Artículos de revistas: "Capacitors"

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Plesca, Adrian. "Considerations About Controlled Capacitors". Journal of Electrical Engineering 61, n.º 3 (1 de mayo de 2010): 189–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10187-010-0027-2.

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Considerations About Controlled CapacitorsA new type of thermal controlled capacitor has been developed and studied. The capacitor non-linearity depends on the control parameter — temperature. At constant temperatures, the charge versus voltage curve is non-linear and has thermal inertia. Actually, it is a new method to modify the capacitors' capacitance using the thermal field as a command parameter and brings new technical solutions for protection of electrical equipment.

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2

Hardiyanto, Denny, Prabakti Endramawan, Ridho Nur Taufiqul Manan y Dyah Anggun Sartika. "Arduino Implementation for Development Digital Capacitance Meters as Laboratory Measurement Devices". SinkrOn 7, n.º 3 (2 de julio de 2022): 784–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.33395/sinkron.v7i3.11456.

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Electronics Practicum in the Laboratory is a routine activity carried out to support student skills. Capacitors are one of the components that are often used in practice. Capacitors are one of the passive electronic components that have a magnitude value in the form of capacitance in Farad units. The capacitance value indicates the capacitor's ability to store electric charge. However, the value contained on the capacitor label is not necessarily the actual value because the capacitor has a tolerance range. Of course, this is very influential in the measurement and performance of electronic circuits that use capacitors. In addition, another factor that supports this research is that the available measuring instruments, such as the multimeter, are not yet equipped with capacitance measurements. Capacitance meters available in the market are still analog. The purpose of this study is to design a device that can measure the capacitance value of capacitors as a measurement device in a digital laboratory, namely the Digital Capacitance Meter. This device is made using Arduino Uno as a microprocessor for data processing. The method used is to apply the process of charging and discharging the capacitor. In this case, Arduino Uno activates a timer to measure the time required to charge and discharge the capacitor so that the Time Constant value is obtained. By using the formula T = 0.693RC, the capacitance value can be obtained. In testing using 3 different capacitors and 10 times testing on each capacitor, the accuracy of the device is 97.76% and a relative error of 2.24%.

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3

Bărbulescu, Corneliu, Dadiana-Valeria Căiman y Toma-Leonida Dragomir. "Parameter Observer Useable for the Condition Monitoring of a Capacitor". Applied Sciences 12, n.º 10 (12 de mayo de 2022): 4891. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12104891.

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Monitoring the condition of electrolytic capacitors in practical applications is a topic that has been and remains the subject of much research. This article is part of research in this area. It develops a parameter observer (PO) and proposes its use for the determination of the equivalent capacity and equivalent serial resistance of electrolytic capacitors. The observer is an integral-open-loop type second-order system, the input of which is the voltage at the capacitor terminals measured during a two-stage capacitor’s discharging process through a variable resistor. The PO estimates the so-called time constant of the discharging circuit for each of the two stages from which values the capacitor’s parameters are calculated. The use of PO is illustrated for determining the output capacitor parameters of a buck DC–DC converter. The experiments were performed with two electrolytic capacitors with the nominal values 100 μF and 470 μF. Compared with other monitoring methods that use observers, the proposed observer is faster in tracking error mitigation, e.g., 10−3 s in comparison with 5·10−3 s or more. The low computational volume of the discrete-time PO allows the prospect of implementation in real time.

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4

Barbulescu, Corneliu y Toma-Leonida Dragomir. "Parameter estimation for a simplified model of an electrolytic capacitor in transient regimes". Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2090, n.º 1 (1 de noviembre de 2021): 012143. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2090/1/012143.

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Abstract The real capacitors’ behaviour in electric circuits modelled by a single capacity deviates from the ideal one. In order to find better compromises between precision and simplicity, different C-R-L models are used. In these models, C, R, L are called equivalent parameters and take constant values. Under these assumptions, the capacitors are modelled as lumped parameter subsystems although it is well known that the real capacitors are essentially distributed parameter systems. As highlighted in this paper, the capacitors are also time-variant subsystems. To prove this, we use two types of experimental data: data measured during the capacitor’s discharge process and data obtained from frequency characteristics. The article proposes two estimation methods of equivalent values for the model parameters C and R based on their time variance highlighted by the experimental data. The estimation methods use a system of equations associated with the discharging of capacitors, respectively, with the frequency characteristics via polynomial regression. The experiments were carried out with an electrolytic polymer capacitor rated 220 μF, 25 V, 2.5 A rms, 85 °C, designed mainly for energy storage and filtering, the results being confirmed by experiments performed on other similar capacitors.

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5

Jeong, Sunwoo, Akeem Bayo Kareem, Sungwook Song y Jang-Wook Hur. "ANN-Based Reliability Enhancement of SMPS Aluminum Electrolytic Capacitors in Cold Environments". Energies 16, n.º 16 (21 de agosto de 2023): 6096. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16166096.

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Due to their substantial energy density and economical pricing, switching-mode power supplies (SMPSs) often utilize electrolytic capacitors. However, their ability to function at low temperatures is essential for dependable operation in several sectors, including telecommunications, automotive, and aerospace. This study includes an experimental evaluation of how well standard SMPS electrolytic capacitors operate at low temperatures. This paper investigates the suitability of standard electrolytic capacitors used in switched-mode power supplies (SMPSs) for low-temperature applications. The experimental evaluation exposed the capacitors to temperatures ranging from −5 °C to −40 °C, assessing capacitance (Cp), impedance (Z), dissipation factor (DF), and equivalent series resistance (ESR) at each temperature. The capacitor’s time-domain electrical signals were analyzed using the Pearson correlation coefficient to extract discriminative features. These features were input into an artificial neural network (ANN) for training and testing. The results indicated a significant impact of low temperatures on capacitor performance. Capacitance decreased with lower temperatures, while the ESR and leakage current increased, affecting stability and efficiency. Impedance was a valuable diagnostic tool for identifying potential capacitor failure, showing a 98.44% accuracy drop at −5 °C and 88.75% at the peak temperature, indicating proximity to the manufacturer’s specified limit. The study suggests further research and development to improve the performance of electrolytic capacitors in SMPS systems under cold conditions, aiming to boost efficiency and reliability.

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6

Butnicu, Dan. "A Derating-Sensitive Tantalum Polymer Capacitor’s Failure Rate within a DC-DC eGaN-FET-Based PoL Converter Workbench Study". Micromachines 14, n.º 1 (15 de enero de 2023): 221. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi14010221.

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Many recent studies have revealed that PoL (Point of Load) converters’ output capacitors are a paramount component from a reliability point of view. To receive the maximum degree of reliability in many applications, designers are often advised to derate this capacitor—as such, a careful comprehending of it is required to determine the converter’s overall parameters. PoL converters are commonly found in many electronic systems. Their most important requirements are a stable output voltage with load current variation, good temperature stability, low output ripple voltage, and high efficiency and reliability. If the electronic system in question must be portable, a small footprint and volume are also important considerations—both of which have recently been well accomplished in eGaN transistor technologies. This paper provides details on how derating an output capacitor—specifically, a conductive tantalum polymer surface-mount chip, as this type of capacitor represented a step forward in miniaturization and reliability over previously existing wet electrolytic capacitors—used within a discrete eGaN-FET-based PoL buck converter determines the best performance and the highest MTBF. A setup based on an EPC eGaN FET transistor enclosed in a 9059/30 V evaluation board with a 12 V input voltage/1.2 V output voltage was tested in order to achieve the study’s main scope. Typical electrical performance and reliability data are often provided for customers by manufacturers through technical papers; this kind of public data is often selected to show the capacitors in a favorable light—still, they provide much useful information. In this paper, the capacitor derating process was presented to give a basic overview of the reliability performance characteristics of tantalum polymer capacitor when used within a DC–DC buck converter’s output filter. Performing calculations of the capacitor’s failure rate based on taking a thermal scan of the capacitor’s capsule surface temperature, the behavior of the PoL converter was evaluated.

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7

Naoi, K. "‘Nanohybrid Capacitor’: The Next Generation Electrochemical Capacitors". Fuel Cells 10, n.º 5 (9 de julio de 2010): 825–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fuce.201000041.

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8

ANANDA MOHAN, P. V. "CAPACITOR FLOATATION SCHEME USING ONLY OTAs AND GROUNDED CAPACITORS". Journal of Circuits, Systems and Computers 05, n.º 02 (junio de 1995): 181–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s021812669500014x.

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9

Zhang, Xing Hai, Bo Wen Zhang, Wei Feng Han, Ji Xing Sun, Guang Ning Wu y Guo Qiang Gao. "Research on Overvoltage of Parallel Capacitors in 500kv Substation and its Protection Parameters". Applied Mechanics and Materials 303-306 (febrero de 2013): 1920–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.303-306.1920.

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In order to make it clear for explosion accidents of parallel capacitors occurred in 500kV substations in Sichuan power network one after another, the authors calculate and analyze the distribution of overvoltage caused by breakdown of elements within the capacitor bank. Dissecting the insulation of faulty capacitors, severe ageing of insulation is discovered; this phenomenon proves that the overvoltage on partial element should be the main factor influencing the insulating performance of capacitors. To ensure the reliable operation of parallel capacitors the setting value of unbalanced current protection at the neutral point of double star connection is modified by the calculated value of unbalanced current of 35kV capacitor bank in which there are six parallel groups of capacitors and in each group seven capacitors are connected in series.

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10

Dang, Hoang-Long y Sangshin Kwak. "Review of Health Monitoring Techniques for Capacitors Used in Power Electronics Converters". Sensors 20, n.º 13 (3 de julio de 2020): 3740. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20133740.

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Capacitors are critical components of power converter systems as they influence the cost, size, performance, and scale of such systems. However, capacitors exhibit the highest degeneration and breakdown rates among all power converter components due to their wear-out failures and short lifespans. Therefore, condition monitoring is a vital process to estimate the health status of capacitors and to provide predictive maintenance for ensuring stability in the operation of power converter systems. The equivalent series resistance (ESR) and the capacitance of the capacitor are two widely used parameters for evaluating the health status of capacitors. Unlike the ESR, the capacitance of a capacitor is suitable for the health monitoring of various types of capacitors; therefore, it is more preferable for large-scale systems. This paper presents an overview of previous research addressing this aspect of capacitors and provides a better understanding of the capacitance monitoring of capacitors utilized in power converter systems.

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11

Dekker, E. H. L. J. y C. J. M. Lasance. "Thermal and Electrical Analysis of Solid Aluminium Capacitors". Active and Passive Electronic Components 12, n.º 3 (1987): 167–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/1987/46158.

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The thermal properties of electronic components partly determine the reliability of electronic equipment. For electrolytic capacitors, they also set the limits for the ripple current and voltage values.This article first discusses the voltage limits under various conditions of temperature, frequency and polarity. Then the connection of ripple current to these parameters and to the capacitor's resistance is treated.An extensive analysis is made of the influence of heat conduction in the capacitor and the printed-circuit board, for metal-cased as well as for epoxy-coated pearl types. The study pays particular attention to solid aluminium capacitors containing a manganese dioxide semiconductor. They have some extraordinary properties: a temperature range of at least – 80 to + 175℃, and an appreciable reverse voltage potential.These can be fully employed to improve the ripple-current specification.

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12

Sun, Lei, Qin Yuan Dai, Chuang Chuan Lee y Gao Shuai Qiao. "The Analysis on the Parasitic Capacitors Effect of the Fully Differential Architecture of SAR ADC". Applied Mechanics and Materials 20-23 (enero de 2010): 342–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.20-23.342.

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This paper presents an analysis on the parasitic capacitors effect of the fully differential architecture to provide common-mode rejection. The parasitic capacitors of differential comparator inputs has no effect on the resolution, however, the difference of comparator input parasitic capacitors may has great effect on the resolution. The relationship between the unity capacitor and the parasitic capacitors of the differential comparator inputs is analyzed by giving precise theoretical demonstration. Therefore, a theoretical basis is provided for designers to choose appropriate unity capacitor, process and layout in the design of SAR SAD with fully differential structure.

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13

Huang, Guoxing, Xianhuai Cao, Haozheng Wei, Pin Chen y Zhiyuan Li. "Case study: A type of low-noise power capacitor based on combined microperforated panels". Noise Control Engineering Journal 70, n.º 6 (1 de noviembre de 2022): 519–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.3397/1/377045.

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Power capacitors of high-voltage alternating/direct current transmission systems have become one of the main community noise sources because of their large number and because they employ ultrahigh voltage and power. According to the broadband noise characteristics of power capacitors and based on the theory of combined microperforated panels, a low-noise capacitor with broadband sound absorption is designed and machined. Noise comparison tests were conducted between the modified and conventional capacitors in a semi-anechoic chamber. The results indicate that the proposed low-noise capacitor with combined microperforated panels provides a good alternative for low-noise design of power capacitors.

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14

Bunel, Catherine y Franck Murray. "Ultra thin, low ESL and high frequency performance of high density silicon capacitors". International Symposium on Microelectronics 2016, n.º 1 (1 de octubre de 2016): 000060–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.4071/isom-2016-tp26.

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Abstract The very high capacitance platform (now up to 900 nF/mm2) of the 3D Silicon capacitor technology presents many advantages for signal integrity, performance improvement, and miniaturization. In this paper, we will illustrate these advantages for communication infrastructure and high speed processors. The intrinsic IPDiA Silicon capacitors construction and the simplified equivalent electrical models will be compared with the multilayer ceramic capacitor (MLCC) model. We will also demonstrate how the Silicon capacitors are better candidates for performance, miniaturization and integration thanks to their low profile. The thickness has been a limiting factor for ceramic capacitors and we believe that Silicon capacitors will help to address this profile challenge. On top of the competitive overview of performances specific to the Ultra Wide Broadband Capacitors - like signal integrity, frequency response, linearity, and dielectric absorption - the additional Silicon capacitor technology benefits will be detailed. Design recommendations will be given to those who want to optimize performance. Perspectives and roadmap for the future will be disclosed.

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15

Xia, Zheng Peng, Chen Quan Zhou, Dan Shen, Hong Jun Ni, Yin Nan Yuan y Liao Ping. "Study on the Cooling System of Super-Capacitors for Hybrid Electric Vehicle". Applied Mechanics and Materials 492 (enero de 2014): 37–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.492.37.

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The heating mechanism of the capacitor is researched, the air cooling structure is designed of the capacitors, the model of the cooling of the capacitors is established for the heating phenomenon occurs during the charging and discharging process for super capacitors in series of hybrid electric vehicle. The model of the cooling is simulated based on the software of Star CCM +. The results of experiment show that the maximum temperature difference is less than 5°C among the capacitors, which ensures the consistency of the capacitors working temperature and proves the capacitors work substantially well.

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Yan, Tian Xiang, Xiao Lan Xie, Xin Yu Chen y Peng Niu. "Analysis of Thyristor Switched Three-Phase Capacitor". Advanced Materials Research 722 (julio de 2013): 311–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.722.311.

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it can limit the reactive power transmission to improve the voltage quality of power grid by installing parallel capacitors for reactive power compensation. But due to presence of transient transition process during power capacitors switching, it will seriously affect the service life of power capacitors and the safe operation of power system if the switching process of capacitors is not properly controlled. Firstly, this article described the fundamental principle and switching conditions of Thyristor Switched Capacitor (TSC). Secondly, the selection of switching time was analyzed for Thyristor Switched Three-phase Capacitor (TSTC). Finally, the simulation for TSTC was carried out by using MATLAB to verify the feasibility of analysis.

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17

Ou, Yu Qiang, Le Feng Cheng, Jian Zhong Wen, Xuan Yu Qiu y Tao Yu. "Review of the Relationship between Harmonic and Parallel Capacitor Fault". Advanced Materials Research 1044-1045 (octubre de 2014): 507–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1044-1045.507.

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The parallel capacitors are the most important reactive power compensation devices in power system, while the power system harmonic pollution is becoming increasingly serious in recent years, the accident that caused capacitors fault and damage by overload harmonic always happened. Based on this background and summary of the existing research results, thermal effect and performance index of capacitors are introduced, and analyzed the mechanism of interaction between harmonic and capacitor, then the effect and harm of running capacitor under harmonic conditions are elaborated, finally summarized the feasible measures for harmonic suppression and protection of capacitor devices.

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18

Obara, Hidemine, Masamu Kamaga, Takumi Ito y Yukihiko Sato. "An Investigation of Capacitors for Flying Capacitor Converters". IEEJ Transactions on Industry Applications 131, n.º 12 (2011): 1393–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1541/ieejias.131.1393.

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Obara, Hidemine y Yukihiko Sato. "Selection Criteria of Capacitors for Flying Capacitor Converters". IEEJ Journal of Industry Applications 4, n.º 2 (2015): 105–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1541/ieejjia.4.105.

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20

Obara, Hidemine, Masamu Kamaga, Takumi Ito y Yukihiko Sato. "An Investigation of Capacitors for Flying Capacitor Converters". Electrical Engineering in Japan 186, n.º 4 (12 de diciembre de 2013): 81–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/eej.22361.

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21

Labiedh, Walid, Bessem Zitouna, Mohamed Tlig y Jaleleddine Slama. "Analysis and Modeling of Film Capacitor Radiation Generic Radiating Model for the Rectangular Capacitors". Applied Computational Electromagnetics Society 36, n.º 4 (10 de mayo de 2021): 425–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.47037/2020.aces.j.360408.

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Capacitors are sources of EM field emissions whose characterization is crucial for electronic circuits EMC. This paper presents the modeling of equivalent radiating sources of rectangular film capacitors. It presents and analyses the magnetic near field measured above plastic and polyester capacitors. The measurements are then used by the inverse method to create a radiating source model for the capacitor. The results show a good agreement between the measured cartography and the one obtained when using radiating sources model. Finally, a generic radiating model is proposed for various types of rectangular film capacitors. The generic model is validated using the measurements on a rectangular capacitor. The suggested radiating model accelerates solving the inverse method. It can be used by circuit designers to optimize the placement of capacitors on the printed circuit board to reduce their coupling with other components of the studied system.

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22

Li, Jinyu, Xiaoyan Lei, Zhongqiu Zuo y Yi Xiong. "Vibration Model of a Power Capacitor Core under Various Harmonic Electrical Excitations". Energies 15, n.º 5 (2 de marzo de 2022): 1848. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15051848.

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Power capacitors are widely used in power transmission systems. During their operation, an electric force acting on the electrodes of the power capacitors actuates mechanical vibrations and radiates an audible noise. Considering a power capacitor as a general system, the frequency response with the electric force as the input and mechanical vibration as the output have been measured by engineers in recent years and used to evaluate the acoustic and mechanical features of products. Accidentally, it was found that the frequency of the capacitor vibration was not consistent with its excitation due to electro-mechanical coupling. This electro-mechanical coupling had not been considered in previous vibration models of power capacitors. Therefore, a new vibration model of power capacitors was built up in this paper and a so-called multi-frequency vibration characteristic was revealed. A theoretical analysis showed that the electric force and mechanical vibration of the power capacitors were coupled, which resulted in the multi-frequency vibration. The vibration frequency response was measured and the result was consistent with the vibration model proposed in this paper. Once the frequency of the electric force was near half the natural frequency of the power capacitor, a predominant multi-frequency vibration was triggered and the power capacitor was in a superharmonic resonance.

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23

Bhargava, Cherry, Vijay Kumar Banga y Yaduvir Singh. "Condition monitoring of aluminium electrolytic capacitors using accelerated life testing". International Journal of Quality & Reliability Management 35, n.º 8 (3 de septiembre de 2018): 1671–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijqrm-06-2017-0115.

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Purpose An electrolytic capacitor is extensively used as filtering devices in various power supplies and audio amplifiers. Low cost and higher value of capacitance make it more well known. As environmental stress and electrical parameters increase, capacitors degrade on accelerated pace. The paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach This paper focusses on the impact of thermal stress on electrolytic capacitors using accelerated life testing technique. The failure time was calculated based on the change in capacitance, equivalent series resistance and weight loss. The experimental results are compared with the outcome of already available life monitoring methods, and the accuracy level of these methods is accessed. Findings The results of all the three methods are having maximum 55 per cent accuracy. To enhance the accuracy level of theoretical methods, modifications have been suggested. A new method has been proposed, whose outcome is 92 per cent accurate with respect to experimentally obtained outcomes. Practical implications To assess the capacitor’s reliability using an experimental and modified theoretical method, failure prediction can be done before it actually fails. Originality/value A new method has been proposed to access the lifetime of capacitor.

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Yildiz, Ali. "Pre-service teacher’s understanding levels of capacitors and instructors’ predictions about the given responses". New Trends and Issues Proceedings on Humanities and Social Sciences 4, n.º 8 (2 de enero de 2018): 32–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.18844/prosoc.v4i8.2960.

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This study explores the understanding levels of pre-service teachers of the elementary school mathematics teacher education undergraduate program about capacitors that they learned in the compulsory Physics-2 course in the second year of the second term, and instructors’ predictions about the teachers’ responses. A total of 54 pre-service teachers participated in the study. The findings of the study reveal that 62.9% of the pre-service teachers did not know the function of a capacitor, 46.3% could not write any equations in connection with the capacitor and 57.4% could not explain any of the quantities in the formulas related to the capacitor. Instructors who taught Physics-2 at the undergraduate level were asked to predict the percentage rate of success of the answers the pre-service teachers gave about capacitors. The data reveal that the instructors were not sufficiently aware of pre-service teachers’ knowledge of capacitors, although they taught them Physics-2 and evaluated them. Keywords: Capacitors, pre-service teachers, instructors, views, predictions.

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Shimizu, Rinon, Ryuki Hanazawa y Naoyuki Morita. "Influence and Effect of Pyrolysis with Additives in Tantalum Capacitors". International Journal of Environmental Science and Development 13, n.º 4 (2022): 138–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.18178/ijesd.2022.13.4.1384.

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In recent years, the demand for tantalum capacitors has been increasing due to the miniaturization of electronic devices. Tantalum capacitors, which use the rare metal tantalum as the capacitor element, are used in electronic devices such as cell phones because they are smaller and have a higher capacity than conventional capacitors. In Japan, there are reports that minerals containing rare elements are being extracted from discarded electronic and electrical equipment to produce medals for the 2020 Tokyo Olympics. In Japan, many used electrical products containing rare elements are discarded, and these metals are called urban mines. The tantalum contained in tantalum capacitors accounts for 40% of the total mass of the sintered material and is expected to be recycled from discarded products. However, tantalum capacitors are covered with a hard mold resin of acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS) resin, which is chemically and physically stable. However, due to its nature, ABS resin is difficult to destroy and has not been recycled. In this study, hydrotalcite (HT) (Mg6Al2(OH)16CO3・MH2O) was used to extract tantalum from the sintered tantalum capacitor by pyrolysis. HT was added to the tantalum capacitor and placed in a metal reactor and subjected to pyrolysis at 550℃ in nitrogen to determine if the sintered tantalum was susceptible to fracture. It is presumed that the bromine gas generated from the ABS resin of the tantalum capacitor was trapped by the HT and the mold resin of the capacitor became residual carbon.

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Melnychuk, S. I., M. H. Tarnovskyi y O. H. Murashchenko. "ANALYSIS OF THE ARCHITECTURE OF SUCCESSIVE APPROXIMATION REGISTER ADC AND APPROACHES TO ITS IMPROVEMENT". Information technology and computer engineering 57, n.º 2 (2023): 4–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.31649/1999-9941-2023-57-2-4-12.

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Successive approximation register analog-digital converters (SAR ADC) represent the majority of the ADC market for medium- to high-resolution ADCs. Modern SAR ADCs allow to ensure a sampling frequency of more than 100 MHz with a resolution of 10 to 12 bits. Features of the ADC architecture of this type: simplicity, high energy efficiency and dependency of conversion time from resolution. The two main components of a SAR ADC that affect its basic characteristics are the comparator and the digital-to-analog converter (DAC). The DAC based on a capacitor matrix is most often used. In practice, when implementing an ADC in an integrated view, when increasing the resolution, the natural increase of the chip area crystals, increase of the energy, which is consumed during the transformation, and decrease in productivity is intensified by number of technical and technological factors The work analyzes a number of modern approaches that are used to improve the characteristics of the SAR ADC in increased resolution. In particular, the segmentation of the DAC capacitor matrix or the division of the capacitor matrix into a matrix of binary weighted capacitors and a matrix of C-2C capacitors allows to reduce the range of required values of capacitor capacities and reduce the total capacity of the matrix. Due to this, in comparison with the basic architecture, when the ADC bit rate is increased, a smaller area on the crystal is required for the implementation of the matrix and higher performance is ensured. Replacing the capacitor of the most significant discharge of the matrix with an exact copy of its other part allows to reduce the energy consumed from the reference voltage source and spent on redistributing the charge between the capacitors of the matrix during conversion.

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Badi, N., C. Boney y A. Bensaoula. "Self-packaged Boron Nitride Capacitor for High Temperature Applications". Journal of Microelectronics and Electronic Packaging 1, n.º 4 (1 de octubre de 2004): 217–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4071/1551-4897-1.4.217.

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In this work, we investigated applicability of boron nitride (BN) and boron oxynitride (BNO) thin films to fabricate multilayer ceramic capacitors (MLCCs) for high temperature and high frequency applications. Advantages of BN include high temperature and chemical resistance, which should result in more compact and reliable devices. Deposited BN layers by a filamentless ion source assisted physical vapor deposition technique show a high thermal stability up to 1000 °C and a very high breakdown voltage of about 600 V/μm. A 15 mm × 15 mm capacitor geometry was picked to create a simpler packaging scheme. Rectangular electrodes are offset and layered to build up the capacitor and a metallization technique is used to produce high temperature oxidation resistant Au/Ti tab electrodes. We have seen consistent results in terms of: stable capacitance values versus frequency from 10 kHz to 2 MHz; near ideal phase angle (low parasitic inductance); and high quality factors values. Laboratory prototype capacitors with operating temperatures (350 °C - 700 °C) far superior to the leading sintering technologies (< 200 °C) were demonstrated. The dissipation factor and the capacitance change within a temperature range of 700 °C are ~ 2% total and ~10 ppm/ °C, respectively. Results on thermal and frequency behavior of single and multilayers self-packaged BN capacitors are presented. We have begun testing the capacitor's performance under actual operating conditions, together with other (R and L) components in a working RLC circuit at elevated temperature, and our preliminary results are reported.

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Wang Qianqian, Liu Weili, Tang Minan y Zhang Kaiyue. "Diagnosis Method for Multiple Compensation Capacitor Faults of Jointless Track Circuit". Electrotehnica, Electronica, Automatica 70, n.º 3 (15 de septiembre de 2022): 12–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.46904/eea.22.70.3.1108002.

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The compensation capacitor fault of jointless track circuit has an important impact on the safe operation of high-speed trains. In order to solve the problem of multiple compensation capacitors breaking at the same time in jointless track circuit, a fault diagnosis method based on the amplitude characteristics of induced voltage envelope curve is proposed. Firstly, the shunt state model of track circuit is established, and the envelope curves of induced voltage amplitude corresponding to the disconnection fault of compensation capacitors at different positions are obtained by simulating analysis. Secondly, taking the distance between adjacent compensation capacitors as a step, the envelope curves of induced voltage amplitude corresponding to the faults of compensation capacitors at different positions are calculated, and the curves are segmented by according to the half step distance, and the eigenvalues of each segment are computed. Thirdly, the characteristic values of each segment are detected from the transmitter to the receiver to find the specific values, so as to realize the preliminary fault diagnosis of the compensation capacitor. Then, in order to make the fault diagnosis of compensation capacitor more accurate, according to the unique fault type, the slope is employed as the constraint condition for secondary diagnosis, so as to locate the fault capacitor position when multiple compensation capacitors break at the same time. Finally, by building a simulation platform and selecting the actual data of a road section, the proposed method is verified and compared. The results show that the algorithm can diagnose the position of the fault capacitor when multiple compensation capacitors on the track circuit break at the same time. The accuracy of the proposed algorithm is 99.04%, and it has high real-time performance.

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29

Nguyen, Hien Thanh y Tien Ngoc Nguyen. "IMPLEMENTING A 12-STEPS MIRKO CAPACITORS CONTROL MODEL FOR PRACTICAL TEACHING (A case study of Electrical and Electronic Engineering Technology major at Tra Vinh University)". SCIENTIFIC JOURNAL OF TRA VINH UNIVERSITY; ISSN: 2815-6072; E-ISSN: 2815-6099 1, n.º 43 (21 de enero de 2022): 42–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.35382/18594816.1.43.2021.818.

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This study is to implement a 12-steps Mikro capacitors control model which serves for the teaching, learning, researching and practicing of students majoring in Electrical and Electronic Engineering Technology. By methods of analysis based on working experience, methods of synthesizing theory and scientific experiments, operating on the 6-steps Mirko capacitors control model, the research has built a 12-steps Mirko capacitors control model which is an improvement compared to current model. The drawings of the model are designed, processed, operated, tested and corrected measurement errors by Autocad and Corel softwares. The study conducted an experiment on measurement error between the MFM384 meter and the PFR-120 capacitor control relay compared to the PFR-60 capacitor control relay. The highlight of this study is to compare the results of the measurement error between the 6-steps Mirko capacitors control model at the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, School of Engineering and Technology, Tra Vinh University and our 12-steps Mirko capacitors control model. As a result, the designed model of 12-steps Mirko capacitors control works with fewer errors and more efficiency.

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30

Yin, Zhijian, Huan Qiu, Yongheng Yang, Yi Tang y Huai Wang. "Practical Submodule Capacitor Sizing for Modular Multilevel Converter Considering Grid Faults". Applied Sciences 10, n.º 10 (20 de mayo de 2020): 3550. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10103550.

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Submodule (SM) capacitors are key elements in the modular multilevel converter (MMC), the design of which influences the entire system performance. In practical cases, SM capacitor sizing must consider the abnormal system operation (e.g., grid faults). In order to find a clear design boundary for SM capacitors, a practical capacitor sizing method is presented for the first time in this paper, considering the grid-fault-ride-through operation of the MMC, impact of MMC control system, and aging mechanism of capacitors. The SM capacitor rated voltage, capacitance, ESR, thermal resistance, and lifetime can be decided to ensure reliable operations of the MMC during grid faults. The effectiveness of the proposed method has been verified through experimental tests on a down-scale MMC system.

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31

Hiralal, Pritesh, Gemma Rius, Piers Andrew, Masamichi Yoshimura y Gehan A. J. Amaratunga. "Tailoring Carbon Nanostructure for High Frequency Supercapacitor Operation". Journal of Nanomaterials 2014 (2014): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/619238.

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The possibility of enhancing the frequency performance of electrochemical capacitors by tailoring the nanostructure of the carbon electrode to increase electrolyte permeability is demonstrated. Highly porous, vertically oriented carbon electrodes which are in direct electrical contact with the metallic current collector are produced via MPECVD growth on metal foils. The resulting structure has a capacitance and frequency performance between that of an electrolytic capacitor and an electrochemical capacitor. Fully packaged devices are produced on Ni and Cu current collectors and performance compared to state-of-the-art electrochemical capacitors and electrolytic capacitors. The extension of capacitive behavior to the AC regime (~100 Hz) opens up an avenue for a number of new applications where physical volume of the capacitor may be significantly reduced.

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32

Solis-Rodriguez, Jose, Julio C. Rosas-Caro, Avelina Alejo-Reyes y Jesus E. Valdez-Resendiz. "Optimal Selection of Capacitors for a Low Energy Storage Quadratic Boost Converter (LES-QBC)". Energies 16, n.º 6 (7 de marzo de 2023): 2510. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16062510.

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This article studies a recently proposed dc-dc converter and its optimization in terms of capacitors selection through the Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithm. The converter under study is the so-called Low Energy Storage Quadratic Boost Converter (LES-QBC), a quadratic type of converter that offers a smaller Output Voltage Ripple (OVR) compared to the traditional quadratic boost topology with capacitors of the same characteristics. This study presents a way to select the capacitors for minimizing the OVR while achieving a constraint of a maximum stored energy in capacitors. The capacitor’s stored energy is given as a design specification. The results are compared against the traditional quadratic boost converter and the LES-QBC without optimization (equal capacitance in capacitors). The optimization algorithm used was the so-called Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO). The experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposition. For the design exercise used for the results, the capacitor’s stored energy was kept almost the same, and a reduction in the OVR was achieved versus the non-optimized LES-QBC.

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33

Chen, Hao, Chunlong Dai, Yanan Li, Renming Zhan, Min-Qiang Wang, Bingshu Guo, Youquan Zhang, Heng Liu, Maowen Xu y Shu-juan Bao. "An excellent full sodium-ion capacitor derived from a single Ti-based metal–organic framework". Journal of Materials Chemistry A 6, n.º 48 (2018): 24860–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8ta09072f.

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Hybrid ion capacitors, especially sodium ion capacitors (SICs), have recently attracted enormous attention due to their combined merits of high energy density from the battery-type anode and high power density from the capacitor-type cathode.

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34

G. Rajakumar. "Recent Advancements in Supercapacitor Technologies". December 2022 4, n.º 4 (4 de enero de 2023): 256–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.36548/jucct.2022.4.004.

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Supercapacitors (SCs) are a form of energy storage that fills the vacuum left by traditional capacitors and batteries. They have greater energy storage capacity than capacitors and can deliver electricity at higher rates than batteries. Both the capacitor and supercapacitor have two electrodes (plates) separated by a dielectric, however super capacitors have electrodes with a larger surface area and thinner dielectrics, allowing for higher energy densities. Super capacitors are extensively employed in portable electronic devices due to its high storage capacity. The design, properties, and uses of supercapacitors are briefly discussed in this article.

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35

Yang, Feng, Wei Bing Wu, Chang Hong Yang, Hai Tao Wu y Guang Da Hu. "Device Modeling of Ultrathin Ferroelectric Capacitors". Applied Mechanics and Materials 346 (agosto de 2013): 3–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.346.3.

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A physically based model is developed for modeling the device behavior of ultrathin ferroelectric capacitors by considering ferroelectric/electrode interfacial capacitance and epitaxial strain arising from the lattice misfit in Landau-Ginzburg-Devonshire theory. We constructed the interfacial capacitance-mismatch strain polarization/critical thickness diagrams for the ferroelectric ultrathin capacitor. It is found that, the remanent polarization states and critical thickness for ferroelectricity of thin films is greatly influenced by the interfacial capacitances in the ultrathin capacitors involving strained epitaxial films, and the enhanced interfacial capacitances can make the ultrathin capacitor free from size effects. The results provide some new design rules for improving ferroelectric behaviors of ultrathin film ferroelectric capacitors.

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36

Rodríguez-Benítez, Omar, Mario Ponce-Silva, Juan Antonio Aqui-Tapia, Óscar Miguel Rodríguez-Benítez, Ricardo Eliú Lozoya-Ponce y Heriberto Adamas-Pérez. "Active Power-Decoupling Methods for Photovoltaic-Connected Applications: An Overview". Processes 11, n.º 6 (14 de junio de 2023): 1808. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr11061808.

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This study compares ripple port, stacked switched capacitor, and capacitive energy storage architectures for active power decoupling, comparing the number of components, performance, energy density, DC-link capacitor reduction, efficiency, and frequency operation to highlight their main benefits and drawbacks for single-phase grid-connected applications. The overview reveals equivalent effective energy density without electrolytic capacitors, as well as enhanced simplicity, performance, and durability, thereby providing stacked switched capacitors as an attractive power-decoupling alternative for multi-stage connected applications, based on the principle that its individual buffer capacitors absorb and deliver energy without tightly constraining their individual terminal voltages, while maintaining a narrow range voltage at the buffer DC port.

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37

Kobayakawa, Kiichi, Kosuke Muraoka, Hiroshi Sezaki, Seiji Ishikawa, Tomonori Maeda y Shin Ichiro Kuroki. "Effects of CF₄ Surface Etching on 4H-SiC MOS Capacitors". Materials Science Forum 924 (junio de 2018): 465–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.924.465.

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Effects of CF4etching on 4H-SiC MOS capacitor were investigated. Fluorine atoms were introduced to surface of 4H-SiC using CF4dry etching process as a surface treatment, and 4H-SiC MOS capacitors with dry-oxide were fabricated with this treatment. As the results, breakdown electric field of the MOS capacitors was increased and variation of the characteristics became lower than that of MOS capacitor without this treatment.

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38

Zhong, Li Ping, Qi Min Gu y Shui Ping Zhang. "Capacitor Voltage Balance Control for Diode Clamped Multi-Level Inverter Based on Charge Refreshing". Advanced Materials Research 945-949 (junio de 2014): 2885–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.945-949.2885.

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Unbalance of dc-link capacitor voltage is an key technical problem of multi-level inverter, this paper presents a novel method to solve it. According to the the new approach, a balancing capacitor is in turn connected in parallel with each dc-link capacitor in a sampling time, exacting charges from the capacitors with higher voltage and putting them into the capacitors with lower voltage.Thus the charges of all dc-link capacitors are refreshed constantly and the voltages can be kept balanced on the whole. This method only needs to add a simple hardware circuit and will not increase the complexity of modulation algorithm. In addition, the method is universal forN-level. Simulation experiments under several different conditions were made and the results verified the validity of the proposed approach.

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39

Dmitrikov, Vladimir F., Alexander Yu Petrochenko, Vyacheslav M. Isaev y Dmitriy V. Shushpanov. "Features of designing line radio interference filter in a wide frequency range, taking into account equivalent circuits for capacitors and inductors". Physics of Wave Processes and Radio Systems 23, n.º 4 (11 de febrero de 2021): 85–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.18469/1810-3189.2020.23.4.85-96.

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Based on the phenomenological equations describing the dynamic processes of magnetization of ferromagnets of inductors and polarization of capacitor dielectrics, taking into account complex frequency-dependent dielectric constants e(jw) of capacitor dielectrics and magnetic permeabilities m(jw) of inductor cores, equivalent electrical structural-parametric and capacitor replacement circuits were obtained. The connection of parasitic elements of equivalent electric circuits of capacitors and inductors with the electrophysical characteristics of the material of the dielectric of the capacitor and the inductor core, which determine their frequency properties, structure and parameters of the elements of the equivalent circuit, is established. The features of the design of line radio interference filter taking into account the parasitic parameters of the inductors and capacitors of line radio interference filter, found as a result of the synthesis of equivalent electric circuits of the inductors and capacitors in a wide frequency range of 150 kHz 30 MHz.

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40

Xuan, Chen. "Enlightening Visualization of Charge on Capacitors and Capacitor Circuits". Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2381, n.º 1 (1 de diciembre de 2022): 012073. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2381/1/012073.

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Abstract The ideal parallel plate capacitor in general physics textbooks lacks electrostatic perspectives regarding how conducting surfaces are charged. The current textbooks somewhat neglect close connections between capacitors and electrostatics, leaving students in limbo when analyzing charge distribution on capacitors in circuits. This paper will suggest a new generalized model of the ideal capacitor and offer learners, mainly from the electrostatic perspective, a better train of thought in analyzing how charges are distributed on various surfaces in capacitor circuits. This paper offers a relatively complete review and framework of the ideal capacitor and can serve as supplementary reading material for general physics learners and instructors for in-depth explanations of fundamental topics unavailable in the current textbooks.

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41

Chao, Yang. "Research on the Failure Characteristics of Porous Ceramic Capacitor Based on Numerical Simulation Technology". Applied Mechanics and Materials 716-717 (diciembre de 2014): 1212–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.716-717.1212.

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In the electronics industry, people has higher and higher demand for the performance of electronic products, but the requirement of volume is more and more small, it will promote the electronic products toward the direction of miniaturization. Porous ceramic capacitor is one of the most commonly used small electronic devices, but the capacitor thermal failure problem is always a difficult problem plagued capacitor design. This paper establishes the mathematical model of porous ceramic capacitors failure stress, and ABAUQS software is introduced to the failure simulation calculation process of porous ceramic capacitor, to establish the numerical simulation model of capacitor. Through the boundary conditions, the capacitor’s maximum failure stress are calculated, the failure force and the relationship between the thickness of dielectric layer and ceramic layer are obtained, which provide a new computer method for the design of porous ceramic capacitor and the study.

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42

Sarjeant, W. J., J. Zirnheld y F. W. MacDougall. "Capacitors". IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science 26, n.º 5 (1998): 1368–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/27.736020.

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43

Trotter, Donald M. "Capacitors". Scientific American 259, n.º 1 (julio de 1988): 86–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/scientificamerican0788-86.

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44

Sarjeant, W. "Capacitors". IEEE Transactions on Electrical Insulation 25, n.º 5 (1990): 861–922. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/14.59866.

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45

Hussan, Md Reyaz, Adil Sarwar, Irfan Khan, Mohd Tariq, Mohammad Tayyab y Waleed Alhosaini. "An Eleven-Level Switched-Capacitor Inverter with Boosting Capability". Electronics 10, n.º 18 (15 de septiembre de 2021): 2262. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics10182262.

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An 11-level switched-capacitor multilevel inverter (SCMLI) with 2.5 times boosting feature is presented in this paper. It can produce an 11-level output voltage waveform by utilizing 14 switches, 3 capacitors, 2 diodes, and 1 DC source. Only nine driver circuits are needed as the topology has three pairs of complementary switches and two bidirectional switches. It has inherent capacitor self-balancing property as the capacitors are connected across the DC voltage source during several states within a fundamental cycle to charge the capacitors to the input voltage. A detailed comparison shows the effectiveness of the proposed topology in terms of the number of switches, number of capacitors, number of sources, total standing voltage (TSV), efficiency, and boosting ability with the state-of-art recently proposed circuits. Subsequently, the performance of the proposed SCMLI is validated experimentally utilizing the nearest level control (NLC), a fundamental frequency-based switching technique.

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46

Al-Wesabi, Ibrahim, Zhijian Fang, Zhiguo Wei y Hanlin Dong. "Direct Sliding Mode Control for Dynamic Instabilities in DC-Link Voltage of Standalone Photovoltaic Systems with a Small Capacitor". Electronics 11, n.º 1 (1 de enero de 2022): 133. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics11010133.

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Large electrolytic capacitors used in grid-connected and stand-alone photovoltaic (PV) applications for power decoupling purposes are unreliable because of their short lifetime. Film capacitors can be used instead of electrolytic capacitors if the energy storage requirement of the power conditioning units (PCUs) is reduced, since they offer better reliability and have a longer lifetime. Film capacitors have a lower capacitance than electrolytic capacitors, causing enormous frequency ripples on the DC-link voltage and affecting the standalone photovoltaic system’s dynamic performance. This research provided novel direct sliding mode controllers (DSMCs) for minimizing DC-link capacitor, regulating various components of the PV/BES system that assists to manage the DC-link voltage with a small capacitor. DSMCs were combined with the perturb and observe (P&O) method for DC boost converters to increase the photovoltaic system’s dynamic performance, and regulate the battery’s bidirectional converter (BDC) to overcome the DC-link voltage instabilities caused via a lower DC-link capacitor. The system is intended to power both AC and DC loads in places without grid connection. The system’s functions are divided into four modes, dependent on energy supply and demand, and the battery’s state of charge. The findings illustrate the controllers’ durability and the system’s outstanding performance. The testing was carried out on the MT real-time control platform NI PXIE-1071 utilizing Hardware-In-The-Loop experiments and MATLAB/Simulink.

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47

Chen, Gang, Qianqian Wang, Silvia Kim, Suhui Lee, Ahmet Tura, Jacob Choi y Ning Dong. "57‐1: Micro Display Sub‐Pixel Capacitor Design Balancing Performance, Yield, and Cost". SID Symposium Digest of Technical Papers 55, S1 (abril de 2024): 491–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/sdtp.17120.

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Micro displays employ capacitors inside the pixels to store analog signal, implement voltage‐charge redistribution, or conduct threshold voltage variation compensation. Selecting appropriate capacitors among the options of MOS (metal‐oxide‐semiconductor) capacitors, MIM (metal‐insulator‐metal) capacitors, MOM (metal‐oxide‐metal) capacitors need to consider performance, yield, and cost, besides footprint requirement that is determined by the display resolution, panel size, and pixel pitch. In this paper, nMOS (n‐typed MOS) capacitor and DMOS (depletion MOS) capacitors are analyzed comprehensively in terms of operation mechanism, capacitance and impact on image quality, defect generation and impact on yield, and cost and scaling opportunity. It was concluded that nMOS is generally preferred than DMOS and for next generations of micro displays. For advanced displays with higher resolution and smaller pixel pitch, MOM and MIM adoptions were discussed.

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48

Tone, Yuya y Toru Tanzawa. "An Optimum Structure of Scalable Capacitors in 3D Crosspoint Memory Technology". Electronics 10, n.º 22 (11 de noviembre de 2021): 2755. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics10222755.

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Memory chips need large capacitors in their periphery to drive boosted word-lines and bit-lines for read and write operations. In a previous work, scalable capacitors were proposed for 3D crosspoint memory to keep the area for the capacitors constant over technology generations. This paper proposes the capacitance models of three types of wiring capacitors: (1) vertical capacitor, (2) vertical and horizontal capacitor with next-neighbor wires connected with the other terminal, and (3) vertical and horizontal capacitor with next-neighbor pairs connected with the other terminal. These models are based on Wong’s crossover capacitor model to determine the capacitor structure with the highest capacitance density in 3D crosspoint memory technology. One can determine the best structure through optimizing the process parameters such as the height H of the insulation material between the metal wires and the thickness T of the metal wires and the design rules such as the width W and space S of metal wires. The model accuracy was in good agreement with the measurement of twelve types of capacitor structures fabricated in a 180 nm 6 metal standard CMOS process with the maximum error of 20%. Contour plots of the capacitance density across H vs. S where it is assumed that W = T = S are shown. As a result, the boundary condition regarding H and S is determined per 3D crosspoint memory technology with three, four, or five levels of wires.

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49

Li, Yichen, Zhiqiang Rao, Ziyi Li y Lu Ding. "Research on Fault Location Method of Track Circuit Compensation Capacitor Based on Probabilistic Neural Network". Architecture Engineering and Science 3, n.º 2 (7 de junio de 2022): 93. http://dx.doi.org/10.32629/aes.v3i2.822.

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Compensation capacitor is an important component for extending the signal transmission of track circuit, and its safe operation is very important to the transportation business of rail transit. According to the difficulty of diagnosing the fault of compensation capacitor, a fault location model of compensation capacitor based on probabilistic neural network is established. Firstly, the influence of compensation capacitors on the current curve is analyzed from the two aspects of the failure reasons of compensation capacitors and the influence on signal transmission. Then, according to the parameters of the track circuit, the important characteristic parameters affecting the compensation capacitors are screened. According to 4 different failure modes, a fault diagnosis model based on probabilistic neural network is constructed, and the BP neural network model is selected as the comparison experiment. The results show that the compensation capacitor fault location model based on probabilistic neural network has higher relative prediction accuracy and the shortest time.

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50

Hachlowski, Jakub y Robert Stala. "Novel Converter for Voltage Balance in Series-Connected Capacitors and Batteries". Power Electronics and Drives 3, n.º 1 (1 de diciembre de 2018): 65–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/pead-2018-0011.

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Abstract This paper presents a novel concept of a circuit for voltage balance of three series-connected capacitors or batteries, as well as the research results. The problem is related to the control of voltage sharing on series capacitors, supercapacitors or battery banks in energy storage systems or direct current (DC)-link of four-level neutral-point-clamped inverters. The proposed circuit is a switched-capacitor (SC) resonant converter composed of a single capacitor and seven transistor switches. Control of the converter makes it possible to transfer energy between any capacitors, by switching selected transistors. This paper presents the basic concept of the converter, an analysis of control strategies and the simulation results for various cases of voltage balancing.

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