Tesis sobre el tema "Cas d’usage"
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Hubaut, Rémy. "Les outils d’évaluation du risque de TMS : caractéristiques, cas d’usage et perspectives de développement". Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020GRALH016.
Texto completoThe evolution of the prevention model for Musculoskeletal Disorders (MSD), together with the development of new technologies leads to the evolution of these tools. Our thesis work on the design of a digital MSD risk assessment tool is in this context. It aims to establish benchmarks for the design of future MSD risk’ assessment tools. The etiological models of MSDs have evolved in recent years towards more multifactoriality. For their part, MSD risk assessment tools seem to remain largely focused on an assessment of exposure to physical risk factors. The notion of instruments and that of instrumented action considers that the user of a tool rarely stays within the strict framework of the use intended by the designers. Our thesis work is structured around four studies. A first study offers a detailed analysis of 20 existing risk assessment tools for MSDs and the risk factors considered. In general, these results confirm the difficulty of these tools in grasping the multifactorial nature of the exhibitions. It therefore appears necessary to enrich these tools by considering a larger number of factors, as well as their interactions. A second study presents an analysis of the use of a MSD risk assessment tool by three different users on an industrial site. The MSD risk assessment tool used during the analysis offers a multifactorial look at the risk of MSD. Analysis of the use of MSD risk assessment tools in 29 work situations allowed us to establish design benchmarks for future MSD risk’ assessment tools. The results of this study allow us to establish that the MSD risk assessment mobilizes a set of tools beyond the only assessment tool for its realization. The third and fourth studies question the question of how the stages of MSD risk assessment interact with other enterprise instrument systems. We notably carried out the analysis of a restitution meeting of the result of an MSD risk assessment (study 3), and interviews with other industrial groups (study 4) to consolidate our data. The set of tools mobilized by the actors during the MSD risk assessment constitutes a system of instrument. This instrument system allows the user of the tool to take a first look at the operator's activity in the evaluated work situation. We will discuss the confusion caused by these practices between MSD risk assessment and ergonomic work analysis by asking the question of the impact of this confusion on MSD prevention
Zizi, Amine. "Influence du cadre institutionnel sur les comportements des organisations : le cas des déchets d’emballages ménagers et des véhicules hors d’usage". Thesis, Paris 8, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA080090.
Texto completoOur research concerns the influence of the institutional framework on the behavior of organizations. In a particular way, she is interested in the way the actors adapt themselves to the institutional framework of the organizational field in which they operate. These actors can be even brought to try to modify this framework so that he corresponds to their interests. The RSE is arrested in our reflection as an institutional phenomenon, susceptible to be implemented by means of the normative, coercive and mimetic pressures. The field of observation of this research concerns the waste of domestic packagings and end-of-life vehicles. The obtained results indicate that the type of waste, the size of the producers, the degree of institutionalization and the characteristics of the organizational field strongly influence the action of the institutions and organizations embedded in the studied field. The results are reflected in the following theoretical contributions: contribution to studies on the formation of organizational fields; contribution to the study of institutional change through institutional confrontation; contribution to the theoretical current that defines CSR as a business case strategy; the REP principle as a particular extension of CSR
Zizi, Amine. "Influence du cadre institutionnel sur les comportements des organisations : le cas des déchets d’emballages ménagers et des véhicules hors d’usage". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 8, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA080090.
Texto completoOur research concerns the influence of the institutional framework on the behavior of organizations. In a particular way, she is interested in the way the actors adapt themselves to the institutional framework of the organizational field in which they operate. These actors can be even brought to try to modify this framework so that he corresponds to their interests. The RSE is arrested in our reflection as an institutional phenomenon, susceptible to be implemented by means of the normative, coercive and mimetic pressures. The field of observation of this research concerns the waste of domestic packagings and end-of-life vehicles. The obtained results indicate that the type of waste, the size of the producers, the degree of institutionalization and the characteristics of the organizational field strongly influence the action of the institutions and organizations embedded in the studied field. The results are reflected in the following theoretical contributions: contribution to studies on the formation of organizational fields; contribution to the study of institutional change through institutional confrontation; contribution to the theoretical current that defines CSR as a business case strategy; the REP principle as a particular extension of CSR
Ameur, Fatah. "Construction de la surexploitation et reproduction des inégalités d’accès et d’usage des eaux souterraines : Cas des exploitations agricoles dans le Saïss (Maroc)". Thesis, Paris, AgroParisTech, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017AGPT0009.
Texto completoIn many semi-arid regions, groundwater use enabled agricultural intensification through so-called green revolutions. This intensification enabled farmers to mitigate the lack of water and generate more wealth. However, this also induced riskier pathways due to high production costs and volatile agricultural markets. This also caused overexploitation of groundwater resources in many areas, putting at risk the sustainability of the “groundwater economy” (GWE). New inequalities thus appear, as certain social categories cannot follow the declining water tables. The aim of this thesis is to analyze how the construction of overexploitation and the reproduction of inequalities in the access and the use of groundwater are mutually reinforcing. We adopted a “user perspective” in our research approach, as this perspective received little attention in the international debate on groundwater governance. The study was carried out in a small area of 4200 ha in the Saïss plain in Morocco. First a method was developed to specify the contributions of different social categories of farmer to overexploitation. Then the link between overexploitation and inequality was analyzed. The impact of both issues on the socio-economic differentiation of farms was then studied. Finally, a participatory approach was developed to involve farmers and institutional actors in a reflection on the agricultural future of the zone facing the twin problem of overexploitation and inequality. The results show the importance of direct measurement of groundwater withdrawals, in addition to indirect methods, to explain differences in irrigation practices. These measures specify the contributions of the different social categories of farmers to overexploitation, of which currently the entire agricultural sector is accused. The study shows that overexploitation cannot be dissociated from inequalities in access to and use of groundwater, both problems are part of a vicious cycle. Groundwater overexploitation exacerbates -and is exacerbated by- existing inequalities. This reciprocal relation explains the contrasting fortunes of farmers involved in the GWE in the Saïss. New investors are accumulating wealth by cultivating state-subsidized fruit trees and engaging in a land concentration process. Lessees show productivistic logic and generate considerable revenues at the expense of water and soil resources. Conversely, the assignees of the agrarian reform are ejected from this GWE, sometimes even poorer than they were before accessing it. They are caught in a centrifugal dynamic where the most vulnerable undergo socio-economic exclusion due to declining water tables and overproduction undermining the prices on the market, for which they are not responsible. Since financial capital has become the key factor in production systems under the GWE, the agrarian boom benefits farmers/entrepreneurs who are financially capable of bringing together all production factors. They are likely to continue intensive and high value-added agriculture, perhaps until the resource is depleted. Finally, our study questions the implications of such agricultural dynamics at the territorial scale through an intergenerational debate on the challenges to be overcome. The study revealed the entrepreneurial spirit of the sons of assignees coupled with a territorial anchorage, which could well constitute major assets for a more sustainable development of their territory. The thesis recommends making visible the inequalities related to the overexploitation problem. Knowing the amounts of extracted groundwater, where, and by whom, and clarifying the links between overexploitation and inequalities in access to and use of groundwater could provide useful information for more informed groundwater management in compliance with the principles of sustainability
Bouzillé, Guillaume. "Enjeux et place des data sciences dans le champ de la réutilisation secondaire des données massives cliniques : une approche basée sur des cas d’usage". Thesis, Rennes 1, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019REN1B023/document.
Texto completoThe dematerialization of health data, which started several years ago, now generates na huge amount of data produced by all actors of health. These data have the characteristics of being very heterogeneous and of being produced at different scales and in different domains. Their reuse in the context of clinical research, public health or patient care involves developing appropriate approaches based on methods from data science. The aim of this thesis is to evaluate, through three use cases, what are the current issues as well as the place of data sciences regarding the reuse of massive health data. To meet this objective, the first section exposes the characteristics of health big data and the technical aspects related to their reuse. The second section presents the organizational aspects for the exploitation and sharing of health big data. The third section describes the main methodological approaches in data sciences currently applied in the field of health. Finally, the fourth section illustrates, through three use cases, the contribution of these methods in the following fields: syndromic surveillance, pharmacovigilance and clinical research. Finally, we discuss the limits and challenges of data science in the context of health big data
Coville, Marion. "La construction du jeu vidéo comme objet muséal : le détournement d’un objet culturel et technique de son cadre d’usage initial et son adaptation au contexte muséal : étude de cas dans un centre de sciences". Thesis, Paris 1, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA01H306.
Texto completoThis research explores exhibitions of video games featured in museums, in which commercial gaming products can be found. The study focuses on the changes of signification and uses that affect videogames during their shift from family living room to exhibition spaces, and investigates the professional spaces where the exhibition is designed. It relies on a field work during one of these exhibitions,completed by a study of public policy and the uses of video games in French museums. The study employs an interdisciplinary approach to explore the social, symbolic and material aspects of the object. This research is rooted in Cultural Studies and the study of the cultural aspects of social change. It also evokes various domains such as Communication, Sociology and Gender Studies. This research explores the articulation between three moments constructing video game as a museum object. First, the recognition of video game as a cultural good by public policies. Second, the design of a video game exhibition in a science center, that implies the modification of video games to create interactive exhibits. Third, the exhibition visited by people and the significance they grasp. Far from being isolated, these three moments are parts of a context where these different practices enrich one another
Eloundou, Eloundou Venant. "Étude des pratiques linguistiques en camfranglais dans les centres urbains camerounais : le cas de Yaoundé". Thesis, Aix-Marseille 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011AIX10121.
Texto completoPutting forth the contribution of the principles of distributional linguistic (fuelled by the precepts of semantax) and the approach of corpus linguistics, this study focuses on the linguistic functioning. The analysis consecrated to the identified processes to the lexical, morphological, semantic levels enabled us to observe that the Camfranglophones update the linguistic elements that furnish the composing linguistical betting to Camfranglais. As such, what obtains can be considered as rules of usage. This update process highlights two processes namely: simplification and complexification of linguistic. The speakers, on the one hand, simplify the convention linked to the language in situ, and on the other hand, they do render them complex. We can postulate a thesis of some auto-regulation of the system. To this effect, Camfranglais is a mixed speech which presents some partial linguistic autonomy. The study shows that this autonomy can be observed at the level of its intra-systematic functioning. All the same, it comes across two main linguistical tendencies: pidginization and acclimatisation of French language
Petitjean, Caroline. "Mesures in situ et simulations des flux de N²0 émis par les sols : Cas du changement d’usage des terres en Guyane : déforestation par la méthode ‘chop-and-mulch’ suivie de la mise en valeur agricole". Thesis, Antilles-Guyane, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013AGUY0610/document.
Texto completoThis study investigates the effects of the conversion of tropical forest to cultivation on soil n2o emissions. The study was carried out over a complete crop cycle at the experimental site combi (french guianese coast). Nitrous oxide fluxes were obtained in the field and by conducting simulations with the noe model. Undisturbed tropical rainforest was compared to rainforest that had been converted to agricultural land using the ‘chop-and-mulch’ method. The ‘chop-and-mulch’ method is a fire-free method used for vegetation clearing combining the mechanical felling of trees with the mulching of small vegetation. Agricultural land included either mowed grassland or soybean/fertilised maize crop rotation. For croplands the two cultivation practices employed were: conventional seeding (using an offset disc harrow, without cover plants) or direct seeding (no till, with cover plants).The main results of this study are: rainforest soil at combi produced low n2o emissions; rainforest converted to mowed grassland using the 'chop-and-mulch’ method did not lead to a significant increase in n2o emissions between the 19th and 31st months after conversion; the conversion of rainforest to croplands induced a significant increase in soil n2o emissions due to the application of fertiliser and the modification of soil parameters (bulk density, temperature, volumetric moisture); n2o emissions from agricultural practices with no-till were no higher than those produced by conventional agricultural practices using an offset disc harrow; and, the introduction of an hydric hysteresis into the noe model constitutes a promising improvement to estimate in situ n2o emissions
Souverain, Thomas. "Comment l'IA nous classe : expliquer l'IA dans les services financiers et la recherche d'emploi, des solutions techniques aux enjeux éthiques". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Paris sciences et lettres, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024UPSLE010.
Texto completoThis thesis explores the notion of explainable AI (XAI), involving data-science and philosophy. Thanks to industrial partnerships, we focus on two use cases where AI classifications are deployed, and impact humans on a daily basis: loan granting (partnership with the company DreamQuark) and warnings on illegal job offers (partnership with the French Employment Agency, France Travail). We begin with a critical lens on techniques used to explain AI classifications (the what of explanation). Building our own package, we then examine how classification bias can be mitigated in loan lending, to obtain a fair outcome (the what for of explanation). Finally, we empirically investigate how users of AI interact with algorithmic recommendations, and how these interactions can be optimized (for whom to explain). We argue that explainability solutions are merely the basis of a description which must incorporate causality, fairness, and intelligibility in order to effectively explain AI
Magsi, Habibullah. "Les conflits d’usages dans les pays en voie de développement : stratégies de résolution et de prévention pour assurer la croissance économique et le bien-être humain. Le cas du barrage de Chotiari au Pakistan". Thesis, Paris, AgroParisTech, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013AGPT0027/document.
Texto completoThis research discusses the tools of land use conflict analysis and methods for their prevention and management, on the basis of existing conflicts created by infrastructural projects in developing countries. Such conflicts have entailed expropriation of homes, farm businesses and other productive resources in rural settings. Specifically, we use data from the case of Chotiari water reservoir project in Pakistan, where we put stress on project impacts on socio-economic and natural resource values in the region, by highlighting root causes of the conflicts with response to land use decision. We also paid attention on the network of actors over land use and property right violation, which have created dissimilar power distribution and significant land use conflicts. Through this research we show that conflicts created by the project have resulted from structural factors (unilateral decision, lack of technical and scientific investigation, corruption, international interest, and non-existence of national resettlement policy) and proximate factors (nepotism, ethnic diversity/disarray, and illiteracy). Moreover, forceful displacement of local population has led for multiplication of the confrontations. From these results, we provide helpful insights and information for the recommendations in terms of land use conflict prevention and management, mainly based on proximity relations analysis
Magsi, Habibullah. "Les conflits d’usages dans les pays en voie de développement : stratégies de résolution et de prévention pour assurer la croissance économique et le bien-être humain. Le cas du barrage de Chotiari au Pakistan". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris, AgroParisTech, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013AGPT0027.
Texto completoThis research discusses the tools of land use conflict analysis and methods for their prevention and management, on the basis of existing conflicts created by infrastructural projects in developing countries. Such conflicts have entailed expropriation of homes, farm businesses and other productive resources in rural settings. Specifically, we use data from the case of Chotiari water reservoir project in Pakistan, where we put stress on project impacts on socio-economic and natural resource values in the region, by highlighting root causes of the conflicts with response to land use decision. We also paid attention on the network of actors over land use and property right violation, which have created dissimilar power distribution and significant land use conflicts. Through this research we show that conflicts created by the project have resulted from structural factors (unilateral decision, lack of technical and scientific investigation, corruption, international interest, and non-existence of national resettlement policy) and proximate factors (nepotism, ethnic diversity/disarray, and illiteracy). Moreover, forceful displacement of local population has led for multiplication of the confrontations. From these results, we provide helpful insights and information for the recommendations in terms of land use conflict prevention and management, mainly based on proximity relations analysis
Velmuradova, Maya. "Communication pour le développement et l'intégration sociale des nouveaux dispositifs : le rôle de la valeur perçue d'usage. : étude de cas dans l'appui à des Petites et moyennes entreprises au Turkménistan". Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015AIXM5906/document.
Texto completoNumber of researchers call to reconsider communication for development and social change, as a problem of techniques and society. Thus, the models of social integration of innovations are used here to study how the new development support components are accepted and appropriated by their users in developing countries, notably in Central Asia (Turkmenistan). There is no need to prove anymore that users’ reception and appropriation is critical to the development programs effectiveness. Hence, we synthesize the Anglo-Saxon and French models and distinguish the common determinant axes for the innovation reception: before its actual use (acceptance models) and after it (cognitive appropriation models). It appears to be the mental construction of the meaning of use: the user mobilizes his representations « already there » and his imaginary to assess the associated functional and symbolic benefits-costs, the anticipated and perceived use experience. In the literature, this mental construction process appears as the formation of the Perceived Value of Use (Jouet; Mallein, Toussaint and coll.; Boenisch; Assude et al.; Nelson; Kim et al.). However, it would be necessary to further investigate this process. We explore this concept in detail in our qualitative multi-site case study, conducted within one of the SME support components in Turkmenistan. As result, we model the role of the Perceived Value of Use for the acceptance and the appropriation of the new services of social utility, as well as its mental formation on the organisational users’ side
Velmuradova, Maya. "Communication pour le développement et l'intégration sociale des nouveaux dispositifs : le rôle de la valeur perçue d'usage. : étude de cas dans l'appui à des Petites et moyennes entreprises au Turkménistan". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Aix-Marseille, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015AIXM5906.
Texto completoNumber of researchers call to reconsider communication for development and social change, as a problem of techniques and society. Thus, the models of social integration of innovations are used here to study how the new development support components are accepted and appropriated by their users in developing countries, notably in Central Asia (Turkmenistan). There is no need to prove anymore that users’ reception and appropriation is critical to the development programs effectiveness. Hence, we synthesize the Anglo-Saxon and French models and distinguish the common determinant axes for the innovation reception: before its actual use (acceptance models) and after it (cognitive appropriation models). It appears to be the mental construction of the meaning of use: the user mobilizes his representations « already there » and his imaginary to assess the associated functional and symbolic benefits-costs, the anticipated and perceived use experience. In the literature, this mental construction process appears as the formation of the Perceived Value of Use (Jouet; Mallein, Toussaint and coll.; Boenisch; Assude et al.; Nelson; Kim et al.). However, it would be necessary to further investigate this process. We explore this concept in detail in our qualitative multi-site case study, conducted within one of the SME support components in Turkmenistan. As result, we model the role of the Perceived Value of Use for the acceptance and the appropriation of the new services of social utility, as well as its mental formation on the organisational users’ side
Darroman, Mélanie. "Renaissance de l'habitat participatif en France : vers de nouvelles formes négociées de fabrication de la ville ? Deux études de cas dans l'agglomération bordelaise : le projet HNord (Bordeaux) et La Ruche (Bègles)". Thesis, Bordeaux, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014BORD0485.
Texto completoThis PhD thesis questions the combined effects of the challenges of sustainable urban development and a growing priority for inhabitants – users – citizens, to participate in contemporary metropolitan production. Since the early 2000s, there is in France an emergence of alternative housing experiences as a result of social demands. The generic term of « participative housing », recently defined by the bill for access to housing and urban renovation (ALUR), published in the Official Journal on March 26, 2014, gathers with one voice, the variety of these initiatives at work, contributing to ensure the dynamic structuring and dissemination of the participative housing movement. Referring to the civil protests of 1970-1980, criticizing modern urban planning and public policy, the current projects tackle once again of how to combine the inhabitants expertise with professional expertise in the production of housing, and more broadly in the decision-making processes of regional planning. Producing innovative participatory practices, the resurgence of participative housing reveals different logics of social commitments on the part of citizens, activists and professionals, and negotiated forms of housing production. As a consequence, the « bottom-up » dynamic, based on the demands and initiatives of the inhabitants, opposes the « top-down » dynamic, based on the initiative of politico-institutional bodies in full renewal of their modes of action and know-how. Supported by a multi-dimensional framework of negotiations, the thesis analyzes the interactions and forms of hybridization of this ongoing collective production through a three dimensional approach : the value related dimension, to set the base of social transactions ; the organizational and relational dimension to observe the micro-political groups-projects ; the procedural dimension to grasp the temporality of the project and the key moments of negotiation of the whole process. For this, we build on two case studies in the Bordeaux area, being subject to processes of metropolization : the case of the residents cooperative HNord in the Dupaty housing block in Bordeaux ; and the multi-partnered participative housing project, La Ruche, in the town of Bègles within the framework of the « Operation of National Interest » (OIN) Bordeaux-Euratlantique. Governed by a CIFRE program with the « Local Planning and Development authority » (EPA) Bordeaux-Euratlantique, the research is based on an ethnographic approach : participant observation, interviews with target stakeholders and a literature review. The investigations conducted at different scales offer a macro, meso and micro-social understanding of the process of participative housing production and dissemination. The results of the thesis highlight the partnership conditions between different groups of stakeholders – inhabitants, institutions and expertsn – in the production of participative housing leading to a societal and professional paradigm shift through a renewal of ways of living, knowledge and expertise. Thus, we propose a reflection on ways and possibilities how to integrate this collective and civic dynamics in the decision-making processes of urban planning for metropolitan production and to see how this participatory and collaborative phenomenon can serve as an innovative tool in territorial management for our future cities
Person, Joël. "Conception participative de Learning Analytics croisant études d’usages et analyse de l’activité : le cas d’un projet réunissant enseignants de lycée et chercheurs". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Nantes Université, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024NANU2003.
Texto completoThis dissertation is part of the LEAP Num' research project being carried out in a secondary school that has been awarded the 'Digital Incubator' label. It documents the participatory design process and its ups and downs, and examines the conditions for the emergence of a techno-pedagogical innovation : Learning Analytics. The methodology employed is based on an ethnographic approach using interviews and observations (in some cases with video recordings, which support self-confrontation interviews). The theoretical framework used combines contributions from ergonomics on design processes (Darses and Falzon, 1996; Béguin, 2007) and usage studies (Jauréguiberry and Proulx, 2011). At the end of an initial design phase, we highlighted the gaps between two worlds (Béguin, 2007), that of IT researchers and that of teachers, as well as a weak version of participation in design. We proposed a re-engineering approach to volunteer teachers, based on the real activity of the players involved. This participative work leads to the implementation of a situation allowing the collection of computer data from pupils under ecological conditions. We are thus contributing to the design of a Learning Analytics Dashboard prototype. An aloud exploration of this artefact is filmed and analysed. We show the limits of an approach to student activity using the tool designed
Vandal, Francis. "Analyse avantages-coûts de la valorisation des boues d’usine d’épuration des eaux usées sur les terres agricoles: cas de Lac-Mégantic". Mémoire, Université de Sherbrooke, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/11143/11161.
Texto completoNgo, Nguene Marie Rosaire. "Les consommations de substances psychoactives sur le lieu de travail : le cas d’usagers et salariés des bars-restaurants et de chantiers du bâtiment parisiens". Thesis, Paris 10, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020PA100102.
Texto completoThis research aims to explain the relationship between the consumption of psychoactive products and professional environments, based on the differentiated forms of alcohol, tobacco, cocaine and cannabis use by Parisian employees of restaurants, bars and building sites. We are moving away from a purely quantitative measure of the consumption of psychoactive substances. We develop strictly sociological categories to consider these practices in and outside the workplace, by taking jointly into account: the organization of work, the management of the workforce, the working conditions themselves (for example night work in bars and restaurants, physical difficulties of work in building sites), the properties of the products consumed and their representations, as well as the social and professional characteristics of employees
Jubert, Manon. "Algorithme de planification de numérisation et d’alignement de nuages de points 3D pour le contrôle in-situ de pièces mécaniques en cours d’usinage". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Aix-Marseille, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021AIXM0233.
Texto completoIn this thesis work, we deal with the problem of scan planning and we also address the problem of 3D point clouds alignment. These problems can be studied and globalized to meet the needs of many fields of study. In this manuscript, we answer the following question: how to automatically control a mechanical part during machining? Or more precisely: how to obtain a good representation of the part so as to check its good conformity during the machining process? The first contribution to this study is the development of an automatic algorithm for planning the digitization of the part according to the controls to be carried out on it. The approach allows to adapt to any optical digitizing device. In our study, we show the results of this method on several fringe projection optical sensors and on several industrial parts. The proposed method is general and allows to adapt to any industrial environment in which the part to be controlled is positioned. The second contribution focuses on the specific case of data from optical sensors, i.e. 3D point clouds. From the scanning plan, we develop a strategy for aligning point clouds between them. We address the problem of cases where the alignment of point clouds is not possible and try to solve this problem. Finally, we show several industrial applications of these algorithms, and we study the precision of the methods on these cases. We propose several openings on the continuation of this work, in particular on the specific cases of non-alignable parts or on large parts. Ideas for improvement and robustification of the algorithms are discussed
Klein, Aurelie. "Des usages situés aux classes de situations : contribution à un outil destiné aux acteurs de la conception. : le cas des usages de véhicules utilitaires légers". Thesis, Lyon, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LYSE2093/document.
Texto completoThe main purpose of this research is based on identifying and analysing the usages diversity of complex technical systems, Light Commercial Vehicles (LCV), carried out by heterogeneous professional users so as to contribute to a typology of usages. The aim of the typology is to serve as an informational resource for the actors of the design process. This work revolves around two directions. ■ The first direction focuses on the analysis of the usages diversity so as to be able to put to the fore the structuring criteria. To this end, we propose a transversal analysis unit to all the activities: “the situated usages of a multi instrumented system (MIS)”. We define them as all the user’s actions directed towards a specific goal that performs a general and situated activity, and involves all or part of the MIS as a mediator or object of the activity. The MIS represents the sub-instrumental system built from a complex technical system by the user. The analyses are based on two sets of observations (exploratory and systematic ones) among a variety of users. The results show that there are wider dimensions to the several poles of the instrumented activity influencing the realization of the usages. Indeed, the user is having complex interrelations with the resources of his action and with the characteristics of the global activity allowed by the usages and the characteristics of the situation under which they are produced. Therefore there are different types of usages depending on the SMI position within the usage and the object of the usage.■ The second direction aims at a reduction of the usages diversity purpose so as to achieve of categorization. Creating a categorization implies the need to define an analysis unit that underlies the construction of categories and variables allowing their discrimination. To this end, we propose to highlight a second analysis unit, “the usages situations’ classes of a SMI”, to enable further generalization through variables that structure the usages.But the sole conception of a categorization is not sufficient enough compared to the company’s design characteristics and to the various informative needs of its actors. As a consequence we propose a first task to apprehend the understanding of the processes involved as well as the different agents’ assignments which contribute to this understanding and to the informational needs in terms of final users’ usages they may require. In order to do so, a series of semi structured interviews were held with those involved in design: 1) some tasks imply the necessity to take into account LCV usages; 2) the performing of distinct activities at various set times and/or design processes. The results offer guidelines to contribute to the evolution of the typology of usages.These various works conducted enable us to propose different ways of developing the existing typology of usages in the company. They cover two dimensions: 1) the data provided by typology itself and one’s way to present it; 2) the methodology used to update the data
Fanti, Laura. "La fonction des récipients céramiques dans les sociétés du Néolitique moyen B (4500-4000 cal BC) en Sardaigne centre-occidentale (Italie) : Indices fonctionnels, économiques, interculturels à partir de l’analyse des caractéristiques morphométriques, des résidus organiques et des traces d’usure des poteries". Thesis, Nice, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015NICE2024.
Texto completoThe isle of Sardinia (Italy) is a key zone in understanding the spread and the diffusion of the Neolithic in North Tyrrhenian region, due to its position in the middle of western Mediterranean Sea. Here, the rise and culmination of Neolithic economy is carried by San Ciriaco populations in the second half of V millennium cal BC. Recent archaeological excavations in central-western Sardinia revealed new contexts the study of which is fundamental in increasing our knowledge of these Neolithic societies.The aim of this work is to investigate the role of pottery in technical systems and symbolical behaviours of San Ciriaco societies in central-western Sardinia, in order to find evidence of strategies of use and explore their way(s) of life. The interdisciplinary approach in this study combines morphometrical analysis of vessels, use-wear observation and GC / GC-MS chemical analysis of organic residues absorbed in pottery.This research revealed a structuration of pottery assemblages into several functional categories which are differently represented in sites with a different function (settlements, burials, vessels “deposits”). The results contribute to highlight technical and symbolical behaviors linked to the use of pottery during its life cycle phases. These data offer a contribution to the issue of the evolution of pottery function during the Neolithic period in Western Mediterranean
La Sardegna, in virtù della sua posizione centrale nel Mediterraneo occidentale, rappresenta una zona cruciale per la comprensione del processo di propagazione del Neolitico e della sua evoluzione nell’area nord-tirrenica. Il pieno sviluppo dell’economia neolitica nell’isola è segnato dalla formazione e diffusione di un’entità culturale regionale originale, denominata “cultura di San Ciriaco”, durante la seconda metà del V millennio cal BC (Neolitico Medio B). Alcuni recenti scavi nella Sardegna centro-occidentale, scenario fondamentale nello sviluppo di tale entità culturale, hanno portato alla luce dei contesti inediti, il cui studio si rivela essenziale per la conoscenza di queste società neolitiche.L’obiettivo di questa ricerca è specificamente quello di indagare il ruolo dei recipienti ceramici nei sistemi tecnici e nei comportamenti simbolici dei gruppi umani San Ciriaco della Sardegna centro-occidentale, nell’intento di acquisire degli indizi sulle strategie di gestione delle risorse naturali e sulle modalità di sussistenza delle popolazioni durante il Neolitico medio B.L’approccio interdisciplinare seguito associa l’analisi morfometrica dei recipienti all’osservazione delle tracce d’uso e all’analisi chimica dei residui organici assorbiti nella matrice ceramica, mediante la tecnica della gascromatografia (GC) e della gascromatografia/spettrometria di massa (GC/MS).I risultati ottenuti rivelano una strutturazione delle collezioni ceramiche in molteplici gamme funzionali distinte e variabilmente rappresentate in siti con destinazione funzionale differente (abitato, sepolture, “depositi” di recipienti). L’analisi di tali contesti ha permesso di evidenziare alcuni specifici comportamenti tecnici e simbolici legati alla gestione dei recipienti durante tutto il loro ciclo d’utilizzo.L’interpretazione storica dei dati acquisiti con questa ricerca offre un contributo alla più vasta questione dell’evoluzione della funzione dei recipienti ceramici, nel corso del Neolitico, nell’area del Mediterraneo occidentale
Déméné, Claudia. "Étude exploratoire de la phase d’usage des produits électroniques en vue de minimiser les impacts environnementaux : le cas du téléviseur". Thèse, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/11776.
Texto completoGiven its high environmental impact, Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) has become a major problem for developed countries. The growing consumption of electronic products, whose useful lifespan has decreased over the years, has led to an increasing production of WEEE. In response, the European Union has adopted in 2003 the Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR). This environmental policy tool holds legally responsible manufacturers for the implementation and financing of the e-waste stewardship program. While the ERP focuses mainly on the environmentally sound disposal of waste from electric and electronic equipment, this instrument does not prevent or even reduce the growing amounts of e-waste discarded by households. This situation is particularly worrying, since the environmental benefits achieved with the implementation of the ERP are no longer efficient considering the continuous increase of electronic goods’ consumption in the world. In light of this issue, the present thesis examines the practices of users during the consumption phase of electronic appliances (also referred to as the use phase). This stage of the products’ lifecycle includes purchase, use, repair and disposal of a good. To conduct this research, a qualitative approach by means of a case study was used. The selected case is the television, which illustrates many issues related to the use phase of electronic devices, such as frequent launch of new models in the market, low purchase price compared to the cost of repair and the influence of trends on the consumer’s choices. These factors may cause the premature replacement of electronic products and, therefore, lead to their premature end-of-life, which materialize into different types of obsolescence. In the context of this case study, around thirty semi-structured interviews were conducted with users and repairers of electronic equipment in order to document the different sub-stages of the television’s use phase. Based on collected data, the main objective of this thesis is to provide recommendations to political authorities, which could enable the minimisation of environmental impacts related to the use phase of electronic appliances. The results highlight, via the role and singular status occupied by the television, the user’s behaviour which helps increase the environmental footprint of the use phase. The multiple purchases of electronic and non-electronic goods following the television’s acquisition, its many features that are similar to those of the computers or tablets, and the premature disposal of functional but technologically obsolete devices, are among the main findings of the study. In respect of these observations, this study proposes environmental policy instruments, like an environmental labelling of the electronic products’ lifespan, which aim at supporting a more informed consumer choice. Other orientations, such as the opportunity to adopt a horizontal policy, which is a legal framework that would no longer focus on the individual product, but rather on all appliances with similar functions, are exposed. In addition, this research explores some levers that could minimize the phenomenon of premature end-of-life of electronic devices, including the exportation of obsolete and functional goods from developed to developing countries to enable their reuse and the trend of Do-It-Yourself for their repair.