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Literatura académica sobre el tema "Calottes glaciaires – Dynamique – Antarctique"
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Artículos de revistas sobre el tema "Calottes glaciaires – Dynamique – Antarctique"
Occhietti, Serge. "Dynamique de l’Inlandsis laurentidien du Sangamonien à l’Holocène". Géographie physique et Quaternaire 41, n.º 2 (15 de enero de 2008): 301–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/032685ar.
Texto completoTesis sobre el tema "Calottes glaciaires – Dynamique – Antarctique"
Flament, Thomas. "Variations de hauteur de la calotte antarctique par altimétrie radar par satellite : amincissement dynamique, vidanges de lacs sous-glaciaires et autres curiosités". Toulouse 3, 2013. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/2592/.
Texto completoThe Antarctic Ice Sheet is a vast and remote hostile land. It is nonetheless an important part of the planetary climate system. Space-borne instruments are among the best tools to study the evolution of the ice sheet. In this work, we use data from one of these space sensors: the Envisat radar altimeter. This instrument provided us repeated measurements of the ice sheet surface elevation every 35 days during 8 years. From this dataset, we investigated volume change of the ice sheet between 2002 and 2010. This period is relatively short compared to the typical duration of ice sheet response (thousands of years after an ice age) but the data show some evolution, either extreme precipitation events or accelerated flow and associated thinning. The high space and time resolution also allowed us to observe rapid and local events such as subglacial lake drainages. These were only recently discovered in Antarctica and altimetry is one of the best suited tools to study them. The reflection and backscatter of the radar wave by the snowpack is still a complex problem that has to be further investigated. The own behavior of the snowpack must be better understood. We present the state of the art of the understanding of the radar/snowpack interaction. We conclude with an outlook on future techniques that will enhance our understanding of the ice sheet process and ice sheet evolution: new altimeters, longer time series, multi-sensor studies and additional in situ calibration
Crotti, Ilaria. "Datation et étude de la variabilité climatique à partir de la carotte de glace antarctique de TALDICE". Electronic Thesis or Diss., université Paris-Saclay, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022UPASJ003.
Texto completoIce cores are long cylinders extracted from ice sheets containing information about past environmental and climatic conditions. The TALDICE ice core is a 1620 m depth core drilled at Talos Dome, in East Antarctica. Several previous studies focused on dating this core and an age scale has been defined only until 1438 m depth at an age of about 150,000 years ago, limiting the past climate reconstructions to the last climatic cycle. This thesis focuses on the poorly explored deep portion of the core below 1438 m depth. In the first part of the thesis, the new TALDICE isotopic measurements in both ice and gas matrixes below 1438 m are used to build the final TALDICE deep1 ice/gas age-depth relationship with the application of the IceChrono1 model. The chronology for the deeper part of the core is here defined until 1548 m depth and extends the climatic record back to 343,0000 years ago. The second part of this thesis is centred on the interpretation of the unique TALDICE isotopic signal during past interglacial periods. The proposed interpretation indicates that the interglacial anomalies in the isotopic record have been produced by the lowering of the Talos Dome site elevation due to ice loss and inland retreat of the Wilkes Subglacial Basin grounding line. The third and last part of this work focuses on the development of the argon dating technique called “copper method”, with the aim of reducing the amount of ice employed. The novel methodology has been tested on 11 TALDICE samples. The “copper method” results are validated by comparing them with the published TALDICE chronologies (AICC2012 and TALDICE deep1) and with 8 neighbouring samples dated with the well-established argon dating “getter method”
Peyaud, Vincent. "Rôle de la dynamique des calottes glaciaires dans les grands changements climatiques des périodes glaciaires-interglaciaires". Phd thesis, Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00310259.
Texto completoMourad, Firas. "Estimation par méthodes inverses des paramètres de glissement et de diffusion des calottes glaciaires d'Antarctique". Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020GRALT021.
Texto completoModels describing natural phenomena can depend on parameters that cannot be directly measured, hence the necessity to develop inverse techniques to determine them. Our goal is to utilize such techniques to enable better initialization of ice sheet models for Antarctica. This will help such models to produce better forecasts as part of climate studies. The parameters of interest are the basal sliding coefficient, which characterizes the contact of the ice sheet with the bed underneath, and the diffusion coefficient which dictates the dynamics within the mass-continuity partial differential equation describing the movement of ice sheets. A Lyapunov based approach is proposed to control the convergence of the 1D and 2D inhomogeneous transport models toward a feasible equilibrium matching the measurements of surface topography of the Antarctic ice sheet. Our work offers a new 1D update law for the basal sliding coefficient inversion. We also use adaptive distributed parameter inversion to retrieve basal sliding from diffusion in 1D and 2D models. These two methods are tested on study cases and real data. Our results show that the methods proposed are successful in inverting for sliding and diffusion while replicating the available data
Philippon, Gwenaëlle. "Rôle des calottes glaciaires dans le système climatique : Analyse des interactions entre un modèle de calotte de glace Antarctique et un modèle de climat". Phd thesis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00328184.
Texto completoParouty, Soazig. "Interprétation des séries temporelles altimétriques sur la calotte polaire Antartique". Toulouse 3, 2009. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/900/.
Texto completoThis work aims at improving our understanding of the altimetric time series acquired over the Antarctic Ice Sheet. Dual frequency data (S Band - 3. 2GHz and Ku Band - 13. 6GHz) from thealtimeter onboard the ENVISAT satellite are used, during a five year time period from january2003 until december 2007. These data cover around 80% of the surface of the Antarctic continent,up to 82°S. Having data in two different frequencies is valuable when it comes to better estimatethe altimeter sensitivity regarding snow surface property changes. Over the Antarctic ice sheet, snow surface changes with respect to space and time, beingaffected by meteorological conditions close to the surface, and especially winds. The altimetricwave penetrates more or less deeply beneath the surface, depending on snow surface and subsurfaceproperties. As a result, when the wave comes back to the satellite, the recorded signal, namedwaveform, is more or less distorted. The accuracy of the ice sheet topographic changes computedthanks to satellite altimetric techniques depends on our knowledge of the processes inducing thisdistortion. The purpose of the present work is to better understand the effect of changing windconditions on altimetric data. Winds in Antarctica are indeed famous for their strength and theirimpact on the snow surface state. First, spatial and temporal variability of the altimetric data on the one hand, and of wind speedreanalysis fields (from ERA-Interim, NCEP/NCAR and NCEP/DOE projects) on the other handare studied. We estimate spatial and temporal typical length scales for all datasets. As a result, weare able to smooth the data, so that all datasets have the same spatial and temporal caractericticlength scales. Furthermore, we note that our time series are well described by an annual signal. This annual cycle shows that whereas wind speed would always be maximum in austral winter,altimetric seasonal cycles have very different behaviors depending on the location. .
Adodo, Fifi Ibrahime. "Altimétrie et radiométrie en Antarctique". Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018TOU30135/document.
Texto completoIn the context of global climate changes, the Antarctic ice sheet contribution to sea-level rise is one of the main uncertainty sources. The extent and extreme meteorological conditions of this continent render remote sensing a useful tool for long term monitoring. Altimetry and radiometry observations in the microwave range reveal variations of the volume of the ice sheet and surface properties of the snowpack. Radar altimeters, provide repeated observations of the surface topography elevation, which allow the quantification of volume variations of the ice sheet. However, the penetration of radar waves in dry and cold snowpack adversely affects the estimated surface elevation. Approaches to minimize the penetration error are all based on a relationship with the backscattering coefficient. Understanding the annual and interannual variations of the backscattering coefficient is thus a key issue in order to improve the estimation accuracy of the surface elevation and to refine the ice-sheet volume trend. This thesis aims at studying the backscattering coefficients acquired by radar altimeters, which until now have received little attention. Radar altimeters on board ENVISAT (S and Ku bands) and SARAL/AltiKa (Ka band) have different sensitivities to the snowpack properties. The annual and interannual variations of the backscattering coefficient at the three bands is investigated. Sensitivity tests are carried out with an electromagnetic model to determine the prevailing snowpack properties that drive the signal. The seasonal signal is sensitive to surface density and roughness at S band, to snow temperature at Ka band and to either snow surface density and roughness or temperature depending on the location on the continent at Ku band. The seasonal signal of the backscattering coefficient is then compared with that of the brightness temperature measured by radiometers on SARAL and SSM/I. The results show a significant influence of surface roughness on brightness temperatures at Ka band, which has often been neglected in brightness temperature modeling studies. This thesis provides a better understanding of the seasonal dynamics of the near surface properties of the Antarctic ice sheet. It also provides new clues to build a more robust corrections of the penetration errors in the future. It highlights the importance of multi-frequency altimetry missions and the potential of the S band to study the seasonal variability in surface roughness. In summary, surface roughness is an important property which should be taken into account for a better modeling of backscattering coefficient and brightness temperature
Kaitheri, Athul. "Caractérisation des variations de masse en Antarctique en réponse aux fluctuations climatiques à partir des données de gravimétrie spatiale et d'altimétrie radar". Thesis, Université Côte d'Azur, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021COAZ4100.
Texto completoQuantifying the mass balance of the Antarctic Ice Sheet (AIS), and the resulting sea level rise, requires an understanding of inter-annual variability and associated causal mechanisms. This has become more complex and challenging in the backdrop of global climate change. Very few studies have been exploring the influence of climate anomalies on the AIS and only a vague estimate of its impact is available. Usually changes to the ice sheet are quantified using observations from space-borne altimetry and gravimetry missions. In this study, we use data from Envisat (2002 to 2010) and Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) (2002 to 2016) missions to estimate monthly elevation changes and mass changes, respectively. Similar estimates of the changes are made using weather variables (surface mass balance (SMB) and temperature) from a regional climate model (RACMO2.3p2) as inputs to a firn compaction (FC) model. Using the firn compaction model we were able to model the transformation of snow into glacial ice and hence estimate changes in the elevation of the ice sheet using climate parameters.Elevation changes estimated from different techniques are in good agreement with each other across the AIS especially in West Antarctica, Antarctic Peninsula, and along the coasts of East Antarctica. Inter-annual height change patterns are then extracted using for the first time an empirical mode decomposition followed by a reconstruction of modes. These signal on applying least square method revealed a sub-4-year periodic signal in the all the three distinct height change patterns. This was indicative of the influence of the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO), a climate anomaly that alters, among other parameters, moisture transport, sea surface temperature, precipitation, in and around the AIS at similar frequency by alternating between warm and cold conditions. But there existed altering periodic behavior among inter annual height change patterns in the Antarctic Pacific (AP) sector which was found possibly by the influence of multiple climate drivers, like the Amundsen Sea Low (ASL) and the Southern Annular Mode (SAM). A combined analysis of the three distinct estimates using a PCA (principal component analysis) along the coast revealed similar findings. Height change anomaly also appears to traverse eastwards from Coats Land to Pine Island Glacier (PIG) regions passing through Dronning Maud Land (DML) and Wilkes Land (WL) in 6 to 8 years. This is indicative of climate anomaly traversal due to the Antarctic Circumpolar Wave (ACW) which propagates anomalies through the Southern Ocean in 8 to 10 years. Altogether, inter-annual variability in the SMB of the AIS is found to be modulated by multiple competing climate anomalies
Lacroix, Pascal. "Apport de l'altimétrie radar spatiale à l'étude de la neige de la calotte polaire Antarctique". Phd thesis, Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse III, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00216105.
Texto completoDepuis 2002 et le lancement de ENVISAT, on dispose d'un altimètre radar qui couvre 80 \% de la calotte polaire Antarctique, dont la particularité est d'acquérir des signaux à deux fréquences différentes (bande S à 3.2 GHz et bande Ku à 13.6 GHz). Ces deux ondes pénètrent dans le manteau neigeux sur plusieurs mètres et ont des sensibilités aux propriétés de la neige différentes. Ainsi, l'idée de cette thèse est d'utiliser cette double information pour retrouver les propriétés du manteau neigeux.
On se propose de résoudre cette problématique par une analyse et une modélisation des signaux altimétriques bi-fréquences sur la calotte polaire, puis par leur inversion. On se penche tout d'abord sur quelques études de cas pour estimer la sensibilité des signaux aux différentes propriétés de la neige: i/ On montre tout d'abord que le signal altimétrique est sensible à la rugosité de la surface à différentes échelles, puis ii/ que le signal altimétrique est sujet à des variations saisonnières causées par la densification de la neige en surface, et enfin iii/ que les ondes radars sont réfléchies par des strates en profondeur.
Un modèle de l'interaction de l'onde avec le manteau neigeux est réalisé simultanément aux deux fréquences, afin de permettre une comparaison de ces signaux entre eux. Les résultats du modèle sont utilisés pour expliquer les variations saisonnières précédemment observées. Finalement, les paramètres du manteau neigeux sont estimés à l'échelle de la calotte polaire antarctique. Les tailles de grains retrouvées présentent un grossissement vers l'intérieur du continent. La densité montre des variations saisonnières de plusieurs g.cm3 notamment sur les côtes antarctiques. Certaines régions présentent un état de surface de la neige particulièrement lisse (Dronning Maud Land, par exemple).
La donnée in situ de l'état de surface de la neige étant quasi inexistante sur les calottes polaires, on développe finalement un protocole de mesure de la rugosité de la neige, qui est testé sur un glacier du Spitzberg.
Merino, Nacho. "Interactions calotte polaire/océan : vers la mise en place d'une modélisation couplée". Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016GREAU051/document.
Texto completoThe next generation of climate models will include an ice-sheet model in order to improve the ice sheet mass balance projections by accounting for the ice dynamics and ice-oceans interactions. On the one hand, the Southern Ocean (SO) is indeed driving the acceleration of the Antarctic outlet glaciers via an increase in the basal melting of the ice shelves. On the other hand, the increasing ice discharge from Antarctic Ice Sheet (AIS) contributes to the current sea level rise and is likely to become the largest cryospheric contributor to sea level rise by the end of the current century. In addition, the related freshening may have significant implications on future sea-ice cover and on bottom water formation. However, it is not clear yet how the ocean and ice-sheet components of future coupled systems will account for the ice-ocean interactions, which are both causes and consequences of the AIS mass imbalance. Here in this work, different aspects of the standalone ocean and ice-sheet components have been investigated. A first step of this thesis has been focused in the representation of the glacial freshwater fluxes in current ocean models. Based on recent glaciological estimates, the ice shelf basal melting fluxes have been spatially distributed in an ORCA025 grid, and the calving rates have been applied into an improved version of the NEMO-ICB iceberg model. This preliminary study has been used to produce a monthly iceberg meltwater climatology, to be used to force current ocean models. This work shows the importance of representing the iceberg meltwater fluxes when modeling sea ice, which can be inexpensively achieve by using our climatology. The improvements in the representation of the glacial freshwater fluxes have been considered in the study of the ocean model response to the Antarctic mass imbalance. This study considers a realistic perturbation in the glacial freshwater forcing as close as possible as it will be represented in future ice-sheet/ocean models. According to our results, up to 50% of the recent Antarctic sea ice volume changes might be caused by the observed decadal AIS mass imbalance rate. Glacial freshwater forcing appears to be crucial to correctly represent the ice-ocean interactions and projecting sea ice cover of future coupled systems. However, the estimation of the glacial freshwater input in future climate models will be strongly dependent upon the capacity of ice-sheet models to reproduce the grounding line migrations of marine ice sheet glaciers. Current ice-sheet models present large uncertainties related to different parametrizations. In the context of the future climate models, we have studied the sensitivity of ocean-driven grounding line retreats to the application of two different friction laws and two different englacial stress approximations. The model responses almost indistinctively to either the SSA or the SSA* englacial stress approximations. However, differences in the contribution of the glacier to the sea level rise can be up to 50% depending on the friction law considered. The more physically constrained Schoof friction law is significantly more reactive to the ocean perturbations than Weertman law and should be considered in future coupled systems. This work underlines that uncertainties related to the ice sheet model estimates of grounding line migrations may not only contribute to uncertainties in sea level projections, but also the sea ice cover through the ice-ocean interaction in future ocean models.This conclusion suggests the need for improving the representation of both the ice shelf basal melting and the glacier interaction with the bedrock, in order to improve the climate projections of future climate models, in which the spatial and seasonal distribution of the glacial freshwater fluxes may play an important role in setting the sea ice cover