Tesis sobre el tema "Cartographie des habitats marins"
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Marre, Guilhem. "Développement de la photogrammétrie et d'analyses d'images pour l'étude et le suivi d'habitats marins". Thesis, Montpellier, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020MONTG012.
Texto completoIn a context of climate change and the erosion of marine biodiversity, ecological monitoring of the most sensitive marine habitats is of paramount importance. In particular, there is a need for operational methods that enable decision-makers and managers to establish relevant conservation measures and to evaluate their effectiveness. TEMPO and RECOR are two monitoring networks focusing on Posidonia meadows and coralligenous reefs, the two richest and most sensitive habitats in the Mediterranean. The objective of this thesis is to meet the needs of effective monitoring of marine habitats by developing methods for assessing their health, based on two key image analysis methods: convolutional neural networks and photogrammetry. The results show that convolutional neural networks are capable of recognizing the main species of coralligenous assemblages in underwater photographs from RECOR, with a precision similar to that of an expert taxonomist. Furthermore, we have shown that photogrammetry can reproduce a marine habitat in three dimensions with a high degree of accuracy, sufficient for monitoring habitat structure and species distribution at a fine scale. Based on these reconstructions, we have developed a method for automatic mapping of Posidonia meadows, enabling temporal monitoring of the ecological quality of this sensitive habitat. Finally, we characterized the three-dimensional structure of coralligenous reefs based on their photogrammetric reconstructions and studied the links with the structuring of the assemblages that make them up. This PhD work has led to the development of operational methods that are now integrated into the TEMPO and RECOR monitoring networks. Results of this work paves the way for future research, in particular concerning characterization of the biological activity of coralligenous reefs thanks to the coupling of photogrammetry, neural networks and underwater acoustics
Lamouret, Marie. "Traitement automatisés des données acoustiques issues de sondeurs multifaisceaux pour la cartographie des fonds marins". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Toulon, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022TOUL0002.
Texto completoAmong underwater acoustic technologies, multibeam echo sounder (MBES) is one of the most advanced tool to study and map the underwater floors and the above water column. Its deployment on-site requires expertise so as the whole data processing to map the information. These processing are very time-consuming due to the massive quantity of recorded data and thus needs to be automatised to shorten and alleviate the hydrographer's task. This PhD research works focus on the automatisation of the current activities in Seaviews society.After some reminders on the underwater acoustic sciences, the MBES operating is described as well the produced data that will be manipulated throughout the developments. This document presents two thematics˸ bathymetric (depths) and marine habitats mapping. The developments are integrated into the Seaviews' software in the aim to be used by all the employees.About seafloor depths mapping, the bathymetric sounding has to be sorted to avoid that the outlier errors distort the results. Sorting the uncountable measures is cumbersome but necessary, although the hydrographers are today happily computed-assisted. We propose a fast statistical method to exclude the outliers while mapping the information. This leads to wonder if the water column imagery would be workable to deduce the bathymetry without failure. We will test this hypothesis with some technics of deep learning, especially with convolutional neural networks.The marine habitats mapping is a seabed nature classification according to the local life. Seaviews has worked on a way to prepare MBES data and habitats analysis. Concerning the method of classification itself, we move towards machine learning technics. Several methods are implemented and assessed, and then an area is chosen to evaluate and compare the results
Ehrhold, Axel. "Projet REBENT : Cartographie des habitats benthiques dans les petits fonds côtiers à l'aide de méthodes acoustiques". Phd thesis, Université de Caen, 2004. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00006680.
Texto completoPetit, Tristan. "Caractérisation des fonds marins et estimation bathymétrique par inversion de modèle de transfert radiatif : application à l'imagerie hyperspectrale en milieu coralien". Thesis, Brest, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017BRES0023/document.
Texto completoAirborne hyperspectral imaging is a potential candidate for mapping and monitoring coral reefs at large scale and with high spatial resolution. In this thesis, we first present the processing steps to be applied to hyperspectral signals for extracting information about seabed types, bathymetry and water optical properties, and we discuss their efficiency with respect to two main confounding factors: (i) low signal to noise ratio of the measured signals, and (ii) large number and variability of physical interactions occurring between the entrance of sunlight into the atmosphere and its measurement by the hyperspectral sensor. Considering these limitations, we examine the performance of an already existing water column processing method: semi-analytical model inversion by optimization. We first evaluate the robustness of seabed type and bathymetry estimation for six different inversion setups. The results on hyperspectral images acquired over Réunion Island reefs in 2009 show that the choice of the inversion setup plays an important role on the quality of the estimations and that the most widely used inversion setup does not always produce the best results. We then evaluate the importance of the accuracy of the parameterization of the direct semi-analytical model. This is done through a sensitivity analysis performed on both simulated and real hyperspectral data acquired in Réunion Island in 2015. The analysis is performed for each inversion setup previously studied. This study shows that in coral reef context the accuracy of the parameterization of the direct model is less important than the choice of the inversion setup. We also demonstrate that it is not possible to identify the most influent parameters of the direct model because it depends on the relative concentration of each optically active constituent
Lozach, Sophie. "Habitats benthiques marins du bassin oriental de la Manche : enjeux écologiques dans le contexte d’extraction de granulats marins". Thesis, Lille 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011LIL10163/document.
Texto completoThe natural variation in the coarse sediment benthic community was investigated over a four-year period in the context of an aggregate extraction licence project in the eastern Channel paleovalleys deposits. Six surveys were conducted: twice a year (mid-April: pre- recruitment and the end of August: post-recruitment) in 2007, 2009 and 2010. The data set obtained shows on one hand that the coarse sediment of the benthic community of the eastern English Channel paleovalleys presents an outstanding constancy over time and on another hand, it brings out new pieces of knowledge on benthic habitats typology in offshore coarse sediments (EUNIS). A complementary study on functional features showed that this benthic community has a high resistance to physical disturbance, but lower resilience. This knowledge on benthic community structure and functioning allowed the making of assumptions on the consequences of marine aggregate extraction at this site. An adaptive management of this human activity has then been proposed by the implementation of a benthic monitoring responding to ecological issues associated with marine sediment dredging. Results obtained during this study will also be a substantial input to scientific understanding of dredging impacts should the licence be delivered by French authorities
Grotte, Alain. "Méthode de cartographie des couvertures algales et sédimentaires à partir de données de télédétection". Brest, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992BRES1003.
Texto completoThis work forms part of the development studies contributing to the knowledge of coastal features by using high resolution satellite data. The first part deals with conventional cartography bases and describes possible applications using satellite data. Chapter 1 is devoted to notions of cartography, and shows their importance in understanding certain types of satellite data pre-processing described in chapter ii. The second chapter, which deals with high resolution satellites, reviews the radiometers placed on board these platforms. Whatever the type of sensor, image data is available in simple standards, and therefore accessible to everyone providing a small investment is made in hardware and software. I. T. Products are very user-friendly and after a few training sessions a complete beginner in this field can already obtain some encouraging results. Cartographic formatting (computer-assisted) is obviously the next step for correctly positioning this data in the geographic area of the study. This is dealt with in the third chapter which draws the connection between traditional cartography, satellite data and a geographic information system module, which is used to add cartographic annotations to the data. The methodology is developed and procedures proposed for achieving standardized mapping of the space maps or normal maps drawn up at Ifremer
Van, den Beld Inge. "Habitats coralliens dans les canyons sous-marins du Golfe de Gascogne : distribution, écologie et vulnérabilité". Thesis, Brest, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017BRES0017/document.
Texto completoCold-water coral (CWC) habitats formed by colonial scleractinians, gorgonians, antipatharians and sea pens are biodiversity and biomass hotspots that provide important functions, such as shelter and feeding grounds, to other organisms. But, they are also vulnerable to human activities, because they are long-lived, grow slowly and have a low resistance. Submarine canyons may offer the environmental conditions needed for CWC habitat development, due to their steep topography, complex hydrodynamics and substrate heterogeneity. In the Bay of Biscay, which margin is incised by hundreds of canyons, CWCs are known to exist since the late 19th century, but their distribution, density and functional role remained largely unknown, which impaired their preservation.To increase this knowledge, 24 canyons and three locations between adjacent canyons were visited with an ROV and a towed camera system during 46 dives on 7 cruises. Images were analysed for CWC habitats using the CoralFISH classification system. Within these habitats, corals, associated fauna were identified and substrate cover measured. Litter was identified in 15 out of 24 canyons.Eleven coral habitats constructed by 62 coral morphotypes were observed in the canyons of the Bay of Biscay hosting 191 associated megafaunal morphotypes, including 160 unique morphotypes. The distribution patterns at regional and local scales could be linked to hydrodynamics and sedimentary regimes. Substrate type was an important driver for coral and associated faunal assemblages, distinguishing biogenic, hard substrate and soft substrate habitats. Coral assemblages were similar between biogenic and hard substrate habitats, but the associated fauna was more abundant and diverse on biogenic habitats. The alpha, beta and gamma diversity was surprisingly high on soft substrate habitats, equalling or exceeding that of biogenic habitats.Marine litter was abundant and was mainly composed of plastic items and fishing gear. Litter could co-occur with CWCs and impact them: litter and most CWC habitats were observed at similar water depths and litter was more abundant in areas with a seafloor relief created by biological or geological features. Observations of coral reefs on steeper areas in the canyons and coral debris on flatter areas on the interfluve/upper slope may indicate a potential impact of the fishing industry. This study supports the ongoing effort to create a Natura 2000 network that will protect biogenic and hard substrate habitats, but also points out the need to develop a framework for the preservation of coral habitats on soft substrate
Ben, Moussa Habib. "Contribution de la télédétection satellitaire à la cartographie des végétaux marins : archipel de Molène (Bretagne / France)". Aix-Marseille 2, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987AIX22095.
Texto completoBen, Moussa Habib. "Contribution de la télédétection satellitaire à la cartographie des végétaux marins archipel de Molène (Bretagne / France) /". Grenoble 2 : ANRT, 1987. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb376028691.
Texto completoLe, Bars Fabrice. "Analyse par intervalles pour la localisation et la cartographie simultanées : application à la robotique sous-marine". Phd thesis, Université de Bretagne occidentale - Brest, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00670495.
Texto completoTrebossen, Hervé. "Apport des images RADAR à synthèse d'ouverture à la cartographie marine". Marne-la-Vallée, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002MARN0140.
Texto completoMore half of the carriage of goods throughout the world is done by sea. One of the means allowing to ensure the safety of the ships and consequently to avoid accidental pollution, is to put at provision of the sailors of the sea charts of quality, in conformity with the modern means of navigation (navigation by GPS). Unfortunately, currently, these documents of navigation are old on a number of coastal zones. The SHOM who is in charge in France of the establishment and of the diffusion of nautical information, uses, in certain cases, to bring up to date its cards more quickly, of the images of remote sensing coming from the optical satellites SPOT. In zones with strong nebulosity, the acquisition of such data is very random, the images of the satellites with Synthetic Aperture RADAR (SAR) bring the advantage of not being disturbed by the cloud cover. Present study is borned of collaboration between SHOM and UMLV, its main goal is to develop a method to use SAR images in order to facilitate nautical chart reactualisation. First chapter of this work presents, on each various site which "will be auscultated" through images radar with synthesis of opening, great characteristics of the medium, the data base images and cards then interest of the site for marine cartography. The five coastal sites presented are partly in humid tropical area (French Guiana, Cameroon, Gabon), in polar zone (Terre-Adélie) and last in arid inter-tropical area (Mauritania). Second chapter relates to the radiometric and geometrical processing implemented for the use of the images radar. Radiometric processing will comprise mainly the use of known algorithms for filtering of the speckle on amplitude images, generating coherence images with complex SAR data and extracting automatically information from SAR data. With regard to the geometrical processing, we chose to develop a tool in order to georeference our ERS images database. This tool requires to know satellite orbitography, geoid height on study site and internal satellite geometry. Validation of this tool will be based on ground control points acquisition and on comparison between ERS images acquired in ascending and descending pass. SAR data analysis will be done on topics interesting nautical charts updating: shallow waters close to coast, on inter-tidal zone, and finally, on terrestrial part, coastal vegetation and anthropic zones. Other remote sensing data (optical and different SAR data) could be used, according to availabilities, to enrich our matter. Last, fourth chapter is devoted with re-actualisations of nautical charts in which we participated. We propose new cartographic products including recent SAR images and older data from nautical charts, to compensate lack of traditional maps up to date and likely to integrated evolutions observed study sites
Champagnat, Juliette. "Modéliser l’impact des pressions anthropiques au niveau des habitats halieutiques sur la dynamique des populations de poissons marins exploités". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Rennes, Agrocampus Ouest, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023NSARH118.
Texto completoSpawning and juvenile habitats are Critical Essential Fish Habitats (CEFH) that support key phases of the life cycle, when fish aggregate on restricted areas. These CEFH face numerous anthropogenic pressures that impact fish locally. Yet, these impacts are poorly quantified at population scale. This PhD aims to fill this knowledge gap using ageand stage-structured modelling approaches, with explicit representation of the critical life stages on CEFH. A first approach aims to assess the impact of Seine estuary restoration for the common sole in the Eastern English Channel. It uses a hierarchical Bayesian modelling framework integrating a great amount of data and expertise to perform simulations of juvenile habitat restoration. The second one develops a generic mechanistic model to represent marine fish population with contrastedfish population with contrasted life histories. It integrates a comprehensive steepness-based parameterization of the stock-recruitment relationship that directly depends upon juvenile habitat quality and surface area. This model is used to explore population response to juvenile habitat degradation/restoration and its sensitivity to interspecific variability in demographic rates. Then the approach is applied to assess the potential impact of restoring estuarine nursery grounds for four species of main fisheries interest in the Eastern English Channel. Finally, the model is extended to integrate anthropogenic pressures affecting spawning grounds. The main hypothesis and limits of the approaches are discussed; this outlined the large venues of the generic model, for both further scientific investigation and help for management
Dasnon, Anaïs. "Estimation des populations d'oiseaux marins à nidification hypogée ou en habitats complexes : optimisation des méthodes dans les Terres Australes Françaises". Electronic Thesis or Diss., La Rochelle, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023LAROS027.
Texto completoFacing the massive loss of biodiversity, it is crucial to increase our knowledge about populations in order to rapidly implement effective conservation measures. Seabirds are among the most threatened and little-known of all bird species. Many of their species nest in isolated territories, in burrows or in areas inaccessible to man. Traditional survey methods are mainly used to monitor seabird populations, but their effectiveness remains uncertain. In addition, new data acquisition and analysis tools offer new perspectives, but remain too untested.This thesis proposes, in the context of the Réserve naturelle nationale des Terres australes françaises, to explore the effectiveness of traditional methods for estimating the populations of two coastal-nesting species, to test bioacoustics as a new method for estimating burrowing seabirds populations, and to use count and demographic monitoring data from a declining population to test the effectiveness of implementing conservation measures.Traditional survey methods are the most robust and can be used effectively to estimate and monitor seabird populations. These methods can be supplemented by the use of new technologies, in particular bioacoustics for surveys of hypogean nesting species. The combination of these methods and a sound understanding of the biology and ecology of the species will enable them to be conserved effectively over the long term
Bouchoucha, Marc. "Les zones portuaires peuvent-elles servir de nourriceries alternatives pour les poissons marins côtiers ? : cas des sars en Méditerranée Nord-occidentale". Thesis, Perpignan, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PERP0046/document.
Texto completoDuring their life cycle, most of the marine coastal fish species use nursery grounds which quality influence their recruitment and then the conservation of their populations. However, the construction of ports impair irremediably fish nursery function of the coastal areas impacted. The ultimate aim of the PhD research was to assess if ports could provide suitable alternative nursery habitats for coastal fish species. Firstly, abundances of the juveniles of four Diplodus species were surveyed in five marinas located along the French Mediterranean coast. This showed that coastal fishes can successfully settle and grow inside these artificialized coastal areas. Moreover, increasing the complexity of port habitats can considerably enhance their suitability for juveniles, especially at the youngest stages. Secondly, body condition, growth rate and metal contamination in the juveniles of two Diplodus species (D. sargus and D. vulgaris) were compared between different ports and natural areas in the Bay of Toulon. Juvenile growth and condition can be equivalent between fish collected from ports and from adjacent natural areas. Contamination levels in fish were low, even in highly polluted areas. Finally, otolith composition in the juveniles of D. sargus and D. vulgaris was investigated in three ports and two natural areas in the Bay of Toulon. None of the port related had systematically higher concentrations in otoliths from Diplodus juveniles collected in ports. Therefore, otolith microchemistry cannot provide a unique and reliable fingerprint discriminating ports and natural areas. Nevertheless, otolith microchemistry could provide an effective natural tag to determine the contribution of ports to adult stocks provided that a library of all potential juvenile habitat fingerprints is established. All these results confirm that ports can be used as alternative nursery habitats by marine coastal fishes. Ecological engineering projects aiming at increasing structural complexity of port habitats seem promising for biodiversity and fish stock conservation
Méline, Arnaud. "Fusion multimodale pour la cartographie sous-marine". Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013MON20005/document.
Texto completoThis work aims to analyze natural underwater scenes and it focuses on mapping underwater environment in 3D. Today, many methods exist to solve this problem. The originality of this work lies in the fusion of two maps obtained from sensors of different resolutions. Initially, an autonomous vehicle (or boat) analyzes the seabed with multibeam sonar and creates a first global map of the area. This map is then divided into small cells representing a mosaic of the seabed. A second analysis is then performed on some particular cells using a second sensor with a higher resolution. This will provide a detailed map of the 3D cell. An autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV) or a diver with a stereoscopic vision system will make this acquisition. This project is divided into two parts; the first one focuses on the 3D reconstruction of underwater scenes in constrained environment using a stereoscopic pair. The second part investigates the multimodal aspect. In our study, we want to use this method to obtain accurate reconstructions of archaeological objects (statues, amphorae, etc.) detected on the global map. The first part of the work relates the 3D reconstruction of the underwater scene. Even if today the vision community has led to a better understanding of this type of images, the study of natural underwater scenes still poses many problems. We have taken into account the underwater noise during the creation of the 3D video model and during the calibration of cameras. A study of the noise robustness was performed on two methods of detection and matching of features points. This resulted into obtaining accurate and robust feature points for the 3D model. Epipolar geometry allowed us to project these points in 3D. The texture was added to the surfaces obtained by Delaunay triangulation.The second part consists of fusing the 3D model obtained previously with the acoustic map. To align the two 3D models (video and acoustic model), we use a first approximated registration by selecting manually few points on each cloud. To increase the accuracy of this registration, we use an algorithm ICP (Iterative Closest Point).In this work we created a 3D underwater multimodal map performed using 3D video model and an acoustic global map
Derville, Solène. "Écologie spatiale des baleines à bosse en zone de reproduction : habitats, distribution et mouvements dans le Pacifique Sud". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SORUS374.
Texto completoUnderstanding the social and environmental drivers of the distribution and movements of marine megafauna is essential to their conservation. Cetaceans are elusive and mobile species, whose management requires an improved understanding of habitat use patterns. This thesis is aimed at investigating the spatial ecology of an endangered population of humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) in the South Pacific Ocean. Using a multidisciplinary dataset collected between 1995 and 2018 in New Caledonia and Oceania, this thesis addressed three objectives, 1) investigate best practices to cetacean species distribution modeling, 2) acquire fundamental knowledge on the distribution, habitats and movements of humpback whales in Oceania breeding grounds, and 3) predict priority conservation areas and potential threats to humpback whales. Modeling the distribution of a migratory large whale from non-systematic visual survey and citizen science data provided valuable space-use predictions when uneven survey effort and statistical overfitting were specifically addressed. Generalized Additive Models were favored for their complexity trade-off, ecological interpretability and transferability. Models of habitat use revealed a preference for a diversity of shallow habitats (low island and atoll lagoons, barrier reef and high island slopes, banks and seamounts) spread over a relatively large thermal range over Oceania. Shallow seamounts and banks were identified as major breeding and nursing habitats and play a key role in the connectivity within and between populations. This unique and unexpected use of pelagic waters has important consequences for the spatial management of humpback whales. The predictions of present and future suitable humpback whale breeding habitats at multiples scales provide science-based evidence for priority conservation areas, and enable mitigation of threats from anthropogenic activities and climate change in the South Pacific
Delavenne, Juliette. "Conservation des habitats marins soumis à des usages multiples : méthodes, objectifs et contraintes pour l'optimisation d'un réseau d'Aires Marines Protégées en Manche Orientale". Phd thesis, Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00871864.
Texto completoCazals, Cécile. "Apport des données Sentinel-1 pour la cartographie des milieux humides". Thesis, Paris Est, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PESC1226/document.
Texto completoWetlands are threatened by climate change and the anthropization of natural environments. Satellite remote sensing is useful for environmental monitoring at large areas. However, when it comes to the study of hydrological dynamics, a significant temporal resolution is essential. The latter is difficult to reach with optical satellite imagery because of the cloud cover that masks the ground. Radar sensors are well suited to the characterization of hydrological dynamics thanks to the sensitivity of their measurements in the presence of water, whatever the vegetation in place. As a result, all Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) acquisitions are available, both day and night, regardless of cloud cover.Satellite radar remote sensing has gone through a revolution with the launch of the Sentinel-1A satellite, followed by its twins Sentinel-1B by the European Space Agency as part of the Copernicus program in 2014. These sensors acquire C-band data (λ = 5.6 cm) on a regular basis on Europe and their distribution is free for all users. Their temporal frequency initially of 12 days has decreased to 6 days from the end of 2016. This work aims at evaluating the potential of these data with high temporal resolution for the monitoring of water bodies and wetlands.The first part of this thesis focuses on water bodies mapping. We found confusion in the C-band radar response between water surfaces and that of some bare soils. We showed that the winter period is the least ambiguous and that the VH polarization is the most suitable for the mapping of water surfaces. Four methods of water detection have been compared. It appears that the use of unsupervised methods without a priori data is not conceivable and that the methods taking into account the spatial neighborhood give better results. Temporal filtering has been developed and has improved detection and avoided confusion between bare soil and permanent water surfaces. Water surfaces of more than 0.5 ha are more than 80% likely to be detected.A second part of this thesis is devoted to the monitoring of wet grasslands by radar remote sensing. The use of fully polarimetric data has shown that the VV/VH partial polarimetry configuration available on the Sentinel-1 sensor is able to characterize the prairial floods with or without vegetation. A method taking into account the temporal neighborhood allowed to process a series of 14 Sentinel-1 images to obtain 14 flood maps. The accuracy of floods maps at the intra-parcel scale has been estimated, it appears that if the precision is relatively good (80%), but the recall is rather low (40%). This method allow to establish intra- and inter-annual monitoring.This thesis has shown the potential of high temporal resolution radar images for the mapping of the water surfaces and for the monitoring of a wetland meadow
Foveau, Aurélie. "Habitats et communautés benthiques du bassin oriental de la Manche : état des lieux au début du XXIème siècle". Thesis, Lille 1, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009LIL10146/document.
Texto completoThis study is devoted in providing an updated knowledge on the macrobenthic community structureand biodiversity in the eastern English Channel in the early 2000s. Results obtained were compared withresults obtained by L. Cabioch and colleagues for the period of 1971-1976. The distribution of macrobenthiccommunities is highly governed by the sedimentary cover. The Folk classification was used for sedimentologyand mapping of bottom type characterization for the two study periods. A relative stability of the sedimentarycover was observed wherein 69% of the study area showed slight or no change in sedimentary cover in the last25 years. This is mainly due to the hydrodynamics in the area which is a dominant and structuring factor in theeastern English Channel. Variations were observed in bays, near the mouth of the estuaries and in the sandbank areas. The macrobenthic communities were studied separately for each period then compared. However,due to differences in methodologies applied for each period, considerable observations from comparativestudies were difficult to detect. Geographical mapping results revealed that four entities or communitiesseemed recurrent in time depending on sediment type associations: (1) average sand ; (2) coarse sand ; (3)sandy gravel and (4) pebbles. Analysis done on two latter sediment types showed that the various geographicalentities constituting associated communities are distinct at the scale of the eastern English Channel. Speciesdiversity, abundance and richness are significant with 875 taxa identified from 318 sampled sites, where thelatter is still considered underestimated. Finally, statistical methods were applied to modeling and prediction ofpotential habitats of 22 benthic invertebrates. Habitat modeling results obtained are in accordance with fieldobservations and showed that for the majority of considered species (average and fine sand-associated speciesexcluded) occupy their suitable niches/habitat
De, Jode Aurélien. "Etude de la biodiversité des habitats coralligènes et de l'influence des facteurs environnementaux par des approches génétiques : des populations d'espèces ingénieures aux communautés". Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AIXM0571/document.
Texto completoBiodiversity encompasses the diversities of all the living elements from the molecules to the biosphere and several levels of biodiversity can be distinguished. Coralligenous habitats are emblematic calcareous biogenic constructions of the Mediterranean Sea mainly built by calcareous red algae and consolidated by calcareous skeletons built by several mine invertebrates. The complex three-dimensional structure shelters for a huge variety of species, and coralligenous habitats are considered to be one of the biodiversity hotspot of the Mediterranean Sea. The study of the genetic diversity of a engineering calcareous red algae, by capture sequencing, revealed that this nominal species is actually composed of eight cryptic species which relative abundances vary among localities and depth. This approach also showed that genetic diversity in the most abundant cryptic species, is shaped by neutral processes of drift and migration strongly influenced by oceanic currents in Marseilles area. The species diversity in communities was studied using a metabarcoding approach. It revealed the high diversity found in these habitats and the important effect of environmental variables on the species communities composition. The comparison between both level of diversities established that that genetic diversity and species diversity are positively correlated for the alpha component of diversity and uncorrelated for the beta component.These work contribute to improve our knowledge of the biodiversity and ecological functioning of these habitats. Some of the methods developments and tuning implemented during this study could be used in monitoring applications of these habitats
Lelièvre, Stéphanie. "Identification et caractérisation des frayères hivernales en Manche Orientale et la partie sud de la mer du Nord : Identification des oeufs de poissons, cartographie et modélisation des habitats de ponte". Nantes, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010NANT2110.
Texto completoA better knowledge and monitoring of principal commercial fish spawning grounds have become necessary in the North Sea. The efficiency of CUFES was proved by sampling pelagic fish eggs in winter in Eastern Channel and Southern North Sea. Fish egg taxonomic identification based on visual criteria cannot always be carried out effectively. In particular, cod (Gadus morhua), and whiting (Merlangius merlangus) or flounder (Platichthys flesus) and dab (Limanda limanda) have the same range of egg diameter and similar morphologies. Alternative identification methods using molecular techniques were developed to improve the accuracy of egg taxonomic identification. First, PCR-RFLP method, then, in order to accelerate egg identification, the use of a new laboratory imaging system, the ZooScan, able to produce high resolution images of zooplankton samples, was adapted to fish eggs and allower their automated identification using supervised learning algorithms. The location of winter spawning grounds of fishes in the Southern North Sea and the Eastern Channel was illustrated using yearly maps and analysed over the available period to define recurrent, occasional and unfavorable spawning areas. Generally, fish eggs were found over the study area, except for the North Western of the North Sea, near Scottish coasts. Important spawning areas were clearly localised along the Belgian, Dutch and Danish coasts. Habitat modelling of these fish spawning areas was carried out using both GLM (Generalised Linear Model) and QR (Regression Quantile) and associated egg abundance to physical conditions such as temperature, salinity, bedstress, chlorophyll a concentration and bottom sediment types to characterize spawning habitat conditions and predict their extent and location. The results of this approach improve the understanding of spawning grounds distribution and were discussed in the context of the protection and conservation of critical spawning grounds
Godet, Laurent. "L’évaluation des besoins de conservation d’un patrimoine naturel littoral marin : l’exemple des estrans meubles de l’archipel de Chausey". Paris, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008MNHN0004.
Texto completoThe intention of conserving the marine littoral biodiversity appeared following the awareness of its high vulnerability. In the current context of the sixth extinction, conservation biologists mainly focus on rich, rare, and vulnerable elements. But is it not a fight against the “tip of iceberg” of the biodiversity crisis? Do the common marine littoral habitats not represent a conservation stake as well? To answer this question, we explore the conservation needs of the soft-bottom benthic intertidal habitats of the Chausey archipelago (Normand-Breton Gulf). The highlighting of 180 years of naturalist testimonies, marvellous reference state of the natural heritage of the site and its perception along two centuries, as well as the development and the application of a new method allowing to map, monitor and describe accurately each benthic habitat, reveal the extreme complexity of this archipelago which includes almost all the soft-bottom benthic intertidal habitats of the north-western Europe. Of these habitats, few benefit from conservation measures. However, through the example of the Lanice conchilega beds, we underline the high conservation need of an ordinary habitat, which is a priori non-vulnerable and almost impossible to conserve because of its huge distribution. In Chausey, this habitat represents an important conservation need both from a biological and a socioeconomic point of view. In addition, it is threatened by shellfish farming which negatively impacts its associated benthic macrofaunal assemblage and its attractive nature for shorebirds. The conservation needs of each habitat are then evaluated through stakes (what is affected if a habitat disappears), hazards (extinction risk) and conservation possibilities, through an interdisciplinary approach combining ecology, geography, and history. The combination of these criteria highlights a diversity of conservation needs which can be generalized to a wide range of other marine littoral habitats of the temperate coasts
Holon, Florian. "Interactions entre écosystèmes marins et pressions anthropiques : Applications au suivi et à la gestion des eaux côtières de la mer Méditerranée". Thesis, Montpellier, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015MONTS030/document.
Texto completoDuring the last century, human activities were at the origin of increasing pressures impacting marine coastal ecosystems. Scientific data concerning this phenomena are fragmentary and the grid scale (1 x 1 km pixel) is insufficient to permit relevant local decision making. The management of these multiple and simultaneous threats necessitates reliable and accurate data concerning the distribution of pressures and the localization of the most sensitive ecosystems. This is at the origin of two European directives: the Water Framework Directive (WFD) and the Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD). In response to these directives, the objectives of this work were to characterize the vulnerability and sensitivity of two priority ecosystems: Posidonia oceanica seagrass beds and coralligenous reefs. Focusing on the French Mediterranean coastline (depth ranging from 0 to – 100 m), results were: the fine-scale (20 x 20 m pixel size) quantification and localization of the encountered anthropogenic pressures, the quantification and localization of these two priority ecosystems, and the assessment of their ecological state. Seagrass beds decline was modelled in link with depth and pressures; resistance thresholds to pressures, but also management priority areas were defined. This work should contribute to improve the development of indicators for the ecological state of coastal ecosystems. It should also help to better apply and coordinate management actions at a relevant scale for biodiversity conservation
Madéore-Le, Pichon Céline. "Une approche "Paysage aquatique" pour une meilleure connaissance du fonctionnement des écosystèmes fluviaux et l'amélioration de la conservation des peuplements de poissons". Paris 6, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PA066538.
Texto completoNowell, Megan Sarah. "The application of landscape ecology techniques for managing disturbed Mediterranean coastal seascapes". Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/283581.
Texto completoAnthropogenic pressure is the preeminent threat to the biodiversity, resilience and the ecological functioning of the coastal and marine environment. Developing effective responses to this multifaceted threat is a significant challenge for managers and decision-makers due to the complexities of poorly understood marine ecosystems. The ecologically meaningful interpretation of spatial data using seascape ecology techniques has the potential to be a powerful conservation tool. The emerging discipline of seascape ecology explores the causes and consequences of spatial patterns in the marine environment. In this dissertation, seascape ecology techniques are used to understand the ecological consequences of anthropogenic disturbance on the spatial patterns of coastal Mediterranean seascapes through three studies. In the first study, the relationship between spatial patterns and biodiversity was explored. Quantification of seascape structure using spatial pattern metrics showed that species richness can be conserved by protecting the diversity of habitats in the seascape. The results also highlighted the importance of patch complexity for increased species richness. Using spatial metrics and multivariate analysis, the effects of anthropogenic pressures on seascape structure was determined. This approach allowed for the influence of different disturbance variables on specific components of the seascape to be assessed. The results indicate that land-based pollution is causing fragmentation of the seascape and has the largest influence on the composition of the mosaic of habitats. In the final study, the effect of these disturbance variables on ecosystem service delivery was determined using carbon stocks as an indicator ecosystem service. Land-based pollution emerged as an important driver of seascape structure and seagrass carbon capture. The analysis emphasized the importance of habitat context within the seascape for ecosystem service delivery. We conclude that seascape quantification techniques provide valuable information on the causes and consequences of spatial patterns in coastal Mediterranean seascapes. Quantifying seascape structure using spatial pattern metrics is an effective and consistent technique for the ecologically meaningful evaluation of spatial data at the scales required for management. The approaches presented in this dissertation are valuable and informative tools for conservation planning.
David, Romain. "De la conception d'un système d'observation à large échelle au déploiement et à l'exploitation de son système d'information : application à l'observation des habitats coralligènes et à la colonisation de récifs artificiels (ARMS)". Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AIXM0215/document.
Texto completoIn the marine domain, observation protocols developed in many settings produce a large volume of heterogeneous data that are difficult to aggregate and use. This work proposes to develop i) methods, protocols and recommendations to build and / or support the establishment of multi-user monitoring networks, ii) innovative uses of data.Two case studies were chosen: coralligenous habitats at the Mediterranean scale and the colonisation of artificial reefs in different regional seas.Large-scale experimentation is based on the simplest possible measurement methods, described very explicitly in standardised terms, on intercalibrated operators and a method of data processing. A mechanism for coupling data from different origins based on the requalification of heterogeneous descriptive factors and a method for analysis and data mining based on graph theory is also proposed
Debèse, Nathalie. "Recalage de la navigation par apprentissage sur les données bathymètriques". Compiègne, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992COMPD538.
Texto completoHeijden, Luuk van der. "Determination of the food sources and of the role of meiofauna in soft-bottom intertidal habitats of the Marennes-Oléron Bay, France, and the Sylt-Rømø Bight, Germany : importance of the microphytobenthos-meiofauna pathway, highlighted by community structure, trophic markers and linear inverse food web models". Thesis, La Rochelle, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LAROS030/document.
Texto completoMeiofauna play an important role in ecosystem processes in soft-bottom benthic habitats, e.g. food web dynamics, related to their highproduction, their intermediate trophic position and the energy they transfer towards higher trophic levels. The trophic linkages and flows of organic matter related to the meiofauna remain poorly known or taken into account. To better assess the role of meiofauna, the community structure and trophic relationships between food sources and meiofauna were determined in five intertidal soft-bottom habitats (i.e., mudflat, seagrass bed, sandflat) of the Marennes-Oléron Bay, France, and the Sylt-Rømø Bight, Germany, taking temporal variations into account. Meiofauna communities were dominated by nematodes and benthic copepods. Biomass of microphytobenthos and of sediment organic matter were two of the major drivers of community structure. The combination of trophic markers (i.e., stable isotopes, fatty acids) demonstrated that microphytobenthos and bacteria were the major food sources of meiofauna in the five habitats. Information from community structure assessments and trophic marker analyses were implemented in food web models. In all habitats, these models demonstrated that the main flow of carbon to meiofauna originated from microphytobenthos, highlighting negligible changes in meiofauna feeding behavior besides the large differences in availability and productivity of food sources between these habitats. All trophic groups of nematodes, except for selective deposit feeding nematodes, were highly selective and mainly fed on microphytobenthos, resulting in a high production and a short turn-over time of meiofauna. In conclusion, this thesis demonstrated the important role of meiofauna in soft-bottom habitats as well as the importance of the trophic pathway from microphytobenthos to meiofauna in the functioning of these food webs
Desrochers, Benoît. "Simultaneous localization and mapping in unstructured environments : a set-membership approach". Thesis, Brest, École nationale supérieure de techniques avancées Bretagne, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018ENTA0006/document.
Texto completoThis thesis deals with the simultaneous localization and mapping (SLAM) problem in unstructured environments, i.e. which cannot be described by geometrical features. This type of environment frequently occurs in an underwater context.Unlike classical approaches, the environment is not described by a collection of punctual features or landmarks, but directly by sets. These sets, called shapes, are associated with physical features such as the relief, some textures or, in a more symbolic way, the space free of obstacles that can be sensed around a robot. In a theoretical point of view, the SLAM problem is formalized as an hybrid constraint network where the variables are vectors and subsets of Rn. Whereas an uncertain real number is enclosed in an interval, an uncertain shape is enclosed in an interval of sets. The main contribution of this thesis is the introduction of a new formalism, based on interval analysis, able to deal with these domains. As an application, we illustrate our method on a SLAM problem based on bathymetric data acquired by an autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV)
Nicola, Jérémy. "Robust, precise and reliable simultaneous localization and mapping for and underwater robot. Comparison and combination of probabilistic and set-membership methods for the SLAM problem". Thesis, Brest, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017BRES0066/document.
Texto completoIn this thesis, we work on the problem of simultaneously localizing an underwater robot while mapping a set of acoustic beacons lying on the seafloor, using an acoustic range-meter and an inertial navigation system. We focus on the two main approaches classically used to solve this type of problem: Kalman filtering and set-membership filtering using interval analysis. The Kalman filter is optimal when the state equations of the robot are linear, and the noises are additive, white and Gaussian. The interval-based filter do not model uncertainties in a probabilistic framework, and makes only one assumption about their nature: they are bounded. Moreover, the interval-based approach allows to rigorously propagate the uncertainties, even when the equations are non-linear. This results in a high reliability in the set estimate, at the cost of a reduced precision.We show that in a subsea context, when the robot is equipped with a high precision inertial navigation system, a part of the SLAM equations can reasonably be seen as linear with additive Gaussian noise, making it the ideal playground of a Kalman filter. On the other hand, the equations related to the acoustic range-meter are much more problematic: the system is not observable, the equations are non-linear, and the outliers are frequent. These conditions are ideal for a set-based approach using interval analysis.By taking advantage of the properties of Gaussian noises, this thesis reconciles the probabilistic and set-membership processing of uncertainties for both linear and non-linear systems with additive Gaussian noises. By reasoning geometrically, we are able to express the part of the Kalman filter equations linked to the dynamics of the vehicle in a set-membership context. In the same way, a more rigorous and precise treatment of uncertainties is described for the part of the Kalman filter linked to the range-measurements. These two tools can then be combined to obtain a SLAM algorithm that is reliable, precise and robust. Some of the methods developed during this thesis are demonstrated on real data
Rohou, Simon. "Reliable robot localization : a constraint programming approach over dynamical systems". Thesis, Brest, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017BRES0127.
Texto completoThe localization of underwater robots remains a challenging issue. Usual sensors, such as Global NavigationSatellite System (GNSS) receivers, cannot be used under the surface and other inertial systems suffer from a strong integration drift. On top of that, the seabed is generally uniform and unstructured, making it difficult to apply usual Simultaneous Localization and Mapping (SLAM) methods to perform a localization.Hence, innovative approaches have to be explored. The presented method can be characterized as a raw-data SLAM approach, but we propose a temporal resolution – which differs from usual methods – by considering time as a standard variable to be estimated. This concept raises new opportunities for state estimation, under-exploited so far. However, such temporal resolution is not straightforward and requires a set of theoretical tools in order to achieve the main purpose of localization.This thesis is thus not only a contribution in the field of mobile robotics, it also offers new perspectives in the areas of constraint programming and set-membership approaches. We provide a reliable contractor programming framework in order to build solvers for dynamical systems. This set of tools is illustrated throughout this document with realistic robotic applications
Thang, Nguyen Toan. "L'extension artificielle des côtes vers le large et ses conséquences en droit international". Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/210990.
Texto completoEn ce qui concerne la pratique des États, la thèse explique, dans une première partie, que l'extension artificielle des côtes est destinée, tantôt, à protéger les côtes contre l'élévation du niveau de la mer, tantôt à gagner des terres pour diverses fins: habitat humain, agricoles, développement des ports et de leurs infrastructures pour les besoins des navires modernes et du commerce international. Mais parallèlement, cette extension entraîne des effets négatifs pour l'écosystème côtier (chapitre I). Des travaux de ce genre ont été menés, ou vont l'être, en Europe (Pays-Bas, Allemagne, Belgique, France, R.-U. etc), aux États-Unis, en Asie (Bahreïn, Malaisie, Hong Kong, Singapour, Japon), en Australie, et sur certains archipels du Pacifique (chapitre II).
La seconde partie de la thèse examine le droit applicable au phénomène d'extension artificielle des côtes. Sont ainsi passées en revue: les règles relatives à la navigation (chapitre III), les règles relatives aux lignes de base (chapitre IV), les règles relatives aux hauts-fonds découvrants (chapitre V), les règles relatives aux îles et aux rochers (chapitre VI) et enfin les règles relatives à la protection de l'environnement marin (chapitre VII).
Doctorat en droit
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
Zitter, Tiphaine A. C. "Mud volcanism and fluid emissions in Eastern Mediterranean neotectonic zones". Phd thesis, 2004. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00007644.
Texto completoCette thèse fait partie des programmes internationaux et nationaux MEDINAUT et MEDINETH, dédiés à l'étude pluridisciplinaire du volcanisme boueux et des émissions de fluides en Méditerranée Orientale. En effet, une approche multidisciplinaire est requise pour comprendre les processus physico-chimiques d'interaction entre argilocinèse et phénomènes tels que : émissions de gaz, bactéries et communautés benthiques, stabilité des sédiments (débris flow) et tectonique récente ou active.
Le principal objectif de ce travail a été de déterminer les contrôles géologiques du volcanisme boueux dans cette région et les origines de la signature acoustique des produits de l'argilocinèse à travers l'acquisition, le traitement et l'interprétation de données géophysiques et géologiques aussi diverses que bathymétrie multifaisceaux, imagerie acoustique, sismique réflexion, gravimétrie, enregistrements de sonar tracté, ou encore vidéos et prélèvements “in situ” issus de plongées profondes. Ces données qui furent collectées durant diverses campagnes marines (ANAXIPROBE, PRISMED II, MEDINAUT, MEDINETH) sont détaillées au Chapitre 2. Cette thèse est divisée en deux parties: la première (Chapitres 3 et 4) examine la géologie et sédimentologie des dépôts argilocinétiques en Méditerranée Orientale, tandis que la seconde (Chapitre 5 et 6) est plus spécifiquement axée sur la déformation actuelle dans la région des Monts Anaximandre (à la jonction de l'Arc Héllenique et de l'Arc de Chypre) et ses relations avec la mise en place et l'évolution du volcanisme boueux.
Sédimentologie et géologie des dépôts d'argilocinèse en Méditerranée Orientale - Au Chapitre 3, les observations “in situ” de la surface des volcans de boue (analysées au travers des enregistrements vidéo acquis par caméra tractée ou submersible) ont révélé des caractéristiques communes aux suintements de fluides froids, tels qu'encroûtements carbonatées et faunes spécifiques. Les variations de rétrodiffusion du fond, observées sur les données acoustiques, ont pu être corrélées, grâce aux observations directes, à des variations d'activité des volcans de boue, exprimées par des changements lithologiques et des variations du degré de colonisation par la faune benthique. L'activité du volcanisme boueux présente en effet une grande variabilité liée à l'intensité des flux de fluides et, probablement, à l'âge des coulées boueuses et des suintements. La signature géophysique peut donc être directement attribuée aux variations d'activité du volcanisme boueux, mises en évidence à travers un certain nombre de paramètres principaux tels qu'émanations de fluides, éruptions de boue et peuplements biologiques, contrôlés par des dynamiques spatio-temporelles à différentes échelles.
Le Chapitre 4 discute l'environnement de dépôt, ainsi que l'âge et la profondeur de l'unité lithologique dont la brèche de boue est issue. L'analyse minéralogique de la matrice boueuse révèle un assemblage argileux similaire pour tous les échantillons, et dominé par la présence de smectite (jusqu'à 90% de la totalité des minéraux argileux). Ce cortège argileux est comparable aux unités terrigènes riches en smectite d'âge Messinien et démontre l'absence de transformations diagénétique, indiquant donc une faible profondeur de remobilisation pour le réservoir boueux.
Le contrôle tectonique du volcanisme boueux: exemple des Monts Anaximandre à la jonction de l'Arc Héllenique et de l'Arc de Chypre - Les Monts Anaximandre, représentent un complexe de trois monts sous-marins de plus de 1000 m de dénivelé détachés de la marge Turque. Ils forment avec les structures avoisinantes (la Ride de Florence et l'Angle d'Isparta au SW de la Turquie) une zone d'accommodation tectonique entre les déformations de la région Egéenne-Turque et la région chypriote. La déformation récente de la région est analysée dans le Chapitre 5 et indique que l'ajustement progressif de la collision s'effectue le long d'une large zone transpressive orientée NW-SE. Les volcans de boue se situent le long de la branche occidentale de l'Arc de Chypre (partie orientale des Monts Anaximandre et Ride de Florence) en association avec un réseau de failles normales à composante dextre orientées N150° parallèlement à la structure et de failles décrochantes senestres orientées N070°.
Le Chapitre 6 se concentre sur une analyse détaillée des relations entre les volcans de boue et les structures tectoniques à partir de données de sonar tracté couplé à un sondeur de sédiments (type O.R.E.Tech), obtenues lors de la campagne MEDINETH. La cartographie des failles associées à plusieurs volcans de boue des Monts Anaximandres et de la Ride de Florence indique que ceux-ci sont contrôlés structuralement. Les failles font office de conduit préférentiel pour l'expulsion de la boue et des fluides sous pression. Une relation avec les accidents majeurs et secondaires dans le champ de contraintes associé à la convergence a été mise en évidence. Cette analyse révèle le rôle fondamental des failles normales et décrochantes, suggérant que les contraintes extensives facilitent la remontée de la boue.
Le Chapitre 7 résume les principaux résultats des Chapitres 3 à 6 et les intègre dans le cadre du programme MEDMUD avec les résultats des analyses géochimiques et microbiologiques afin de déterminer les mécanismes à l'origine de l'apparition et de l'évolution des volcans de boue, ainsi que l'origine des phases solides et fluides du matériel extrudé.