Tesis: "Car driving"

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EKESUND, JACOB. "Self-driving car." Thesis, KTH, Maskinkonstruktion (Inst.), 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-191188.

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Imagine to be able to catch a little more sleep on your way to work or school, drive home after a night at the bar or watch a movie on a long road trip. All these things have never been possible before without someone else driving the car, until recent years. Autonomous cars or self-driving cars is being introduced to society more and more and will be the next big step in the progression of personal cars. There are a number of factors that decides how fast this new technology will be adopted. Safety, reliability, ethics and cost to name a few. This project will focus on the cost aspect of self-driving cars by examine if ultrasonic sensors can be used to develop a cheap self-driving car and thereby reach a broad customer base. To determine this a small scale prototype car was built and tested in a highway cruising situation and the results showed that the prototype was able to drive itself. Tänk dig att kunna sova några extra minuter på väg till jobbet eller skolan, köra hem efter en natt i baren eller titta på film under en lång bilresa. Dessa saker har tidigare bara varit möjligt genom att ha en annan person som kör bilen, tills nu. Självstyrande bilar håller på att introduceras till samhället mer och mer och kommer vara det nästa stora steg som bilindustrin kommer ta. Det finns flera faktorer som bestämmer hur snabbt den här teknologin kommer adopteras. Säkerhet, pålitlighet, etik och kostnad för att nämna några. Det här projektet kommer att fokusera på kostnadsaspekten gällande självstyrande bilar, genom att undersöka om ultraljudssensorer kan användas vid utvecklandet av en självstyrande bil och på så sätt kunna hålla nere kostnaderna och nå en bredare kundbas. För att fastställa detta byggdes en småskalig prototypbil och testades i en simulation av motorvägskörning. Resultatet av testerna visar att bilen kunde köra sig själv med endast information från ultraljudssenorerna.

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2

Дядечко, Алла Миколаївна, Алла Николаевна Дядечко, Alla Mykolaivna Diadechko, and E. I. Ponomarenko. "Google's self-driving car." Thesis, Видавництво СумДУ, 2011. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/13466.

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3

Yanamanamanda, Srinivasa Rao. "Study of car-leading behavior in passing maneuvers on freeways /." free to MU campus, to others for purchase, 2003. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/mo/fullcit?p1418078.

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4

Appiah, Joseph. "Modelling and simulation of car following driving behaviour." Thesis, Edinburgh Napier University, 2018. http://researchrepository.napier.ac.uk/Output/1253614.

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Driver behaviour has become an important aspect of transport research and over the years a considerable number of car following models have been developed. However, many of these models do not accurately simulate actual driving behaviour due to a lack of suitable qualitative and quantitative data. Moreover, the inclusion of socioeconomic variables in the existing models to ascertain the effect on car following behaviour is lacking. This research underlines the need to further investigate driving behaviour and car following models and to develop techniques to provide a better understanding of driver-vehicle interactions during car following. It investigates data collection techniques and develop better techniques to enhance and improve the collection of microscopic driver behaviour and traffic flow data. This study developed a novel data collection technique which involved instrumenting a private vehicle with front and rear advanced radar sensors, both forward and rear facing video-audio recorders connected to GPS based time series speed and distance measurement devices, an in-vehicle computer logging vehicle speed and a CAN monitoring interface user program to provide real time monitoring and display of data. This system has been utilised to collect a more enhanced and reliable microscopic driver behaviour data in three consecutive vehicles movements which represents an improvement from previously used systems. Three different versions of the GHR car following model were produced for: car following car, truck following car and car following truck. Further analysis of the GHR model showed that in the case of car following car, car drivers responses to the lead car are more obviously stronger than in the case of truck following a car. A distance-based car following model and distance-based two-leader car following model that predict the safe following distance of following vehicles were developed to provide a better understanding of driver behaviour. An extension of these models to include gender, corridor (road) type and vehicle occupancy showed evidence of statistical significance of these variables on driver behaviour. A bus following model that predicts the “following distance” also has been calibrated to describe the interactions between a bus and a car within urban-rural driving conditions. In addition, data analysis showed that drivers were inconsistent with their driving behaviour and that there was variability in driving behaviour across the drivers observed in keeping a safe or desired following distance. This study provides a platform for a number of future research agendas including data collection techniques for collection of driver behaviour data; evaluation of different ITS technologies; impact assessment of ACC on driver safety and improvement of traffic microscopic simulation tools in order to strengthen their ability to simulate realistic transport problems for efficient and effective transportation systems.

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5

Backman, Martin. "Driving skill : the role of car control behavior /." Turku : Turun yliopisto, 2001. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb402215287.

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6

Kawaguchi, Nobuo, Shigeki Matsubara, Kazuya Takeda, and Fumitada Itakura. "CIAIR In-Car Speech Corpus : Influence of Driving Status." IEICE, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/2237/7815.

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7

Konnanov, P. "Microprocessor evaluation of drug effects on car driving skills." Thesis, University of Salford, 1985. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.356178.

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8

Sakamoto, Ryota. "Is driving a car a risk for Legionnaires' disease?" Kyoto University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/126450.

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9

Rosenfield, Adam (Adam Isaac). "Driving change : how workplace benefits can nudge solo car commuters toward sustainable modes." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/117826.

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Thesis: M.C.P., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Urban Studies and Planning, 2018. Thesis: S.M. in Transportation, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 2018. This electronic version was submitted by the student author. The certified thesis is available in the Institute Archives and Special Collections. Cataloged student-submitted from PDF version of thesis. Includes bibliographical references (pages 223-229). This thesis investigates the role that employer benefits can play in encouraging commuters to use sustainable modes of transportation, motivated by the increasing cost of parking provision at urban workplaces and the broader potential for travel demand management strategies to mitigate traffic congestion and pollution. In this research, case studies are conducted at two urban employers in Greater Boston. At the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and at Partners HealthCare, employee transportation benefits were recently enhanced to encourage alternatives to driving. MIT, concerned about an upcoming reduction in parking supply, announced in 2016 that it would provide its more than ten thousand staff with a fully-subsidized local transit pass. In an agreement with the transit agency, MIT only pays for transit trips taken, thereby avoiding the expense of monthly passes for non-riders while providing universality of coverage. For drivers, MIT eliminated annual parking permits in favor of daily, pay-as-you-park pricing to encourage multi-modality. The net result was an eight percent reduction in parking demand in the first year, at a net cost to MIT of about $200 per employee. Transit agency revenue increased as ridership among MIT employees rose approximately ten percent. Partners HealthCare was motivated to reduce its employee parking demand in the midst of consolidating fourteen administrative worksites to a new facility in Somerville, MA, and faced cityƯimposed parking restrictions. Like MIT, it introduced daily parking pricing, but tied the rates to employee income as an equity measure. Unlike MIT, it did not offer a universal transit pass, but increased monthly pass subsidies. With the new facility located along the MBTA Orange Line, there was a marked increase in transit ridership among employees who used to work in the suburbs, and today parking demand is well below anticipated levels. The thesis supplements these case studies with a randomized controlled experiment on two thouƯsand MIT car commuters, investigating how behavioral 'nudges' can further encourage reductions in driving. While no statistically significant reductions in parking were observed during the experiment, the combination of token monetary rewards and informational nudges appeared most effective at shifting travel behavior. This research illustrates the potential for travel demand management strategies to influence commuter mode choice, but reinforces the importance of carefully considering implementation deƯtails such as cost salience and user experience. Long-term success appears dependent on building a constituency of support for such strategies among employer, commuter and government stakeholders. by Adam Rosenfield. M.C.P. S.M. in Transportation

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10

Roine, Matti. "Accident risks of car drivers in wintertime traffic /." Espoo [Finland] : Technical Research Centre of Finland, 1999. http://www.vtt.fi/inf/pdf/publications/1999/P401.pdf.

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11

Bränn, Jesper. "Smartphone sensors are sufficient to measure smoothness of car driving." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för datavetenskap och kommunikation (CSC), 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-208895.

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This study aims to look at whether or not it is sufficient to only use smartphone sensors to judge if someone who is driving a car is driving aggressively or smoothly. To determine this, data were first collected from the accelerometer, gyroscope, magnetometer and GPS sensors in the smartphone as well as values based on these sensors from the iOS operating system. After this the data, together with synthesized data based on the collected data, were used to train an artificial neural network.The results indicate that it is possible to give a binary judgment on aggressive or smooth driving with a 97% accuracy, with little model overfitting. The conclusion of this study is that it is sufficient to only use smartphone sensors to make a judgment on the drive. Den här studien ämnar till att bedöma huruvida smartphonesensorer är tillräckliga för att avgöra om någon kör en bil aggressivt eller mjukt. För att kunna avgöra detta så samlades först data in från accelerometer, gyroskop, magnetometer och GPS-sensorerna i en smartphone, tillsammans med värden baserade på dessa data från iOS-operativ-systemet. Efter den datan var insamlad tränades ett artificiellt neuronnät med datan.Resultaten indikerar att det är möjligt att ge ett binärt utlåtande om aggressiv kontra mjuk körning med 97% säkerhet, och med liten överanpassning. Detta innebär att det är tillräckligt att enbart använda smartphonesensorer för att avgörande om körningen var mjuk eller aggressiv.

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12

Degia, Andria-Louise. "Effects of illegal drugs on performance related to car driving." Thesis, University of Surrey, 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.502584.

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It is an offence to drive a car whilst impaired due to use of a psychoactive substance. The incidence of illegal drug use has escalated in recent years, and this escalation is also represented in the driving population.. At present there is no objective tool which can be used at the roadside to assess the drug induced performance impairment of drivers suspected of illegal drug intoxication. A literature analysis highlighted that empirical investigation into the cognitive and psychomotor effects of illegal drug use on aspects of performance related to car driving was scarce. By drawing together empirical and epidemiological evidence it is possible to conclude that driver impairment, as a consequence of illegal drug use poses a significant threat to traffic safety. Psychopharmacology is based on the premise that drugs affect behaviour, and that this change in behaviour is measurable. Behaviour is assessed through the use of repeated psychometric assessment in the laboratory. The aim of this thesis was to demonstrate that by using a portable device it was possible to reliably assess drug induced performance impairment in field conditions, with just one set of assessments.

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13

Nash, Christopher James. "Measurement and modelling of human sensory feedback in car driving." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2018. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/270641.

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With the growing complexity of vehicle control systems it is becoming increasingly important to understand the interaction between drivers and vehicles. Existing driver models do not adequately characterise limitations resulting from drivers’ physical systems. In particular, sensory dynamics limit the ability of drivers to perceive the states of real or simulated vehicles. Therefore, the aim of this thesis is to understand the impact of sensory dynamics on the control performance of a human driver in real and virtual environments. A new model of driver steering control is developed based on optimal control and state estimation theory, incorporating models of sensory dynamics, delays and noise. Some results are taken from published literature, however recent studies have shown that sensory delays and noise amplitudes may increase during an active control task such as driving. Therefore, a parameter identification procedure is used to fit the model predictions to measured steering responses of real drivers in a simulator. The model is found to fit measured results well under a variety of conditions. An initial experiment is designed with the physical motion of the simulator matching the motion of the virtual vehicle at full scale. However, during more realistic manoeuvres the physical motion must be scaled or filtered, introducing conflicts between measurements from different sensory systems. Drivers are found to adapt to simple conflicts such as scaled motion, but they have difficulty adapting to more complicated motion filters. The driver model is initially derived for linear vehicles with stochastic target and disturbance signals. In later chapters it is extended to account for transient targets and disturbances and vehicles with nonlinear tyres, and validated once again with experimental results. A series of simulations is used to demonstrate novel insights into how drivers use sensory information, and the resulting impact on control performance. The new model is also shown to predict difficulties real drivers have controlling unstable vehicles more reliably than existing driver models.

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14

Sangster, John David. "Naturalistic Driving Data for the Analysis of Car-Following Models." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/76925.

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The driver-specific data from a naturalistic driving study provides car-following events in real-world driving situations, while additionally providing a wealth of information about the participating drivers. Reducing a naturalistic database into finite car-following events requires significant data reduction, validation, and calibration, often using manual procedures. The data collection performed herein included: the identification of commuting routes used by multiple drivers, the extraction of data along those routes, the identification of potential car-following events from the dataset, the visual validation of each car-following event, and the extraction of pertinent information from the database during each event identified. This thesis applies the developed process to generate car-following events from the 100-Car Study database, and applies the dataset to analyze four car-following models. The Gipps model was found to perform best for drivers with greater amounts of data in congested driving conditions, while the Rakha-Pasumarthy-Adjerid (RPA) model was best for drivers in uncongested conditions. The Gipps model was found to generate the lowest error value in aggregate, with the RPA model error 21 percent greater, and the Gaxis-Herman-Rothery model (GHR) and the Intelligent Driver Model (IDM) errors 143 percent and 86 percent greater, respectively. Additionally, the RPA model provides the flexibility for a driver to change vehicles without the need to recalibrate parameter values for that driver, and can also capture changes in roadway surface type and condition. With the error values close between the RPA and Gipps models, the additional advantages of the RPA model make it the recommended choice for simulation. Master of Science

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15

Trundle, Elisha. "Understanding in-car driver distraction : engagement with technology while driving." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2017. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/42533/.

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Most drivers are aware of the distracting effects and possible dangers of using their mobile phones while driving. Many studies have investigated this effect and although not all have found large changes in driver performance, all have concluded that nothing good can come from this behaviour. Without adding to the wealth of studies in this area, this PhD aimed to discover what kinds of attitudes drivers have towards these technologies, how these drivers behave in a ‘natural’ situation and how these drivers can be persuaded to cease using these technologies while driving. The first study was a large questionnaire aimed at measuring theory of planned behaviour constructs from drivers towards five in-car technologies; hand-held mobile phone use, hands-free mobile phone use, text messaging, MP3 player use and satellite navigation use. These identified that attitudes in particular are important predictors of intentions and behaviour. Regression models explained 38-76% of the variance in past behaviour for the five technologies showing that the theory of planned behaviour is a useful tool in understanding these kinds of behaviour. Studies 2 and 2.5 aimed to discover whether in-car technology could have a positive effect on driver performance with the use of a ‘risk monitor’. These results indicated that heart rate could be influenced in a simulator by instilling a sense of risk. Although no differences in driving variables were found, participants’ heart rates increased as accident risk increased, importantly showing that feelings of risk arousal can be induced in a simulated environment. Studies 3 and 4 used a novel design in which participants were given the choice to interact with an MP3 player and skip music that they personally did not like. Study 3 found that participants spent a significant amount of time looking away from the road when interacting with the device. However, no differences in lane deviations or speed deviation were found. Study 4 was then conducted to increase sample size and increase variability by introducing a second speed limit. Results showed that participants had a tendency to miss this speed limit due to interactions with the device. Main effects were found for standard deviation of speed, with the easy skip condition showing more variability than the control condition, possibly reflecting compensatory behaviours due to technology use. Eye data also showed the effects of technology use where glance durations were significantly longer while skipping compared to controls and were significantly longer during hard compared to easy tasks. Study 5 aimed to combine the risk monitor studies with the MP3 studies and create an environment where participants were free to interact with the device if they wished, but were also given some information on their risk of accident to take into account. Drivers on low risk roads interacted with the device more often than on high risk roads and spent more time listening to unpleasant music when the risk tone was present. In terms of driving measures, participants reached higher speeds when the tone was not present, while mean speeds showed a tendency to be lower when the tone was present. Study 6 was an intervention study which, informed by the results of study 1, created an intervention based on changing drivers attitudes towards technology use while driving. After the intervention was given, drivers completed a similar study to the MP3 experiments. This meant that not only could attitudes be measured at different time points, but actual behaviour relating to technology use could be measured. Theory of planned behaviour interventions are often criticised as they tend to measure behaviour by questionnaire rather than tangible measures of behaviour and so this was an advantage to this study. However, the intervention showed no significant effect on attitudes or MP3 music skipping behaviour. However, a significant correlation was found between the number of times a participant skipped and measures of driving violations. The challenge for future work will be to determine how attitudes can be changed towards technology use and whether further experiments may observe ‘natural’ behaviour in relation to different types of technology.

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16

Paetzold, Frank. "Interpretation of visually sensed urban environment for a self-driving car." [S.l. : s.n.], 2000. http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=963981994.

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17

Walker, Guy Harrison. "User-centred car design and the role of feedback in driving." Thesis, Brunel University, 2002. http://bura.brunel.ac.uk/handle/2438/6273.

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A survey of car manufacturers reveals an impressive list of upcoming technologies, the combined effect of which is likely to have a profound impact upon feedback to the driver. Feedback is information that the situation provides back to the driver and is specified with reference to content, source, and timing. Feedback quality is achieved when the information requirements of the task, derived from a new task analysis of driving, are matched to the sources, content, and timing of feedback provided by the environment and the vehicle. An exploratory on-road study begins by observing that better quality feedback is implicated in increasing driver's situational awareness (even though drivers have little self awareness of this fact), and optimising mental workload. The exploratory level of analysis builds into the experimental, whereby a highly controlled simulator study replicates and builds upon these findings. Feedback is again seen to positively influence situational awareness, where changes in driver's confidence ratings as to the presence or absence of feedback information in the simulation were observed, according to the modality of feedback presented. This was achieved with a probe recall paradigm, and using psychophysical techniques as a useful extension to the Situational awareness Global Assessment Technique (SAGAI). Similarly, an analysis of mental workload via the NASA TLX self report questionnaire demonstrates that a combination of visual, steering force feedback and auditory feedback gives rise to lower mental workload, lower driver frustration, and lower, though possibly more realistic self ratings of performance. This knowledge can be discussed with reference to a feedback framework of driving that provides the theoretical backdrop to the key psychological variables implicated in driving task performance. Overall, the findings contribute to knowledge in terms of new and imaginative ways of designing future vehicle technologies in order to maximise safety, efficiency, and enjoyment.

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18

Grant, Barry Steven. "An accuracy analysis of techniques for measuring the durations of in-car manual tasks." Thesis, This resource online, 1992. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-05042010-020156/.

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Barlow, Gillian, University of Western Sydney, of Arts Education and Social Sciences College, and of Communication Design and Media School. "Jigsaw : looking at identity, post-colonialism and driving." THESIS_CAESS_CDM_Barlow_G.xml, 2001. http://handle.uws.edu.au:8081/1959.7/260.

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This thesis is in the form of a novel about three work colleagues who, as part of their job, have to drive long distances together. The story is told from the perspective of all of them but mainly from one of the women who tells the story in the first person. The man and two women are so different from each other in personality and outlook on life, and the basis of the novel is their interactions with each other, the frictions within their relationships, and the thoughts that go through their heads while they are driving. These people spend long hours together in the car and in motel rooms yet they never get any closer to each other. The only one of them who seems to get anything from the experience is the woman who is in the first person, as she achieves a greater sense of her own identity. The other two regard the experiences as just another job and of no great importance in their lives. Master of Arts (Hons)

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20

Kim, Taehyung. "Analysis of variability in car-following behavior over long-term driving maneuvers." College Park, Md. : University of Maryland, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1903/3048.

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Thesis (Ph. D.) -- University of Maryland, College Park, 2005. Thesis research directed by: Civil Engineering. Title from t.p. of PDF. Includes bibliographical references. Published by UMI Dissertation Services, Ann Arbor, Mich. Also available in paper.

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21

Foen, Nancy (Nancy V. ). "Exploring the human-car bond through an Affective Intelligent Driving Agent (AIDA)." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/77002.

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Thesis (M. Eng.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 2012. Cataloged from PDF version of thesis. Includes bibliographical references (p. 109-110). As the amount of time spent inside vehicles increases, there is an ever more pressing need for safe interfaces that support drivers while they are multi-tasking. We present an Affective Intelligent Driving Agent (AIDA), a sociable robot designed to sit at the dashboard of a vehicle and behave as a friendly assistant. This highly expressive robot was designed to receive signals from the vehicle and use an Android phone as its face and main computational unit to manage the information that must be delivered to the driver. AIDA communicates with the driver through speech, imitating the interaction model that exists between a driver and another passenger. This research platform explores the possibility of using a sociable robot as an interface to connect driver and car, creating a stronger bond between them. by Nancy Foen. M.Eng.

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22

Lindemann, Patrick [Verfasser]. "Mixed-Reality Driver-Car Interaction from Manual to Autonomous Driving / Patrick Lindemann." München : Verlag Dr. Hut, 2020. http://d-nb.info/1219471038/34.

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23

Fang, Siyuan. "Living zone." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Designhögskolan vid Umeå universitet, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-125872.

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The great advancements in technology are transforming cars into the next digital frontier, redefining people’s lifestyle around mobility. The thesis intended to push further on this trend, exploring new interaction paradigms and creating delightful experiences in future self-driving vehicles. With a cross-discipline scope, the formula is to blend digital information into physical form and material, blurring the boundary between the car’s interior and interface. As the conclusion, I learned that a constant harmony between virtual and physical world is the key for designers to create natural and intuitive experiences with technology. The final result is an autonomous interior concept with multi-sensory user experiences. The core interface, as the physical manifestation of the car’s artificial intelligence, interact with users emotionally, offering its amazing capability in assistance. The in-car environment is evolved with sensors and displays, providing intuitive access to dedicated functions and immersive content.

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24

Higgs, Bryan James. "Emotional Impacts on Driver Behavior: An Emo-Psychophysical Car-Following Model." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/64901.

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This research effort aims to create a new car-following model that accounts for the effects of emotion on driver behavior. This research effort is divided into eight research milestones: (1) the development of a segmentation and clustering algorithm to perform new investigations into driver behavior; (2) the finding that driver behavior is different between drivers, between car-following periods, and within a car-following period; (3) the finding that there are patterns in the distribution of driving behaviors; (4) the finding that driving states can result in different driving actions and that the same driving action can be the result of multiple driving states; (5) the finding that the performance of car-following models can be improved by calibration to state-action clusters; (6) the development of a psychophysiological driving simulator study; (7) the finding that the distribution of driving behavior is affected by emotional states; and (8) the development of a car-following model that incorporates the influence of emotions. Ph. D.

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25

Higgs, Bryan James. "Application of Naturalistic Truck Driving Data to Analyze and Improve Car Following Models." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/36089.

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This research effort aims to compare car-following models when the models are calibrated to individual drivers with the naturalistic data. The models used are the GHR, Gipps, Intelligent Driver, Velocity Difference, Wiedemann, and the Fritzsche model. This research effort also analyzes the Wiedemann car-following model using car-following periods that occur at different speeds. The Wiedemann car-following model uses thresholds to define the different regimes in car following. Some of these thresholds use a speed parameter, but others rely solely upon the difference in speed between the subject vehicle and the lead vehicle. This research effort also reconstructs the Wiedemann car-following model for truck driver behavior using the Naturalistic Truck Driving Studyâ s (NTDS) conducted by Virginia Tech Transportation Institute. This Naturalistic data was collected by equipping 9 trucks with various sensors and a data acquisition system. This research effort also combines the Wiedemann car-following model with the GHR car-following model for trucks using The Naturalistic Truck Driving Studyâ s (NTDS) data. Master of Science

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26

Steinberger, Fabius. "Risky gadgets to the rescue: Reframing in-car technology use as task engagement." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2018. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/115992/1/Fabius%20Steinberger%20Thesis.pdf.

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This thesis deepens our understanding of boredom as a trigger for unsafe user experiences, e.g., smartphone distractions behind the steering wheel. Addressing such driver distractions, this study explores how the use of in-car technologies can be reframed as a strategy to increase driver attention. To that end, it presents the design and evaluation of digital interventions aimed at reducing boredom while increasing safety. The study's contributions pave the way for new approaches to enhancing task engagement in vigilance settings that are increasingly augmented by digital technologies, within and beyond the context of mobility.

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27

NAKAMURA, Satoshi, Kazuya TAKEDA, and Masakiyo FUJIMOTO. "CENSREC-3: An Evaluation Framework for Japanese Speech Recognition in Real Car-Driving Environments." Institute of Electronics, Information and Communication Engineers, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/2237/15050.

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28

Pietrobon, Riccardo <1989&gt. "The digitalization of the automotive industry: the new business of the self-driving car." Master's Degree Thesis, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10579/6899.

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The automotive industry has deeply changed in the past decade. After the "second automobile revolution" happened in the 90s, the industry has faced several events that have revolutionalized it entirely: the increase of oil price, the expansion of electric vehicles, the financial crisis, and the digitalization of the industry, just to name a few. This research aims to analyze these events and explain the implications they have made within the industry. The focus of the analysis will then move into the current business of the self-driving vehicle, which will start a new era of mobility.

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Persson, Lina. "Riskmedvetande som beteende : Trafikinspektörers bedömning av kognition i bilkörning." Thesis, Linköping University, Department of Computer and Information Science, 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-7656.

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Det svenska förarprovet har vuxit fram ur praktisk yrkeserfarenhet. Oavsett vilken trafikinspektör som bedömer ett specifikt körprov ska bedömningen göras lika. Kognitiva egenskaper bedöms i körprovet genom att observera handlingar och beteenden. Syftet med denna uppsats var att ur ett teoretiskt perspektiv undersöka hur trafikinspektörer bedömer kognition, för att undersöka vilka likheter och skillnader som finns. Tre analyser gjordes utifrån tolv intervjuer med trafikinspektörer vid två av Vägverkets förarprovskontor.Trafikinspektörerna ombads beskriva vad som är viktigt hos en bilförare. Samtliga formella kriterier för körprovet nämndes av någon informant. Utöver kriterierna nämndes även många andra begrepp av ett fåtal personer vardera. Dessa begrepp kan räknas till områdena kognitionspsykologi, allmän psykologi, bilkörning och övergripande egenskaper. De tre mest nämnda begreppen var uppmärksamhet, erfarenhet och riskmedvetande.Sju körprovskriterier definierades av trafikinspektörerna. Många olika begrepp användes för att definiera kriterierna och samtliga kriterier definierades olika av informanterna. Definitionerna delades in i kategorier och de kategorier som användes för samtliga kriterier var förberedelser, handlingar och perception.Ur det som sades av informanterna gjordes en analys om hur begrepp kopplas samman med varandra, för att hitta alla associationer som görs till varje begrepp. Många olika kopplingar kunde hittas genom denna analys och av dessa nämndes hälften av enbart någon informant. Två kopplingar nämndes av elva av informanterna. Den ena var manövrering – automatisering, den andra var uppmärksamhet – syn.Studien påvisade både likheter och skillnader i åsikter informanterna emellan. I viss utsträckning använda sig informanterna av samma begrepp, men de lade olika innebörder i begreppen. Trafikinspektörernas olika synsätt medför en risk för att de bedömer körprov olika trots att de använder samma bedömningskriterier. The Swedish driving license test has developed from practical professional experience. Regardless of which traffic inspector judges a specific driving test, the judgement is to be equal. Cognitive qualities are judged in the driving test by observing actions and behaviours. The purpose of this essay was to investigate, from a theoretical perspective, how traffic inspectors judge cognition, in order to investigate differences and similarities. Three analyses were made, based on twelve interviews with traffic inspectors working at two of the Swedish Road Administration’s offices for driving license tests.The traffic inspectors were asked to describe what is important in a car driver. All formal driving test criteria were mentioned by some informant. In addition to the criteria, many other concepts were mentioned by a few persons each. These concepts belong to the areas cognitive psychology, general psychology, car driving and overall qualities. The three most mentioned concepts, including criteria and other concepts, were attention, experience and risk awareness.Seven driving test criteria were defined by the traffic inspectors. Many different concepts were used to define the criteria and all criteria were defined differently by the informants. The definitions were divided into categories. The categories preparations, actions and perception were used for all criteria.An analysis about how concepts were connected to each other was made, in order to find all associations made with each concept. Many different connections were found in this analysis and more than half of these were mentioned by only one informant.Two connections were mentioned by eleven informants. One of these was manoeuvring – automation, the other was attention – vision.Both similarities and differences in opinions were found among the informants in this study. The informants used the same concepts to some extent, but they associated different meanings with the concepts. The traffic inspectors’ differences in opinions lead to a risk of judging driving tests differently, although the same judgement criteria are used.

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Olstam, Johan. "Simulation of Surrounding Vehicles in Driving Simulators." Doctoral thesis, Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för teknik och naturvetenskap, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-17453.

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Driving simulators and microscopic traffic simulation are important tools for making evaluations of driving and traffic. A driving simulator is de-signed to imitate real driving and is used to conduct experiments on driver behavior. Traffic simulation is commonly used to evaluate the quality of service of different infrastructure designs. This thesis considers a different application of traffic simulation, namely the simulation of surrounding vehicles in driving simulators. The surrounding traffic is one of several factors that influence a driver's mental load and ability to drive a vehicle. The representation of the surrounding vehicles in a driving simulator plays an important role in the striving to create an illusion of real driving. If the illusion of real driving is not good enough, there is an risk that drivers will behave differently than in real world driving, implying that the results and conclusions reached from simulations may not be transferable to real driving. This thesis has two main objectives. The first objective is to develop a model for generating and simulating autonomous surrounding vehicles in a driving simulator. The approach used by the model developed is to only simulate the closest area of the driving simulator vehicle. This area is divided into one inner region and two outer regions. Vehicles in the inner region are simulated according to a microscopic model which includes sub-models for driving behavior, while vehicles in the outer regions are updated according to a less time-consuming mesoscopic model. The second objective is to develop an algorithm for combining autonomous vehicles and controlled events. Driving simulators are often used to study situations that rarely occur in the real traffic system. In order to create the same situations for each subject, the behavior of the surrounding vehicles has traditionally been strictly controlled. This often leads to less realistic surrounding traffic. The algorithm developed makes it possible to use autonomous traffic between the predefined controlled situations, and thereby get both realistic traffc and controlled events. The model and the algorithm developed have been implemented and tested in the VTI driving simulator with promising results.

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31

Fadhloun, Karim. "Modeling Human And Machine-In-The-Loop In Car-Following Theory." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/95208.

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Most phenomena in engineering fields involve physical variables that can potentially be predicted using simple or complex mathematical models. However, traffic engineers and researchers are faced with a complex challenge since they have to deal with the human element. For instance, it can be stated that the biggest challenge facing researchers in the area of car-following theory relates to accounting for the human-in-the-loop while modeling the longitudinal motion of the vehicles. In fact, a major drawback of existing car-following models is that the human-in-the-loop is not modeled explicitly. This is specifically important since the output from car-following models directly impacts several other factors and measures of effectiveness, such as vehicle emissions and fuel consumption levels. The main contribution of this research relates to modeling and incorporating, in an explicit and independent manner, the human-in-the-loop component in car-following theory in such a way that it can be either activated or deactivated depending on if a human driver is in control of the vehicle. That would ensure that a car-following model is able to reflect the different control and autonomy levels that a vehicle could be operated under. Besides that, this thesis offers a better understanding of how humans behave and differ from each other. In fact, through the implementation of explicit parameters representing the human-in-the-loop element, the heterogeneity of human behavior, in terms of driving patterns and styles, is captured. To achieve its contributions, the study starts by modifying the maximum acceleration vehicle-dynamics model by explicitly incorporating parameters that aim to model driver behavior in its expression making it suitable for the representation of typical acceleration behavior. The modified variant of the model is demonstrated to have a flexible shape that allows it to model different types of variations that drivers can generate, and to be superior to other similar models in that it predicts more accurate acceleration levels in all domains. The resulting model is then integrated in the Rakha-Pasumarthy-Adjerid car-following model, which uses a steady-state formulation along with acceleration and collision avoidance constraints to model the longitudinal motion of vehicles. The validation of the model using a naturalistic dataset found that the modified formulation successfully integrated the human behavior component in the model and that the new formulation decreases the modeling error. Thereafter, this dissertation proposes a new car-following model, which we term the Fadhloun-Rakha model. Even though structurally different, the developed model incorporates the key components of the Rakha-Pasumarthy-Adjerid model in that it uses the same steady state formulation, respects vehicle dynamics, and uses very similar collision-avoidance strategies to ensure safe following distances between vehicles. Besides offering a better fit to empirical data, the Fadhloun-Rakha model is inclusive of the following characteristics: (1) it models the driver throttle and brake pedal input; (2) it captures driver variability; (3) it allows for shorter than steady-state following distances when following faster leading vehicles; (4) it offers a much smoother acceleration profile; and (5) it explicitly captures driver perception and control inaccuracies and errors. Through a quantitative and qualitative evaluation using naturalistic data, the new model is demonstrated to outperform other state-of-the-practice car-following models. In fact, the model is proved to result in a significant decrease in the modeling error, and to generate trajectories that are highly consistent with the observed car-following behavior. The final part of this study investigates a case in which the driver is excluded and the vehicles are operating in a connected environment. This section aims to showcase a scenario in which the human-in-the-loop is deactivated through the development of a platooning strategy that governs the motion of connected cooperative multi-vehicle platoons. Doctor of Philosophy Even though the study of the longitudinal motion of vehicles spanned over several decades leading to the development of more precise and complex car-following models, an important aspect was constantly overlooked in those models. In fact, due to the complexity of modeling the human-in-the-loop, the vehicle and the driver were almost always assumed to represent a single entity. More specifically, ignoring driver behavior and integrating it to the vehicle allowed avoiding to deal with the challenges related to modeling human behavior. The difficulty of mathematically modeling the vehicle and the driver as two independent components rather than one unique system is due to two main reasons. First, there are numerous car models and types that make it difficult to determine the different parameters impacting the performance of the vehicle as they differ from vehicle to vehicle. Second, different driving patterns exist and the fact that they are mostly dependent on human behavior and psychology makes them very difficult to replicate mathematically. The research presented in this thesis provides a comprehensive investigation of the human-in-the-loop component in car-following theory leading to a better understanding of the human-vehicle interaction. This study was initiated due to the noticeable overlooking of driver behavior in the existing literature which, as a result, fails to capture the effect of human control and perception errors.

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Walden, Alice. "The Driving Factors : Evaluating intuitive interaction with a 3D-device in a car racing game." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för datavetenskap, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-139579.

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To investigate the topic of intuitive interaction using a 3D-device, a toy car was used as a controller with the Stylaero Board to complete one lap in a car racing game. 20 participants completed the task in 2 conditions, one using the 3D-device as a controller, and one using a standard computer keyboard. The interaction was evaluated using task completion time as a measure of learnability of the device, as well as through subjective reactions from users gathered from a tailored questionnaire with 7 statements rated on a Likert scale of 1-5, and 3 open-ended questions. The performance and attitude towards the 3D-device as a controller was compared to the performance and attitude towards using a standard keyboard. The mean task completion time was significantly lower when using the keyboard. A subscale of the enjoyability of using the device was compared between conditions indicating a significant difference where the 3D-device was rated higher than the keyboard. Furthermore, a significant correlation was found between attitude towards the control device and task completion time in the keyboard, while no significant correlation was found between the corresponding variables for the 3D-device. These results indicate a difference between what aspects are important to users when evaluating a new interface compared to a familiar one. The subjective reactions gathered from the open-ended questions were categorized and sorted into themes using thematic analysis to illustrate the various aspects that were highlighted by users for each interface. The problems faced by participants when using the 3D-device were observed and analyzed in relation to current theories of intuitive interaction to find the driving factors of interaction with a new device.

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Andera, Jan. "Driving under the influence : strategic trade policy and market integration in the European car industry /." Stockholm : Almqvist & Wiksell International, 2007. http://www.gbv.de/dms/zbw/541562681.pdf.

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Siebert, Felix Wilhelm [Verfasser], and Hans-Rüdiger [Akademischer Betreuer] Pfister. "Car-following in self-, assisted-, and autonomous driving / Felix Wilhelm Siebert ; Betreuer: Hans-Rüdiger Pfister." Lüneburg : Universitätsbibliothek der Leuphana Universität Lüneburg, 2017. http://d-nb.info/1138835137/34.

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KwoÌ†n, TÊ¿ae-hyoÌ†ng. "Driving forces of the changes in COâ‚‚ emissions from car travel : Great Britain, 1970-2030." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.401709.

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Tan, Kaige. "Building verification database and extracting critical scenarios for self-driving car testing on virtual platform." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-263927.

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This degree project, conducted at Volvo Cars, investigates a method about how to build a test database for an Autonomous Driving (AD) function on a virtual platform and how to extract critical scenarios from the test database to finish test cases reduction through optimization. The virtual platform under study is the model-in-the-loop (MIL) based Simulation Platform Active Safety (SPAS) environment and the optimization tool being used is modeFrontier. The analyzing process, in which three levels of abstraction for scenarios are proposed in order to fulfill all requirements for an AD function, is followed in the project to build the test database. Application is carried out to transform requirements from a specific Operational Design Domain (ODD) and linguistic representation into a test suite which contains concrete scenarios and test cases. A meta-model is built to help analyze system structure and parameter requirements in the level of logical scenarios. The practicability of a scenario-based approach for the design of AD function test cases generation is demonstrated with the example of building Traffic Congestion Support (TCS) test database. Obtaining the test database and the successful analysis of parameters for the TCS function on the MIL platform lead to the main goal of the thesis project, which is finding edge cases in the test database by optimizing objective functions. By defining the objective functions and building the workflow in modeFrontier after trying with different methods, the optimization process is implemented with two different algorithms separately. pilOPT is evaluated as a better solution for AD function than Multi-Objective Simulated Annealing (MOSA) in terms of computational time and edge cases finding. In addition, a noise model is added to ideal sensor model in SPAS to study the influence of noise in real test track. The result shows a big difference in Time-toCollision value, which is a defined objective function in the project. This indicates more test cases are deteriorated to critical scenario if noise is taken into consideration, which shows the influence of noise cannot be neglected during testing. Detta examensarbete, genomfört hos Volvo Cars, undersöker en uppbyggnadsmetod av en testdatabas för Autonomous Driving (AD) på en virtuell plattform och hur man bör extrahera kritiska scenarier från testdatabasen för att reducera antalet testfall genom optimering. Den aktuella virtuella plattformen är den model-in-the-loop (MIL) baserade Simulation Platform Active Safety (SPAS) miljön och optimeringsverktyget som användes är modeFrontier. Analysprocessen, i vilken tre abstraktionsnivåer för scenarier är föreslagna i syfte att satisfiera alla kraven för AD, redogörs för i detta projekt. Tillämpning har genomförts för att transformera krav från en specifik Operational Design Domain (ODD) samt lingvistisk representation till en testsvit som innehåller konkreta scenarier och testfall. En metamodell har konstruerats för att assistera med analysen av systemstrukturen och parameterkraven i nivån av logiska scenarier. Genomförbarheten av en scenariobaserad infallsvinkel för designen av AKF-testfall demonstreras med exemplet av konstruktionen av Traffic Congestion Support (TCS)- testdatabasen. Erhållandet av testdatabasen och den framgångsrika analysen av parametrarna för TCSfunktionen på MIL-plattformen ledde till det huvudsakliga målet med examenarbetet, vilket var att identifiera kantfall i testdatabasen genom att optimera objektfunktioner. Genom att definiera objektfunktionerna och konstruera arbetsflödet i modeFrontier efter flertalet försök med olika metoder, implementerades optimeringsprocessen med tvåseparata algoritmer. pilOPT evalueras som en bättre lösning för AD jämfört med Multi-Objective Simulated Annealing (MOSA) med avseende på beräkningstid och identifiering av kantfall. Dessutom har brus adderats till den ideala sensormodellen i SPAS för att studera inflytandet av brus i en verklig testmiljö. Resultaten visar på en stor skillnad i tid-till-kollisionsvärde, vilket är en väldefinierad objektfunktion i projektet. Detta indikerar att fler testfall har försämrats till ett kritiskt scenario om brus tas man tar hänsyn till brus, vilket visar på att inflytandet av brus inte kan försummas under testning.

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Srouji, Nora Jazmin <1987&gt. "Value creation and value appropriation dynamics: The case of the emergence of self driving car business." Master's Degree Thesis, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10579/9488.

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Several recent events provide a strong signal that autonomous vehicle technology has led the automotive industry to a pivotal point. After a long period of stability, the automotive industry is transforming, when incumbents and newcomers are re-grouping in ecosystems, and sharing models redefining the “mobility sector”. The goals of this master thesis are to determine how Open Innovation creates new possibilities in organizing innovation within the ecosystem, thus giving rise to new drivers for value creation and value appropriation. To show how conventional carmakers are adapting to the new scenario in the era when connectivity and shared mobility takes off, and driverless vehicles come closer to reality. This study presents an attempt to offer some first thoughts on how the self-driving car industry might evolve. Whether the value will migrate from the Original Equipment Manufacturers (OEMs) to software or communication technology providers, as it did in the early computing industry. It will cause the rise of new industry platforms, that will act as an engine of innovation for the whole business ecosystem, redefining industrial architectures and business models. Finally, the thesis aims to identify the legal, ethical and economic impacts that self-driving vehicles can cause in society. For this purpose, some scenarios of potential winners and losers in the automotive industry will be presented in the conclusions. Keywords: Open Innovation, New Business Ecosystems, Value creation and Value appropriation, Self-driving cars, Business models, Changing regulatory and legal frameworks

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Chen, Rong. "Driver Behavior in Car Following - The Implications for Forward Collision Avoidance." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/71785.

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Forward Collision Avoidance Systems (FCAS) are a type of active safety system which have great potential for rear-end collision avoidance. These systems use either radar, lidar, or cameras to track objects in front of the vehicle. In the event of an imminent collision, the system will warn the driver, and, in some cases, can autonomously brake to avoid a crash. However, driver acceptance of the systems is paramount to the effectiveness of a FCAS system. Ideally, FCAS should only deliver an alert or intervene at the last possible moment to avoid nuisance alarms, and potentially have drivers disable the system. A better understanding of normal driving behavior can help designers predict when drivers would normally take avoidance action in different situations, and customize the timing of FCAS interventions accordingly. The overall research object of this dissertation was to characterize normal driver behavior in car following events based on naturalistic driving data. The dissertation analyzed normal driver behavior in car-following during both braking and lane change maneuvers. This study was based on the analysis of data collected in the Virginia Tech Transportation Institute 100-Car Naturalistic Driving Study which involved over 100 drivers operating instrumented vehicles in over 43,000 trips and 1.1 million miles of driving. Time to Collision in both braking and lane change were quantified as a function of vehicle speed and driver characteristics. In general, drivers were found to brake and change lanes more cautiously with increasing vehicle speed. Driver age and gender were found to have significant influence on both time to collision and maximum deceleration during braking. Drivers age 31-50 had a mean braking deceleration approximately 0.03 g greater than that of novice drivers (age 18-20), and female drivers had a marginal increase in mean braking deceleration as compared to male drivers. Lane change maneuvers were less frequent than braking maneuvers. Driver-specific models of TTC at braking and lane change were found to be well characterized by the Generalized Extreme Value distribution. Lastly, driver's intent to change lanes can be predicted using a bivariate normal distribution, characterizing the vehicle's distance to lane boundary and the lateral velocity of the vehicle. This dissertation presents the first large scale study of its kind, based on naturalistic driving data to report driver behavior during various car-following events. The overall goal of this dissertation is to provide a better understanding of driver behavior in normal driving conditions, which can benefit automakers who seek to improve FCAS effectiveness, as well as regulatory agencies seeking to improve FCAS vehicle tests. Ph. D.

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Di, Luccio Luca. "Entertainement [!] for faster driving takeovers : Designing games for faster and safer takeovers on level 3 self-driving cars." Thesis, Högskolan i Skövde, Institutionen för informationsteknologi, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:his:diva-18690.

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The upcoming level 3 generation of self-driving vehicles will be characterized by the freedom of not having the driver’s hands on the steering wheel. This acquired freedom is posing new challenges on the traditional passenger comfort paradigm as the drivers will spend a higher amount of time doing non-driving tasks (NDRT). Certain constraints must be imposed as the level 3 generation systems will not be able to drive all the time without active feedback from the user. The driver needs to stay active enough to do takeover in a situation where it is needed to. What effect will different NDRT have on the behavior of a driver in a self-driving car? In our low fidelity driving simulator, we tested different simple actions (e.g. playing a simple 2D game). We then evaluated them based on their accident avoidance and situation awareness in the post-transition period. The results show a significant difference between the reaction speeds of the drivers before and after an active task.

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40

Saber, Tehrani Daniel, and Lemon Samuel Johansson. "Natural and Assistive Driving Simulator User Interfaces for CARLA." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för elektroteknik och datavetenskap (EECS), 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-293836.

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As the autonomous vehicles are getting clo-ser to commercial roll out, the challenges for the developersof the software are getting more complex. One challenge thedevelopers are facing is the interaction between humans andautonomous vehicles in traffic.Such situation requires a hugeamount of data to in order to design and proof test autonomoussystem than can handle complex interactions with humans.Such data can not be collected in real traffic situations withoutcompromising the safety of the human counterparts, thereforesimulations will be necessary. Since human driving behavior ishard to predict, these simulations need human interaction inorder to get valid data of human behaviour.The purpose of thisproject is to develop a driving interface and then evaluate theusers experience in an experiment. To do this we have designedand implemented steering,braking and acceleration on a userinterface for a simulator used in autonomous driving researchcalled Car Learning to Act (CARLA) at the Smart Mobility Lab(SML) at KTH. We have implemented two driving simulatoruser interfaces, with different levels of information feedbackto the user. To evaluate the developed user interface, a surveywas designed to measure how intuitive the driving experiencewas while also comparing it to the original setup at SML. Thesurvey showed that the driving experience was more intuitivewith the two developed user interfaces and that 60% would feelcomfortable using the new systems on a real vehicle in traffic. Allteftersom autonoma bilar kommer närmare kommersiell lansering blir utmaningarna för utvecklarna av mjukvaran mer komplexa. En utmaning som utvecklarna står inför är interaktionen mellan autonoma bilar och människor i och utanför trafiken. Dessa situationer kommer kräva en stor mängd data för att säkerhetställa att autonoma bilar kommer kunna agera optimalt. För att inhämta sådan data utan att riskera säkerheten för alla ute i trafiken kommer simulatorer behövas. Eftersom vi inte kan förutspå mänskligt beteende kommer industrin behöva använda mänskliga förare i dessa simulatorer för att få realistiska resultat. Syftet med detta projekt är att utveckla ett förargränssnitt för människor och sedan utvärdera autenticiten av upplevelsen från ett mänskligt perspektiv. Genom att implementera olika bilmekanismer så som styrning, inbromsning, accelerationen och retardation i en simulator för autonom bil forskning, Car Learning To Act(CARLA) i Smart Mobility Lab(SML) på KTH. Vi implementerade två användargränssnitt med olika nivåer av informations återkoppling till användaren. För att utvärdera användargränssnitten utformades ett frågeformulär för att mäta hur intuitivt körupplevelsen var och samtidigt jämföra med det originella användargränssnittet i SML. Undersökningen visade att körupplevelsen var mer intuitiv med det två utvecklade användargränssnitten och att 60% skulle vara bekväma med att använda ett utav dessa system för att styra ett riktigt fordon i trafik. Kandidatexjobb i elektroteknik 2020, KTH, Stockholm

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41

Algers, Björn. "Stereo Camera Calibration Accuracy in Real-time Car Angles Estimation for Vision Driver Assistance and Autonomous Driving." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för fysik, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-149443.

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The automotive safety company Veoneer are producers of high end driver visual assistance systems, but the knowledge about the absolute accuracy of their dynamic calibration algorithms that estimate the vehicle’s orientation is limited. In this thesis, a novel measurement system is proposed to be used in gathering reference data of a vehicle’s orientation as it is in motion, more specifically the pitch and roll angle of the vehicle. Focus has been to estimate how the uncertainty of the measurement system is affected by errors introduced during its construction, and to evaluate its potential in being a viable tool in gathering reference data for algorithm performance evaluation. The system consisted of three laser distance sensors mounted on the body of the vehicle, and a range of data acquisition sequences with different perturbations were performed by driving along a stretch of road in Linköping with weights loaded in the vehicle. The reference data were compared to camera system data where the bias of the calculated angles were estimated, along with the dynamic behaviour of the camera system algorithms. The experimental results showed that the accuracy of the system exceeded 0.1 degrees for both pitch and roll, but no conclusions about the bias of the algorithms could be drawn as there were systematic errors present in the measurements. Bilsäkerhetsföretaget Veoneer är utvecklare av avancerade kamerasystem inom förarassistans, men kunskapen om den absoluta noggrannheten i deras dynamiska kalibreringsalgoritmer som skattar fordonets orientering är begränsad. I denna avhandling utvecklas och testas ett nytt mätsystem för att samla in referensdata av ett fordons orientering när det är i rörelse, mer specifikt dess pitchvinkel och rollvinkel. Fokus har legat på att skatta hur osäkerheten i mätsystemet påverkas av fel som introducerats vid dess konstruktion, samt att utreda dess potential när det kommer till att vara ett gångbart alternativ för att samla in referensdata för evaluering av prestandan hos algoritmerna. Systemet bestod av tre laseravståndssensorer monterade på fordonets kaross. En rad mätförsök utfördes med olika störningar introducerade genom att köra längs en vägsträcka i Linköping med vikter lastade i fordonet. Det insamlade referensdatat jämfördes med data från kamerasystemet där bias hos de framräknade vinklarna skattades, samt att de dynamiska egenskaperna kamerasystemets algoritmer utvärderades. Resultaten från mätförsöken visade på att noggrannheten i mätsystemet översteg 0.1 grader för både pitchvinklarna och rollvinklarna, men några slutsatser kring eventuell bias hos algoritmerna kunde ej dras då systematiska fel uppstått i mätresultaten.

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Yevdokymenkova, Kateryna, and Катерина Андріївна Євдокименкова. "Autonomous transport of the future." Thesis, National Aviation University, 2021. https://er.nau.edu.ua/handle/NAU/50582.

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1. GEAR 2030 and Strategy 2018-2020 – Comparative analysis of the competitive position of the EU automotive industry and the impact of the introduction of autonomous vehicles [Electronic resource] // Publications Office of the EU. – 2020. – Access mode: https://cutt.ly/QcoLTmU. 2. Unmanned multi-purpose vehicles: modern technologies / O. Ya. Nikonov, L. E. Kulakova, T. O. Polosukhina, V. O. Chernyshov. // Automotive and Electronics. Modern technology.. – 2017. – №11. – С. 46–49. Scientific adviser - doctor of Economics, professor Yanchuk M.B. The idea of autonomous car control has existed for almost a century. However, only now advances in sensors, efficient drives, new materials, and increased computing power led to the realization of this idea Ідея автономного управління автомобілем існує майже століття. Однак лише зараз досягнення в сенсорах, ефективних приводах, нових матеріалах та збільшеній обчислювальній потужності призвели до її реалізації.

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Beere, Paul. "The Fast and the Spurious: Geographies of Youth Car Culture in Hamilton, New Zealand." The University of Waikato, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10289/2489.

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quot;Boy racersquot; or quot;hoonsquot; attract extensive media attention and are often the focus of public concern. Discourses about quot;hooningquot; often focus on notions of public safety and illegal behaviour. What is largely absent from these debates is alternative explanations as to why young people choose to engage in quot;hooningquot; behaviour, what drives them to congregate in public spaces and why they choose to express themselves through an quot;autocentricquot; culture. When these issues are addressed it is usually within broader policy frameworks which seek ways of dissipating youth activities in spaces constructed as quot;trouble spotsquot;. This thesis represents an attempt to provide a reverse discourse about youth car culture and young people's presence in public spaces. Criminal activity not withstanding, youth car culture behaviour in this context is treated as a legitimate form of cultural expression that has the same social validity as other non-mainstream phenomena. Through feminist and poststructuralist understandings of identities, landscapes and place, the complexities of youth car culture will be unpacked in an attempt to expose quot;concernsquot; which may turn out to be little more than moral panic.

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44

Löwis, of Menar Sibylle. "Measurements within the exhaust plume of a passenger car under real-atmospheric dilution and on-road driving conditions." Doctoral thesis, Universitätsbibliothek Leipzig, 2007. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:swb:15-20070830-110206-3.

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Es wurde ein flexibles Messsystem zur Messung von Anzahlgrößenverteilungen von Partikeln, den Spurengasen NOx und CO2 sowie einiger thermodynamischer Parameter im Abgasstrom eines Diesel-Pkw und eines Benzin-Pkw unter realistischen Fahrbedingungen entwickelt. Das Messsystem besteht aus einem SMPS (Scanning Mobility Particle Sizer) System, einem Multigas-Emissionsanalysator, Thermoelementen, Vaisala-Sensoren, einem Prandtl-Pitot-Rohr und einem Lyman-α-Hygrometer. Es wurde ein spezielles Einlasssystem entwickelt, das variabel im Abgasstrom platziert werden kann. Die Messfahrten wurden zwischen Oktober 2004 und April 2005, sowohl auf der Autobahn als auch im Stadtverkehr, durchgeführt. Die Probenahme erfolgte dabei in einem Abstand von bis zu 95 cm zum Auspuffrohr. Die Ergebnisse werden in der vorliegenden Arbeit dargestellt und diskutiert. Darüber hinaus werden Emissionsfaktoren für die Partikelanzahl individuell für beide Pkws bestimmt und mit Literaturdaten verglichen. Emissionsfaktoren werden zum Beispiel für die Festlegung von Grenzwerten benötigt.

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45

Lei, Guo. "Value of time and marginal driving costs for private car drivers with data from Stockholm congestion charging trial." Thesis, KTH, Transportvetenskap, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-41550.

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This paper uses Logit models to estimate value of time of car drivers' route choice with evidence from the Stockholm congestion charging trial. Two sets of models are estimated respectively, one is for trips whose purposes are working or running business, the other is for trips who purpose are other activities. In addition, there are two stages of model estimation. At first, the model only includes traffic characteristic variables to differentiate among trips, which includes travel time, travel distance, and congestion tolls. Thus values of time estimated are 176 SEK/h, and 184 SEK/h for working trips and other trips. Further on, socio-economic variables are also involved, along with traffic characteristic variables, in the model to differentiate among both individuals and trips. Significant socio-economic variables include household income, age, gender, access to workplace vehicles, working flexibility and so on. Results of average aggregated value of time are almost the same with the results in basic models, which is reasonable since it’s the same dataset. However, the later model shows more variation in terms of individuals.

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46

Palmqvist, Lisa. "DEPTH PERCEPTION IN DRIVING SIMULATORS : Observer-produced motion parallax, how it affects car drivers’ position and perceived presence." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för psykologi, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-80410.

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Driving simulators of today are lacking the full third visual dimension. This makes comparing driving simulators with driving in real life problematic. Thus it is important to improve the simulators' validity. The present study investigated whether the depth cue observer-produced motion parallax (Obs-PMP) affects drivers’ performance and perception of presence. Twenty-two participants (11 males and 11 females) drove in a driving simulator with and without Obs-PMP. An experiment with two scenarios was conducted, in which one scenario took place in an urban environment and one in a rural environment. Distance estimation, judgments of speed and perceived virtual presence was investigated. An effect of Obs-PMP on lateral positioning of the car just before an overtaking and of scenario on head movement was found. This suggests that Obs-PMP affects driver’s performance in driving simulators and motivates further research on the area, e.g. comparing simulators with real life scenarios. Körsimulatorer idag saknar en tredje visuell dimension. Detta gör att jämförelser av körsimulatorer med körning i verkliga livet blir problematiskt. Därför är det viktigt att förbättra simulatorernas validitet. Denna studie undersökte huruvida införandet av observatör-producerat rörelse parallax (Obs-PMP) påverkar förarnas prestationer och perception av viruell närvaro. Tjugotvå deltagare (11 män och 11 kvinnor) körde i en körsimulator med och utan Obs-PMP. Ett experiment med två scenarier genomfördes, ett scenario ägde rum i en urban miljö och ett annat på en landsväg. Avstånds- och hastighetsuppfattning samt upplevd virtuell närvaro undersöktes. En effekt av obs-PMP på lateral placering av bilen precis innan en omkörning samt av scenario på huvudrörelser hittades. Detta tyder på att obs-PMP påverkar förarens prestationsförmåga i körsimulatorer och motiverar ytterligare utredning och forskning för att bland annat jämföra simulatorer med verkliga scenarier.

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47

Kwietniewski, Marek. "Analysis and synthesis of the kinematics of mechanism of suspension and driving of car wheels : PhD thesis summary." Rozprawa doktorska, [s.n.], 2019. http://dlibra.tu.koszalin.pl/Content/1151.

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Jakobsson, Niklas, Till Gnann, Patrick Plötz, Frances Sprei, and Sten Karlsson. "Are multi-car households better suited for battery electric vehicles? – Driving patterns and economics in Sweden and Germany." Elsevier, 2016. https://publish.fid-move.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A73225.

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Battery electric vehicles (BEVs) could reduce CO2 emissions from the transport sector but their limited electric driving range diminishes their utility to users. The effect of the limited driving range can be reduced in multi-car households where users could choose between a BEV and a conventional car for long-distance travel. However, to what extent the driving patterns of different cars in a multi-car household’s suit the characteristics of a BEV needs further analysis. In this paper we analyse the probability of daily driving above a fixed threshold for conventional cars in current Swedish and German car driving data. We find second cars in multi-car households to require less adaptation and to be better suited for BEV adoption compared to first cars in multi-car households as well as to cars in single-car households. Specifically, the share of second cars that could fulfil all their driving is 20 percentage points higher compared to first cars and cars from single-car households. This result is stable against variation of driving range and of the tolerated number of days requiring adaptation. Furthermore, the range needed to cover all driving needs for about 70% of the vehicles is only 220 km for second cars compared to 390 km for the average car. We can further confirm that second cars have higher market viability from a total cost of ownership perspective. Here, the second cars achieve a 10 percentage points higher market share compared to first cars, and to cars in single-car households for Swedish economic conditions, while for Germany the corresponding figure is 2 percentage points. Our results are important for understanding the market viability of current and near-future BEVs.

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49

Miyajima, Chiyomi, Yoshihiro Nishiwaki, Koji Ozawa, Toshihiro Wakita, Katsunobu Itou, Kazuya Takeda, and Fumitada Itakura. "Driver Modeling Based on Driving Behavior and Its Evaluation in Driver Identification." IEEE, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2237/9623.

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50

Gordon, Brett Ryan. "Behind the Visor: A Qualitative Exploration of the Psychological Skills of Formula One Race Car Drivers." Master's thesis, Temple University Libraries, 2015. http://cdm16002.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p245801coll10/id/315738.

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Kinesiology M.S. This qualitative study examined the psychological demands of Formula One Racing, and the psychological skills former Formula One drivers utilized to meet those demands. The participants were nine former drivers, from six different countries, who have competed in at least one Formula One World Drivers Championship grand prix. The qualitative data were gathered using a semi-structured interview framework, developed by the researcher, to explore the psychological skills established from other validated psychological skills questionnaires, such as the Test of Performance Strategies, (Thomas, Murphy, & Hardy, 1999). Eight of the interviews were done via Skype, and one interview was performed in person. The interviews were transcribed verbatim, and then sent to the participants to make any edits or corrections. Once the transcriptions were approved, the data were coded by the researcher using constant comparative methods as described in Charmaz (2006). Three phases of coding resulted in four themes and 14 sub-themes. The themes that emerged include: (1) Applied Sport Psychology in Formula One, (2) Psychological Skills, (3) Uncontrollable Aspects of Competition, (4) Career Components. Drivers used various psychological skills in a focused effort to aid their performance. Drivers discussed the important role psychology plays in their sport, and the psychological resources available to them during their career. Drivers discussed the danger element of their competition, and how they and their competitors managed the fear associated with racing. The drivers in this study competed in an era that was much more dangerous than the current era of Formula One racing (Barnes, 2013). The drivers' use of psychological skills, and perceptions of sport psychology, may guide consultants working with race car drivers and those working with other populations that have similar psychological and physical demands. Temple University--Theses

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