Artículos de revistas: "Carbonate de lithium"

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Coppola, Luigi, Denny Coffetti, Elena Crotti, Raffaella Dell’Aversano, Gabriele Gazzaniga y Tommaso Pastore. "Influence of Lithium Carbonate and Sodium Carbonate on Physical and Elastic Properties and on Carbonation Resistance of Calcium Sulphoaluminate-Based Mortars". Applied Sciences 10, n.º 1 (25 de diciembre de 2019): 176. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10010176.

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In this study, three different hardening accelerating admixtures (sodium carbonate, lithium carbonate and a blend of sodium and lithium carbonates) were employed to prepare calcium sulphoaluminate cement-based mortars. The workability, setting times, entrapped air, elasto-mechanical properties such as compressive strength and dynamic modulus of elasticity, free shrinkage, water absorption and carbonation rate were measured and mercury intrusion porosimetry were also performed. Experimental results show that a mixture of lithium carbonate and sodium carbonate acts as a hardening accelerating admixture, improving the early-age strength and promoting a remarkable pore structure refinement. Finally, sodium carbonate also reduces the water absorption, the carbonation rate and the shrinkage of mortars without affecting the setting times and the workability.

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Алиев, А. Р., И. Р. Ахмедов, М. Г. Какагасанов y З. А. Алиев. "Колебательные спектры ионно-молекулярных кристаллов карбонатов в предпереходной области вблизи структурных фазовых переходов". Журнал технической физики 127, n.º 9 (2019): 429. http://dx.doi.org/10.21883/os.2019.09.48196.104-19.

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Molecular relaxation processes in lithium carbonate (Li2CO3), sodium carbonate (Na2CO3) and potassium carbonate (K2CO3) were studied by Raman spectroscopy. It has been established that in crystalline carbonates Li2CO3, Na2CO3 and K2CO3, the structural phase transition of the first kind is stretched (diffuse phase transition). The existence of the pretransition region in the studied carbonates Li2CO3, Na2CO3 and K2CO3 was found.

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Bhatt, Mahesh Datt, Maenghyo Cho y Kyeongjae Cho. "Density functional theory calculations for the interaction of Li+ cations and PF6– anions with nonaqueous electrolytes". Canadian Journal of Chemistry 89, n.º 12 (diciembre de 2011): 1525–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v11-131.

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The interaction of lithium (Li+) cation and hexafluorophosphate (PF6–) anion with nonaqueous electrolytes is studied by using density functional theory at the B3LYP/6–311++G(d,p) level in the gas phase in terms of the coordination of Li+ and PF6– with these solvents. Ethylene carbonate (EC) coordinates with Li+ and PF6– most strongly and reaches the anode and cathode most easily because of its highest dielectric constant among all the solvent molecules, resulting in its preferential reduction on the anode and oxidation on the cathode. For cyclic carbonates EC and propylene carbonate (PC), the structure Li+(S)4 is found to be the most stable. However, for linear carbonates dimethyl carbonate (DMC), diethyl carbonate (DEC), and ethyl methyl carbonate (EMC), the formation of PF6–(S)n=1–3 is not favorable. Such analysis may be useful in applications for lithium ion batteries.

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Gu, Kaihua, Wenhui Feng, Hongyuan Wei y Leping Dang. "The Factors Influencing Lithium Carbonate Crystallization in Spent Lithium-Ion Battery Leachate". Processes 12, n.º 4 (8 de abril de 2024): 753. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr12040753.

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In this study, lithium was recovered from spent lithium-ion batteries through the crystallization of lithium carbonate. The influence of different process parameters on lithium carbonate precipitation was investigated. The results indicate that under the conditions of 90 °C and 400 rpm, a 2.0 mol/L sodium carbonate solution was added at a rate of 2.5 mL/min to a 2.5 mol/L lithium chloride solution, yielding lithium carbonate with a recovery rate of 85.72% and a purity of 98.19%. The stirring rate and LiCl solution concentration significantly impact the particle size of lithium carbonate aggregates. As the stirring rate increases from 200 to 800 rpm, the average particle size decreases from 168.694 μm to 115.702 μm. Conversely, an increase in the LiCl solution concentration reduces the lithium carbonate particle size, with an average particle size of only 97.535 μm being observed at a LiCl solution concentration of 2.5 mol/L. It was also observed that nickel and cobalt ions become incorporated into the crystal lattice of lithium carbonate, thereby affecting the growth and morphology of lithium carbonate.

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5

Rynearson, Leah, Nuwanthi D. Rodrigo, Chamithri Jayawardana y Brett L. Lucht. "Electrolytes Containing Triethyl Phosphate Solubilized Lithium Nitrate for Improved Silicon Anode Performance". Journal of The Electrochemical Society 169, n.º 4 (1 de abril de 2022): 040537. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/1945-7111/ac6455.

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An electrolyte consisting of lithium nitrate (LiNO3) and lithium difluoro(oxalato)borate (LiDFOB) in ethylene carbonate (EC), ethylmethyl carbonate (EMC), and triethyl phosphate (TEP) is used to improve the long-term cycling stability of silicon anodes. TEP was selected for its ability to dissolve LiNO3 in carbonates to a concentration of ∼0.2 M. The large amount of LiNO3 combined with the LiDFOB salt leads to a capacity retention of 87.1% after one hundred cycles due to the formation of a relatively stable solid electrolyte interphase (SEI). Ex-situ surface analysis reveals that the SEI consists of oxalates, lithium alkyl carbonates, borates, and nitrate reduction products. By selecting two components which are preferentially reduced (LiNO3 and LiDFOB), the SEI is able to inhibit continuous solvent decomposition and allows for improved electrochemical cycling for pure silicon anodes.

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Parhizi, Mohammad, Louis Edwards Caceres-Martinez, Brent A. Modereger, Hilkka I. Kenttämaa, Gozdem Kilaz y Jason K. Ostanek. "Determining the Composition of Carbonate Solvent Systems Used in Lithium-Ion Batteries without Salt Removal". Energies 15, n.º 8 (12 de abril de 2022): 2805. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15082805.

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In this work, two methods were investigated for determining the composition of carbonate solvent systems used in lithium-ion (Li-ion) battery electrolytes. One method was based on comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography with electron ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC×GC/EI TOF MS), which often enables unknown compound identification by their electron ionization (EI) mass spectra. The other method was based on comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography with flame ionization detection (GC×GC/FID). Both methods were used to determine the concentrations of six different commonly used carbonates in Li-ion battery electrolytes (i.e., ethylene carbonate (EC), propylene carbonate (PC), dimethyl carbonate (DMC), diethyl carbonate (DEC), ethyl methyl carbonate (EMC), and vinylene carbonate (VC) in model compound mixtures (MCMs), single-blind samples (SBS), and a commercially obtained electrolyte solution (COES). Both methods were found to be precise (uncertainty < 5%), accurate (error < 5%), and sensitive (limit of detection <0.12 ppm for FID and <2.7 ppm for MS). Furthermore, unlike the previously reported methods, these methods do not require removing lithium hexafluorophosphate salt (LiPF6) from the sample prior to analysis. Removal of the lithium salt was avoided by diluting the electrolyte solutions prior to analysis (1000-fold dilution) and using minimal sample volumes (0.1 µL) for analysis.

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7

Rynearson, Leah L. y Leah Rynearson. "Utilizing Triethyl Phosphate to Increase the Solubility of Lithium Nitrate for Improved Silicon Anode Performance". ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-01, n.º 2 (7 de julio de 2022): 287. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-012287mtgabs.

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An electrolyte consisting of lithium nitrate (LiNO3) and lithium difluoro(oxalto)borate (LiDFOB) in ethylene carbonate (EC), ethylmethyl carbonate (EMC), and triethyl phosphate (TEP) was used to improve the long-term cycling stability of silicon anodes. TEP was selected for its ability to dissolve LiNO3 in carbonates to a concentration of ~0.2 M. The large amount of LiNO3 combined with the LiDFOB salt led to a capacity retention of 87.1% after one hundred cycles due to the formation of a stable solid electrolyte interphase (SEI). Ex-situ surface analysis revealed that the SEI consists of oxalates, lithium alkyl carbonates, borates, and nitrate decomposition products. By selecting two components that preferentially reduce before the rest (LiNO3 and LiDFOB), the SEI formed was able to prevent significant solvent decomposition and allow for improved electrochemical cycling in pure silicon anodes.

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8

Rao, S. Rama y C. S. Sunandana. "Quenched lithium carbonate". Journal of Physics and Chemistry of Solids 57, n.º 3 (marzo de 1996): 315–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-3697(95)00281-2.

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9

Simard, Marie. "Lithium Carbonate Intoxication". Archives of Internal Medicine 149, n.º 1 (1 de enero de 1989): 36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archinte.1989.00390010054004.

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10

Chen, Wei-Sheng, Cheng-Han Lee y Hsing-Jung Ho. "Purification of Lithium Carbonate from Sulphate Solutions through Hydrogenation Using the Dowex G26 Resin". Applied Sciences 8, n.º 11 (15 de noviembre de 2018): 2252. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app8112252.

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Purification of lithium carbonate, in the battery industry, is an important step in the future. In this experiment, the waste lithium-ion batteries were crushed, sieved, leached with sulfuric acid, eluted with an extractant, and finally sulphate solutions were extracted, through selective precipitation. Next, sodium carbonate was first added to the sulphate solutions, to precipitate lithium carbonate (Li2CO3). After that, lithium carbonate was put into the water to create lithium carbonate slurry and CO2 was added to it. The aeration of CO2 and the hydrogenation temperature were controlled, in this experiment. Subsequently, Dowex G26 resin was used to remove impurities, such as the calcium and sodium in lithium carbonate. Moreover, the adsorption isotherms, described by means of the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms, were used to investigate the ion-exchange behaviors of impurities. After removing the impurities, the different heating rate was controlled to obtain lithium carbonate. In a nutshell, this study showed the optimum condition of CO2 aeration, hydrogenation temperature, ion-exchange resin and the heating rate to get high yields and purity of lithium carbonate.

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11

Bishimbayeva Gaukhar Kozykeevna,, Zhumabayeva Dinara Sarsenovna,, Zhanabaeva Asem Kaldybekkyzy,, Nalibayeva Arailym Muratovna,, Abdikalykov Yerlan Nurzhanuly, y Bakenov Zhumabay Bekbolatovich,. "PROSPECTS FOR CREATING A FULL CYCLE OF LITHIUM PRODUCTION IN KAZAKHSTAN – FROM ORE PROCESSING TO LITHIUM BATTERIES". SERIES CHEMISTRY AND TECHNOLOGY 5, n.º 443 (15 de octubre de 2020): 38–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.32014/2020.2518-1491.78.

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Today, lithium is becoming a new strategic material capable of influencing the sustainable development of the world economy. The results of developments in the production of innovative electrode materials from lithium carbonate on the basis of domestic lithium-containing raw materials with the creation of a full cycle of the technological line of lithium production: from ores to modern lithium batteries are pesented. Analysis of the explored reserves, mineral and material composition of domestic spodumene raw materials and lithium-containing dumps of the Belogorsk GOK indicate the prospects and expediency of their development for the production of the ever-increasing needs of the world market for lithium materials. As a result, the sulfuric acid technology for obtaining high-grade lithium carbonate directly from spodumene was optimized, bypassing the stage of obtaining a technical grade product, in a single technological process for processing spodumene with a reduction in the number of technological operations, excluding the expensive operation of concentrating a lithium sulfate solution by stripping. An efficient technology of purification and post-treatment of technical lithium carbonate to battery quality of 99.95% has been developed, including the processes of causticization of technical lithium carbonate, ultrafiltration and ion-exchange sorption of a solution of lithium hydroxide, followed by precipitation of lithium carbonate by ammonium carbonate. Cathode materials - lithium iron-phosphate , obtained from high-purity lithium carbonate by aerosol pyrolysis (MAP) and the sol-gel method (SGM), showed good electrochemical characteristics. The end result is innovative electrode materials for modern LIBs with significantly increased capacity and stability. The practical implementation of a full cycle of technologies from lithium-containing raw materials to modern lithium batteries opens up prospects for the creation in Kazakhstan of a high-tech lithium cluster according to the Scheme: Spodumene ores → Lithium concentrate → Lithium carbonate → Lithium cathode materials → Batteries.

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12

Ramazanov, Arsen Sh, David R. Ataev y Miyasat A. Kasparov. "OBTAINING HIGH QUALITY LITHIUM CARBONATE FROM NATURAL LITHIUM-CONTAINING BRINES". IZVESTIYA VYSSHIKH UCHEBNYKH ZAVEDENII KHIMIYA KHIMICHESKAYA TEKHNOLOGIYA 64, n.º 4 (11 de abril de 2021): 52–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.6060/ivkkt.20216404.6238.

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The aim of this work is to develop a new effective technology for producing high-quality lithium carbonate from natural lithium-containing brines. Freshly deposited aluminum hydroxide was used to separate lithium from the trace amounts of sodium and calcium. It was found that the completeness of lithium extraction from brines purified from magnesium depends on the sorbent dosage, phase contact time, mineralization, pH, and brine temperature. To extract lithium from brines with a mineralization of less than 100 g/dm3, it is necessary to introduce 4 mol of aluminum hydroxide per 1 mol of lithium in the brine. For brines with a mineralization greater than 200 g/dm3, the consumption of the sorbent providing the extraction of lithium more than 96% is 2.5 mol of aluminum hydroxide. Desorption of lithium chloride from lithium-aluminum concentrate is carried out by processing 4-5 canopies of concentrate in a Soxlet type apparatus with the same volume of distilled water. The resulting concentrated solution of lithium chloride is purified from calcium impurities in contact with a saturated solution of lithium carbonate. From a heated aqueous solution of lithium chloride purified from calcium impurities, lithium carbonate is precipitated by dosing a stoichiometric amount of a saturated solution of sodium carbonate into it. The precipitate of lithium carbonate is separated from the mother solution, washed with three portions of a saturated solution of lithium carbonate at a ratio of solid to liquid by weight equal to one to five, in order of decreasing the concentration of sodium in each portion of the wash water. The dried product contains at least 99.6% Li2CO3.

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Ahmed, Aftab, Tazeen Kohari, Qanbar Abbas Naqvi, Rana Muhammad Zeeshan, Faiza Irshad y Zafar Iqbal Malik. "Restoration of Cerebellar Gray Matter Thickness by Methylcobalamin (6 Weeks Study)". Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences 15, n.º 7 (26 de julio de 2021): 1644–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.53350/pjmhs211571644.

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Background: Methylcobalamin is essential vitamin required for DNA synthesis during cell division therefore maintain the architecture of nervous tissue distorted by soft metals such as Lithium Carbonate. Accurate documentation of the thickness cerebellar cortical thickness was required in subjects who were injected with methylcobalamin distorted by Lithium Carbonate. Aim: To provide data of cerebellar gray matter thickness distorted by Lithium Carbonate by the anti-oxidant effect of methylcobalamin. Methods: Fifteen albino rats were maintained on food and diet in Animal House of the Basic Medical Sciences Institute, JPMC Karachi for a period of 6 weeks. Results: The results obtained of the thickness of cerebellar gray matter distorted by Lithium Carbonate was restored by methylcobalamin in our study. Conclusion: To observe the neuroprotective effect of B12 on distorted cerebellar cortex treated by Lithium Carbonate. Keywords: Methylcobalamin, Lithium Carbonate, Gray Matter, Cerebellum

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Soto, C. A. Contreras, E. Ramos-Ramírez, V. Reyes Zamudio y J. I. Macías. "Preparation of Lithium Aluminum Layered Double Hydroxide from Ammonium Dawsonite and Lithium Carbonate". MRS Proceedings 1481 (2012): 29–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/opl.2012.1629.

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ABSTRACTAluminum lithium hydroxide carbonate hydrate, also known as Al/Li layered double hydroxide or Al-Li hydrotalcite-like compound [Al2Li(OH)6]2CO3•nH2O, was prepared by reaction of lithium carbonate with ammonium dawsonite [NH4Al(OH)2CO3]. The reaction of ammonium dawsonite with a lithium carbonate satured solution at different temperatures and lithium carbonate concentrations was studied. The obtained solids were characterized by differential thermal analysis (DTA), thermogravimetry (TGA), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). By this method, crystalline Li/Al LDH [Al2Li(OH)6]2CO3·3H2O can be obtained at 60 °C and 4 h reaction time.

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Weber, Felix M., Ina Kohlhaas y Egbert Figgemeier. "Long-Term Stability of Redox Mediators in Carbonate Solvents". Molecules 27, n.º 5 (7 de marzo de 2022): 1737. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27051737.

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Scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) used in the feedback mode is one of the most powerful versatile analytical tools used in the field of battery research. However, the application of SECM in the field of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) faces challenges associated with the selection of a suitable redox mediator due to its high reactivity at low potentials at lithium metal or lithiated graphite electrodes. In this regard, the electrochemical/chemical stability of 2,5-di-tert-butyl-1,4-dimethoxybenzene (DBDMB) is evaluated and benchmarked with ferrocene. This investigation is systematically carried out in both linear and cyclic carbonates of the electrolyte recipe. Measurements of the bulk current with a microelectrode prove that while DBDMB decomposes in ethyl methyl carbonate (EMC)-containing electrolyte, bulk current remains stable in cyclic carbonates, ethylene carbonate (EC) and propylene carbonate (PC). Ferrocene was studied as an alternative redox mediator, showing superior electrochemical performance in ethyl methyl carbonate-containing electrolytes in terms of degradation. The resulting robustness of ferrocene with SECM is essential for a quantitative analysis of battery materials over extended periods. SECM approach curves depict practical problems when using the decomposing DBDMB for data acquisition and interpretation. This study sheds light towards the use of SECM as a probing tool enabled by redox mediators.

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Wang, Chang Qing. "Research on Preparing Lithium Carbonate by Carbonation from Lithium Chloride in Biphase System". Advanced Materials Research 602-604 (diciembre de 2012): 1335–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.602-604.1335.

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A process has been proposed for carbonation and recovery of lithium carbonate from lithium chloride. Based on distribution coefficients, separation factors of the results, lithium chloride extraction with n-butanol has also been studied. The purity of this lithium carbonate product was as high as 99.6 %.

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Harrison, T. M., D. Wynne Davies y C. M. Norris. "Lithium Carbonate and Piroxicam". British Journal of Psychiatry 149, n.º 1 (julio de 1986): 124–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.149.1.124.

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Lopanov, A. N. y E. A. Fanina. "Thermal transformations of graphite and anthracite in the presence of lithium carbonate". Himiâ tverdogo topliva, n.º 1 (23 de septiembre de 2024): 57–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s0023117724010058.

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The method of differential scanning calorimetry was used to study mixtures of graphite and anthracite with lithium carbonate in an argon atmosphere and in air. It was found that in the temperature range of 100–500°C, a stronger mass loss occurs in argon than in air. This phenomenon is caused by the removal of oxygen compounds with carbon. Competing processes take place in the air – the formation of oxygen compounds with carbon, coal and desorption of oxygen-containing substances. A comparison of thermal effects on the curves of DSC and gravimetry for graphite–lithium carbonate systems in argon, in air is carried out. It was found that up to 700°C in the reaction products, the molar ratio of carbon oxides (IV; II) can be estimated at 10 : 1. Endothermic effects of lithium carbonate melting in an argon atmosphere for mixtures of graphite and anthracite with lithium carbonate were observed at 732°C and 727°C, respectively. In air, the peaks of endothermic effects do not correspond to the heat absorption curves in argon. The most probable explanations of the observed effects are given – the presence of phases of carbonate and lithium oxide; the manifestation of the stretched nature of the pre-transition region of lithium carbonate. By the method of powder X-ray diffractometry, it was found that the burnout of the carbon phase at 500°C in graphite, anthracite does not lead to a significant change in the interplane distances in lithium carbonate.

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Zhanabayeva, A. K., G. K. Bishimbayeva, D. S. Zhumabayeva, A. M. Nalibayeva y Ye N. Abdikalykov. "A technology for producing electrode materials for lithium-ion batteries from Kazakhstan spodumene raw materials". Proceedings of Universities. Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology 12, n.º 1 (1 de abril de 2022): 141–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.21285/2227-2925-2022-12-1-141-152.

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This study aims to develop a technology for producing innovative electrode materials for modern lithium batteries. An efficient technology for post-purifying of technical lithium carbonate to reach the level of battery quality (99.95%) was developed. This technology involves causticiziation of technical lithium carbonate, ultrafiltration and ion-exchange sorption of a lithium hydroxide solution, followed by precipitation of lithium carbonate with ammonium carbonate. Cation-exchange resins of the brands Purolite S930Plus, Purolite S940 and Purolite S950 were studied for sorption purification of lithium-containing solutions from calcium and magnesium impurities. Purolite S940 and Purolite S950 can be recommended as the most effective cation exchangers. The kinetic parameters of calcium and magnesium sorption were determined using a Purolite S940 cation exchanger. The bicarbonation mode was set at room temperature and a pressure of 0.3 atm. The synthesized samples of lithium-iron-phosphate studied by the sol-gel method. The structures of the obtained electrode materials corresponding to the standard profile of lithium-iron-phosphate were investigated by X-ray diffraction. The synthesized electrode materials in the structure of lithium half- and button cells confirmed their good electrochemical properties, stable operation of batteries and a high intercalation reversibility of lithium ions in the samples within the potential range of 2.5–4.3 V. The main research results are innovative cathode and anode materials of a new generation for modern lithium-ion batteries with significantly increased capacity and stability of operation, obtained from lithium precursors – battery grade lithium carbonate based on domestic mineral and technogenic raw materials.

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Zhang, Yichi, Zhiliang Dong, Sen Liu, Peixiang Jiang, Cuizhi Zhang y Chao Ding. "Forecast of International Trade of Lithium Carbonate Products in Importing Countries and Small-Scale Exporting Countries". Sustainability 13, n.º 3 (25 de enero de 2021): 1251. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13031251.

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As the raw material of lithium-ion batteries, lithium carbonate plays an important role in the development of new energy field. Due to the extremely uneven distribution of lithium resources in the world, the security of supply in countries with less say would be greatly threatened if trade restrictions or other accidents occurred in large-scale exporting countries. It is of great significance to help these countries find new partners based on the existing trade topology. This study uses the link prediction method, based on the perspective of the topological structure of trade networks in various countries and trade rules, and eliminates the influence of large-scale lithium carbonate exporting countries on the lithium carbonate trade of other countries, to find potential lithium carbonate trade links among importing and small-scale exporting countries, and summarizes three trade rules: (1) in potential relationships involving two net importers, a relationship involving either China or the Netherlands is more likely to occur; (2) for all potential relationships, a relationship that actually occurred for more than two years in the period in 2009–2018 is more likely to occur in the future; and (3) potential relationships pairing a net exporter with a net importer are more likely to occur than other country combinations. The results show that over the next five to six years, Denmark and Italy, Netherlands and South Africa, Turkey and USA are most likely to have a lithium carbonate trading relationship, while Slovenia and USA, and Belgium and Thailand are the least likely to trade lithium carbonate. Through this study, we can strengthen the supply security of lithium carbonate resources in international trade, and provide international trade policy recommendations for the governments of importing countries and small-scale exporting countries.

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Zubizarreta, Leire, Mayte Gil-Agusti, Juan Carlos Espinosa, Marta Garcia-Pellicer y Alfredo Quijano-Lopez. "Studying the Properties of PVdF-HFP Based Lithium Polymer Electrolytes Using non-ionic Surfactants as Plasticizers". Materiale Plastice 58, n.º 1 (5 de abril de 2021): 237–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.37358/mp.21.1.5463.

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In this study, two different non-ionic surfactants have been evaluated as a plasticizer in lithium polymer electrolytes and compared with an organic carbonate-based plasticizer. To that end, non-ionic surfactants with different molecular weight and structure have been selected (Triton� X-100 and Brij�L23) and compared with organic carbonates (EC:DEC1:1) as plasticizers in lithium polymer electrolytes. The effect of the plasticizer content, salt content and surfactant characteristics on properties such as ionic conductivity, thermal stability and electrochemical stability of lithium polymer electrolytes has been studied. The results obtained show that the non-ionic surfactants studied as plasticizers (Triton� X-100 and Brij�L23) give lithium polymer electrolytes with higher thermal and electrochemical stability than organic carbonates, thus making them promising plasticizers for lithium polymer electrolytes, especially for high voltage lithium-ion batteries. Surfactant structure could influence the ionic conductivity of the polymer electrolytes, with the linear surfactants being more suitable for this application.

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Bgatova, N. P., A. M. Rakhmetova, Sh M. Zhumadina, Iu S. Taskaeva y E. L. Zavjalov. "Ultrastructure of the kidney proximal tubular epithelium during peroral administration of lithium carbonate in tumor growth". CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL MORPHOLOGY 12, n.º 4 (2023): 42–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.31088/cem2023.12.4.42-52.

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Introduction. Although new biological effects of lithium salts are being constantly discovered, they are still used as nephrotoxins. Recently, experimental data have appeared on regenerative and protective properties of short-term lithium administration in various kidney pathologies. The paper aimed to evaluate ultrastructural organization of the kidney proximal tubule cells in peripheral tumor growth and lithium carbonate peroral administration. Materials and methods. The study was carried out on CBA male mice (n=20). We formed four groups, 5 animals each: “control”, “control + lithium”, “tumor” and “tumor + lithium.” To stimulate tumor growth in the thigh muscle tissue, we used a cell line of hepatocellular carcinoma-29. Lithium carbonate was administered per os at a dose of 125 mg/kg of body weight every other day, starting from day 3 after inoculation of tumor cells. Animals were sacrificed on day 30 of tumor development, and kidney fragments were collected for electron microscopy. Results. We compared and analyzed ultrastructural organization of the apical and perinuclear zones as well as autophagic structures of the kidney proximal tubule cells. The animals with peripheral tumor growth showed decreased numerical density of endosomes and dense apical tubules as well as decreased volume density of the granular endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria. In these animals, we also revealed increased volume density of autolysosomes in the cytoplasm of the epitheliocytes. The intact animals that received lithium carbonate demonstrated an increase in the volume density of free polysomal ribosome complexes. The animals that developed tumors and were administered lithium carbonate showed a growth in both numerical density of dense apical tubules and the volume density of autophagic structures. Conclusion. Peroral administration of lithium carbonate to intact animals every other day for 30 days did not cause any destructive changes to the kidney proximal tubule cells. The administration of lithium carbonate to animals with peripheral tumor growth had a protective effect on the ultrastructural organization of the kidney proximal tubules cells (probably due to autophagy activation). Keywords: peripheral tumor, lithium carbonate, renal proximal tubules, ultrastructure, endocytosis, autophagy

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Shirley, D. G., D. R. J. Singer, G. A. Sagnella, M. G. Buckley, M. A. Miller, N. D. Markandu y G. A. MacGregor. "Effect of a single test dose of lithium carbonate on sodium and potassium excretion in man". Clinical Science 81, n.º 1 (1 de julio de 1991): 59–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/cs0810059.

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1. The possible natriuretic and kaliuretic effects of a single dose of lithium, as used in lithium clearance studies, were investigated in 15 healthy subjects on fixed sodium (100 mmol/24 h) and potassium (70 mmol/24 h) intakes. Lithium carbonate (300 mg or 600 mg) or placebo tablets were administered, double-blind and in random order, midway through a 48 h urine collection (divided into six 8 h periods), at 23.00 hours. 2. During the three 24 h periods which preceded the administration of lithium or placebo (control days), rates of sodium and potassium excretion followed normal circadian patterns, but no differences in excretion rates between the 3 control days were observed. Placebo tablets did not affect excretion rates. 3. After the 300 mg dose of lithium carbonate, 24 h sodium excretion increased by approximately 17 mmol (P < 0.05); almost all of the natriuretic effect occurred during the first two 8 h periods. No effect on potassium excretion was observed. 4. After the 600 mg dose of lithium carbonate, 24 h sodium excretion increased by approximately 48 mmol (P < 0.001) and 24 h potassium excretion increased by approximately 19 mmol (P < 0.01). These effects were confined to the first two 8 h periods and thus occurred before and during the usual lithium clearance period. 5. Plasma renin activity, measured in 10 subjects, increased after the 600 mg dose of lithium carbonate (P < 0.005), but plasma concentrations of aldosterone and atrial natriuretic peptide were not significantly affected. Neither the 300 mg dose of lithium carbonate nor the placebo tablets affected hormone levels. 6. It is recommended that the test dose of lithium carbonate for use in lithium clearance studies should not exceed 300 mg.

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Byrne, Alan, Terry Zibin, William Chimich y Gary Hnatko. "Severe Hypotension Associated with Combined Lithium and Chlorpromazine Therapy: a Case Report and a Review". Canadian Journal of Psychiatry 39, n.º 5 (junio de 1994): 294–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/070674379403900510.

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The case of a patient who developed a severe hypotensive reaction with a persistent hemianaesthesia following the addition of lithium carbonate to her treatment regimen is described. The patient had been receiving chlorpromazine therapy for the management of hypomania and the addition of lithium carbonate to the chlorpromazine produced a severe hypotensive episode which compromised her neurological functioning. Only three doses of lithium carbonate had actually been taken by the patient. This type of hypotensive response associated with the simultaneous use of chlorpromazine and lithium has not previously been noted in the literature.

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Kerber, Brian M., Sarah Lucienne Guillot, Monica Lee Usrey, Liu (Amy) Zhou, Peng Du y Adrián Peña-Hueso. "Decomposition Pathways of EC and Effects of Additives: Accounting for Liquid, Gas, and Solid Phase Reactions during the First Charge". ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-02, n.º 3 (9 de octubre de 2022): 330. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-023330mtgabs.

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The majority of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) utilize carbonate-based electrolytes, due to the good lithium solvation, electrochemical stability, and electrode passivation.1 Studies regarding decomposition pathways and other reaction mechanisms2-4 of carbonates in LIBs are abundant in the literature but few attempt to quantify total losses of these solvents. Quantitative measurement of solvent loss from the electrolyte would significantly inform the comprehensive picture of electrolyte reaction mechanisms in the cell. Furthermore, this approach allows for the study of any effects additives may have on carbonate solvent decomposition. For example, organosilicon (OS) additives have been shown to reduce gassing and improve high temperature cycling in carbonate-based LIBs,5 but their quantitative impact on EC decomposition is not known. In this poster, we detail our methodology for quantitatively tracking and characterizing different forms of ethylene carbonate (EC) decomposition in a LIB pouch cell as well as the effects of organosilicon additives on these reactions. This study focused on the loss of EC after the first charge when the majority of SEI formation occurs. Liquid phase composition, including both EC and its decomposition products, was quantified by NMR analysis (1H and 19F) of extracted electrolyte using internal standards (LiPF6 and 1,4-bis(trifluoromethyl)benzene). Gas phase decomposition was characterized by a combination of the Archimedes method (to quantify gas volume) and GC-MS analysis (to determine gas composition). Finally, the impact of OS additives on the decomposition pathways of EC was examined. Inclusion of OS molecules reduces EC decomposition during the first charge, predominately by reducing the amount of liquid phase decomposition. 1Xu, K. Chem. Rev. 2004, 104, 4303-4417. 2 Campion, C.; Li, W.; Lucht, B. Thermal Decomposition of LiPF6-Based Electrolytes for Lithium-Ion Batteries. Journal of the Electrochemical Society 2005, 152, A2327. 3 Seo, D.; Chalasani, D.; Parimalam, B.; Kadam, R.; Nie, M.; Lucht, B. Reduction Reactions of Carbonate Solvents for Lithium Ion Batteries. EC Electrochemistry Letters 2014, 3, A91-A93. 4 Xing, L.; Li, W.; Wang, C.; Gu, F.; Xu, M.; Tan, C.; Yi, J. Theoretical Investigation on Oxidative Stability of Solvents and Oxidative Decomposition Mechanism of Ethylene Carbonate for Lithium Ion Battery Use. J. Phys. Chem. 2009, 113, 16596-16602. 5 Guillot, S.L.; Usrey, M.L.; Peña-Hueso, A.; Kerber, B.M.; Zhou, L.; Du, P.; Johnson, T. Reduced Gassing in Lithium-Ion Batteries with Organosilicon Additives. J. Electrochem. Soc. 2021, 168, 030533-030543.

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26

Jørgensen, Jesper Skovlund, Lisbeth Landschoff Lassen y Marianne Wegener. "Lithium-Induced Downbeat Nystagmus and Horizontal Gaze Palsy". Open Ophthalmology Journal 10, n.º 1 (29 de abril de 2016): 126–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874364101610010126.

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We report a case of lithium-induced downbeat nystagmus and horizontal gaze palsy in a 62-year-old woman who was treated for a bipolar affective disorder with lithium carbonate for one month. At presentation serum lithium was within therapeutic range. No alternative causes of the ocular motility disturbances were found, and the patient improved significantly as lithium carbonate was discontinued.

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27

Stewart, Paul M., Sheila M. Atherden, Susan E. Stewart, Lawrence Whalley, Christopher R. W. Edwards y Paul L. Padfield. "Lithium Carbonate – a Competitive Aldosterone Antagonist?" British Journal of Psychiatry 153, n.º 2 (agosto de 1988): 205–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.153.2.205.

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Plasma renin activity (PRA), aldosterone (aldo) levels, electrolyte levels, and blood pressures were measured in 16 patients with affective disorders taking lithium prophylactically, and in 16 age and sex-matched control subjects. PRA and aldo levels were significantly elevated in the lithium-treated group. There was no difference between the groups in plasma electrolytes or erect and supine blood pressures, arguing against secondary aldosteronism. In the lithium-treated group, there was a significant positive correlation between both PRA and plasma aldo vs serum lithium. We postulate that lithium inhibits the action of aldosterone on the distal tubule in the kidney. Activation of the renin angiotensin system maintains normal blood pressure and plasma electrolytes.

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28

Zhuang, G. V., H. Yang, P. N. Ross, K. Xu y T. R. Jow. "Lithium Methyl Carbonate as a Reaction Product of Metallic Lithium and Dimethyl Carbonate". Electrochemical and Solid-State Letters 9, n.º 2 (1 de febrero de 2006): A64—A68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/1.2142157.

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Mosin Kadr, Jyoti Perke. "Effect of Self-instructional Module on Knowledge Regarding Lithium Carbonate Therapy among the Staff Nurses in Selected Psychiatric Institutions of Mumbai City". Innovational Journal of Nursing and Healthcare 09, n.º 04 (2023): 68–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.31690/ijnh.2023.v09i04.015.

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Introduction: Mental illness affects one in every eleven individuals in India, or approximately 50 million Indians are afflicted with psychiatric disorders. Approximately one in ten thousand individuals with psychiatric disorders will experience mood disorders at some point in their lives. Arecent NICE guideline from 2014 designates lithium as the initial maintenance treatment for bipolar affective disorder. Materials and Methods: A quasi-experimental, one group pre-test, post-test design has been adopted to assess the effectiveness of selfinstructional module (SIM) on knowledge, among the staff nurses on lithium carbonate therapy in selected psychiatric institutions. The study was conducted on 60 staff nurses who were working in selected psychiatric institution. Data were collected from May 2021 to July 2021. Astructured questionnaire has been utilized to assess the knowledge of staff nurses about general concept, pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics, therapeutic doses, laboratory monitoring, adverse effect, contraindication, measure to prevent adverse effect, management of adverse effects, and nursing implications to be taken while the patient on lithium carbonate therapy. Results: The data revealed that there is a significant difference in mean of pre-test score and mean of post-test score knowledge regarding lithium carbonate therapy among staff nurses in selected psychiatric institutions. The study’s key findings indicate that the SIM concerning lithium carbonate therapy effectively improves the knowledge of staff nurses. No statistically significant correlation was found between demographic variables and staff nurses’ knowledge of lithium carbonate therapy. Conclusion: The study concluded that it is necessary to provide study module on lithium carbonate therapy to enhance the knowledge of staff nurses which is essential.

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Matsueva, I. A., A. B. Dalmatova, T. V. Andreychenko y E. N. Grineva. "Thyrotoxicosis treatment with lithium corbanate. Cases reported". Clinical and experimental thyroidology 17, n.º 3 (25 de noviembre de 2021): 22–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.14341/ket12709.

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Treatment of thyrotoxicosis caused by Graves’ disease or multinodular toxic goiter, is not difficult, in most cases, since the prescription of thionamides allows to normalize the level of thyroid hormones quickly and safety. But in a number of cases this therapy might be associated with serious side effects (agranulocytosis, toxic hepatitis, cholestasis), severe allergic reactions and also individual intolerance on thionamides. In such cases lithium carbonate is used, especially in severe thyrotoxic syndrome. It is known, that lithium can accumulate in the thyroid gland at a concentration 3–4 times higher than in the plasma. Perhaps, lithium uses Na+/I- ions. It can inhibit the synthesis and secretion thyroid hormones of thyroid gland. The article presents the cases reported the use of lithium carbonate in thyrotoxicosis treatment before thyroidectomy. Administering low doses of carbonate lithium (900 mg/ per day) renders significant decrease or normalization of thyroid hormones concentration within 7–14 days, thus it let perform thyroidectomy on the patients. No side effects have been identified with such a short course of lithium carbonate treatment.

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31

Malik, Farah, Tazeen Kohari y Aftab Ahmad. "To Evaluate The Pernicious Histological Changes Of the Thickness Of Purkinje Cell Layer After Lithium Carbonate Ingestion". Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences 15, n.º 8 (25 de agosto de 2021): 1793–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.53350/pjmhs211581793.

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Background: The human cerebellum consists of two lobes and each cerebellar hemisphere consists of Gray and white matter. The gray matter has outermost layer called Molecular cell layer, the middle layer composed of Purkinje cell and innermost is Granular cell layer. In the Molecular layer are Stellate, Basket and Dendrites of Purkinje cells. The middle layer presented the characteristic pyramidal shaped Purkinje cells. Aim: To evaluate and record morphological data of the thickness of purkinje cells layer in normal Control group A and in group B rodents which were given lithium carbonate so as to prove the lethal property of the anti-depressive drug lithium carbonate on the histology of Purinje cells layer of cerebellar cortex. Method: Ten albino rats were given lithium carbonate for a period of six weeks and then micrometry was carried out for both groups. Results: The data which was obtained in both groups was analyzed and it was concluded that the Clinicians and population should be aware of the deleterious effects of lithium carbonate. Conclusion: Our study defined the consequences and the sequele of using Lithium carbonate by patients suffering from psychosis as Lithium can cause toxicity even at therapeutic doses. Keywords: Micrometry, deleterious, rhombencephalon

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32

Saad, Anouar ben, Ilhem Rjeibi, Sana Ncib, Nacim Zouari y Lazhar Zourgui. "Ameliorative Effect of Cactus(Opuntia ficus indica)Extract on Lithium-Induced Nephrocardiotoxicity: A Biochemical and Histopathological Study". BioMed Research International 2017 (2017): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/8215392.

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Opuntia ficus indica(family Cactaceae) is used in the treatment of a variety of conditions including metal-induced toxicity. The study reports the protective effects ofOpuntia ficus indica(CCE) against lithium carbonate-induced toxicity in rats. Nephrocardiotoxicity was induced in male Wistar rats by single dose of lithium carbonate (25 mg/kg b.w twice daily for 30 days). Aqueous extract ofOpuntia ficus indicawas administered at the dose of 100 mg/kg of b.w by gavage for 60 days. Obtained results revealed that administration of lithium carbonate caused a significant increase in serum creatinine, uric acid, and urea levels. Additionally, a significant decrease in the level of renal and cardiac SOD, CAT, and GPx activities was associated with a significant increase of MDA levels in lithium carbonate group more than those of the control. However, the treatment of experimental rats with CCE prevented these alterations and maintained the antioxidant status. The histopathological observations supported the biochemical evidences of nephrocardioprotection. CCE supplementation could protect against lithium carbonate-induced renal and cardiac injuries in rats, plausibly by the upregulation of antioxidant enzymes and inhibition of MDA to confer the protective effect.

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33

Kohari, T., Z. Malik, A. Ahmed, F. Irshad, A. Rasheed y R. M. Zeshaan. "To Evaluate the Toxic Effects of Lithium Carbonate on Granule Cells Count of Rat Cerebellum". Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences 15, n.º 6 (30 de junio de 2021): 1149–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.53350/pjmhs211561149.

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Aim: To study the damaging effect of chronic ingestion of 20 mg/kg body weight/OD of lithium carbonate on cerebellargranule cells. Methods: However, there is scanty documented information about the cerebellar toxicities of lithium carbonate on granule neurons. Therefore the present study is designed to observe the microscopic changes of granule neurons in rat cerebellum. For this experimental study 20 animals were used, they were divided into two groups, each comprising of 10 animals. Results: Group-A received normal lab diet and water ad libitum while group B received lithium carbonate 20 mg/kg/OD for 2 weeks and 6 weeks respectively. Micrometry was done on granule cells count. Conclusion: Highly significant changes of granule cells count were observed even at therapeutic doses. Lithium carbonate causes oxidant injury to granule neuronal cells in rat cerebellum. Keywords: Oxidant injury, Cerebellar degeneration, Incoordination,

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Verdieva, Zaira N., Alibek B. Alkhasov, Nadinbeg N. Verdiev, Gadzhi A. Rabadanov, Patimat A. Arbukhanova y Eldar G. Iskenderov. "PHASE EQUILIBRIUM IN SYSTEM (LiF)2 – Li2CO3 – Li2SO4". IZVESTIYA VYSSHIKH UCHEBNYKH ZAVEDENIY KHIMIYA KHIMICHESKAYA TEKHNOLOGIYA 62, n.º 1 (30 de diciembre de 2018): 20–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.6060/ivkkt.20196201.5727.

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The liquidus surface of the system (LiF)2-Li2SO4-Li2CO3 was studied by the calculated and differential thermal method of physicochemical analysis. An analysis of the systems of lower dimensionality of the facets of the investigated object showed that the most informative, for the experimental study, is the sections located in the crystallization field of lithium fluoride. A study of the DTA of a number of compositions located at the initially chosen polythermal section in the lithium fluoride crystallization field, the ratios of lithium sulfate and carbonate in the eutectic are determined. The composition of the triple eutectic was revealed by studying a non-invariant cut from the vertex of the triangle (LiF), through a point showing a constant ratio of sulfate and lithium carbonate in the eutectic, to the fusion of the thermal effects of the primary and tertiary crystallizations. The complexity of the study was that lithium carbonate is the most fusible component in the system, and according to the literature, after the melting of lithium carbonate, decomposition begins, which greatly complicates the interpretation of research results. In order to avoid the decomposition of lithium carbonate, each experimentally studied composition was heated to the melting temperature of lithium carbonate and kept in isothermal mode, at a temperature below its melting. Thus, the theoretical melting calculations and the region of location of the non-invariant composition have been extrapolated, allowing to limit the number of experimentally studied samples, and the subsequent experimental investigation of DTA of two polythermal sections revealed a eutectic composition crystallizing at 476 ° C and containing LiF-20 eq.%, Li2SO4 - 51 eq.%, Li2CO3 – 29 eq.%. The discrepancies between theoretical calculations and experimental studies are 8.3% in temperature and 5.05% in composition.

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35

Yanase, Satoshi, Wakana Hayama y Takao Oi. "Lithium Isotope Effect Accompanying Electrochemical Intercalation of Lithium into Graphite". Zeitschrift für Naturforschung A 58, n.º 5-6 (1 de junio de 2003): 306–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zna-2003-5-610.

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Lithium has been electrochemically intercalated from a 1:2 (v/v) mixed solution of ethylene carbonate (EC) and methylethyl carbonate (MEC) containing 1 M LiClO4 into graphite, and the lithium isotope fractionation accompanying the intercalation was observed. The lighter isotope was preferentially fractionated into graphite. The single-stage lithium isotope separation factor ranged from 1.007 to 1.025 at 25 °C and depended little on the mole ratio of lithium to carbon of the lithium-graphite intercalation compounds (Li-GIC) formed. The separation factor inceased with the relative content of lithium. This dependence seems consistent with the existence of an equilibrium isotope effect between the solvated lithium ion in the EC/MEC electrolyte solution and the lithium in graphite, and with the formation of a solid electrolyte interfaces on graphite at the early stage of intercalation.

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36

Zhou, Jiangdi, Binkai Li, Maoyong He, Jiangang Jiao, Zhongli Tang y Zhengyan Li. "Hydrochemical Characteristics and Sources of Lithium in Carbonate-Type Salt Lake in Tibet". Sustainability 15, n.º 23 (23 de noviembre de 2023): 16235. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su152316235.

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With the development of green energy, the demand for lithium resources has increased sharply, and salt lakes are an important source of lithium. In China, the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau has substantial lithium resources, and the Bangor Co Salt Lake is a typical Li-rich carbonate salt lake in northern Tibet. Research into the lithium source of the lake is of great significance for future sustainable industrial development. This article selects the Bangor Co Salt Lake recharge water system (river and cold spring water) and brine samples as the research objects, conducts hydrochemical composition and isotope testing of the water body, and determines the anions, cations, and B isotopes of the samples. This article uses the Piper three-line diagram, Gibbs diagram, and ion ratio relationship to study the hydrochemical characteristics and major ion sources of recharge water systems and salt lakes. The results indicate that the hydrochemical type has transitioned from the strong carbonate type to the moderate carbonate type from the recharge area to the lake area. The major source of ions in lakes is the weathering products of carbonate rocks, followed by evaporite and silicate solutes. The enrichment of lithium in salt lakes is mainly related to the contribution of rivers, followed by geothermal-related cold springs, and early sedimentary carbonate minerals may also make potential contributions. These findings provide a scientific basis for the mechanism of lithium enrichment, as well as for the further development and evaluation of lithium resources.

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37

Masloboeva, S. M., E. L. Tikhomirova, V. A. Masloboev y L. G. Arutyunyan. "Reaction of Lithium Tantalate (Niobate) with Lithium Carbonate". Russian Journal of Applied Chemistry 78, n.º 1 (enero de 2005): 19–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11167-005-0223-1.

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38

Zhao, Zhiwei, Jun Huang y Zhangquan Peng. "Achilles’ Heel of Lithium-Air Batteries: Lithium Carbonate". Angewandte Chemie International Edition 57, n.º 15 (2 de marzo de 2018): 3874–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/anie.201710156.

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39

Kohari, Tazeen, Zaffar Iqbal Malik y Faiza Irshad. "To Observe and study the adverse Effects of Lithium Carbonate on Rat Ovaries". Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences 16, n.º 1 (16 de enero de 2022): 19–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.53350/pjmhs2216119.

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Background: The female reproductive organs include uterus, fallopian tubes and ovaries, these organs when exposed to drugs and metals lead to anatomical damage resulting in infertility. Researchers have documented the harmful effects of the favorable antidepressant Lithium Carbonate on many human viscera’s but even today the medicinal world has scarce knowledge of the ablation of ovarian anatomy by lithium carbonate. Aim: To study and document the results of the detrimental effects of Lithium on the ovaries. Methods: We selected Twenty four adult female rats for this observational and experimental study. The female albinos were divided into two groups. Twelve animals were present in Group A and Group B consisted of twelve female rats. The hygienically prepared laboratory diet which consisted of flour pellets and green vegetables was given to Group A animals and Group B rodents received Lithium carbonate in powder form for eight weeks. After completion of the study time animals were sacrificed and weight of ovaries were recorded and compared in both groups. Results: The results in Group B documented that animals had a highly significantly decline in ovarian weight after chronic Lithium carbonate than in Group A. Conclusion: Our prospective study concluded that chronic administration of Lithium Carbonate causes distortion of its tissue and highly significant decrement of weight of the ovary. Keywords: Ovary, decrement, infertility

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40

Beckerman, Susan Jacob, Robert B. Ford y Mark T. Nemeth. "Conversion of gamma lithium aluminate to lithium aluminum carbonate hydroxide hydrate". Powder Diffraction 11, n.º 4 (diciembre de 1996): 312–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0885715600009325.

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Gamma-phase lithium aluminate (LiAlO2) is a ceramic powder used in molten carbonate fuel cells (MCFCs) and in other nuclear and ceramic applications. Upon exposure to water vapor and carbon dioxide at 25 °C, we have observed that gamma-LiAlO2 converts to lithium aluminum carbonate hydroxide hydrate, Li2Al4(CO3)(OH)12·3H2O(LACHH) and Li2CO3. The conversion was observed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and carbonate analysis. An equation for the conversion is given, and the morphology is determined by scanning electron microscopy. A high-temperature XRD study and thermogravimetric/differential thermal analysis (TGA/DTA) showed that LACHH decomposes at 250 °C. The decomposition products of LACHH and Li2CO3 react to form first alpha-LiAlO2 and then gamma-LiAlO2 at temperatures of 650 and 1000 °C, respectively.

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41

Limachi, Claudia, Klaudia Rogala, Marek Broszkiewicz, Marta Cabello, Leszek Niedzicki, Michel Armand y Władysław Wieczorek. "Development of Fluorine-Free Electrolytes for Aqueous-Processed Olivine-Type Phosphate Cathodes". Molecules 29, n.º 19 (4 de octubre de 2024): 4698. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules29194698.

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Environmental impacts and resource availability are significant concerns for the future of lithium-ion batteries. This study focuses on developing novel fluorine-free electrolytes compatible with aqueous-processed cobalt-free cathode materials. The new electrolyte contains lithium 1,1,2,3,3-pentacyanopropenide (LiPCP) salt. After screening various organic carbonates, a mixture of 30:70 wt.% ethylene carbonate and dimethyl carbonate was chosen as the solvent. The optimal salt concentration, yielding the highest conductivity of 9.6 mS·cm−1 at 20 °C, was 0.8 mol·kg−1. Vinylene carbonate was selected as a SEI-stabilizing additive, and the electrolyte demonstrated stability up to 4.4 V vs. Li+/Li. LiFePO4 and LiMn0.6Fe0.4PO4 were identified as suitable cobalt-free cathode materials. They were processed using sodium carboxymethyl cellulose as a binder and water as the solvent. Performance testing of various cathode compositions was conducted using cyclic voltammetry and galvanostatic cycling with the LiPCP-based electrolyte and a standard LiPF6-based one. The optimized cathode compositions, with an 87:10:3 ratio of active material to conductive additive to binder, showed good compatibility and performance with the new electrolyte. Aqueous-processed LiFePO4 and LiMn0.6Fe0.4PO4 achieved capacities of 160 mAh·g−1 and 70 mAh·g−1 at C/10 after 40 cycles, respectively. These findings represent the first stage of investigating LiPCP for the development of greener and more sustainable lithium-ion batteries.

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42

Ramesh, Sapna L. y Jeffrey Lopez. "Uncovering Reduction Mechanisms of Fluoroethylene Carbonate". ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2024-01, n.º 2 (9 de agosto de 2024): 391. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2024-012391mtgabs.

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Energy storage plays an integral role in climate change mitigation, given that many promising alternatives to fossil fuel-based technologies rely on intermittent energy sources like the sun or wind. Particularly, lithium metal batteries (LMBs) are a promising technology due to lithium’s high theoretical specific capacity and low reduction potential, which can result in batteries with energy densities surpassing current state of the art lithium-ion batteries.1 Electrolyte design is a key strategy to improve the cycling stability and Coulombic efficiency of LMBs, where the highly reductive lithium metal anode reacts with the electrolyte during cycling, resulting in capacity loss. These reactions form a solid electrolyte interphase (SEI), and many successful electrolyte engineering strategies have involved tuning the SEI to be mechanically and chemically stable to prevent further reactions. In this research, we focus on fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC), a highly effective electrolyte solvent in LMBs.2 Although prior research has illuminated key reduction products of FEC2,3, including lithium fluoride (LiF), there remains a gap in understanding regarding the mechanism by which FEC and other similar fluorinated solvents are reduced to form an SEI. Furthermore, recent research has demonstrated that a preformed SEI comprised solely of LiF breaks down during cycling, illustrating that bulk chemical and mechanical properties of SEI components may not translate to their function within the SEI.4 In this work, we employ electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy to study intermediate generation during FEC reduction. We pursued both a chemical reduction using lithium naphthalenide and an electrochemical approach to reduce FEC. The use of EPR with spin traps enables insight into the radical species formed during FEC reduction, which we hypothesize are precursors to cross-linked polymer networks that are key to a high performing SEI. Here, we employed conventional post-mortem SEI analysis like X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) in addition to EPR to clarify reduction mechanisms of FEC and form a framework for studying electrolyte reduction intermediates. Ultimately, this approach affords insight into electrolyte breakdown mechanisms to form an effective SEI which can both accommodate volume expansion and inhibit parasitic electrolyte consumption. This will guide electrolyte design for high Coulombic efficiency LMBs in the future. References K. G. Gallagher et al., Energy Environ. Sci., 7, 1555–1563 (2014). X.-Q. Zhang, X.-B. Cheng, X. Chen, C. Yan, and Q. Zhang, Advanced Functional Materials, 27, 1605989 (2017). Y. Jin et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 139, 14992–15004 (2017). M. He, R. Guo, G. M. Hobold, H. Gao, and B. M. Gallant, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 117, 73–79 (2020).

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43

&NA;. "Lithium Carbonate and Tardive Dyskinesia". Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology 6, n.º 5 (octubre de 1986): 325. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00004714-198610000-00026.

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44

Swann, A. C., S. H. Koslow y M. M. Katz. "Lithium carbonate treatment of mania". Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology 8, n.º 1 (febrero de 1988): 63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00004714-198802000-00021.

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45

Misak, A. "Instability of Carbolith (lithium carbonate)". Canadian Medical Association Journal 172, n.º 2 (18 de enero de 2005): 183. http://dx.doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.045224.

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46

Collings, S. "Thrombocytopenia associated with lithium carbonate." BMJ 305, n.º 6846 (18 de julio de 1992): 159. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.305.6846.159.

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Sun, Yuzhu, Xingfu Song, Jin Wang, Yan Luo y Jianguo Yu. "Primary nucleation of lithium carbonate". Frontiers of Chemical Engineering in China 3, n.º 1 (27 de enero de 2009): 73–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11705-009-0091-y.

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48

Swann, Alan C. "Lithium Carbonate Treatment of Mania". Archives of General Psychiatry 44, n.º 4 (1 de abril de 1987): 345. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.1987.01800160057008.

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Zenzai, Keita, Ayaka Yasui, Satoshi Yanase y Takao Oi. "Lithium Isotope Effect Accompanying Electrochemical Insertion of Lithium into Liquid Gallium". Zeitschrift für Naturforschung A 65, n.º 5 (1 de mayo de 2010): 461–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zna-2010-0511.

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Lithium was electrochemically inserted from a 1 : 2 (v/v) mixed solution of ethylene carbonate (EC) and methylethyl carbonate (MEC) containing 1M LiClO4 into liquid gallium to observe lithium isotope effects accompanying the insertion. It was observed that the lighter isotope 6Li was preferentially fractionated into liquid gallium with the single-stage lithium isotope separation factors S, ranging from 1.005 to 1.031 at 50 °C and 1.003 to 1.024 at 25 °C. The lithium isotope effects estimated by molecular orbital calculations at the B3LYP/6-311G(d) level of theory agreed qualitatively with those of the experiments, but the quantitative agreement of the two was not satisfactory

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50

Varlamova, T. M. y E. S. Yurina. "Lithium perchlorate (tetrafluoroborate)-diethyl carbonate-propylene carbonate electrolyte systems". Russian Journal of Physical Chemistry 80, n.º 8 (agosto de 2006): 1265–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s0036024406080164.

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