Artículos de revistas: "Carotenoids"

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Mahler, Bettina, Lidia S. Araujo y Pablo L. Tubaro. "Dietary and Sexual Correlates of Carotenoid Pigment Expression in Dove Plumage". Condor 105, n.º 2 (1 de mayo de 2003): 258–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/condor/105.2.258.

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Abstract Carotenoid pigmentation in birds' plumage is considered an honest indicator of phenotypic quality, and thus a target of sexual selection. But carotenoids also fulfill essential physiological functions, and therefore, carotenoids should only appear in plumage if they are in excess of those needed physiologically. We explored the presence of carotenoid-based plumage coloration in columbids and its association with diet and sexual dichromatism using a comparative analysis. We found that carotenoid plumage pigmentation appeared three times independently in doves, and that these events were always associated with frugivorous feeding habits. This suggests that expression of carotenoid-based plumage color in granivorous species may be constrained by the scarcity of carotenoids in their diet. However, more than half of the frugivorous species lack carotenoid-pigmented plumage, indicating that rich dietary sources of these compounds are a necessary but not sufficient cause for their expression in plumage. Analyzing 12 pairs of sister taxa, we found that plumage dichromatism was neither associated with the amount of carotenoid pigment present in the plumage nor with the sexual dimorphism in carotenoid-pigmented plumage. Although the presence of carotenoid-based plumage coloration has been related to sexual selection in several taxa, we failed to show such an association in columbids. Correlación de la Expresión de Pigmentos Carotenoides en el Plumaje de Palomas con la Dieta y la Selección Sexual Resumen. Los pigmentos carotenoides en el plumaje de las aves son considerados indicadores honestos de la calidad fenotípica y, por lo tanto, objetos de selección sexual. Sin embargo, los carotenoides también cumplen funciones fisiológicas esenciales, por lo cual aquellos que se expresan en el plumaje deberían estar en exceso de los utilizados a nivel fisiológico. Exploramos la presencia de carotenoides en el plumaje de las palomas y su asociación con la dieta y el dicromatismo sexual usando un análisis comparativo. Encontramos que el plumaje carotenoide apareció tres veces independientemente en palomas, y que estos eventos estaban siempre asociados a frugivoría. Esto sugiere que la expresión de carotenoides en el plumaje de especies granívoras puede estar restringida por la escasez de estos pigmentos en la dieta. Sin embargo, más de la mitad de las especies frugívoras carecen de plumaje carotenoide, indicando que alimentos ricos en este compuesto son una causa necesaria pero no suficiente para su expresión en el plumaje. Analizando 12 pares de taxa hermanos, encontramos que el dicromatismo no estaba asociado ni a la cantidad de pigmentos carotenoides presentes en el plumaje ni al dimorfismo sexual de plumaje carotenoide. Aunque la presencia de plumaje carotenoide ha sido relacionada con la selección sexual en numerosos grupos, no encontramos una asociación similar en palomas.

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McGraw, Kevin J., Geoffrey E. Hill y Robert S. Parker. "Carotenoid Pigments in a Mutant Cardinal: Implications for the Genetic and Enzymatic Control Mechanisms of Carotenoid Metabolism in Birds". Condor 105, n.º 3 (1 de agosto de 2003): 587–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/condor/105.3.587.

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Abstract Birds that use carotenoids to color their feathers must ultimately obtain these pigments from the diet, but they are also capable of metabolically transforming dietary carotenoids into alternate forms that they use as plumage colorants. The genetic and enzymatic control mechanisms underlying carotenoid metabolism are poorly understood. We investigated carotenoid pigments present in the feathers of an aberrantly colored yellow Northern Cardinal (Cardinalis cardinalis) to determine how metabolic pathways may have been altered. Normal red cardinals display four primary keto-carotenoids in plumage that are endogenously derived from a series of common food carotenoids. We found that the yellow feathers of this mutant lacked all four of the typical red pigments, and instead contained a yellow dietary carotenoid (lutein) and three yellow metabolic derivatives (3′-dehydrolutein and canary-xanthophylls A and B). Because yellow metabolites appear to be manufactured via a different metabolic process (dehydrogenation) than the usual red forms (oxidation at the C-4 or -4′ positions), it seems that this genetic mutation did not broadly disrupt all metabolic activity, but specifically impaired only one class of metabolic reactions and its associated enzymes. Pigmentos Carotenoides en un Cardenal Mutante: Implicaciones para los Mecanismos Genéticos y Enzimáticos de Control del Metabolismo de Carotenoides en las Aves Resumen. Las aves que utilizan pigmentos carotenoides para dar color a sus plumas deben obtenerlos de la dieta, pero también son capaces de transformar metabólicamente los carotenoides dietarios en formas alternativas que utilizan para colorear las plumas. Los mecanismos genéticos y enzimáticos de control involucrados en el metabolismo de los carotenoides no han sido bien establecidos. En este estudio investigamos los pigmentos carotenoides presentes en las plumas de un cardenal Cardinalis cardinalis con coloración amarilla aberrante para determinar cómo se podrían haber alterado las rutas metabólicas. Los cardenales normales de color rojo despliegan cuatro keto-carotenoides primarios en el plumaje, los cuales son derivados endógenamente a partir de una serie de carotenoides comunes en la dieta. Encontramos que las plumas amarillas del mutante carecían de los cuatro pigmentos rojos típicos, y contenían en cambio un carotenoide dietario amarillo (luteína) y tres derivados metabólicos amarillos (3′-dehidro luteína y xantofilas de canario A y B). Debido a que los metabolitos amarillos parecen ser fabricados mediante un proceso metabólico diferente al de las formas rojas usuales (deshidrogenación y oxidación en las posiciones C-4 o -4′, respectivamente), parece que esta mutación genética no alteró ampliamente toda la actividad metabólica. En cambio, parece haber inhabilitado sólo una clase de reacciones metabólicas y sus enzimas asociadas.

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Zurak, Dora, Darko Grbeša, Marija Duvnjak, Goran Kiš, Tatjana Međimurec y Kristina Kljak. "Carotenoid Content and Bioaccessibility in Commercial Maize Hybrids". Agriculture 11, n.º 7 (24 de junio de 2021): 586. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture11070586.

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The objective of the present study was to determine the content and bioaccessibility of carotenoids in 104 maize hybrids available at the market. Lutein, zeaxanthin, α- and β-cryptoxanthin, and β-carotene were determined in whole grains and micelles produced during standardized INFOGEST digestibility analysis, and their bioaccessibility was calculated as the ratio of micellar and grain carotenoids. Tested hybrids varied in total carotenoid content, with 34% having total carotenoid content in the range of 15–20 µg/g dry matter (DM) and 41% in the range of 20–25 µg/g DM. The amount of bioaccessible carotenoids increased linearly (p < 0.05) with increasing content in the grain, and decreased among determined carotenoidsd in the order: lutein (52%) > zeaxanthin (43%) > β-carotene (43%) > α-cryptoxanthin (27%) > β-cryptoxanthin (26%). Bioaccessibility of lutein, zeaxanthin, and β-carotene decreased with increasing content in the grain (p < 0.05). On average, only 43% of the total carotenoids were bioaccessible in commercial maize hybrids tested, which should be considered when formulating an animal diet.

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Chedea, Veronica Sanda, Adela Pintea, Andrea Bunea, Cornelia Braicu, Andreea Stanila y Carmen Socaciu. "Physalis alkekengiCarotenoidic Extract Inhibitor of Soybean Lipoxygenase-1 Activity". BioMed Research International 2014 (2014): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/589168.

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The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of the carotenoidic saponified extract ofPhysalis alkekengisepals (PA) towards the lipoxygenase (LOX) oxidation of linoleic acid. Lipoxygenase activity in the presence of carotenoids, standard and from extract, was followed by its kinetic behaviour determining the changes in absorption at 234 nm. The standard carotenoids used wereβ-carotene (β-car), lutein (Lut), and zeaxanthin (Zea). The calculated enzymatic specific activity (ESA) after 600 s of reaction proves that PA carotenoidic extract has inhibitory effect on LOX oxidation of linoleic acid. A longer polyenic chain of carotenoid structure gives a higher ESA during the first reaction seconds. This situation is not available after 600 s of reaction and may be due to a destruction of this structure by cooxidation of carotenoids, besides the classical LOX reaction. The PA carotenoidic extract inhibiting the LOX-1 reaction can be considered a source of lipoxygenase inhibitors.

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McGraw, Kevin J. y Kirk C. Klasing. "Carotenoids, Immunity, and Integumentary Coloration in Red Junglefowl (Gallus Gallus)". Auk 123, n.º 4 (1 de octubre de 2006): 1161–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/auk/123.4.1161.

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Abstract There is widespread interest in the roles that carotenoids play as yolk and shank pigments, antioxidants, and immune-system regulators in chickens, but nothing is known of such functions in the wild ancestors of chickens—the Red Junglefowl (Gallus gallus). We manipulated carotenoid access in the diet of captive male and female Red Junglefowl to investigate its effects on the coloration of the red comb and buff-brown legs and beak as well as on several indices of immunocompetence. Comb, leg, and beak did not differ in coloration between control and carotenoid-supplemented groups; in fact, biochemical analyses showed that, unlike in chickens, leg and beak tissue contained no carotenoids. Carotenoids showed variable effects on immunological performance, boosting the potency of whole blood in males to kill bacterial colonies, while inhibiting the ability of macrophages to phagocytize bacterial cells and having no significant effect on the accumulation of haptoglobin—an acute-phase protein whose production was induced by a simulated infectious challenge with lipopolysaccharide. These results bring into question interpretations of the evolutionary significance of carotenoid-based and sexually dichromatic shank coloration in domestic chickens, which was apparently derived through artificial selection, and suggest that carotenoids can exert different, mechanism-specific actions on the many lines of immune defense in birds. Carotenoides, Inmunidad y Coloración Integumentaria en Gallus gallus

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McGraw, Kevin J., Kazumasa Wakamatsu, Shosuke Ito, Paul M. Nolan, Pierre Jouventin, F. Stephen Dobson, Richard E. Austic et al. "You Can't Judge a Pigment by its Color: Carotenoid and Melanin Content of Yellow and Brown Feathers in Swallows, Bluebirds, Penguins, and Domestic Chickens". Condor 106, n.º 2 (1 de mayo de 2004): 390–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/condor/106.2.390.

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Abstract The two main pigment types in bird feathers are the red, orange, and yellow carotenoids and the black, gray, and brown melanins. Reports conflict, however, regarding the potential for melanins to produce yellow colors or for carotenoids to produce brown plumages. We used high-performance liquid chromatography to analyze carotenoids and melanins present in the yellow and brown feathers of five avian species: Eastern Bluebirds (Sialia sialis), Barn Swallows (Hirundo rustica), King Penguins (Aptenodytes patagonicus), Macaroni Penguins (Eudyptes chrysolophus), and neonatal chickens (Gallus domesticus). In none of these species did we detect carotenoid pigments in feathers. Although carotenoids are reportedly contained in the ventral plumage of European Barn Swallows (Hirundo rustica rustica), we instead found high concentrations of both eumelanins and phaeomelanins in North American Barn Swallows (H. r. erythrogaster). We believe we have detected a new form of plumage pigment that gives penguin and domestic- chick feathers their yellow appearance. No Puedes Juzgar un Pigmento por su Color: Contenido de Carotenoide y Melanina de Plumas Amarillas y Marrones en Golondrinas, Azulejos, Pingüinos y Gallinas Domésticas Resumen. Los dos tipos principales de pigmentos que las aves incorporan en sus plumas son carotenoides, para desarrollar plumajes rojo, naranja o amarillo, y melaninas, para adquirir coloración negra, marrón, gris o tonalidades color tierra. Sin embargo, existe información conflictiva sobre la potencial coloración de plumas amarillas basadas en melanina y la presencia de caroteniodes en el plumaje marrón de ciertas especies. En este estudio, usamos cromatografía líquida de alto rendimiento para analizar los tipos y cantidades de carotenoides y melaninas presentes en las plumas amarillas y marrones de cinco especies de aves: el azulejo Sialia sialis y la golondrina Hirundo rustica, los pingüinos Aptenodytes patagonicus y Eudyptes chrysolophus y el plumón natal amarillo de la gallina doméstica Gallus domesticus. En ninguna de estas especies detectamos pigmentos carotenoides en las plumas. A pesar de que los carotenoides han sido encontrados en el plumaje ventral de la golondrina Hirundo rustica rustica, nosotros en cambio encontramos altas concentraciones de eumelaninas y feomelaninas en H. r. erythrogaster y en azulejos que variaron entre individuos y regiones de plumaje. Creemos que hemos detectado una nueva forma de pigmento de plumaje que le da a las plumas de pingüinos y pollos domésticos su apariencia amarilla.

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Shilpa, P., K. V. Ravishankar, K. S. Shivashankara, A. T. Sadashiva y N. Sunil Kumar. "Molecular Mechanisms Involved in Biosynthesis and Regulation of Carotenoids in Plants". Journal of Horticultural Sciences 11, n.º 2 (31 de diciembre de 2016): 91–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.24154/jhs.v11i2.78.

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Carotenoids are coloured compounds beneficial to plants and humans. Some of the major health benefits carotenoids provide include Vitamin A precursors and, antioxidants besides being involved in several physiological functions. Even though several carotenoids are synthesised by plants, only a few like beta/ alpha carotenes and cryptoxanthin serve as Vitamin A precursors. The rest are useful as antioxidants. To draw maximum benefits from carotenoids, we need to incorporate these in crop improvement programmes for enhancing available Vitamin A precursor carotenoids. Therefore, it is essential to study biosynthesis of carotenoids, their genetics and their control. In this review, we focus on factors regulating carotenoid biosynthesis, metabolism and storage in plastids. Transcriptional and genetic control of carotenoid production in plants is discussed in the review using several mutants too. Further, environmental regulation of carotenoid biosynthesis is also highlighted. Carotenoid-rich fruits and vegetables have greater economic value owing to their health-promoting effects. Besides,carotenoids have several industrial applications. Therefore, knowledge of regulation mechanism in carotenoid production in plants can help develop crop varieties or technologies, thus generating carotene-rich fruits and vegetables.

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Conboy Stephenson, Ruth, R. Paul Ross y Catherine Stanton. "Carotenoids in Milk and the Potential for Dairy Based Functional Foods". Foods 10, n.º 6 (2 de junio de 2021): 1263. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods10061263.

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Carotenoids are a family of over 1100 known natural pigments synthesized by plants, algae, fungi and bacteria. Dietary intake of carotenoids is necessary for mammals as they cannot be synthesized in the body. In cows, the nature of the diet consumed strongly influences the composition of milk produced and this includes carotenoid concentration and profile. Fresh forage is the richest source of carotenoids for cows. The main carotenoids identified in forages are lutein, β-carotene, zeaxanthin and epilutein. Manipulating cow feed via carotenoid supplementation increases the carotenoid content of bovine milk. In humans, carotenoids have anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory and provitamin A activity. Lutein is a major carotenoid in human milk and the brain tissue of adults and infants. Lutein and zeaxanthin are linked to improved eye health and cognitive function. Traditionally for humans, fruit and vegetables have been the main source of carotenoid intake. Functional foods present an opportunity to incorporate these naturally occurring compounds into milk products for added health benefits, widening the range of dietary sources of carotenoids. We offer an overview of the literature to date on carotenoid-fortified dairy products and infant formula. This review will describe and summarize the key mechanisms by which the carotenoid profile of bovine milk can be manipulated. We present findings on the origin and role of carotenoids in bovine and human milk, outline factors that impact the carotenoid content of milk, evaluate carotenoid-fortified milk products and discuss the associated challenges, such as bioaccessibility and stability.

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Metibemu, Damilohun Samuel y Ifedayo Victor Ogungbe. "Carotenoids in Drug Discovery and Medicine: Pathways and Molecular Targets Implicated in Human Diseases". Molecules 27, n.º 18 (15 de septiembre de 2022): 6005. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27186005.

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Carotenoids are isoprenoid-derived natural products produced in plants, algae, fungi, and photosynthetic bacteria. Most animals cannot synthesize carotenoids because the biosynthetic machinery to create carotenoids de novo is absent in animals, except arthropods. Carotenoids are biosynthesized from two C20 geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate (GGPP) molecules made from isopentenyl pyrophosphate (IPP) and dimethylallyl pyrophosphate (DMAPP) via the methylerythritol 4-phosphate (MEP) route. Carotenoids can be extracted by a variety of methods, including maceration, Soxhlet extraction, supercritical fluid extraction (SFE), microwave-assisted extraction (MAE), accelerated solvent extraction (ASE), ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE), pulsed electric field (PEF)-assisted extraction, and enzyme-assisted extraction (EAE). Carotenoids have been reported to exert various biochemical actions, including the inhibition of the Akt/mTOR, Bcl-2, SAPK/JNK, JAK/STAT, MAPK, Nrf2/Keap1, and NF-κB signaling pathways and the ability to increase cholesterol efflux to HDL. Carotenoids are absorbed in the intestine. A handful of carotenoids and carotenoid-based compounds are in clinical trials, while some are currently used as medicines. The application of metabolic engineering techniques for carotenoid production, whole-genome sequencing, and the use of plants as cell factories to produce specialty carotenoids presents a promising future for carotenoid research. In this review, we discussed the biosynthesis and extraction of carotenoids, the roles of carotenoids in human health, the metabolism of carotenoids, and carotenoids as a source of drugs and supplements.

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Ngginak, James, Jubhar C. Mangibulude y Ferdy S. Rondonuwu. "The Identification of Carotenoids and Testing of Carotenoid Antioxidants from Sand Lobster (Panulirus homarus) Egg Extract". ILMU KELAUTAN: Indonesian Journal of Marine Sciences 22, n.º 3 (22 de agosto de 2017): 155. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/ik.ijms.22.3.155-160.

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Sand lobsters (Panulirus homarus) are organisms that play an important role in supporting a society’s economy. Lobsters have a business appeal due to their high demand, enjoyable taste, as well as significant nutritional content. It is interesting that sand lobster eggs have a yellow orange color as an indicator of the presence of carotenoid content. Related with advancements in research and the utilization of carotenoids, this research identifies carotenoids and tests carotenoid antioxidants from sand lobster (Panulirus homarus) egg extract. In identifying carotenoids in sand lobster egg extract, HPLC (high performance liquid chromatography) (shimadzu LC-10AD, Japan) is used. In testing carotenoid antioxidants from sand lobster eggs, a DPPH method is utilized. The identification results with HPLC reveal that the sample contains carotenoids. The kinds of carotenoids identified are dinoxanthin, diadinoxanthin, zeaxanthin, lutein, astaxanthin, and violaxanthin. Among the six kinds of carotenoids identified, lutein is the type of carotenoid that has the highest concentration. These carotenoid compounds are detected in wavelengths of 400-500 nm. The test results of antioxidant power reveal that to hamper free radicals (IC50), a sample concentration of 6675.25 µg.ml-1 is needed. The ability to hinder free radicals from a sample extract is mostly conducted by lutein, zeaxanthin, and astaxantin. If seen from the analytical results, it can be surmised that sand lobster eggs contain carotenoids that can be used as a carotenoid source for humans. Keywords : Sand Lobster, HPLC, Carotenoids, DPPH, Antioxidant

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Rashidi Othman, Razanah Ramya, Muhammad Azzubair Azeman, Norazian Mohd. Hassan y Suhair Kamoona. "Extraction, and Characterization of Carotenoids from 11 Allelopathic Plant Species as Potential Halal Food Colorants and Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients". Journal of Pharmacy and Nutrition Sciences 10, n.º 1 (5 de enero de 2020): 19–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.29169/1927-5951.2020.10.01.4.

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Carotenoids are a class of natural product compound that are currently being used as colouring agents and widely used in food industry. Carotenoids are bioactive pigments obtained mainly from plants through dietary intake. They possess good features in terms of dietary supplement, food colourant, and polymer stabiliser. The presence of 4 main carotenoids, which are β-carotene, zeaxanthin, lutein, and violaxanthin, were determined in 4 classes of allelopathic plant groups namely trees, ferns, grasses and herbaceous plants. This research aims to explore the carotenoid’s content and composition in 11 allelopathic species by HPLC analysis. A. auriculiformis (tree) was found to have the highest total carotenoid concentration (146.36 µg/g DW) that was substantially higher than all other species tested whereas the lowest total carotenoid concentration was found in S. palustris (fern) (3.76 µg/g DW). Lutein and β-carotene were detected highest in A. auriculiformis (tree), with 1024 ± 25.5 µg/g DW and 37.55 ± 3.16 µg/g DW, respectively. Violaxanthin and zeaxanthin were found substantially highest in M. cajuputi (tree) (5.02 ± 0.5 µg/g DW) and S. palustris (fern) (5.88 ± 0.19µg/g DW), respectively.

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DIAS PAES, MARIA CRISTINA, BETANIA DINIZ VOLPI y PAULO EVARISTO DE OLIVEIRA GUIMARÃES. "RETENÇÃO DE CAROTENOIDES EM MILHO BIOFORTIFICADO APÓS MOAGEM VIA SECA E DURANTE ARMAZENAMENTO DOS SEUS DERIVADOS". Revista Brasileira de Milho e Sorgo 17, n.º 3 (21 de diciembre de 2018): 502. http://dx.doi.org/10.18512/1980-6477/rbms.v17n3p502-521.

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RESUMO - O presente estudo teve por objetivo determinar a retenção de carotenoides em milho biofortificado com carotenoides precursores de vitamina A (ProVA) processado através da moagem a seco e nos derivados canjica, fubá e creme de milho, durante o armazenamento pós-processamento por 24 dias. O perfil de carotenoides foi determinado por cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência (CLAE) e o total de carotenoides precursores de vitamina A foi quantificado a partir das concentrações de α-caroteno, β-caroteno e β-criptoxantina. Os produtos da moagem via seca dos grãos de milho biofortificado (BRS 4104) apresentaram médias percentuais de retenção real de carotenoides totais (CT) de 75,37% (canjica), 73,51% (fubá) e 59,47% (creme) em relação aos grãos, enquanto para carotenoides ProVA os percentuais foram de 74,20% (canjica), 75,21% (fubá) e 60,55% (creme), evidenciando, em média, 30% de perdas como efeito da moagem a seco na retenção de carotenoides presentes nos grãos de milho. Durante o armazenamento ao longo do período de 24 dias ocorreu diminuição linear da retenção de CT e de ProVA nos três derivados estudados. Menores concentrações de carotenoides totais e ProVA nos produtos da moagem via seca de milho (canjica, fubá e creme de milho) e a redução na retenção dessas substâncias observadas durante armazenamento devem ser consideradas, quando da utilização de produtos do milho biofortificado como estratégia complementar em programas nutricionais para redução da deficiência de vitamina A em humanos.Palavras-chave: Zea mays, processamento, degradação, pró-vitamina A, compostos bioativos.CAROTENOIDS RETENTION IN BIOFORTIFIED MAIZE PROCESSED THROUGH DRY MILLING AND DURING STORAGE OF THE RESULTING PRODUCTS ABSTRACT - The objetive of the present study was to determine the retention of carotenoids in maize biofortified with vitamin A precursors (ProVA) processed through dry milling and during storage of the products flaking grits, corn meal and fine meal. Carotenoid profile was determined by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and the total vitamin A precursor carotenoids quantified considering the concentration of α-carotene, β-carotene and β-cryptoxanthin. Dry-milling products of ProVA maize BRS 4104 showed mean true retention for total carotenoids of 75.37% (flaking grits), 73.51% (corn meal) and 59.47% (fine meal), whereas retention for ProVA carotenoids were 74.20% (flaking grits), 75.21% (corn meal) and 60.55% (fine meal) revealing 30% of losses on average due to dry milling effect on the retention of carotenoids present in the maize grains. During the 24-day storage period there was a linear decrease in the retention of total carotenoids and ProVA in the three maize biofortified products. Reduced total carotenoids and ProVA contents in the maize dry milling products (flaking grits, corn meal and fine meal) compared to the whole kernels as well as the important losses of these substances during storage is recommended to be taking into account when using biofortified maize as a complementary strategy in nutrition programs focused on improvement of vitamin A deficiency in humans.Keywords: Zea mays, processing, degradation, pro-vitamin A, bioactive compounds.

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Parker, Robert S., Joy E. Swanson, Cha-Sook You, Alison J. Edwards y Tina Huang. "Bioavailability of carotenoids in human subjects". Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 58, n.º 1 (febrero de 1999): 155–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/pns19990021.

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There is growing need for accurate information regarding the bioavailability of carotenoids, both with respect to carotenoids per se and to the vitamin A value of provitamin A carotenoids in foods or supplement preparations. Little quantitative information is currently available, owing primarily to the lack of adequate methods to assess carotenoid bioavailability. Methods applied to xenobiotic drugs are in most cases not useful for carotenoids, many of which circulate in appreciable quantities in human plasma. Reported ranges of carotenoid bioavailability (% dose absorbed) range from 1–99, and variability is generally high both within and between treatments. With the current methods, relative bioavailability is more readily assessed than absolute bioavailability. The most commonly applied methods include measuring the increase in plasma carotenoid concentration following chronic intervention, and use of postprandial chylomicron (PPC) carotenoid or retinyl ester response following a single dose of carotenoid. The advantages and limitations of these approaches, together with examples of each, are discussed. A new PPC approach utilizing extrinsic-stable-isotope-labelled vitamin A (2H4-labelled retinyl acetate) is under development in our laboratory, and examples of its application are presented. The currently available data suggest that oil solutions of carotenoids are more bioavailable than those from food matrices, and heating can improve the bioavailability of carotenoids from some food products. Increased availability of labelled carotenoids and retinoids should aid the development of reliable methods of carotenoid bioavailability assessment. Such data are needed for dietary recommendations, supplement formulation, and design of intervention strategies involving carotenoids.

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Shi, Lichun, Lin Chang, Yangjun Yu, Deshuang Zhang, Xiuyun Zhao, Weihong Wang, Peirong Li et al. "Recent Advancements and Biotechnological Implications of Carotenoid Metabolism of Brassica". Plants 12, n.º 5 (2 de marzo de 2023): 1117. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants12051117.

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Carotenoids were synthesized in the plant cells involved in photosynthesis and photo-protection. In humans, carotenoids are essential as dietary antioxidants and vitamin A precursors. Brassica crops are the major sources of nutritionally important dietary carotenoids. Recent studies have unraveled the major genetic components in the carotenoid metabolic pathway in Brassica, including the identification of key factors that directly participate or regulate carotenoid biosynthesis. However, recent genetic advances and the complexity of the mechanism and regulation of Brassica carotenoid accumulation have not been reviewed. Herein, we reviewed the recent progress regarding Brassica carotenoids from the perspective of forward genetics, discussed biotechnological implications and provided new perspectives on how to transfer the knowledge of carotenoid research in Brassica to the crop breeding process.

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McInerney, Emma P., Aimee J. Silla y Phillip G. Byrne. "Carotenoid supplementation affects the post-hibernation performance of southern corroboree frogs". Behaviour 157, n.º 2 (6 de febrero de 2020): 121–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1568539x-00003584.

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Abstract Many animals hibernate to survive winter conditions, however, arousal from hibernation generates reactive oxygen species (ROS) that can cause oxidative stress. Dietary antioxidants, like carotenoids, may reduce oxidative stress during arousal from hibernation, and assist with post-hibernation recovery and performance. We tested the effect of carotenoid supplementation on exercise performance (escape-response and activity) in southern corroboree frogs (Pseudophryne corroboree) following initial arousal from hibernation (24–48 h post-arousal) and post-recovery (six weeks post-hibernation). Carotenoids did not affect performance following initial arousal. However, carotenoids improved escape-response six weeks post-hibernation, with carotenoid-supplemented frogs hopping faster and further in their first hop than unsupplemented frogs. Carotenoids also affected post-recovery activity, with carotenoid-supplemented frogs being less mobile than unsupplemented frogs. Carotenoids may affect post-hibernation performance by reducing oxidative stress or by increasing diet quality. Our study provides novel evidence for an effect of carotenoids on performance post-hibernation and highlights the importance of nutrition to hibernating organisms.

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Wybouw, Nicky, Andre H. Kurlovs, Robert Greenhalgh, Astrid Bryon, Olivia Kosterlitz, Yuki Manabe, Masahiro Osakabe, John Vontas, Richard M. Clark y Thomas Van Leeuwen. "Convergent evolution of cytochrome P450s underlies independent origins of keto-carotenoid pigmentation in animals". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 286, n.º 1907 (17 de julio de 2019): 20191039. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2019.1039.

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Keto-carotenoids contribute to many important traits in animals, including vision and coloration. In a great number of animal species, keto-carotenoids are endogenously produced from carotenoids by carotenoid ketolases. Despite the ubiquity and functional importance of keto-carotenoids in animals, the underlying genetic architectures of their production have remained enigmatic. The body and eye colorations of spider mites (Arthropoda: Chelicerata) are determined by β-carotene and keto-carotenoid derivatives. Here, we focus on a carotenoid pigment mutant of the spider mite Tetranychus kanzawai that , as shown by chromatography, lost the ability to produce keto-carotenoids. We employed bulked segregant analysis and linked the causal locus to a single narrow genomic interval. The causal mutation was fine-mapped to a minimal candidate region that held only one complete gene, the cytochrome P450 monooxygenase CYP384A1 , of the CYP3 clan. Using a number of genomic approaches, we revealed that an inactivating deletion in the fourth exon of CYP384A1 caused the aberrant pigmentation. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that CYP384A1 is orthologous across mite species of the ancient Trombidiformes order where carotenoids typify eye and body coloration, suggesting a deeply conserved function of CYP384A1 as a carotenoid ketolase. Previously, CYP2J19, a cytochrome P450 of the CYP2 clan, has been identified as a carotenoid ketolase in birds and turtles. Our study shows that selection for endogenous production of keto-carotenoids led to convergent evolution, whereby cytochrome P450s were independently co-opted in vertebrate and invertebrate animal lineages.

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17

Yao, Yuanhang, Hongyi Manfred Goh y Jung Eun Kim. "The Roles of Carotenoid Consumption and Bioavailability in Cardiovascular Health". Antioxidants 10, n.º 12 (11 de diciembre de 2021): 1978. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antiox10121978.

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Carotenoids are natural pigments generally with a polyene chain consisting of 9–11 double bonds. In recent years, there has been increasing research interest in carotenoids because of their protective roles in cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). While the consumption of carotenoids may have a beneficial effect on CVDs, the literature shows inconsistencies between carotenoid consumption and reductions in the risk of CVDs. Therefore, this review aims to provide a summary of the association between dietary carotenoid intake and the risk of CVDs from published epidemiological studies. Meanwhile, to further elucidate the roles of carotenoid intake in CVD protection, this review outlines the evidence reporting the effects of carotenoids on cardiovascular health from randomized controlled trials by assessing classical CVD risk factors, oxidative stress, inflammatory markers and vascular health-related parameters, respectively. Given the considerable discrepancies among the published results, this review underlines the importance of bioavailability and summarizes the current dietary strategies for improving the bioavailability of carotenoids. In conclusion, this review supports the protective roles of carotenoids against CVDs, possibly by attenuating oxidative stress and mitigating inflammatory response. In addition, this review suggests that the bioavailability of carotenoids should be considered when evaluating the roles of carotenoids in CVD protection.

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18

Jaramillo, Angélica M., Santiago Sierra, Paul Chavarriaga-Aguirre, Diana Katherine Castillo, Anestis Gkanogiannis, Luis Augusto Becerra López-Lavalle, Juan Pablo Arciniegas et al. "Characterization of cassava ORANGE proteins and their capability to increase provitamin A carotenoids accumulation". PLOS ONE 17, n.º 1 (7 de enero de 2022): e0262412. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0262412.

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Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) biofortification with provitamin A carotenoids is an ongoing process that aims to alleviate vitamin A deficiency. The moderate content of provitamin A carotenoids achieved so far limits the contribution to providing adequate dietary vitamin A levels. Strategies to increase carotenoid content focused on genes from the carotenoids biosynthesis pathway. In recent years, special emphasis was given to ORANGE protein (OR), which promotes the accumulation of carotenoids and their stability in several plants. The aim of this work was to identify, characterize and investigate the role of OR in the biosynthesis and stabilization of carotenoids in cassava and its relationship with phytoene synthase (PSY), the rate-limiting enzyme of the carotenoids biosynthesis pathway. Gene and protein characterization of OR, expression levels, protein amounts and carotenoids levels were evaluated in roots of one white (60444) and two yellow cassava cultivars (GM5309-57 and GM3736-37). Four OR variants were found in yellow cassava roots. Although comparable expression was found for three variants, significantly higher OR protein amounts were observed in the yellow varieties. In contrast, cassava PSY1 expression was significantly higher in the yellow cultivars, but PSY protein amount did not vary. Furthermore, we evaluated whether expression of one of the variants, MeOR_X1, affected carotenoid accumulation in cassava Friable Embryogenic Callus (FEC). Overexpression of maize PSY1 alone resulted in carotenoids accumulation and induced crystal formation. Co-expression with MeOR_X1 led to greatly increase of carotenoids although PSY1 expression was high in the co-expressed FEC. Our data suggest that posttranslational mechanisms controlling OR and PSY protein stability contribute to higher carotenoid levels in yellow cassava. Moreover, we showed that cassava FEC can be used to study the efficiency of single and combinatorial gene expression in increasing the carotenoid content prior to its application for the generation of biofortified cassava with enhanced carotenoids levels.

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19

Khachik, Frederick. "Distribution and metabolism of dietary carotenoids in humans as a criterion for development of nutritional supplements". Pure and Applied Chemistry 78, n.º 8 (1 de enero de 2006): 1551–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1351/pac200678081551.

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There are approximately 40-50 carotenoids in commonly consumed fruits and vegetables in a typical U.S. diet. These can be divided into carotenoid epoxides, mono- and dihydroxycarotenoids, hydrocarbon carotenoids, and carotenol acyl esters. However, among these, only a selected group of carotenoids are routinely found in human plasma, breast milk, major organs, and ocular tissues. In addition, several carotenoid metabolites have also been isolated and characterized from human plasma, tissues, and ocular tissues. The proposed metabolic transformation of carotenoids in humans will be discussed. Dietary carotenoids and their metabolites have been implicated in the prevention of cancer, cardiovascular disease, and age-related macular degeneration (AMD). An approach for the development of a nutritional supplement that is based on the distribution of carotenoids and their metabolites in humans will be discussed.

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20

Novoveská, Lucie, Michael E. Ross, Michele S. Stanley, Rémi Pradelles, Virginie Wasiolek y Jean-François Sassi. "Microalgal Carotenoids: A Review of Production, Current Markets, Regulations, and Future Direction". Marine Drugs 17, n.º 11 (13 de noviembre de 2019): 640. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/md17110640.

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Microalgae produce a variety of compounds that are beneficial to human and animal health. Among these compounds are carotenoids, which are microalgal pigments with unique antioxidant and coloring properties. The objective of this review is to evaluate the potential of using microalgae as a commercial feedstock for carotenoid production. While microalgae can produce some of the highest concentrations of carotenoids (especially astaxanthin) in living organisms, there are challenges associated with the mass production of microalgae and downstream processing of carotenoids. This review discusses the synthesis of carotenoids within microalgae, their physiological role, large-scale cultivation of microalgae, up- and down-stream processing, commercial applications, natural versus synthetic carotenoids, and opportunities and challenges facing the carotenoid markets. We emphasize legal aspects and regulatory challenges associated with the commercial production of microalgae-based carotenoids for food/feed, nutraceutical and cosmetic industry in Europe, the USA, the People’s Republic of China, and Japan. This review provides tools and a broad overview of the regulatory processes of carotenoid production from microalgae and other novel feedstocks.

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21

Tyssandier, Viviane, Georges Choubert, Pascal Grolier y Patrick Borel. "Carotenoids, Mostly the Xanthophylls, Exchange Between Plasma Lipoproteins". International Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research 72, n.º 5 (1 de octubre de 2002): 300–308. http://dx.doi.org/10.1024/0300-9831.72.5.300.

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Carotenoids are exclusively transported by lipoproteins; in vitro studies suggest that they might protect these particles against oxidation. Little is known about the factors that govern the distribution of these micronutrients among lipoproteins. The objective of this study was to assess whether carotenoids are exchanged between lipoproteins and what factors, if any, were involved. In the first experiment, different groups of trout were fed for five days with either a carotenoid-free diet or with diets containing 80 mg pure carotenoid per kilogram of feed. Lipoproteins were separated by ultracentrifugation and carotenoid-rich, high-density lipoproteins (HDL) were incubated for two hours at 37°C with carotenoid-free, very low-density lipoproteins (VLDL), and vice versa. After incubation, lipoproteins were re-separated and carotenoids were quantified to measure the transfer. The same experiments were done in the presence of cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) and lecithin cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) inhibitors. In a second experiment, the exchange was measured between human VLDL and HDL. In trout, incubation of carotenoid-rich HDL with carotenoid-free VLDL resulted in the appearance of carotenoids in VLDL, and inversely. The higher the hydrophobicity of a carotenoid, the lower its proportion in HDL after incubation. CETP and LCAT inhibitors significantly increased the proportion of carotenoids in HDL after incubation. Results obtained with human lipoproteins showed that the xanthophyll lutein transferred between lipoproteins, but could not show any carotenes (alpha-carotene, beta-carotene, and lycopene) transfer. We conclude that carotenoids, chiefly the xanthophylls, exchange between lipoproteins. The transfer depends on plasma factor(s) sensitive to CETP and/or LCAT inhibitors.

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22

Murillo, Enrique, Veronika Nagy, Dania Menchaca, József Deli y Attila Agócs. "Changes in the Carotenoids of Zamia dressleri Leaves during Development". Plants 13, n.º 9 (30 de abril de 2024): 1251. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants13091251.

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It has been observed that the leaves of some Zamia species undergo a kind of “reverse ripening”; that is, they change from their original brown color to green during development. We assumed that this strange color change was due to the change in carotenoid composition, so we followed the changes for several weeks. The detailed carotenoid composition and content at different stages of development of the leaves was determined with HPLC-DAD focusing on the changes in red and yellow carotenoids. The total and relative amounts of red and yellow carotenoids were determined simultaneously from one measurement from a saponified and/or unsaponified extract. At the beginning of development, the concentration of red carotenoids was higher than that of the yellow ones; it decreased drastically until 22 days and continued to decrease slowly until they completely disappeared. The concentration of yellow carotenoids decreased at the beginning as well, but after 22 days it started to increase. The amount of red carotenoids started to decrease when the leaflet stopped growing. Lutein is the main component in old leaflets, which is not a red carotenoid precursor. Red carotenoids can always be found in their esterified form in the leaves. These findings support the hypothesis that red and yellow carotenoid accumulation are independent and probably have different functions in the leaflet. The strange color change was explained based on the compartmentalization of red and yellow carotenoids and on the changing activity of the enzyme capsanthin–capsorubin synthase responsible for the synthesis of red carotenoids capsorubin and capsanthin.

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23

Sun, Xiao-Yan, Han Dong, Yu Zhang, Jia-Wei Gao, Peng Zhou, Cong Sun y Lin Xu. "Isolation and Cultivation of Carotenoid-Producing Strains from Tidal Flat Sediment and Proposal of Croceibacterium aestuarii sp. nov., a Novel Carotenoid-Producing Species in the Family Erythrobacteraceae". Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 12, n.º 1 (3 de enero de 2024): 99. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse12010099.

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Carotenoids are extensively used in drugs, cosmetics, nutrients, and foods, owing to their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory characteristics. Diverse marine heterotrophic prokaryotes can accumulate carotenoids and become promising alternatives for the advancement of carotenoids production. In this research, 55 strains were isolated and cultivated from tidal flat sediment in Zhoushan and classified into the phyla Pseudomonadota (n = 24), Bacillota (n = 18), Bacteroidota (n = 9), and Actinomycetota (n = 4). Nine of them accumulated carotenoids, and most of them belonged to the families Flavobacteriaceae (n = 4) and Erythrobacteraceae (n = 4). Among those carotenoid-producing strains, one strain, designated as D39T, was proposed as one novel species belonging to the genus Croceibacterium through polyphasic taxonomy approaches. Genomic annotations and carotenoid compound determinations revealed that strain D39T encoded crtEBIYZG genes and mainly accumulated zeaxanthin as major carotenoids. Furthermore, carotenoid biosynthesis pathway in the majority of Croceibacterium strains were identical with that in the strain D39T, implying that Croceibacterium members can be sources of producing zeaxanthin. This study enhances knowledge of microbial biodiversity in tidal flats, proposes a novel carotenoid-producing Croceibacterium species, and elucidates carotenoid biosynthesis pathway in the genus Croceibacterium, which contribute to enriching marine carotenoid-producing strains and promoting a comprehensive insight into genomic contents of them.

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24

Rosok, Laura, Corrine Cannavale, Shelby Keye, Caitlyn Edwards y Naiman Khan. "Skin Carotenoids and Relations to Intellectual Abilities and Academic Achievement Among School-Aged Children". Current Developments in Nutrition 6, Supplement_1 (junio de 2022): 66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cdn/nzac049.012.

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Abstract Objectives Carotenoids are pigments found abundantly in vegetables that accumulate in the human body (i.e., the skin and central nervous system) and can serve as biomarkers for higher diet quality. Skin carotenoids have been previously correlated with cognitive function in adults; however, the relation between skin carotenoids and cognition in children is unknown. This study aimed to assess the link between skin carotenoids and cognitive function in school-aged children. Methods Children ages 7–12 (N = 106) participated in a cross-sectional study. Skin carotenoids were measured using reflection spectroscopy. Intellectual abilities and academic achievement were measured using Woodcock-Johnson IV. Dietary carotenoid intake was assessed using the Block Food Frequency Questionnaire and body fat percentage was measured using dual energy x-ray absorptiometry. Following initial bivariate correlations, a partial spearman correlation was conducted assessing relationships between skin carotenoids and Woodcock-Johnson IV following adjustment of covariates. Results Skin carotenoids were inversely correlated to body fat percentage and positively associated with household income and dietary carotenoids. Additionally, bivariate correlations revealed that General Intellectual Ability and multiple subtests of achievement were positively related to skin carotenoid status. Following adjustment for body fat percentage, household income, and dietary carotenoids, only quantitate reasoning and broad math skills (applied problems, calculation, and math facts fluency) were positively related to skin carotenoids (rs = 0.24, P = 0.02; rs = 0.225, P = 0.027). Conclusions Skin carotenoids were positively associated with quantitate reasoning, a form of fluid reasoning, and broad math skills in school-aged children. Although carotenoid status was positively associated with WCJ subsets, these relationships were partially accounted for by household income, child adiposity, and dietary intake. Skin carotenoids were positively related to several cognitive function measures in school-aged children. Funding Sources This study was funded by the Egg Nutrition Center.

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Rerksuppaphol, Sanguansak y Lakkana Rerksuppaphol. "Carotenoids intake and asthma prevalence in Thai children". Pediatric Reports 4, n.º 1 (22 de febrero de 2012): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4081/pr.2012.e12.

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Several antioxidant nutrients have been described to inversely correlate with asthma. In order to quantify the intake of these substances, it is possible to measure skin levels by Raman spectroscopy, a novel non-invasive technique that can also be used in children. This cross-sectional school-based study involved 423 children from a rural area of Thailand. Asthmatic children were diagnosed according to a Health Interview for Asthma Control questionnaire. Skin carotenoid levels were measured with Raman spectroscopy. Demographic data were obtained by directly interviewing children and their parents, whereas anthropometric parameters were measured by trained staff. Intake of carotenoids, vitamin A and C were evaluated by a food frequency questionnaire. Overall incidence of asthma in Thai schoolchildren (aged 3.5-17.8 years) was 17.3%. There was no significant difference in dietary intake of carotenoids and vitamin A and C, and skin carotenoid level between asthmatic and nonasthmatic children. Skin carotenoid level significantly correlated with all carotenoids and vitamin A intake (P<0.05). Carotenoids and vitamin A and C intakes, and skin carotenoid levels were not associated with the risk of asthma in Thai children. Skin carotenoids correlated with all carotenoids and vitamin A intake in mild to moderate degrees. Raman spectroscopy was confirmed to be a useful tool to determine antioxidant skin levels.

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26

Pandurangaiah, Shilpa, Sadashiva A T, Shivashankar K S, SudhakarRao D V y Ravishankar K V. "Carotenoid Content in Cherry Tomatoes Correlated to the Color Space Values L*, a*, b*: A Non-destructive Method of Estimation". Journal of Horticultural Sciences 15, n.º 1 (30 de junio de 2020): 27–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.24154/jhs.2020.v15i01.004.

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Cherry tomatoes are rich sources of carotenoids. The carotenoids are known to be precursors of vitamin A and also act as an antioxidant. It is important to visually judge the tomato surface color for higher β carotene content since this is the major provitamin AA carotenoid. Estimation of carotenoids by HPLC (High Performance Liquid Chromatography) and spectrophotometric methods in tomatoes are very expensive and time consuming. Therefore, colorimeters can be used to describe the color and determine the carotenoid content in a relatively easy and inexpensive manner. The objective of this study was to determine, if the carotenoid content within cherry tomatoes measured by conventional method could correlate with colorimetric CIE (Commission International del’Eclairage) L*, a*, b* color space values. Strong correlations were found between color surface value a* and total carotenoids (0.82) and lycopene content (0.87). We also observed positive correlation for the b* color value with β carotene (0.86). The L* value was negatively correlated (-0.78) with an increase in carotenoids. These close associations between color space values L*, a*, b* and carotenoids will help the breeders to quickly screen large germplasm/ breeding lines in their breeding program for improvement in carotenoid content through this time saving, inexpensive and nondestructive method at fully ripe stage.

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27

Kovalenko, Vadym, Valerii Kotok, Anton Dopira, Gregorio Guadalupe Carbajal Arizaga, Volodymyr Verbitskiy, Volodymyr Medianyk, Oksana Berzenina y Inna Anataichuk. "Development of the retrieving technology of carotenoids from pumpkin (Cucurbita SPP.) pulp using Zn-Al layered double hydroxides". Eastern-European Journal of Enterprise Technologies 4, n.º 6(118) (31 de agosto de 2022): 6–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.15587/1729-4061.2022.263169.

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A simple mechanical method (grinding and sieving) was proposed to separate the composite into carotenoid-enriched and LDH-enriched materials. The method is based on the internal self-abrasion of the composite when grinding solid particles of LDH as grinding bodies. When removing carotenoids in the form of a composite, rapid precipitation of the sediment and ease of filtration under vacuum were found. X-ray diffraction analysis showed that the composite and products of its separation contain X-ray amorphous Zn-Al LDH, an oxide phase, and an amorphous phase of carotenoids. The method of dichloroethane extraction proved the effectiveness of the composite separation process. It was shown that for the optimal amount of Zn-Al LDH, the content of carotenoids in carotenoid-enriched material was 24.4 %, and in LDH-enriched – 4.4 %. For these conditions, it was found that the total yield of carotenoids was 184.3 mg/100 g of pumpkin pulp, of which 155.4 mg/100 g was in the carotenoid-enriched material and 28.9 mg/100 g was in the LDH-enriched material. A hypothesis was expressed regarding the chemical nature of the interaction of carotenoids and LDH in the composite due to π-d interaction. The resulting carotenoid-containing materials can be used as food additives or processed to obtain purified carotenoids.

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Liu, Yucheng, Bin Dong, Chao Zhang, Liyuan Yang, Yiguang Wang y Hongbo Zhao. "Effects of Exogenous Abscisic Acid (ABA) on Carotenoids and Petal Color in Osmanthus fragrans ‘Yanhonggui’". Plants 9, n.º 4 (4 de abril de 2020): 454. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants9040454.

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Osmanthus fragrans is a well-known native plant in China, and carotenoids are the main group of pigments in the petals. Abscisic acid (ABA) is one of the products of the metabolic pathway of carotenoids. Application of ABA could affect pigmentation of flower petals by changing the carotenoid content. However, little is known about the effects of ABA treatment on carotenoid accumulation in O. fragrans. In this study, different concentrations of ABA (0, 150 and 200 mg/L) were spread on the petals of O. fragrans ‘Yanhonggui’. The petal color of ‘Yanhonggui’ receiving every ABA treatment was deeper than that of the control. The content of total carotenoids in the petals significantly increased with 200 mg/L ABA treatment. In the petals, α-carotene and β-carotene were the predominant carotenoids. The expression of several genes involved in the metabolism of carotenoids increased with 200 mg/L ABA treatment, including PSY1, PDS1, Z-ISO1, ZDS1, CRTISO, NCED3 and CCD4. However, the transcription levels of the latter two carotenoid degradation-related genes were much lower than of the five former carotenoid biosynthesis-related genes; the finding would explain the significant increase in total carotenoids in ‘Yanhonggui’ petals receiving the 200 mg/L ABA treatment.

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29

Muzhingi, Yeum, Russell, Johnson, Qin y Tang. "Determination of Carotenoids in Yellow Maize, the Effects of Saponification and Food Preparations". International Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research 78, n.º 3 (1 de mayo de 2008): 112–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1024/0300-9831.78.3.112.

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Maize is an important staple food consumed by millions of people in many countries. Yellow maize naturally contains carotenoids which not only provide provitamin A carotenoids but also xanthophylls, which are known to be important for eye health. This study was aimed at 1) evaluating the effect of saponification during extraction of yellow maize carotenoids, 2) determining the major carotenoids in 36 genotypes of yellow maize by high-performance liquid chromatography with a C30 column, and 3) determining the effect of cooking on the carotenoid content of yellow maize. The major carotenoids in yellow maize were identified as all-trans lutein, cis-isomers of lutein, all-trans zeaxanthin, α- and β-cryptoxanthin, all-trans β-carotene, 9-cis β-carotene, and 13-cis β-carotene. Our results indicated that carotenoid extraction without saponification showed a significantly higher yield than that obtained using saponification. Results of the current study indicate that yellow maize is a good source of provitamin A carotenoids and xanthophylls. Cooking by boiling yellow maize at 100° C for 30 minutes increased the carotenoid concentration, while baking at 450° F for 25 minutes decreased the carotenoid concentrations by almost 70% as compared to the uncooked yellow maize flour.

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30

Pandurangaiah, Shilpa, Sadashiva A T, Shivashankar K S, SudhakarRao D V y Ravishankar K V. "Carotenoid Content in Cherry Tomatoes Correlated to the Color Space Values L*, a*, b*: A Non-destructive Method of Estimation". Journal of Horticultural Sciences 15, n.º 1 (30 de junio de 2020): 27–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.24154/jhs.v15i1.779.

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Cherry tomatoes are rich sources of carotenoids. The carotenoids are known to be precursors of vitamin A and also act as an antioxidant. It is important to visually judge the tomato surface color for higher β carotene content since this is the major provitamin AA carotenoid. Estimation of carotenoids by HPLC (High Performance Liquid Chromatography) and spectrophotometric methods in tomatoes are very expensive and time consuming. Therefore, colorimeters can be used to describe the color and determine the carotenoid content in a relatively easy and inexpensive manner. The objective of this study was to determine, if the carotenoid content within cherry tomatoes measured by conventional method could correlate with colorimetric CIE (Commission International del’Eclairage) L*, a*, b* color space values. Strong correlations were found between color surface value a* and total carotenoids (0.82) and lycopene content (0.87). We also observed positive correlation for the b* color value with β carotene (0.86). The L* value was negatively correlated (-0.78) with an increase in carotenoids. These close associations between color space values L*, a*, b* and carotenoids will help the breeders to quickly screen large germplasm/ breeding lines in their breeding program for improvement in carotenoid content through this time saving, inexpensive and nondestructive method at fully ripe stage.

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31

Murillo, Enrique, Moises Watts, Gabriel Reyna, Daniele Giuffrida y Armando A. Durant-Archibold. "Carotenoid Composition of Cionosicyos macranthus Fruit". Natural Product Communications 14, n.º 7 (julio de 2019): 1934578X1986264. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1934578x19862649.

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A complete determination of the carotenoid composition of the edible aril and mesocarp of Cionosicyos macranthus fruit is reported for the first time. The carotenoids present in the fruit were identified and quantified using high-purity carotenoid standards. The fruit contained several rare carotenoids like zeaxanthin, β-cryptoxanthin, and cryptocapsin epoxides. Various keto-κ end-ring carotenoids, derivatives of their corresponding epoxides, ie cryptocapsin, capsanthin, capsanthin 5,6-epoxide, and capsoneoxanthin, were also identified. The total carotenoid contents for the aril and mesocarp were 226.0 μg/g and 83.4 µg/g, respectively. β-Cryptoxanthin was the most abundant carotenoid in both edible parts (58.3 μg/g in the aril and 29.5 μg/g in the mesocarp). Cryptocapsin was the primary keto-κ end-ring carotenoid both in the aril (41.6 μg/g) and in the mesocarp (13.2 μg/g). The fruit provitamin A activity was also determined. Considering the high β-cryptoxanthin and cryptocapsin contents, C. macranthus can be considered a good source of provitamin A carotenoids.

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32

Higginson, Dawn M., Virginia Belloni, Sarah N. Davis, Erin S. Morrison, John E. Andrews y Alexander V. Badyaev. "Evolution of long-term coloration trends with biochemically unstable ingredients". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 283, n.º 1831 (25 de mayo de 2016): 20160403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2016.0403.

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The evolutionarily persistent and widespread use of carotenoid pigments in animal coloration contrasts with their biochemical instability. Consequently, evolution of carotenoid-based displays should include mechanisms to accommodate or limit pigment degradation. In birds, this could involve two strategies: (i) evolution of a moult immediately prior to the mating season, enabling the use of particularly fast-degrading carotenoids and (ii) evolution of the ability to stabilize dietary carotenoids through metabolic modification or association with feather keratins. Here, we examine evolutionary lability and transitions between the two strategies across 126 species of birds. We report that species that express mostly unmodified, fast-degrading, carotenoids have pre-breeding moults, and a particularly short time between carotenoid deposition and the subsequent breeding season. Species that expressed mostly slow-degrading carotenoids in their plumage accomplished this through increased metabolic modification of dietary carotenoids, and the selective expression of these slow-degrading compounds. In these species, the timing of moult was not associated with carotenoid composition of plumage displays. Using repeated samples from individuals of one species, we found that metabolic modification of dietary carotenoids significantly slowed their degradation between moult and breeding season. Thus, the most complex and colourful ornamentation is likely the most biochemically stable in birds, and depends less on ecological factors, such as moult timing and migration tendency. We suggest that coevolution of metabolic modification, selective expression and biochemical stability of plumage carotenoids enables the use of unstable pigments in long-term evolutionary trends in plumage coloration.

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33

Naz, Tahira, Samee Ullah, Yusuf Nazir, Shaoqi Li, Bushra Iqbal, Qing Liu, Hassan Mohamed y Yuanda Song. "Industrially Important Fungal Carotenoids: Advancements in Biotechnological Production and Extraction". Journal of Fungi 9, n.º 5 (16 de mayo de 2023): 578. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jof9050578.

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Carotenoids are lipid-soluble compounds that are present in nature, including plants and microorganisms such as fungi, certain bacteria, and algae. In fungi, they are widely present in almost all taxonomic classifications. Fungal carotenoids have gained special attention due to their biochemistry and the genetics of their synthetic pathway. The antioxidant potential of carotenoids may help fungi survive longer in their natural environment. Carotenoids may be produced in greater quantities using biotechnological methods than by chemical synthesis or plant extraction. The initial focus of this review is on industrially important carotenoids in the most advanced fungal and yeast strains, with a brief description of their taxonomic classification. Biotechnology has long been regarded as the most suitable alternative way of producing natural pigment from microbes due to their immense capacity to accumulate these pigments. So, this review mainly presents the recent progress in the genetic modification of native and non-native producers to modify the carotenoid biosynthetic pathway for enhanced carotenoid production, as well as factors affecting carotenoid biosynthesis in fungal strains and yeast, and proposes various extraction methods to obtain high yields of carotenoids in an attempt to find suitable greener extraction methods. Finally, a brief description of the challenges regarding the commercialization of these fungal carotenoids and the solution is also given.

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G, Sibi, Saroj Yadav, Sonu Bansal y Chaithra M. L. "Assessment of optimal growth conditions for specific carotenoids production by Chlorella vulgaris". Journal of Applied and Natural Science 12, n.º 4 (24 de noviembre de 2020): 550–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.31018/jans.v12i4.2399.

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Exploration of regional microalgae for carotenoids production under optimized cultural conditions is a sustainable economic and technical perspective. This study details comprehensive research on the influence of growth conditions on microalgal carotenoids. Carotenoid triggering factors were optimized to identify suitable growth conditions to produce specific carotenoids by Chlorella vulgaris. Media optimization and cultivation conditions were the factors considered and the results revealed the optimum growth conditions for carotenoid production by C. vulgaris was pH 8, 35°C temperature, 0.04 M salinity and 160 µE\m²\sec light intensity. Among the nutrient sources, potassium nitrate and potassium phosphate were suitable for nitrogen and phosphorous supplements. The results indicated optimizing the culture conditions and nutrient sources help to attain desirable carotenoid production by C. vulgaris. Specific carotenoids were extracted from the algal extract and were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography in which lutein (8.8%) was present as major carotenoid followed by astaxanthin (4.6%) and ?-carotene (3.9%). This study revealed that that carotenoid production by C. vulgaris could be enhanced by manipulating culture conditions thereby attain desirable carotenoid production.

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Giraudeau, Mathieu, Ann-Kathrin Ziegler y Barbara Tschirren. "Long-term effect of yolk carotenoid levels on testis size in a precocial bird". Biology Letters 12, n.º 4 (abril de 2016): 20160008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2016.0008.

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Conditions experienced during prenatal development can have long-lasting organizational effects on offspring. Maternal carotenoids deposited in the eggs of birds and other oviparous species play an important role during fast embryonic growth and chick development through their antioxidant properties. However, the long-term consequences of variation in maternal carotenoid transfer for the offspring have seldom been considered. Since plasma carotenoid levels at adulthood are known to influence testis size and yolk carotenoid levels influence the ability to extract carotenoids later in life, we hypothesized that maternally transmitted carotenoids might influence gonad size at adulthood. Here, we showed that male Japanese quail ( Coturnix japonica ) originating from a carotenoid-enriched egg had smaller testes than control individuals at adulthood. This result shows that yolk carotenoids have long-term organizational effects. In addition, given that carotenoid intake at sexual maturity increases sperm quality and that a decreased testis size is associated with a lower sperm production, we propose that carotenoid exposure during embryo development might influence a trade-off between ejaculate size and sperm quality.

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Haynes, Kathleen G., Beverly A. Clevidence, David Rao, Bryan T. Vinyard y J. Marion White. "Genotype × Environment Interactions for Potato Tuber Carotenoid Content". Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 135, n.º 3 (mayo de 2010): 250–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.135.3.250.

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Consumption of carotenoid-containing foods can promote human health. Although yellow-fleshed potatoes (Solanum tuberosum) have a higher carotenoid content than white-fleshed potatoes, little is known about how growing environments may affect individual and total carotenoid content in different potato clones. The purposes of this study were to estimate the amount of genetic variability in potato for five xanthophyll carotenoids, their concentration, and to determine the stability of these carotenoids across environments. Nine white- or yellow-fleshed tetraploid clones were grown in Maine and Florida for 2 years. Carotenoids were extracted in acetone and analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography. There were significant differences among clones for zeaxanthin, antheraxanthin, lutein, and total carotenoid content. There were significant clone × environment interactions for zeaxanthin, antheraxanthin, violaxanthin, neoxanthin, lutein, and total carotenoid. Broad-sense heritabilities (and their 95% confidence intervals) were 0.89 (0.79–0.98) for zeaxanthin, 0.93 (0.87–0.99) for antheraxanthin, 0.68 (0.14–0.92) for violaxanthin, 0.51 (0.00–0.88) for neoxanthin, 0.85 (0.70–0.97) for lutein, and 0.96 (0.89–0.99) for total carotenoid. Clonal mean total carotenoid content ranged from 101 to 511 μg/100 g fresh weight. A higher proportion of carotenoids were produced by the lycopene epsilon cyclase branch of the carotenoid biosynthetic pathway in white-fleshed than yellow-fleshed clones. Total carotenoid content in B2333-5 was significantly greater than in ‘Yukon Gold’. With genetic variation for individual and total carotenoid content in potatoes, improving the levels of carotenoids has been and should continue to be feasible; however, concentrations are likely to vary in different environments.

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Kljak, Kristina, Dora Zurak, Zlatko Svečnjak y Darko Grbeša. "Relationship of Physical Properties and Macronutrient Composition with Carotenoid Profile in Maize Hybrids". Agriculture 14, n.º 3 (28 de febrero de 2024): 384. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture14030384.

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Maize hybrids with higher vitreousness contain a higher carotenoid content; however, the relationship between the carotenoid profile and the physical and chemical properties related to vitreousness has not been investigated. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship among the physical properties (kernel size, hardness, density and bulk density), macronutrient composition (crude protein and fat, starch, amylose, amylopectin and zein) and carotenoid profile (individual, total, α- and β-branch carotenoids and xanthophylls) in the grain of 15 maize hybrids. The tested hybrids displayed high variability for most analyzed traits. Three hybrids were characterized by the predominance of β-branch over α-branch carotenoids, while others showed a more uniform content of both fractions. The kernel hardness was associated with the bulk density, flotation index, kernel sphericity, crude protein and zein content. Hybrids with a higher kernel hardness and associated traits had a higher content of zeaxanthin and other β-branch carotenoids, as well as the total carotenoids. In contrast, lutein and α-branch carotenoids were related to the crude protein and amylopectin content only. The findings of the present study confirmed that kernel hardness is associated with β-branch carotenoids and provided further insight into the relationship between the carotenoid profile and commonly analyzed grain quality properties in maize hybrids. The production of higher quality maize hybrids implies a higher nutritional value of the grain due to the higher carotenoid content.

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Martini, Daniela, Letizia Negrini, Mirko Marino, Patrizia Riso, Cristian Del Bo y Marisa Porrini. "What Is the Current Direction of the Research on Carotenoids and Human Health? An Overview of Registered Clinical Trials". Nutrients 14, n.º 6 (11 de marzo de 2022): 1191. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu14061191.

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Carotenoids have been the object of numerous observational, pre-clinical and interventional studies focused on elucidating their potential impacts on human health. However, the large heterogeneity among the trials, in terms of study duration and characteristics of participants, makes any conclusion difficult to draw. The present study aimed to explore the current carotenoid research trends by analyzing the characteristics of the registered clinical trials. A total of 193 registered trials on ClinicalTrials.gov and ISRCTN were included in the revision. Eighty-three studies were performed with foods, one-hundred-five with food supplements, and five with both. Among the foods tested, tomatoes and tomato-based foods, and eggs were the most studied. Lutein, lycopene, and astaxanthin were the most carotenoids investigated. Regarding the goals, 52 trials were focused on studying carotenoids’ bioavailability, and 140 studies investigated the effects of carotenoids on human health. The main topics included eye and cardiovascular health. Recently, the research has focused also on two new topics: cognitive function and carotenoid–gut microbiota interactions. However, the current research on carotenoids is still mostly focused on the bioavailability and metabolism of carotenoids from foods and food supplements. Within this context, the impacts/contributions of food technologies and the development of new carotenoid formulations are discussed. In addition, the research is still corroborating the previous findings on vision and cardiovascular health. Much attention has also been devoted to new research areas, such as the carotenoid–microbiota interactions, which could contribute to explaining the metabolism and the health effects of carotenoids; and the relation between carotenoids and cognitive function. However, for these topics the research is still only beginning, and further studies are need.

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Siziya, Inonge Noni, Chi Young Hwang y Myung-Ji Seo. "Antioxidant Potential and Capacity of Microorganism-Sourced C30 Carotenoids—A Review". Antioxidants 11, n.º 10 (30 de septiembre de 2022): 1963. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antiox11101963.

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Carotenoids are lipophilic tetraterpenoid pigments produced by plants, algae, arthropods, and certain bacteria and fungi. These biologically active compounds are used in the food, feed, and nutraceutical industries for their coloring and the physiological benefits imparted by their antioxidant properties. The current global carotenoid market is dominated by synthetic carotenoids; however, the rising consumer demand for natural products has led to increasing research and development in the mass production of carotenoids from alternative natural sources, including microbial synthesis and plant extraction, which holds a significant market share. To date, microbial research has focused on C40 carotenoids, but studies have shown that C30 carotenoids contain similar—and in some microbial strains, greater—antioxidant activity in both the physical and chemical quenching of reactive oxygen species. The discovery of carotenoid biosynthetic pathways in different microorganisms and advances in metabolic engineering are driving the discovery of novel C30 carotenoid compounds. This review highlights the C30 carotenoids from microbial sources, showcasing their antioxidant properties and the technologies emerging for their enhanced production. Industrial applications and tactics, as well as biotechnological strategies for their optimized synthesis, are also discussed.

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Cazzonelli, Christopher I. "Carotenoids in nature: insights from plants and beyond". Functional Plant Biology 38, n.º 11 (2011): 833. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/fp11192.

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Carotenoids are natural isoprenoid pigments that provide leaves, fruits, vegetables and flowers with distinctive yellow, orange and some reddish colours as well as several aromas in plants. Their bright colours serve as attractants for pollination and seed dispersal. Carotenoids comprise a large family of C40 polyenes and are synthesised by all photosynthetic organisms, aphids, some bacteria and fungi alike. In animals carotenoid derivatives promote health, improve sexual behaviour and are essential for reproduction. As such, carotenoids are commercially important in agriculture, food, health and the cosmetic industries. In plants, carotenoids are essential components required for photosynthesis, photoprotection and the production of carotenoid-derived phytohormones, including ABA and strigolactone. The carotenoid biosynthetic pathway has been extensively studied in a range of organisms providing an almost complete pathway for carotenogenesis. A new wave in carotenoid biology has revealed implications for epigenetic and metabolic feedback control of carotenogenesis. Developmental and environmental signals can regulate carotenoid gene expression thereby affecting carotenoid accumulation. This review highlights mechanisms controlling (1) the first committed step in phytoene biosynthesis, (2) flux through the branch to synthesis of α- and β-carotenes and (3) metabolic feedback signalling within and between the carotenoid, MEP and ABA pathways.

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Kiokias, S., C. Proestos y T. Varzakas. "A Review of the Structure, Biosynthesis, Absorption of Carotenoids-Analysis and Properties of their Common Natural Extracts". Current Research in Nutrition and Food Science Journal 4, n.º 1 (23 de febrero de 2015): 25–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.12944/crnfsj.4.special-issue1.03.

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Carotenoids are a class of natural pigments familiar to all through the orange-red colours of popular foods like oranges, tomatoes and carrots and the yellow colour of many flowers. They have been studied for a number of years because of their diverse roles in photobiology, photochemistry and photo medicine. Carotenoids are also added as colorants to many manufactured foods, drinks, and animal feeds, either in the forms of natural extracts (e.g annatto, paprika or marigold extracts) or as pure compounds manufactured by chemical synthesis. Carotenoids are often described as provitamins A, as this particular vitamin is a product of carotenoid metabolism. The distribution of carotenoids among the different plant groups shows no obvious pattern. b-Carotene is the most abundant in leafy vegetables, though the colour is masked by its co-existence with chlorophyll, and this carotenoid has the highest vitamin A activity. Zeaxanthin, a-carotene and antheraxanthin are also present in small amounts. In the tomato, lycopene is the major carotenoid, while fruits contain varying proportions of cryptoxanthin, lutein and antheraxanthin. In this review paper the natural occurrence of carotenoids (with focus on certain natural extracts) is described along with its structure and physicochemical properties. The biosynthesis - industrial synthesis and absorption of carotenoids is also discussed. Finally, a brief overview of analysis and properties of commonly available natural carotenoid extracts (annato, paprika, xanthophylls, lycopene) are also reported.

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Wei, Xiaohui, Bingye Yang, Wencui Zeng, Bin Tang, Miaoqin Huang, Xuan Luo, Weiwei You y Caihuan Ke. "Carotenoid Accumulation in Common and Orange-Muscle Mutant of Abalone, Haliotis gigantea, Fed with Different Macroalgae". Aquaculture Nutrition 2022 (30 de diciembre de 2022): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/9287594.

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Aquatic animals cannot synthesize carotenoids, thus they must come from diet or from symbionts. Previous studies have found that orange-muscle abalones are rich in carotenoids, but the effects of different diets on the accumulation of carotenoids are unknown. In this study, the effects of macroalgae (Gracilaria lemaneiformis), fresh and dried kelp (Laminaria japonica) on the contents of the predominant carotenoids, including zeaxanthin, β-carotene, and fucoxanthin, between the common and orange-muscle mutant of Haliotis gigantea were compared through a one-year culture experiment. Our study confirmed that carotenoids in abalones mainly come from diets, and the carotenoid types in the muscles were similar to their diets. We also found that feeding on G.lemaneiformis played an important role in maintaining a stable carotenoid content over time, especially zeaxanthin in H.gigantea. Our data also provided that abalones had a good growth performance under the feeding conditions of G.lemaneiformis. Finally, compared with common abalones, orange-muscle abalones had a notably enhanced ability to accumulate carotenoids through their diet, especially zeaxanthin ( P < 0.01 ). However, the growth performance of orange-muscle abalones was lower than those of common abalones fed the same diets. These results inferred that the content of carotenoid in abalone may be controlled by genetic factors, and diet had a significant influence on the accumulation of carotenoid in abalone to some extent.

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Barbosa, Natália Alves, Maria Cristina Dias Paes, Paulo Evaristo de Oliveira Guimarães y Joelma Pereira. "CAROTENOID RETENTION IN MINIMALLY PROCESSED BIOFORTIFIED GREEN CORN STORED UNDER RETAIL MARKETING CONDITIONS". Ciência e Agrotecnologia 39, n.º 4 (agosto de 2015): 363–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1413-70542015000400007.

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Storing processed food products can cause alterations in their chemical compositions. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate carotenoid retention in the kernels of minimally processed normal and vitamin A precursor (proVA)-biofortified green corn ears that were packaged in polystyrene trays covered with commercial film or in multilayered polynylon packaging material and were stored. Throughout the storage period, the carotenoids were extracted from the corn kernels using organic solvents and were quantified using HPLC. A completely factorial design including three factors (cultivar, packaging and storage period) was applied for analysis. The green kernels of maize cultivars BRS1030 and BRS4104 exhibited similar carotenoid profiles, with zeaxanthin being the main carotenoid. Higher concentrations of the carotenoids lutein, β-cryptoxanthin, and β-carotene, the total carotenoids and the total vitamin A precursor carotenoids were detected in the green kernels of the biofortified BRS4104 maize. The packaging method did not affect carotenoid retention in the kernels of minimally processed green corn ears during the storage period.

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Honda, Masaki, Hakuto Kageyama, Takashi Hibino, Yelin Zhang, Wahyu Diono, Hideki Kanda, Ryusei Yamaguchi, Ryota Takemura, Tetsuya Fukaya y Motonobu Goto. "Improved Carotenoid Processing with Sustainable Solvents Utilizing Z-Isomerization-Induced Alteration in Physicochemical Properties: A Review and Future Directions". Molecules 24, n.º 11 (7 de junio de 2019): 2149. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules24112149.

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Carotenoids—natural fat-soluble pigments—have attracted considerable attention because of their potential to prevent of various diseases, such as cancer and arteriosclerosis, and their strong antioxidant capacity. They have many geometric isomers due to the presence of numerous conjugated double bonds in the molecule. However, in plants, most carotenoids are present in the all-E-configuration. (all-E)-Carotenoids are characterized by high crystallinity as well as low solubility in safe and sustainable solvents, such as ethanol and supercritical CO2 (SC-CO2). Thus, these properties result in the decreased efficiency of carotenoid processing, such as extraction and emulsification, using such sustainable solvents. On the other hand, Z-isomerization of carotenoids induces alteration in physicochemical properties, i.e., the solubility of carotenoids dramatically improves and they change from a “crystalline state” to an “oily (amorphous) state”. For example, the solubility in ethanol of lycopene Z-isomers is more than 4000 times higher than the all-E-isomer. Recently, improvement of carotenoid processing efficiency utilizing these changes has attracted attention. Namely, it is possible to markedly improve carotenoid processing using safe and sustainable solvents, which had previously been difficult to put into practical use due to the low efficiency. The objective of this paper is to review the effect of Z-isomerization on the physicochemical properties of carotenoids and its application to carotenoid processing, such as extraction, micronization, and emulsification, using sustainable solvents. Moreover, aspects of Z-isomerization methods for carotenoids and functional difference, such as bioavailability and antioxidant capacity, between isomers are also included in this review.

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Keyhaninejad, Neda, Richard D. Richins y Mary A. O’Connell. "Carotenoid Content in Field-grown versus Greenhouse-grown Peppers: Different Responses in Leaf and Fruit". HortScience 47, n.º 7 (julio de 2012): 852–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.47.7.852.

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The carotenoid content of fresh fruits, like chiles or peppers (Capsicum annuum L.), is a desirable fruit quality trait because these compounds increase the nutritional value of the fruit. Carotenoids in general serve as antioxidants, whereas specific carotenoids are pro-vitamin A types and yet others are necessary for retinal pigments. In the plant, carotenoids function to harvest light energy during photosynthesis, act as antioxidants in multiple cell types, and pigment fruit and flowers to attract pollinators and seed dispersal agents. All of these cells presumably accumulate carotenoids through the same biosynthetic pathway. We investigated the relationship between light levels in the growth environment and the carotenoid levels that accumulated in mature fruit and leaves. Three chile cultivars with orange fruit, ‘Fogo’, ‘Orange Grande’, and ‘NuMex Sunset’, were grown under three different light conditions, shaded greenhouse, unshaded greenhouse, and field in Las Cruces, NM. Foliar carotenoid increased approximately twofold with increased light, whereas carotenoid content in fruit decreased two- to threefold with increased light. All cultivars showed identical trends with light despite having cultivar-specific carotenoid accumulation patterns in their fruit.

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Ren, Yuanyuan, Han Sun, Jinquan Deng, Junchao Huang y Feng Chen. "Carotenoid Production from Microalgae: Biosynthesis, Salinity Responses and Novel Biotechnologies". Marine Drugs 19, n.º 12 (20 de diciembre de 2021): 713. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/md19120713.

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Microalgae are excellent biological factories for high-value products and contain biofunctional carotenoids. Carotenoids are a group of natural pigments with high value in social production and human health. They have been widely used in food additives, pharmaceutics and cosmetics. Astaxanthin, β-carotene and lutein are currently the three carotenoids with the largest market share. Meanwhile, other less studied pigments, such as fucoxanthin and zeaxanthin, also exist in microalgae and have great biofunctional potentials. Since carotenoid accumulation is related to environments and cultivation of microalgae in seawater is a difficult biotechnological problem, the contributions of salt stress on carotenoid accumulation in microalgae need to be revealed for large-scale production. This review comprehensively summarizes the carotenoid biosynthesis and salinity responses of microalgae. Applications of salt stress to induce carotenoid accumulation, potentials of the Internet of Things in microalgae cultivation and future aspects for seawater cultivation are also discussed. As the global market share of carotenoids is still ascending, large-scale, economical and intelligent biotechnologies for carotenoid production play vital roles in the future microalgal economy.

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Cuong, Do Manh, Jae Kwang Kim, Jin Jeon, Tae Jin Kim, Jong Seok Park y Sang Un Park. "Expression of Carotenoid Biosynthetic Genes and Carotenoid Biosynthesis during Seedling Development of Momordica charantia". Natural Product Communications 13, n.º 3 (marzo de 2018): 1934578X1801300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1934578x1801300312.

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Carotenoids belong to a large group of secondary metabolites, and have pivotal roles in plants, including photosynthesis and phytohormone synthesis, pigmentation, and membrane stabilization. Additionally, carotenoids are potent antioxidants, and their health benefits are becoming increasingly prominent. In recent years, carotenoids have been studied in many plants. Furthermore, gene expression, as well as carotenoid accumulation in different parts of the bitter melon, has been investigated; however, it has not been studied in bitter melon seedlings. In this study, carotenoid accumulation and transcript levels of McGGPPS1, McGGPPS2, McPSY, McPDS, McZDS, McLCYB, McLCYE1, McLCYE2, McCXHB, and McZEP, involved in carotenoid biosynthesis, were analyzed during seedling development using HPLC and qRT-PCR. The major carotenoids that accumulated in the bitter melon seedlings were lutein and E-β-carotene. The expression of most carotenoid biosynthetic genes increased during seedling development, consistent with the accumulation of violaxanthin, lutein, zeaxanthin, β-cryptoxanthin, 13Z-β-carotene, E-β-carotene, and 9Z-β-carotene in bitter melon seedlings. The results of this study provide a firm basis for comprehending the link between gene expression and carotenoid concentration in bitter melon seedlings.

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Su, Buli, Ming-Rong Deng y Honghui Zhu. "Advances in the Discovery and Engineering of Gene Targets for Carotenoid Biosynthesis in Recombinant Strains". Biomolecules 13, n.º 12 (5 de diciembre de 2023): 1747. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biom13121747.

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Carotenoids are naturally occurring pigments that are abundant in the natural world. Due to their excellent antioxidant attributes, carotenoids are widely utilized in various industries, including the food, pharmaceutical, cosmetic industries, and others. Plants, algae, and microorganisms are presently the main sources for acquiring natural carotenoids. However, due to the swift progress in metabolic engineering and synthetic biology, along with the continuous and thorough investigation of carotenoid biosynthetic pathways, recombinant strains have emerged as promising candidates to produce carotenoids. The identification and manipulation of gene targets that influence the accumulation of the desired products is a crucial challenge in the construction and metabolic regulation of recombinant strains. In this review, we provide an overview of the carotenoid biosynthetic pathway, followed by a summary of the methodologies employed in the discovery of gene targets associated with carotenoid production. Furthermore, we focus on discussing the gene targets that have shown potential to enhance carotenoid production. To facilitate future research, we categorize these gene targets based on their capacity to attain elevated levels of carotenoid production.

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Pinheiro-Sant’Ana, Helena Maria, Pamella Cristine Anunciação, Clarice Silva e. Souza, Galdino Xavier de Paula Filho, Andrea Salvo, Giacomo Dugo y Daniele Giuffrida. "Quali-Quantitative Profile of Native Carotenoids in Kumquat from Brazil by HPLC-DAD-APCI/MS". Foods 8, n.º 5 (16 de mayo de 2019): 166. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods8050166.

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In this study the native carotenoids composition in kumquat (Fortunella margarita) (peel + pulp) from Brazil was determined for the first time by a HPLC-DAD-APCI/MS (high performance liquid chromatography-diode array detector-atmospheric pressure chemical ionization/mass spectrometry), methodology. Eleven carotenoids were successfully identified and quantified in kumquat: four carotenoids in the free form and seven carotenoids in the esterified form. β-citraurin-laurate was the carotenoid found in the highest content (607.33 µg/100 g fresh matter), followed by β-cryptoxanthin-laurate (552.59 µg/100 g). The different esterified forms of β-citraurin and β-cryptoxanthin represented 84.34% of the carotenoids found, which demonstrates the importance of esterification in natural fruits. β-carotene and free xanthophylls (β-cryptoxanthin, lutein and zeaxanthin) represented 5.50% and 14.96%, respectively, of total carotenoids in kumquat. The total carotenoid content of kumquat from Brazil was very high (2185.16 µg/100 g), suggesting that this fruit could contribute significantly to the intake of important bioactive compounds by the population.

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Biskanaki, Foteini, Paraskevi Kalofiri, Niki Tertipi, Eleni Sfyri, Eleni Andreou, Vasiliki Kefala y Efstathios Rallis. "Carotenoids and Dermoaesthetic Benefits: Public Health Implications". Cosmetics 10, n.º 5 (28 de agosto de 2023): 120. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cosmetics10050120.

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Food technology, health, nutrition, dermatology, and aesthetics have focused on colorless carotenoids. Carotenoids are readily bioavailable and have demonstrated various health-promoting actions. This article reviews the recent literature concerning carotenoids with the aim to systematize the scattered knowledge on carotenoids and aesthetics. The applications of carotenoids in health-promoting and nutrient products and their potential health effects are discussed. The carotenoids, particularly phytoene and phytofluene, have the unique ability to absorb ultraviolet radiation. Their distinct structures and properties, oxidation sensitivity, stiffness, aggregation tendency, and even fluorescence in the case of phytofluene, contribute to their potential benefits. A diet rich in carotenoid-containing products can positively impact skin health, overall well-being, and the prevention of various diseases. Future studies should focus on generating more data about phytoene and phytofluene levels in the skin to accurately assess skin carotenoid status. This expanding area of research holds promise for the development of novel applications in the fields of health and cosmetics.

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