However, the verification of these hypotheses should deserve further attention in later surveys, and with a larger sample size. Hypothesis (3) was confirmed, once the discourses generated in this type of speech event supplied highly relevant data to investigate the structuring of the category VIOLENCE, which can be still explored in new surveys focusing on more specific aspects of certain linguistic manifestations.

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Matos, Vera Lúcia Oliveira. "Affective Norms for semantic content and prosody of European Portuguese Sentences: combining categorical and dimensional approaches". Master's thesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1822/32956.

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Dissertação de mestrado integrado em Psicologia
The capacity to decode the affective state of others is crucial to our social interactions (Carton, Kessler, & Pape, 1999). We can use several cues to decode emotional information from others, such as facial expression, gestures, body postures, semantic content of the speech and emotional prosody. However, scientific research has mostly focused on the visual modality rather than on the auditory (Scherer, Johnstone, & Klasmeyer, 2003). To respond to the lack of well validated auditory stimuli and to promote research on auditory emotional processing, we validated the semantic content and emotional prosody of a set of European Portuguese sentences. Participants were asked to rate the sentences in three dimensions (valence, arousal, and dominance) and their intensity in each of six categories (happiness, sadness, anger, fear, disgust, and neutral). By combining these dimensional and categorical ratings, this study provide a very complete tool for emotional prosody assessment in an European Portuguese setting, which can be used in experimental research and applied to clinical contexts.
A capacidade de descodificar o estado emocional dos outros é crucial nas nossas interações sociais (Carton et al., 1999). Para perceber o estado emocional dos outros podemos recolher pistas de diferentes fontes de informação, como: das expressões faciais, dos gestos, da postura corporal, do conteúdo do discurso e da prosódia emocional. No entanto, a investigação sobre o processamento emocional realizada até o momento tem estado maioritariamente focada na modalidade visual em comparação com a auditiva (Scherer, Johnstone, & Klasmeyer, 2003). De forma a responder à falta de estímulos auditivos devidamente validados e para impulsionar a investigação do processamento emocional auditivo este estudo teve como principal objetivo validar o conteúdo semântico e a prosódia emocional de um conjunto de frases. Para isso, os participantes avaliaram as frases de acordo com as perspectivas dimensional (avaliando valência, arousal e dominância) e categorial (avaliando a intensidade de raiva, nojo, medo, tristeza, alegria e neutralidade que cada frase transmite). Assim, este estudo fornece um conjunto de frases validadas para o contexto português que constituem uma ferramenta de avaliação completa e adequada à aplicação experimental bem como à clínica.
Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (FCT) - Project “Electrophysiological investigation of auditory affective processing in schizophrenia and its relationship with selfmonitoring : a window into auditory hallucinations?” (PTDC/PSI-PCL/116626/2010)

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42

RANALTER, kurt. "Reasoning about assertions, obligations and causality: on a categorical semantics for a logic for pragmatics". Doctoral thesis, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/11562/337621.

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The aim of the logic for pragmatics considered in this work is to provide a logical framework that formalises reasoning about the pragmatic forces with which a sentence may be uttered. The concept of pragmatic or illocutionary force comes from speech act theory and plays a crucial role also in certain branches of artificial intelligence, in particular in the development of communication protocols for software agents. Instead of considering the full-blown theory of speech acts, we focus on speech acts that either have the pragmatic force of an assertion or the pragmatic force of an obligation, and on how these speech acts may be related to each other. In particular, we are interested in a principle proposed by Bellin and Dalla Pozza that allows one to promote acts of obligations through causal chains of acts of assertions. The main achievement of this thesis is a sound and complete categorical semantics for a logic for pragmatics incorporating the aforementioned principle. One of the benefits of the proposed semantics is that it allows one to deal with conditional obligations as well, thus extending the framework in a very interesting way. Although the logical framework considered in this work incorporates only two types of speech acts, we hope to be able to show that we have a well-behaved core fragment that can serve as a fruitful basis for further investigations.

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43

Jürgensen, Claus [Verfasser]. "Categorical semantics and composition of tree transducers / eingereicht von Claus Jürgensen". 2003. http://d-nb.info/974221376/34.

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Gadea, Alejandro Emilio. "Biortogonalidad para corrección de compiladores y adecuación computacional". Doctoral thesis, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11086/14324.

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Tesis (Doctor en Ciencias de la Computación)--Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Facultad de Matemática, Astronomía, Física y Computación, 2019.
En esta tesis hemos estudiado en profundidad los métodos de biortogonalidad y step-indexing para probar tanto adecuación computacional como corrección de compiladores. Un primer aporte es la prueba de corrección de una semántica denotacional con respecto a una operacional para un lenguaje funcional lazy definido por John Launchbury corriegiendo ciertos ciertas irregularidades en algunas definiciones. Otra contribución es la prueba de adecuación computacional de una semántica operacional con respecto a una denotacional para un lenguaje funcional call-by-value con subtipado. Para este mismo lenguaje probamos la coincidencia entre una semántica denotacional extrínseca y una intrínseca, obteniendo como corolario la coherencia de la semántica intrínseca. Este aporte incluye la mecanización completa en Coq de todos los resultados; siendo, tanto como sabemos, la primera mecanización del teorema de bracketing propuesto por John Reynolds. Finalmente damos una prueba de corrección de un compilador para un lenguaje lazy con recursión generando código para una máquina abstracta, este aporte extiende significativamente un trabajo previo desarrollado por Leonardo Rodríguez. Incluimos también la mecanización completa en Coq.
In this work we studied the techniques of biorthogonality and step-indexing for proving computational adequacy and compiler correctness. The first contribution is the proof of correction of a denotational semantics with respect to a operational semantics for a lazy language originally defined by John Launchbury fixing some definition irregularities. Another contribution is the proof of computational adequacy of the operational semantics with respect to a denotational semantics for a call-by-value functional language with subtyping. Also for this same language we prove the coincidence between an extrinsic and intrinsic denotational semantics. This contribution includes the complete mechanization in Coq of all the results; being, as far as we know, the first mechanization of Reynolds’ bracketing theorem. Finally we give a proof of the correction of a compiler for an abstract machine, this contribution significantly extends previous work developed by Leonardo Rodríguez. We also include the complete mechanization in Coq.
Gadea, Alejandro Emilio. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Matemática, Astronomía, Física y Computación; Argentina.

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45

Wilson, Donald Neil. "Postmodern Epistemology and the Christian Apologetics of C S Lewis". Thesis, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/28396.

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Epistemology in its contemporary post-modern ethos is generally believed to be inseparably hinged upon language. This of course ensures a major paradigm shift in the disciplined human conceptions of reality. It has been stated and is widely acknowledged that the Kantian Noumenal barrier has, in this recent shift, been proved to be looming far closer than it was ever previously considered. This new barrier to the world of ‘objective absolutes’ comprises a barrier of semantics and syntax, and calls for a radical restructuring of all the human sciences. There is surely no discipline in the humanities that can claim immunity to this colossal shift in epistemology, and theology (particularly of the Evangelical variety) is no exception to the rule. The impact of post-modern epistemological assumption upon contemporary Evangelicalism presents to those who adhere to this school’s position, a profound challenge. Conservative Christians, who hold to the propositional universality and the objectivity of biblical truth, find in the post-modern ethos little sympathy and no rational justification granted for their ‘metaphysical objectivity’. A major challenge therefore to Evangelical Christianity at the present time is this: Is there, in the light of the challenge of post-modern epistemology, any reasonable justification for continuing to adhere to the evangelical claim that God has spoken in unchanging propositional terms that are universally valid and binding? It would seem that in this regard many evangelicals are feeling pressured. Evidence of the pressure of this challenge can readily be found either in the growing contemporary evangelical tendency towards advocating a more cooperative attitude to the post-modern ethos, or in the reactionary theology of schools of thought like the Spiritual Warfare Movement. The writings of Clive Staples Lewis (1898 – 1963) have been proven effective in the countering of negative challenges to Christian faith for the past sixty years. Lewis, as an apologist, in the opinion of many intellectual searchers, positively and convincingly countered modernistic objections to faith in his own time. Modernistic assumptions prevailed in the Western world in Lewis’ day that tended to discredit a rational belief in the supernatural. Lewis was widely held to be an effective apostle to counter this modernistic scepticism. It is the conviction of the present writer that C. S. Lewis apologetics can be just as effectively utilised today in addressing post-modern challenges, as it was fifty years ago used to answer the questions raised by modernism. Lewis in all of his Christian writings, reveals an underlying epistemology that I believe (because it is based firmly upon Christian orthodoxy), has stood the test of time. The apologetics of C. S. Lewis may serve to answer post-modern challenges just as rationally as it did modernism. In this thesis, Lewis’ underlying epistemology will be examined. This will comprise the first part of my work. The second part of the thesis deals with the post-modern epistemological challenge to Evangelicalism as a world-view. The final part of this thesis consists of a dialogue between the most common post-modern challenges to evangelical thinking, and rationally compelling answers thereto that are found in Lewis’ writings.
Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2007.
Dogmatics and Christian Ethics
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