Tesis sobre el tema "Calcium channels – Animal models"
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1
Jeffs, Graham J. "The effect of sodium/calcium exchanger 3 (NCX3) knockout on neuronal survival following global cerebral ischaemia in mice". University of Western Australia. School of Biomedical, Biomolecular and Chemical Sciences, 2007. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2008.0063.
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Cerebral ischaemia is a leading cause of disability and death world-wide. The only effective treatments are thrombolytic therapy (plasminogen activator; tPA) and hypothermia (33?C). However, tPA has limited clinical application due to its short therapeutic time window and its specific application in thrombo-embolic stroke. Moderate hypothermia (33?C) is only being used following cardiac arrest in comatose survivors. Hence more treatments are urgently required. The first step in developing new treatments is the identification and characterisation of a potential therapeutic target. Since brain damage following cerebral ischaemia is associated with disturbances in intracellular calcium homeostasis, the sodium-calcium exchanger (NCX) is a potential therapeutic target due to its ability to regulate intracellular calcium. Currently, however there is uncertainty as to whether the plasma membrane NCX has a neuroprotective or neurodamaging role following cerebral ischemia. To address this issue I compared hippocampal neuronal injury in NCX3 knockout mice (Ncx3-/-) and wild-type mice (Ncx3+/+) following global cerebral ischaemia. In order to perform this study I first established a bilateral common carotid occlusion (BCCAO) model of global ischaemia in wild-type C57/BlHsnD mice using controlled ventilation. After trials of several ischaemic time points, 17 minutes was established as the optimum duration of ischaemia to produce selective hippocampal CA1 neuronal loss in the wild-type mice. I then subjected NCX3 knockout and wild-type mice to 17 minutes of ischaemia. Following the 17 minute period of ischaemia, wild-type mice exhibited 80% CA1 neuronal loss and 40% CA2 neuronal loss. In contrast, NCX3 knockout mice displayed > 95% CA1 neuronal loss and 95% CA2 neuronal loss. Following experiments using a 17 minute duration of global ischaemia, a 15 minute duration of ischaemia was also evaluated. Wild-type mice exposed to a 15 minute period of ischaemia, did not exhibit any significant hippocampal neuronal loss. In contrast, NCX3 knockout mice displayed 45% CA1 neuronal loss and 25% CA2 neuronal loss. The results clearly demonstrate that mice deficient for the NCX3 protein are more susceptible to global cerebral ischaemia than wild-type mice. My findings showing a neuroprotective role for NCX3 following ischaemia, suggest that the exchanger has a positive role in maintaining neuronal intracellular calcium homeostasis. When this function is disrupted, neurons are more susceptible to calcium deregulation, with resultant cell death via calcium mediated pathways. Therefore, improving NCX activity following cerebral ischaemia may provide a therapeutic strategy to reduce neuronal death.
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Diffley, Leonie. "Calcium regulation and ion channel remodelling in an animal model of heart failure". Thesis, University of Manchester, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.493676.
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CHF is a complex disease that results in the remodelling of the heart at every level, from the gross anatomy down to the levels of the ion channel resulting in aberrant signalling and contractile dysfunction. The QT interval of the cardiac ECG is frequently increased in heart failure, suggesting ion channel remodelling which has proarrhythmic consequences. One of the aims of this study was to determine the changes that occur from the in vivo level, down to the level of the ion channel that may contribute to arrhythmogenesis.
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DeRemigio, Hilary. "Markov chain models of instantaneously coupled intracellular calcium channels". W&M ScholarWorks, 2008. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1539623334.
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Localized calcium elevations known as calcium puffs or sparks are cellular signals arising from cooperative activity of clusters of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptors (IP3Rs) or ryanodine receptors (RyRs) located at calcium release sites on the endoplasmic or sarcoplasmic reticulum membrane. When Markov chain models of these intracellular calcium-regulated calcium channels are coupled via a mathematical representation of the calcium microdomain, simulated calcium release sites may exhibit the phenomenon of "stochastic calcium excitability" where the IP3Rs or RyRs open and close in a concerted fashion. Although the biophysical theory relating the kinetics of single channels to the collective phenomena of puffs and sparks is only beginning to be developed, Markov chain models of coupled intracellular channels give insight into the dynamics of calcium puffs and sparks.;Interestingly, under some conditions simulated puffs and sparks can be observed even when the single channel model used does not include slow calcium inactivation or any long-lived closed state. In this case termination of the localized calcium elevation occurs when all of the intracellular channels at a release site simultaneously close through a process called stochastic attrition. This dissertation investigates the statistical properties of stochastic attrition viewed as an absorption time on a terminating Markov chain that represents a calcium release site composed of two-state channels that are activated by calcium. Assuming that the local calcium concentration experienced by a channel depends only on the number of open channels at the calcium release site, the probability distribution function for the time until stochastic attrition occurs is derived and an analytical formula for the expectation of this random variable is presented. Also explored is how the contribution of stochastic attrition to the termination of calcium puffs and sparks depends on the number of channels at a release site, the source amplitude of the channels, the background calcium concentration, channel kinetics, and the cooperativity of calcium binding.;This dissertation also studies whether single channel models with calcium inactivation are less sensitive to the details of release site ultrastructure than models that lack a slow calcium-inactivation process. Release site dynamics obtained from simulated calcium release sites composed of instantaneously coupled calcium-regulated calcium channels whose random spatial locations were chosen from a uniform distribution on a disc of specified radius are compared to simulations with channels arranged on hexagonal lattices. Analysis of puff/spark statistics confirms that puffs and sparks are less sensitive to the spatial organization of release sites when the single channel model includes a slow inactivation process. The validity of several different mean-field reductions that do not explicitly account for the details of release site ultrastructure is also investigated.;Calcium release site models are stochastic automata networks that involve many functional transitions, that is, the transition probabilities of each channel depend on the local calcium concentration and thus the state of the other channels. A Kronecker structured representation for calcium release site models is presented and benchmark stationary distribution calculations using both exact and approximate iterative numerical solution techniques that leverage this structure are performed. When it is possible to obtain an exact solution, response measures such as the number of channels in a particular state converge more quickly using the iterative numerical methods than occupation measures calculated via Monte Carlo simulation. When an exact solution is not feasible, iterative approximate methods based on the Power method may be used, with performance similar to Monte Carlo estimates.
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Calcraft, Peter James. "Two-pore channels and NAADP-dependent calcium signalling". Thesis, St Andrews, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/888.
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Muller, Yunhua Li 1963. "Developmentally regulated expression of the calcium-dependent potassium channel and calcium channels during maturation of the rat cerebellum". Diss., The University of Arizona, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/282231.
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Potassium channels govern the duration and frequency of excitable membrane events, and thus may regulate voltage-dependent signals that are important in neuronal development. This study assesses the developmental expression of two classes of K⁺ channels in vivo and in vitro in the rat cerebellum. In vivo, the level of mslo-related transcript for the Ca²⁺-dependent K⁺ channel (KCa) was shown by Northern analysis to be upregulated during development, whereas transcripts for delayed rectifier (KD) channels remained fairly constant. The same pattern of in vivo development was demonstrated with functional assays by expression in Xenopus oocytes of poly A-enriched RNA isolated from postnatal rat cerebella. In vitro, single channel studies of Purkinje neurons showed that KCa channel activity was increased during development and KD channel activity remained stable. Although the semi-quantitative Reverse Transcription-Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) showed that the level of transcripts of the KCa channel sequence remained constant in control culture, the developmental pattern that was seen in vivo was mimicked in vitro when cultures were treated chronically with tetraethylammonium (TEA, 1mM). Chronic treatment with 10 mM extracellular KCl resulted in an upregulation of KCa transcripts similar to that seen with chronic TEA. The stimulatory effects of TEA or KCl were negated in low external calcium (0.1 mM), suggesting that KCa transcript levels were influenced by depolarization and calcium entry. The KCa channels may in part contribute to the mature electrical properties of Purkinje neurons. This was supported by evidence that developmental trends in cellular firing activity were antagonized by decreased KCa channel abundance caused by chronic treatment with TEA. Voltage-gated Ca²⁺ channels (N, R and P type) were developmentally down-regulated at the transcriptional level in control cultures. Chronic treatment with TEA increased the transcript levels for N and R type Ca²⁺ channels, but not for P type, suggesting that the various types of Ca²⁺ channels were differentially regulated. Ca²⁺ signaling plays a key role in neuronal development in many cells. The KCa and Ca²⁺ channels regulate Ca²⁺-entry, and may thus influence the neuronal differentiation.
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Matias, Madeleine Gundayao. "Animal calcium release-activated calcium (CRAC) channels are homologous and derived from the ubiquitous Cation Diffusion Facilitators". Diss., Connect to a 24 p. preview or request complete full text in PDF format. Access restricted to UC campuses, 2008. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/ucsd/fullcit?p1453033.
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Thesis (M.S.)--University of California, San Diego, 2008.Title from first page of PDF file (viewed June 25, 2008). Available via ProQuest Digital Dissertations. Includes bibliographical references (p. 48-51).
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Giannattasio, Bartolomeo. "Characterization of ATP receptors and voltage-dependent calcium ion channels in cardiovascular cells". Case Western Reserve University School of Graduate Studies / OhioLINK, 1993. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=case1060781044.
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Giblin, Kathryn Anne. "Is epilepsy a preventable disorder? New evidence from animal models". Yale University, 2010. http://ymtdl.med.yale.edu/theses/available/etd-03052010-144943/.
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Epilepsy accounts for 0.5% of the global burden of disease, and primary prevention of epilepsy represents one of the three 2007 NINDS Epilepsy Research Benchmarks. Efforts to understand and intervene in the process of epileptogenesis have yielded fruitful preventative strategies in animal models. This article reviews the current understanding of epileptogenesis, introduces the concept of a "critical period" for epileptogenesis, and examines strategies for epilepsy prevention in animal models of both acquired and genetic epilepsies. As proof of principle, we investigated whether early preventative treatment during epileptogenesis in the WAG/Rij rat model of primary generalized epilepsy would persistently suppress the epilepsy phenotype in adulthood. Oral ethosuximide was given from age p21 to 5 months, covering the established period for epileptogenesis in this model. We then assessed the epilepsy phenotype by performing electroencephpalogram (EEG) recordings at serial time points after treatment cessation and by immunocytochemically measuring the cortical expression of ion channels Nav1.1, Nav1.6, and HCN1, which are dysregulated in epileptic WAG/Rij rats. Treatment both persistently suppressed seizures, even up to 3 months after treatment cessation, and blocked ion channel dysregulation. These findings indicated that treatment during epileptogenesis prevented the development of the epileptic phenotype. Subsequently, we investigated the C3H/HeJ mouse model of genetic epilepsy as a candidate for future studies in preventative treatment during epileptogenesis. Serial EEG recordings were performed from p5 to 3 months of age. We found that C3H/HeJ mice underwent three distinct, stereotyped phases of seizure development, which suggests that this model would be an appropriate candidate for future research on prevention of epileptogenesis.
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Rakers, Cordula Marijke [Verfasser]. "The role of glial calcium changes in animal models of stroke / Cordula Marijke Rakers". Bonn : Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek Bonn, 2015. http://d-nb.info/1121105599/34.
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Kaurstad, Guri. "Cardiomyocyte function and calcium handling in animal models of inborn and aquired maximal oxygen uptake". Doctoral thesis, Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet, Institutt for sirkulasjon og bildediagnostikk, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-16549.
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Hjertemuskelcellefunksjon og kalsiumhåndtering i dyremodeller med medfødt og ervervet maksimalt oksygenopptak Hjerte-karsykdommer er i dag årsaken til flest dødsfall i Europa. Selv om det er kjent at et høyt maksimalt oksygenopptak kan virke beskyttende mot hjerte-karsykdom både hos friske og de med økt risiko, vil studier av de underliggende mekanismene bidra med verdifull informasjon til utvikling av fremtidige retningslinjer for behandling og forebygging av hjertekarsykdom. Maksimalt oksygenopptak er hos de fleste av oss avhengig av hjertets slagvolum som igjen bestemmes av hjertemuskelcellenes kontraksjonsevne. For at hjertemuskelcellene skal kunne kontrahere kraftig er kalsiumhåndteringen i cellene avgjørende. Ett av de proteinene som er med bidrar til å styre dette er kalsium/ kalmodulin avhengig protein kinase II (CaMKII). CaMKII aktiviteten øker når hjertefrekvensen øker og det ser ut til at den økte aktiviteten er viktig for treningsresponsen i hjertemuskelcellene, mens hos hjertesvikt er det motsatt og den økte aktiviteten fører til funksjonsnedsettelse. De overordnede formålene med denne doktorgradsavhandlingen var å undersøke betydningen av et høyt medfødt oksygenopptak på hjertets remodellering etter infarkt, eventuelle forskjeller i treningsrelaterte tilpasninger i hjertemuskelceller fra rotter med ulik medfødt evne til å respondere på trening og om CaMKII er nødvendig for treningsrelaterte forbedringer i maksimalt oksygenopptak, hjertemuskelcellens kontraksjon og kalsiumhåndtering. Resultatene viste at rotter med høyt og rotter med lavt medfødt maksimalt oksygenopptak fikk like stor remodellering av hjerte og funksjonsnedsettelse etter infarkt, men at et høyt utgangspunkt fungerte som en ”buffer” på funksjonsnedsettelsen. Videre fant vi at høy intensitets aerobe intervaller ikke forbedret maksimalt oksygenopptak, hjertemuskelcellefunksjon eller kalsiumhåndtering i rotter med lav medfødt respons til trening. Dette indikerer at mangel på plastisitet i hjertet bidro til å hindre treningsrespons på maksimalt oksygenopptak. Det siste studiet viste at i friske mus er CaMKII nødvendig for å opprettholde kalsiumhomeostase i hjertemuskelcellene og for å oppnå optimal treningsrespons på hjertemuskelcellehypertrofi, funksjon og kalsiumhåndtering. Men paradoksalt nok førte CaMKII inhibering allikevel til en større økning i maksimalt oksygenopptak.
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Li, Zhaoyang y 李朝陽. "Novel strontium fortified calcium salt for enhancing bone formation: an in vitro and in vivo large animal modelstudy". Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2007. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B39557108.
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Barrett, Curtis F. "Modulation of N-type Calcium Channels in Rat Superior Cervical Ganglion Neurons: A Dissertation". eScholarship@UMMS, 2001. https://escholarship.umassmed.edu/gsbs_diss/144.
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This thesis details my examination of several mechanisms for modulation of N-type calcium channels in neonatal rat superior cervical ganglion (SCG) neurons. The first part of this work characterizes cross-talk between two distinct mechanisms of modulation: readily-reversible inhibition induced by activation of heterotrimeric G-proteins (termed G-protein-mediated inhibition), and phosphorylation of the channel by protein kinase C (PKC). Data previously presented by other groups suggested that one effect of activating PKC is to prevent G-protein-mediated inhibition. The goal of this project was to confirm this hypothesis by testing functional competition between these two pathways. My findings show that G-protein-mediated inhibition blocks the effects of activating PKC, and that phosphorylation by PKC blocks G-protein-mediated inhibition, confirming that these two mechanisms are mutually exclusive.
In addition, I investigated the effect of activating PKC on whole-cell barium currents in the absence of G-protein-mediated inhibition. When endogenous G-proteins were inactivated by dialyzing the cell with GDP-β-S, a guanine nucleotide that prevents activation of the G-protein's α subunit, activation of PKC with phorbol esters was without obvious effect on whole-cell current amplitude, fast and holding potential-dependent inactivation, and voltage-dependent activation, suggesting that PKC's principal role in modulating these currents is to prevent G-protein-mediated inhibition. From these results, I advanced Bean's 1989 model of reluctant and willing gating (induced by G-protein-mediated inhibition and relief of that inhibition, respectively). In this expanded model, reluctant channels, inhibited by G-proteins, are resistant to phosphylation by PKC (reluctant/P-resistant). Unmodulated channels are called willing/available, as they exhibit willing gating, and are available for either binding to a G-protein or phosphorylation by PKC. Finally, phosphorylation of a willing/available channel by PKC drives the channel into the willing/G-resistant state, in which the channel gates willingly, and is resistant to G-protein-mediated inhibition. These results are published in the Journal of General Physiology(2000; 115:277-286), and are presented in this thesis as Chapter II.
In addition to membrane-delimited inhibition, N-type calcium channels are also subject to inhibition via a diffusible second-messenger pathway. In SCG neurons, this inhibition can be observed following stimulation of M1 muscarinic receptors by the agonist oxotremorine-M. Our lab previously hypothesized that the diffusible messenger involved might be the polyunsaturated fatty acid arachidonic acid (AA). To test this hypothesis, our lab examined the effect of bath-applied AA on whole-cell SCG calcium currents, and demonstrated that AA induces inhibition with similar properties as M1 muscarinic inhibition. An analysis of AA's effects on unitary N-type calcium currents, published by Liu and Rittenhouse in Journal of Physiology(2000; 525:391-404), revealed that this inhibition is mediated, at least in part, by both a significant increase in the occurrence of null-activity sweeps and a significant decrease in mean closed dwell time.
Based on these results, our lab conducted an examination of AA's effects on whole-cell currents in SCG neurons, and found that AA-induced inhibition is mediated by an increase in holding potential-dependent inactivation and appears independent of AA metabolism. When I examined AA's effects in greater detail, I discovered that, in addition to inhibition, AA also appeared to cause significant enhancement of whole-cell currents. The results characterizing AA's general effects on whole-cell calcium currents in SCG neurons have been published in American Journal of Physiology - Cell Physiology(2001; 280:C1293-C1305).
Because my finding that AA enhances whole-cell neuronal calcium currents revealed a novel pathway through which this current can be modulated, I proceeded to characterize this effect. My results showed that enhancement develops significantly faster than inhibition, suggesting different mechanisms or pathways. In addition, dialyzing the cell with BSA, a protein that binds fatty acids, blocked the majority of AA-induced inhibition, but did not reduce enhancement, suggesting that enhancement is independent of inhibition and might be mediated at an extracellular site. Using fatty acid analogs that cannot cross the cell membrane, I confirmed that enhancement occurs extracellularly. My data also indicate that AA-induced enhancement of whole-cell currents does not require metabolism of AA, consistent with enhancement being mediated directly by AA. I also examined the biophysical characteristics of enhancement, and found that both an increase in the voltage sensitivity of activation and an increase in activation kinetics underlie this effect. Finally, using both pharmacological agents and a recombinant cell line, I presented the first demonstration that AA enhances N-type calcium current. These findings are described in detail in a paper recently published in American Journal of Physiology - Cell Physiology(2001; 280:C1306-C1318), and are presented in this thesis as Chapter III.
In our investigation of AA's effects on whole-cell calcium currents, we utilized a voltage protocol, in conjunction with pharmacology, to enhance the level of L-type current in these cells. Since whole-cell calcium currents in SCG neurons are comprised of mostly (80-85%) N-type current, with the remaining current comprised of mostly L-type current, this approach allowed us to examine both N- and L-type currents. When currents are recorded in the presence of 1 μM FPL 64174 (FPL), a benzoyl pyrrole L-type calcium channel agonist first described in 1989, stepping the membrane potential to -40 mV following a test pulse to +10 mV generates a slowly-deactivating ("tail") current. This tail current is made up entirely of L-type current, and allows us to readily investigate the effect of various modulatory mechanisms on this current type. Although FPL has been used for almost a decade to study L-type calcium currents, activity of FPL on N-type calcium currents has not been investigated. Because our lab routinely uses micromolar concentrations of FPL to measure whole-cell and unitary calcium currents in neuronal cells, I tested whether FPL has any effects on N-type calcium current. Therefore, I examined the effect of FPL on whole-cell calcium currents in an HEK 293 cell line that expresses recombinant N-type calcium channels. Application of 1 and 10 μM FPL caused significant, voltage-independent inhibition of currents, demonstrating that FPL inhibits N-type calcium current. Thus, at micromolar concentrations, FPL is not selective for L-type calcium current, and any examination of its effects on whole-cell calcium currents should take this into account. The results describing FPL's effects on L- and N-type calcium currents are included in a manuscript currently in preparation, and are presented as Chapter IV.
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Schampel, Andrea [Verfasser] y Stefanie [Gutachter] Kürten. "Beneficial therapeutic effects of the L-type calcium channel antagonist nimodipine in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis – an animal model for multiple sclerosis / Andrea Schampel ; Gutachter: Stefanie Kürten". Würzburg : Universität Würzburg, 2017. http://d-nb.info/1139641344/34.
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Danielsson, Christian. "Role of the hERG-channel in arrhythmia and teratogenicity studies in animal models and the human embryonic heart /". Stockholm, 2010. http://diss.kib.ki.se/2010/978-91-7409-831-0/.
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Köth, Jessica [Verfasser]. "Cardiac L‐type calcium channels and expression of RGK proteins in mouse models associated with type 2 diabetes / Jessica Köth". Bonn : Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek Bonn, 2017. http://d-nb.info/1170778097/34.
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Rahmati, Vahid, Knut Kirmse, Dimitrije Marković, Knut Holthoff y Stefan J. Kiebel. "Inferring Neuronal Dynamics from Calcium Imaging Data Using Biophysical Models and Bayesian Inference". Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2016. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-203385.
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Calcium imaging has been used as a promising technique to monitor the dynamic activity of neuronal populations. However, the calcium trace is temporally smeared which restricts the extraction of quantities of interest such as spike trains of individual neurons. To address this issue, spike reconstruction algorithms have been introduced. One limitation of such reconstructions is that the underlying models are not informed about the biophysics of spike and burst generations. Such existing prior knowledge might be useful for constraining the possible solutions of spikes. Here we describe, in a novel Bayesian approach, how principled knowledge about neuronal dynamics can be employed to infer biophysical variables and parameters from fluorescence traces. By using both synthetic and in vitro recorded fluorescence traces, we demonstrate that the new approach is able to reconstruct different repetitive spiking and/or bursting patterns with accurate single spike resolution. Furthermore, we show that the high inference precision of the new approach is preserved even if the fluorescence trace is rather noisy or if the fluorescence transients show slow rise kinetics lasting several hundred milliseconds, and inhomogeneous rise and decay times. In addition, we discuss the use of the new approach for inferring parameter changes, e.g. due to a pharmacological intervention, as well as for inferring complex characteristics of immature neuronal circuits.
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Witczak, Carol A. "Regulation of coronary smooth muscle intracellular Ca²⁺ levels in porcine models of hyperlipidemia, diabetic dyslipidemia, and exercise training". free to MU Campus, others may purchase, 2003. http://www.lib.umi.com/cr/mo/fullcit?p3091979.
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Young, Lois-May. "Evaluation of polycyclic amines as modulators of calcium homeostasis in models of neurodegeneration / Young L". Thesis, North-West University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/7591.
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Compromised calcium homeostasis in the central nervous system (CNS) is implicated as a major contributor in the pathology of neurodegeneration. Dysregulation of Ca2+ homeostasis initiates downstream Ca2+–dependent events that lead to apoptotic and/or necrotic cell death. Increases in the intracellular free calcium concentration ([Ca2+]i) may be the result of Ca2+ influx from the extracellular environment or Ca2+ release from intracellular Ca2+ stores such as the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Influx from the extracellular environment is controlled predominantly by voltage gated calcium channels (VGCC), such as L–type calcium channels (LTCC) and ionotropic glutamate receptors, such as the N–methyl–D–aspartate (NMDA) receptors. Ca2+ release from the ER occurs through the inositol–1,4,5–triphosphate receptors (IP3Rs) or ryanodine receptors (RyRs) via IP3–induced or Ca2+–induced mechanisms. Mitigation of Ca2+ overload through these Ca2+ channels offers an opportunity for pharmacological interventions that may protect against neuronal death.
In the present study the ability of a novel series of polycyclic compounds, both the pentacycloundecylamines and triquinylamines, to regulate calcium influx through LTCC was evaluated in PC12 cells using calcium imaging with Fura–2/AM in a fluorescence microplate reader. We were also able for the first time to determine IC50 values for these compounds as LTCC blockers. In addition, selected compounds were evaluated for their ability to offer protection in apoptosis–identifying assays such as the lactate dehydrogenase release assay (LDH–assay), trypan blue staining assay and immunohistochemistry utilizing the Annexin V–FITC stain for apoptosis. We were also able to obtain single crystal structures for the tricyclo[6.3.0.02,6]undecane–4,9–dien–3,11–dione (9) and tricyclo[6.3.0.02,6]undecane–3,11–dione (10) scaffolds as well as a derivative, N–(3–methoxybenzyl)–3,11–azatricyclo[6.3.0.02,6]undecane (14f). We also evaluated the possibility that the polycyclic compounds might be able to modulate Ca2+ flux through intracellular Ca2+ channels.
Computational methods were utilized to accurately predicted IC50 values and develop a QSAR model with marginal error. The linear regression model delivered r2 = 0.83, which indicated a favorable correlation between the predicted and experimental IC50 values. This model could thus serve as valuable predictor for future structural design and optimization efforts. Data obtained from the crystallographic analysis confirmed the NMR–data based structural assignments done for these compounds in previous studies. Obtaining structural information gave valuable insight into the differences in size and geometric constrains, which are key features for the LTCC activity of these compounds.
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In conclusion, we found that all of the compounds evaluated were able to attenuate Ca2+ influx through the LTCC, with some compounds having IC50 values comparable with known LTCC blockers such as nimodipine. Representative compounds were evaluated for their ability to afford protection against apoptosis induced by 200 ?M H2O2. With the exception of compound 14c (the most potent LTCC blocker in the series, IC50 = 0.398 ?M), most compounds were able to afford protection at two or more concentrations evaluated. Compound 14c displayed inherent toxicity at the highest concentrations evaluated (100 ?M). We concluded that compounds representing both types of structures (pentacycloudecylamines and triquinylamines) have the ability to attenuate excessive Ca2+ influx through the LTCC. In general the aza–pentacycloundecylamines (8a–c) were the most potent LTCC blocker which also had the ability to offer protection in the cell viability assays. However, NGP1–01 (7a) had the most favorable pharmacological profile overall with good activity as an LTCC blocker (IC50 = 86 ?M) and the ability to significantly attenuate cell death in the cell viability assays, exhibiting no toxicity. In addition to their ability to modulate Ca2+ influx from the extracellular environment, these compounds also displayed the ability to modulate Ca2+ flux through intracellular Ca2+ channels. The mechanisms by which they act on intracellular Ca2+ channels still remains unclear, but from this preliminary study it would appear that these compounds are able to partially inhibiting Ca2+–ATPase activity whilst possibly simultaneously inhibiting the IP3R. In the absence of extracellular Ca2+ these compounds showed the ability in inhibit voltage–induced Ca2+ release (VICaR), possibly by modulating the gating charge of the voltage sensor being the dihydropyridine receptors.
In future studies it might be worthwhile to do an expanded QSAR study and evaluate the aza–pentacycloundecylamines. To clarify the mechanisms by which the polycyclic compounds interact with intracellular Ca2+ channels we should examine the direct interaction with the individual Ca2+ channels independently. The polycyclic compounds evaluated in this study demonstrate potential as multifunctional drugs due to their ability to broadly regulate calcium homeostasis through multiple pathways of Ca2+ entry. This may prove to be more effective in diseases where perturbed Ca2+ homeostasis have devastating effects eventually leading to excitotoxicity and cell death.Thesis (Ph.D. (Pharmaceutical Chemistry))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2012.
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Wynne, Patricia M. "Ethanol Sensitivity and Tolerance of Rat Neuronal BK Channels: A Dissertation". eScholarship@UMMS, 2008. https://escholarship.umassmed.edu/gsbs_diss/399.
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BK channels are well studied targets of acute ethanol action. They play a prominent role in neuronal excitability and have been shown to play a significant role in behavioral ethanol tolerance in invertebrates. The focus of my work centers on the effects of alcohol on the BK channel and comprises studies that examine how subcellular location affects acute ethanol sensitivity and how duration of acute alcohol exposure impacts the development of rapid tolerance. My results also provide potential mechanisms which underlie acute sensitivity and rapid tolerance.
I first explore BK channel sensitivity to ethanol in the three compartments (dendrite, cell body, and nerve terminal) of magnocellular neurons in the rat hypothalamic-neurohypophysial (HNS) system. The HNS system provides a particularly powerful preparation in which to study the distribution and regional properties of ion channel proteins because the cell bodies are physically separated from the nerve terminals. Using electrophysiological and immunohistochemical techniques I characterize the BK channel in each of the three primary compartments and find that dendritic BK channels, similar to somatic channels, but in contrast to nerve terminal channels, are insensitive to alcohol. Furthermore, the gating kinetics, calcium sensitivity, and iberiotoxin sensitivity of channels in the dendrite are similar to somatic channels but sharply contrast terminal channels. The biophysical and pharmacological properties of somatodendritic vs. nerve terminal channels are consistent with the characteristics of exogenously expressed αβ1 vs. αβ4 channels, respectively. Therefore, one possible explanation for my findings is a selective distribution of β1 subunits to the somatodendritic compartment and β4 subunits to the terminal compartment. This hypothesis is supported immunohistochemically by the appearance of distinct punctate β1 or β4 channel clusters in the membrane of somatodendritic or nerve terminal compartments, respectively. In conclusion, I found that alcohol sensitivity of BK channels within the HNS system is dependent on subcellular location and postulate that β-subunits modulate ethanol sensitivity of HNS BK channels.
In the second and primary focus of my thesis I explore tolerance development in the striatum, a brain region heavily implicated in addiction. Numerous studies have demonstrated that duration of drug exposure influences tolerance development and drug dependence. To further elucidate the mechanisms underlying behavioral tolerance I examined if BK channel tolerance was dependent on duration of alcohol exposure using patch clamp techniques in cultured striatal neurons from P8 rats. I found that persistence of rapid tolerance is indeed a function of exposure time and find it lasts surprisingly long. For example, after a 6 hr exposure to 20 mM ethanol, acute sensitivity was still suppressed at 24 hrs withdrawal. However, after a 1 or 3 hr exposure period, sensitivity had returned after only 4 hrs. I also found that during withdrawal from a 6 hr but not a 3 hr exposure the biophysical properties of BK channels change and that this change is correlated with an increase in mRNA levels of the alcohol insensitive STREX splice variant. Furthermore, BK channel properties during withdrawal from a 6 hr exposure to alcohol closely parallel the properties of STREX channels exogenously expressed in HEK293 cells. In conclusion I have established that BK channels develop rapid tolerance in striatal neurons, that rapid tolerance is dependent upon exposure protocol, and is surprisingly persistent. These findings present another mechanism underlying BK channel tolerance and possibly behavioral tolerance. Since these phenomena are dependent on duration of drug exposure my results may find relevance in explaining how drinking patterns impact the development of alcohol dependence in humans.
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McCullough, Brendan J. "The deafwaddler mouse as a model for human hearing loss /". Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/10627.
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Kaizik, Stephan Martin. "Analysis of mouse models of insulin secretion disorders". Thesis, University of Oxford, 2010. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:4d44b68a-a0a0-4c92-8809-00ddbfe3e636.
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Korhonen, T. (Topi). "Mathematical modeling of the regulation, development and genetically engineered experimental models of cardiac excitation-contraction coupling". Doctoral thesis, University of Oulu, 2009. http://urn.fi/urn:isbn:9789514290756.
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Abstract
Excitation-contraction coupling (ECC) is a process linking the electrical excitation of the muscle cell (myocyte) membrane to the contraction of the cell. In this study the possibilities of mathematical modeling were studied in current ECC research. Mathematical modeling was employed in two distinct ECC research areas, the enzymatic regulation of ECC and ECC during cardiac myocyte development. Despite the distinction, both of these are extremely complex biological systems characterized by diverse and partly contradictory reported experimental results, with a large part based on genetically engineered animal models.
Novel mathematical models were developed for both of these research areas. The model of ventricular myocyte ECC with calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII)-mediated regulation faithfully reproduced the heart-rate dependent regulation of ECC. This regulation is thought to be the major effect of CaMKII-mediated regulation. The model of the embryonic ventricular myocyte provided the first comprehensive system analysis of how the embryonic heartbeat is generated at the cellular level. A similar type of model was also developed to show the notable differences between neonatal and adult ventricular myocyte ECC.
The mathematical models of ECC presented in this study were further used to simulate ECC in genetically engineered myocytes. The cellular mechanisms of genetically engineered animal models could be better understood by employing mathematical modeling in parallel to experimental characterization of the animal model. It was found in simulations that the indirect consequences and the compensatory mechanisms induced by genetic modification may have a more significant effect on ECC than the direct consequences of the modification.
To understand the overwhelming complexity of biological systems including ECC, competent system analysis tools, such as mathematical modeling, are required. The purpose of mathematical modeling is not to replace the experimental studies, but to provide a more comprehensive system analysis based on the experimental data. This system analysis will help in planning subsequent experiments needed to gain the most relevant information about the studied biological system.
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Ferreira, Juliana Cunha. "Efeito do carbonato de cálcio e do carbonato de sevelamer na remodelação óssea e na calcificação arterial em um modelo experimental de uremia com doença óssea adinâmica". Universidade de São Paulo, 2013. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/5/5148/tde-09082013-131710/.
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INTRODUÇÃO: Há poucos modelos experimentais de doença óssea adinâmica (DOA) e os mecanismos fisiopatológicos dessa doença não são completamente compreendidos. Além disso, os efeitos dos quelantes de fósforo (P) na DOA têm sido pouco estudados. Este estudo objetivou estabelecer um modelo de DOA e avaliar os efeitos da terapia com carbonato de cálcio (Ca) e carbonato de sevelamer (sevelamer) sobre os distúrbios do metabolismo mineral e ósseo da doença renal crônica (DMO-DRC), no modelo estabelecido. MÉTODOS: Experimento 1: A DOA e a DRC foram induzidas por nefrectomia 5/6 (Nx) e paratireoidectomia (PTx) em ratos Wistar, que após a cirurgia foram divididos em 2 grupos: Nx+PTx e sham (sham Nx+PTx). Experimento 2: ratos Wistar foram submetidos à Nx e à PTx e após a cirurgia, foram divididos em outros 2 grupos: Nx+PTx+Ca (CaCO3 a 3%); Nx+PTx+Sev (sevelamer a 3%). A dieta de todos os animais após a cirurgia foi rica em P (1,2%) à base de grãos, exceto o grupo sham, que recebeu dieta padrão com 0,6% de P. Após oito semanas, os animais foram sacrificados. Foram realizadas análises bioquímicas, ósseas e de calcificação vascular. RESULTADOS: Experimento 1: A Nx e a PTx foram efetivas, confirmadas pela elevação da creatinina, com diminuição do clearance de creatinina e dos níveis de cálcio iônico, nos animais Nx+PTx comparados aos animais sham. O modelo foi eficaz na indução da DOA, confirmada pela diminuição do turnover ósseo nos animais Nx+PTx, comparados ao grupo sham. Experimento 2: A terapia com quelantes de P não alterou o P sérico, mas reduziu a fração de excreção de P (FeP). A diminuição dos níveis de FGF-23 e PTH nos animais Nx+PTx foram independentes da terapia com quelantes e não houve diferença nos valores entre os grupos. A esclerostina sérica não foi diferente entre os grupos, mas os animais Nx+PTx+Sev apresentaram menor expressão gênica de SOST e menor taxa de apoptose de osteócitos que os outros grupos. Ambos os quelantes de P diminuíram a expressão gênica do Dickkopf-1 e do fator de crescimento ?1 (TGF-?1). Os animais Nx+PTx+Ca apresentaram maior superficie de reabsorção e maior conteúdo de Ca do ventrículo esquerdo (VE) que os animais Nx+PTx, enquanto os animais Nx+PTx+Sev mostraram diminuição do conteúdo de Ca de VE, comparado aos demais grupos. CONCLUSÕES: o modelo experimental desenvolvido é útil para o estudo da DRC com DOA. A FeP parece ser parâmetro mais fidedigno que o P sérico para avaliar o poder dos quelantes de P. A diminuição do FGF-23 esteve relacionada à diminuição dos níveis de PTH e à hipocalcemia. Os animais tratados com Ca apresentaram sobrecarga desse elemento, traduzida por maior calciúria, maior conteúdo de cálcio de VE e maior superfície de reabsorção óssea. Os mecanismos subjacentes à ação do sevelamer na diminuição da expressão da SOST foram independentes do PTH, do P séricos, da função renal e da expressão gênica de TGF-?1. Mais estudos são necessários para melhor compreensão desses mecanismosINTRODUCTION: There are few experimental models of adynamic bone disease (ABD) and the pathophysiology of this disease is not fully understood. In addition, the effects of different phosphate (P) binders on ABD have not been evaluated. This study aimed to establish a model of ABD and evaluate the effects of therapy with calcium carbonate (Ca) and sevelamer carbonate (sevelamer) on disorders of bone and mineral metabolism in chronic kidney disease (CKD-MBD), on the established model. METHODS: Experiment 1: ABD and CKD were induced by 5/6 nephrectomy (Nx) and parathyroidectomy (PTx) in Wistar rats, which after surgery, were divided into 2 groups: Nx+PTx and sham (sham Nx+PTx). Experiment 2: Wistar rats underwent Nx and PTx and after surgery were divided into 2 more groups: Nx+PTx+Ca(3% Ca-treated) and Nx+PTx+Sev (3% Sev-treated). All animals were fed a high P (1.2%), grain-based diet, except the sham group which was fed a standard P (0,6%) diet. After 8 weeks, the animals were sacrificed. Biochemical, bone and vascular calcification analyses were performed. RESULTS: Experiment 1: Nx and PTx were effective, confirmed by higher creatinina with decreased creatinine clearance and decreased ionized calcium levels respectively, in Nx+PTx animals compared to sham animals. The model was effective in inducing ABD confirmed by decreased bone turnover in animals Nx+PTx compared to sham group. Phosphate binders administration did not change serum P, but decreased the fractional excretion of phosphate (FeP) in treated animals. FGF-23 and PTH levels were reduced in all Nx+PTx animals independent of the therapy with P binders and these levels were not different among groups. Serum sclerostin was not different among groups, however, Nx+PTx+Sev animals had lower SOST gene expression and lower osteocytes apoptotic rate than the other animals. Both P binders decreased Dickkopf-1 and transforming growing factor ?1 (TGF-?1) gene expression. Nx+PTx+Ca animals showed higher eroded surface and higher left ventricle (LV) calcium content than Nx+PTx animals, whereas Nx+PTx+Sev animals showed a decrease in LV calcium content, compared to the other groups. CONCLUSIONS: This experimental model is useful to study CKD with ABD. The FeP seems to be a more reliable parameter than serum P to evaluate the effectiveness of P binders. Decreased FGF-23 levels were related to decreased PTH levels and hypocalcemia. Ca-treated animals showed Ca overload, as seen by higher calciuria, higher LV calcium content and higher eroded surface. The underlying mechanisms involved in sevelamer actions of decreased SOST expression were independent of PTH, serum P, renal function and TGF-?1 gene expression. Further studies are needed to a better understanding of these mechanisms
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Salmon, Benjamin. "ASARM et biominéralisation de progéniteurs pulpaires". Thesis, Paris 5, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA05T072.
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Dans le rachitisme hypophosphatémique lié à l’X (XLH), MEPE (Matrix Extracellular PhosphoglycoprotEin), une protéine non collagénique impliquée dans la biominéralisation, subit un clivage pathologique de son extrémité C-terminale. Les peptides ainsi libérés sont porteurs d’un domaine ASARM (acidic serine- and aspartate- rich motif) très conservé dans l’évolution. ASARM inhibe la réabsorption tubulaire du phosphate et la minéralisation de la matrice extracellulaire osseuse. Précédemment, notre équipe a identifié des taux élevés de ce peptide ASARM dérivé de MEPE dans la dentine issue de patients XLH. Ce travail a pour objectif principal d’étudier l’effet d’ASARM sur la minéralisation dentinaire afin de mieux comprendre son implication dans les anomalies dentaires observées chez les malades. Des lattis de collagène ensemencés avec des cellules souches pulpaires SHEDs (Dental pulp stem cells derived from deciduous teeth) englobés dans une tranche de dent humaine ont été cultivés dans des conditions d’induction odontoblastique avec et sans 20 µM de chacune des formes phosphorylé (p-ASARM) ou non phosphorylé (np-ASARM) du peptide recombinant. La minéralisation a été appréciée par microscopie électronique à balayage et colorations de von Kossa. L’expression des marqueurs odontogéniques (DSPP, ostéocalcine, MEPE) a été évaluée par immunohistochimie, qPCR et Western-blot. Parallèlement, des billes d’agarose imprégnées p-ASARM et np-ASARM ont été implantées dans un modèle d’effraction pulpaire chez le rat, dans lequel un pont de dentine de réparation se forme spontanément. La minéralisation dans la chambre pulpaire a été évaluée par micro-CT et immunohistochimie. Dans le modèle in vitro 3D, p-ASARM a inhibé la différenciation des SHEDs, ce qui s’est traduit par 1) l’absence de formation de nodule de minéralisation, 2) la diminution des marqueurs odontogéniques, 3) la surexpression de MEPE, comparativement au contrôle ou au traitement du milieu par np-ASARM. In vivo, p-ASARM a perturbé le processus de réparation dentinaire et a entrainé une surexpression de MEPE. Ces résultats confirment notre hypothèse selon laquelle p-ASARM inhibe la différenciation odonblastique et la minéralisation de la dentine. De plus, l’effet inducteur de p-ASARM sur l’expression de MEPE suggère l’existence d’une boucle de rétrocontrôle positif impliquée dans l’étiopathogénie du XLH. Ainsi, les défauts de minéralisation de la dentine hypophosphatémique sont probablement une conséquence de la libération du peptide ASARM dans la matrice extracellulaireIn X-linked familial hypophosphatemic rickets (XLH), MEPE (Matrix Extracellular PhosphoglycoprotEin) is cleaved, releasing phosphorylated ASARM (acidic serine- and aspartate- rich motif) peptides that inhibit mineralization of bone extracellular matrix (ECM), and renal tubular phosphate reabsorption. We recently identified high levels of MEPE-derived ASARM peptides in human XLH dentin. The present study was aimed to investigate their effects on dentin mineralization in order to better understand their role in the etiology of tooth abnormalities observed in XLH patients. Dental pulp stem cells derived from deciduous teeth (SHEDs) were seeded in a collagen scaffold, cultured in human tooth slices under mineralizing conditions as a control, and with 20 µM of either phosphorylated (p-ASARM) or non-phosphorylated (np-ASARM) MEPE-derived ASARM peptides. Mineralization was assessed by scanning electron microscopy and von Kossa staining. Odontogenic markers (DSPP, osteocalcin, MEPE) were assessed by immunohistochemistry, RT-PCR and Western blot. In parallel, agarose beads soaked with recombinant ASARM peptides were implanted in a rat pulp injury model where a reparative dentin bridge is spontaneously formed; the repair process was evaluated by micro-CT and IHC. In the tooth slice culture model, p-ASARM inhibited SHED differentiation, with 1) no formation of mineralization nodule, 2) decreased odontogenic marker expression, and 3) up-regulation of MEPE expression, in contrast with np-ASARM and control. In the rat pulp injury model, p-ASARM impaired the formation of the reparative dentin bridge and increased MEPE expression. The present data support our hypothesis that p-ASARM impairs odontogenic differentiation process and the resulting mineralization of dentin. Moreover, the identification of a stimulating effect of p-ASARM on MEPE expression suggests a positive feedback loop in the pathogenicity of XLH disease. Accordingly, the mineralized defects in XLH tooth dentin may be a direct consequence of the release of ASARM peptides in the ECM
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Schampel, Andrea. "Beneficial therapeutic effects of the L-type calcium channel antagonist nimodipine in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis – an animal model for multiple sclerosis". Doctoral thesis, 2017. https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-148952.
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Multiple sclerosis (MS) is the most prevalent neurological disease of the central nervous system (CNS) in young adults and is characterized by inflammation, demyelination and axonal pathology that result in multiple neurological and cognitive deficits. The focus of MS research remains on modulating the immune response, but common therapeutic strategies are only effective in slowing down disease progression and attenuating the symptoms; they cannot cure the disease. Developing an option to prevent neurodegeneration early on would be a valuable addition to the current standard of care for MS. Based on our results we suggest that application of nimodipine could be an effective way to target both neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration. We performed detailed analyses of neurodegeneration in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an animal model of MS, and in in vitro experiments regarding the effect of the clinically well-established L-type calcium channel antagonist nimodipine. Nimodipine treatment attenuated the course of EAE and spinal cord histopathology. Furthermore, it promoted remyelination. The latter could be due to the protective effect on oligodendrocytes and oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) we observed in response to nimodipine treatment. To our surprise, we detected calcium channel-independent effects on microglia, resulting in apoptosis. These effects were cell type-specific and independent of microglia polarization. Apoptosis was accompanied by decreased levels of nitric oxide (NO) and inducible NO synthase (iNOS) in cell culture as well as decreased iNOS expression and reactive oxygen species (ROS) activity in EAE. Overall, application of nimodipine seems to generate a favorable environment for regenerative processes and could therefore be a novel treatment option for MS, combining immunomodulatory effects while promoting neuroregenerationMultiple Sklerose (MS) ist die häufigste neurologische Erkrankung des zentralen Nervensystems (ZNS) von jungen Erwachsenen und charakterisiert durch Inflammation, Demyelinisierung und axonale Pathologie. Diese Prozesse bewirken zahlreiche neurologische und kognitive Defizite. Der Schwerpunkt in der MS-Forschung besteht derzeit vor allem in der Modulation der Immunantwort, jedoch sind herkömmliche Therapiestrategien bislang nur in der Lage die Progression der Erkrankung zu verlangsamen und die Symptome zu lindern, die Krankheit kann jedoch immer noch nicht geheilt werden. Die Möglichkeit, den Prozess der Neurodegeneration früh aufzuhalten, würde eine wertvolle Ergänzung zu herkömmlichen Therapien darstellen. Basierend auf den Ergebnissen dieser Studie schlagen wir vor, dass die Applikation von Nimodipin eine elegante Möglichkeit wäre, um sowohl die Neuroinflammation als auch die -degeneration zu bekämpfen. Um den Effekt des klinisch gut etablierten Calciumkanal-Antagonisten Nimodipin zu untersuchen, haben wir detaillierte Analysen der Degeneration in der experimentellen autoimmunen Enzephalomyelitis (EAE), einem Tiermodell der MS, und in in vitro Untersuchungen durchgeführt. Applikation von Nimodipin verringerte das klinische Erscheinungsbild der EAE sowie die Histopathologie des Rückenmarkes. Außerdem förderte es die Regeneration. Die Ursache für letzteres liegt vermutlich am protektiven Effekt der Behandlung mit Nimodipin auf die Oligodendrozyten und deren Vorläuferzellen. Überraschenderweise, konnten wir Calciumkanal-unspezifische Effekte auf Mikroglia feststellen, die in Apoptose resultierten und sowohl Zelltyp-spezifisch als auch unabhängig von der Polarisierung der Mikrogliazellen waren. Apoptose wurde begleitet von reduzierten Spiegeln an Stickstoffmonoxid (NO) und der induzierbaren NO Synthase (iNOS) in Zellkultur, sowie einer reduzierten Expression von iNOS und dem geringeren Vorkommen von reaktiven oxygenen Spezies (ROS) in der EAE. Zusammenfassend gehen wir davon aus, dass die Applikation von Nimodipin eine günstige Umgebung für regenerative Prozesse schafft. Daher stellt die Applikation dieser Substanz eine neue Behandlungsmöglichkeit für die MS dar, insbesondere da sie Möglichkeiten der Immunmodulation mit der Förderung von Neuroregeneration verbindet
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WILSON, DAVID LYNN. "MODELING OF SINGLE CHANNEL AND WHOLE CELL CURRENT MEASUREMENTS WITH APPLICATION TO CALCIUM CHANNELS (NEURON, BIOPHYSICS, MARKOVIAN MODELS)". Thesis, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/1911/15942.
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Modern measurements of membrane, ionic channel molecules consist of whole cell current relaxations obtained using various voltage pulse protocols, current noise power spectra from small numbers of channels, and single channel intervals in the form of waiting, closed, and open time histograms. A state-variable description was developed for predicting these measurements from Markovian state models, and it was used to analyze the parameter identifiability properties of the models and measurements. Computer programs were developed for estimating model parameters; these included maximum likelihood estimation for the single channel data. In the case of the Ca channel, the parameters from a variety of models were found to be faster when obtained from whole cell rather than single channel measurements. The latter measurements were low pass filtered at 1 kHz in order to reliably detect the (TURN) 1/2 picoamp openings; the errors that resulted were elucidated by running Monte Carlo simulated channels through the threshold detection algorithm. Intervals were distorted by the absence of brief open and closed times as well as falsely prolonged open and closed times. An analytical technique was developed for computing the resulting distorted histograms, and after correction there was reasonable agreement between the measurements. Other errors found using single channel simulations included the appearance of a bimodal amplitude distribution from filtered channels having a single amplitude and the effects of noise and finite record length recording. Of six models considered for describing activation, a 4-state model best fit the whole cell relaxations resulting from simple, short pulse protocols, and it also predicted results from 2-pulse protocols and temperature experiments. Some inactivation models were eliminated because they were unable to simulate recover from inactivation and single channel failure traces. A family of models was suggested that describes the present experimental results, and possible tests for future model discrimination were evaluated using simulation. Two relatively insensitive tests were the 2-pulse test for "coupled" inactivation and the single channel Hi-Lo sort method for determining Ca-accumulation-dependent processes. It is concluded that the combination of parameter estimation and simulation is a useful tool for interpreting results and helping to plan experiments and analyses.
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Brown, Chester M. "Influence of thyroid hormonal status on gene expression for calcium channels in the developing olfactory bulb and cerebellum of the postnatal rat /". 2007. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:3269849.
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Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 2007.Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 68-06, Section: B, page: 3581. Advisers: Esmail Meisami; Philip Best. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 98-117) Available on microfilm from Pro Quest Information and Learning.
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Wadel, Kristian. "The mechanism mediating fast neurotransmitter release at the calyx of Held synapse". Doctoral thesis, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/11858/00-1735-0000-0006-B4F6-F.
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"Expression and localization of Alzheimer's disease (AD)-related proteins in senescence-accelerated mouse (SAM) and normal mouse". 2002. http://library.cuhk.edu.hk/record=b6073386.
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by Yao Hong-Bing."January 2002."
Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2002.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 113-135).
Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web.
Mode of access: World Wide Web.
Abstracts in English and Chinese.
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Tétreault, Marie-Philippe. "Modifications post-traductionnelles des canaux calciques cardiaques de type L : identification des résidus asparagine qui participent à la glycosylation de la sous-unité auxiliaire CaVα2δ1". Thèse, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/13897.
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Les canaux calciques de type L CaV1.2 sont principalement responsables de l’entrée des ions calcium pendant la phase plateau du potentiel d’action des cardiomyocytes ventriculaires. Cet influx calcique est requis pour initier la contraction du muscle cardiaque. Le canal CaV1.2 est un complexe oligomérique qui est composé de la sous-unité principale CaVα1 et des sous-unités auxiliaires CaVβ et CaVα2δ1. CaVβ joue un rôle déterminant dans l’adressage membranaire de la sous-unité CaVα1. CaVα2δ1 stabilise l’état ouvert du canal mais le mécanisme moléculaire responsable de cette modulation n’a pas été encore identifié. Nous avons récemment montré que cette modulation requiert une expression membranaire significative de CaVα2δ1 (Bourdin et al. 2015). CaVα2δ1 est une glycoprotéine qui possède 16 sites potentiels de glycosylation de type N. Nous avons donc évalué le rôle de la glycosylation de type-N dans l’adressage membranaire et la stabilité de CaVα2δ1. Nous avons d’abord confirmé que la protéine CaVα2δ1 recombinante, telle la protéine endogène, est significativement glycosylée puisque le traitement à la PNGase F se traduit par une diminution de 50 kDa de sa masse moléculaire, ce qui est compatible avec la présence de 16 sites Asn. Il s’est avéré par ailleurs que la mutation simultanée de 6/16 sites (6xNQ) est suffisante pour 1) réduire significativement la densité de surface de! CaVα2δ1 telle que mesurée par cytométrie en flux et par imagerie confocale 2) accélérer les cinétiques de dégradation telle qu’estimée après arrêt de la synthèse protéique et 3) diminuer la modulation fonctionnelle des courants générés par CaV1.2 telle qu’évaluée par la méthode du « patch-clamp ». Les effets les plus importants ont toutefois été obtenus avec les mutants N663Q, et les doubles mutants N348Q/N468Q, N348Q/N812Q, N468Q/N812Q. Ensemble, ces résultats montrent que Asn663 et à un moindre degré Asn348, Asn468 et Asn812 contribuent à la biogenèse et la stabilité de CaVα2δ1 et confirment que la glycosylation de type N de CaVα2δ1 est nécessaire à la fonction du canal calcique cardiaque de type L.L-type CaV1.2 channels play a key role in the excitation-contraction coupling in the heart. They are formed of a pore-forming CaVα1 subunit in complex with the intracellular CaVβ and the disulfur-linked CaVα2δ accessory subunits. CaVα2δ significantly increases peak current densities of CaV1.2. The mechanism underlying this effect is still under study but requires that CaVα2δ be trafficked at the cell surface. CaVα2δ contains 16 putative N-glycosylation sites. A study was carried out to identify the role of N-glycosylation in the trafficking and protein stability of the subunit CaVα2δ. Herein we show that enzymatic removal of N-glycans produced a 50 kDa shift in the mobility of cardiac and recombinant CaVα2δ1 proteins. Simultaneous mutation of the 16 Asn sites was required to fully account for this change in protein mobility. Nonetheless, the mutation of only 6/16 sites was sufficient to 1) significantly reduce the steady-state cell surface fluorescence of CaVα2δ1 as characterized by two-color flow cytometry assays and confocal imaging; 2) accelerate the degradation kinetics estimated from cycloheximide chase assays; and 3) prevent the CaVα2δ1-mediated increase in peak current density and voltage-dependent gating of CaV1.2. Reversing the N348Q and N812Q mutations in the non-operational 6 Asn mutant functionally rescued CaVα2δ1. Single mutation N663Q and double mutations N348Q/ N468Q, N348Q/ N812Q, N468Q/N812Q decreased protein stability/synthesis and abolished steady-state cell surface density as well as upregulation of L-type currents. These results demonstrate that Asn663, and to a lesser extent Asn348, Asn468, and Asn812 contribute to the stability of CaVα2δ1 function and furthermore that N- glycosylation of CaVα2δ1 is essential to produce functional L-type Ca2+ channels.
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McKenney, Mikaela Lee. "Coronary artery disease progression and calcification in metabolic syndrome". Thesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1805/6460.
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Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI)For years, the leading killer of Americans has been coronary artery disease (CAD), which has a strong correlation to the U.S. obesity epidemic. Obesity, along with the presence of other risk factors including hyperglycemia, hypercholesterolemia, dyslipidemia, and high blood pressure, comprise of the diagnosis of metabolic syndrome (MetS). The presentation of multiple MetS risk factors increases a patients risk for adverse cardiovascular events. CAD is a complex progressive disease. We utilized the superb model of CAD and MetS, the Ossabaw miniature swine, to investigate underlying mechanisms of CAD progression. We studied the influence of coronary epicardial adipose tissue (cEAT) and coronary smooth muscle cell (CSM) intracellular Ca2+ regulation on CAD progression. By surgical excision of cEAT from MetS Ossabaw, we observed an attenuation of CAD progression. This finding provides evidence for a link between local cEAT and CAD progression. Intracellular Ca2+ is a tightly regulated messenger in CSM that initiates contraction, translation, proliferation and migration. When regulation is lost, CSM dedifferentiate from their mature, contractile phenotype found in the healthy vascular wall to a synthetic, proliferative phenotype. Synthetic CSM are found in intimal plaque of CAD patients. We investigated the changes in intracellular Ca2+ signaling in enzymatically isolated CSM from Ossabaw swine with varying stages of CAD using the fluorescent Ca2+ indicator, fura-2. This time course study revealed heightened Ca2+ signaling in early CAD followed by a significant drop off in late stage calcified plaque. Coronary artery calcification (CAC) is a result of dedifferentiation into an osteogenic CSM that secretes hydroxyapatite in the extracellular matrix. CAC is clinically detected by computed tomography (CT). Microcalcifications have been linked to plaque instability/rupture and cannot be detected by CT. We used 18F-NaF positron emission tomography (PET) to detect CAC in Ossabaw swine with early stage CAD shown by mild neointimal thickening. This study validated 18F-NaF PET as a diagnostic tool for early, molecular CAC at a stage prior to lesions detectable by CT. This is the first report showing non-invasive PET resolution of CAC and CSMC Ca2+ dysfunction at an early stage previously only characterized by invasive cellular Ca2+ imaging.
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Segura, Emilie. "Déterminants moléculaires du clivage protéolytique nécessaire à la fonction de la sous-unité CaVα2δ1 du canal calcique CaV1.2". Thèse, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/18902.
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Le canal calcique de type-L CaV1.2 participe au couplage excitation-contraction des cardiomyocytes. Cav1.2 est composé d’une sous-unité principale CaVα1, associée aux sous-unités auxiliaires CaVβ et CaVα2δ1. Lorsque présente à la membrane, c’est CaVα2δ1 qui est responsable de moduler la densité du courant calcique. Elle ne possède qu’un seul segment transmembranaire présent du côté C-terminal, au niveau de la protéine δ, ce qui en fait une protéine transmembranaire de type I. Certaines protéines qui appartiennent à cette famille doivent être clivées au niveau du site dit « omega », une modification post-traductionnelle nécessaire à leur fonction. Une fois clivées, ces protéines sont retenues à la membrane plasmique par une ancre glycosyl-phosphatidyl-inositol (GPI). Nos études en microscopie confocale montrent que la protéine sauvage est sensible à l’action de la phospholipase C qui clive de manière spécifique les groupements phosphoinositol, ce qui est compatible avec la présence d’une ancre GPI fonctionnelle. De plus, la mutation des résidus formant le site « omega » en isoleucine au niveau des sites G1060 et G1061 prévient l’adressage membranaire de CaVα2δ1 estimé par cytométrie en flux et imagerie confocale, et réduit la modulation des courants calciques mesurés par la méthode du « patch-clamp ». Les mutants G1060I et G1061I sont aussi associés à un changement dans le patron de migration de la partie C-terminale, suggérant un processus protéolytique défecteueux. Les mutations simples des glycines en alanines préservent les propriétés de la protéine mais le double mutant G1060A/G1061A réduit significativement l’expression de CaVα2δ1 à la surface de la cellule et sa modulation sur le canal CaV1.2. Ces données suggèrent fortement que le clivage requiert spécifiquement un résidu Glycine en position 1060 ou 1061 pour produire le clivage protéolytique dominant chez CaVα2δ1, et que cet ancrage GPI est essentiel à la fonction du canal.Voltage-gated calcium channels CaV1.2 play an essential role in the regulation of cardiac excitability. Functional channels are formed by the CaVα1 subunit and the intracellular CaVβ and the extracellular CaVα2δ1 subunits. CaVα2δ1 are type I transmembrane proteins that undergo a posttranslational modification producing their association at the plasma membrane through a glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchor. The molecular determinants required for the proteolytic cleavage of the recombinant CaVα2δ1 protein were studied using biochemical, immunocytochemical, fluorescence, and electrophysiological methods. Enzymatic treatment with a phospholipase C specific for the cleavage of phosphatidyl inositol lipids abolished the colocalisation of CaVα2δ1 with a plasma membrane marker as shown using live-cell confocal imaging. Single point mutations G1060I or G1061I in the predicted transmembrane CaVδ domain was shown to significantly reduce the cell surface fluorescence of CaVα2δ1 as characterized by two-color flow cytometry assays and confocal imaging, and to prevent the CaVα2δ1-mediated increase in the peak current density and voltage-dependent gating of CaV1.2 currents. The isoleucine mutations were also associated with a change in the migration pattern of the C-terminal fragments suggesting that proteolytic processing was altered. Single glycine to alanine mutations preserved the protein properties but the double mutant G1060A/G1061A significantly impaired cell surface expression of CaVα2δ1 and its functional regulation of CaV1.2. Altogether our data support a model where one Glycine residue at position 1060 or 1061 is required to produce the dominant proteolytic cleavage of CaVα2δ1 and further suggest that the GPI-anchored form of CaVα2δ1 is essential for channel function.
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Landry, Caroline. "Identification de nouvelles cibles thérapeutiques dans la dysfonction primaire du greffon suite à une transplantation pulmonaire". Thesis, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/25665.
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Introduction : La dysfonction primaire du greffon (DPG) post-transplantation pulmonaire est la principale cause de décès en phase péri-opératoire. Sa physiopathologie n’est pas encore totalement élucidée mais les lésions d’Ischémie/Reperfusion (I/R) pourraient constituer un facteur important de son développement. L’I/R et la DPG sont caractérisées par des dommages de l’endothélium vasculaire et de l’épithélium alvéolaire, un œdème pulmonaire et une réaction inflammatoire exacerbée. La résorption de l’œdème dépend du rétablissement de l’intégrité fonctionnelle alvéolaire, dont la capacité à réabsorber les ions Na+ (via les canaux ENaC), et secondairement le liquide par les cellules alvéolaires. Nous avons émis l’hypothèse que la dysfonction épithéliale alvéolaire, causée par l’I/R, présente dans les greffons donneurs (GD), jouerait un rôle clef dans le développement de la DPG chez les receveurs. Notre but était d’identifier de biomarqueurs, associés à la dysfonction épithéliale des GD et au développement de DPG chez les receveurs.
Méthodes : L’impact d’un protocole mimant une I/R a d’abord été évalué sur des cultures primaires de cellules alvéolaires de rats. Puis, nous avons étudié l’impact de l’I/R in vivo grâce à des modèles de stress inflammatoire par infusion de LPS ou transplantation unilatérale chez le porc. Finalement, des biopsies de tissus de GD ont été recueillies durant les transplantations pulmonaires. Après détermination du grade de DPG chez les receveurs, nous avons étudié les facteurs et les altérations alvéolaires associés.
Résultats : Une baisse d’expression des protéines de jonctions serrées (ZO-1), des canaux ioniques ENaC et CFTR ainsi qu’une réduction de la résistance transépithéliale et de la capacité de réparation suite aux lésions ont été observées suite au protocole mimant l’I/R dans le modèle de cultures primaires de cellules alvéolaires. Un traitement avec un activateur du canal K+ KvLQT1 (R L3) a permis d’améliorer la vitesse de réparation, l’intégrité de la barrière épithéliale et l’expression d’ENaC et CFTR. Dans nos modèles animaux, nous avons observé une réponse pro-inflammatoire et une altération des protéines ZO-1, ENaC et CFTR. Nos données préliminaires indiquent aussi une infiltration inflammatoire et une baisse d’ENaC, CFTR et ZO-1, déjà présentes dans les GD ayant subits une I prolongée, chez les receveurs ayant ensuite développés une DPG.
Conclusion : Nos résultats soutiennent notre hypothèse du développement d’une dysfonction épithéliale alvéolaire, caractérisée par une altération de biomarqueurs de fonctionnalité et d’intégrité (ENaC, CFTR et ZO-1), en lien avec l’I/R et la DPG.Background: Primary graft dysfunction (PGD) after lung transplantation is the first cause of death in the perioperative phase. The PGD pathophysiology is not fully elucidated, but Ischemia/Reperfusion (I/R) injury might be an important factor. I/R and PGD both feature endothelial/ epithelial damage, lung edema and inflammation. Edema resorption then depends on the restoration of the alveolar functional integrity, especially the ability of alveolar epithelial cells to reabsorb Na+ (through ENaC channels) and fluid. We hypothesized that alveolar epithelial dysfunction (related to I/R), observed within donor grafts, then plays a key role in the development of PGD in lung recipients. Our goal was to identify novel biomarkers, associated with epithelial dysfunction within donor’s grafts, and then PGD development in recipients. Methods: The impact of a protocol mimicking hypothermic ischemia and reperfusion was first tested on primary rat alveolar epithelial cell cultures. Then, the impact of I/R was studied in vivo using models of inflammatory stress induced by LPS infusion or after unilateral transplantation in pigs. Finally, lung biopsies from donor grafts were collected during lung transplantations. After defining PGD scores within the recipients, associated factors and alveolar alterations were finally analyzed. Results: In primary cell cultures, the protocol mimicking hypothermic I/R induced a decrease in tight junction proteins (ZO-1), transepithelial resistance, wound repair capacity as well as ENaC and CFTR channel expression. Treatment with a KvLQT1 K+ channel activator (R-L3) accelerated the repair rates and enhanced barrier integrity (ZO-1 staining) as well as ENaC and CFTR protein expressions. In the porcine models, an exacerbated inflammatory response was observed along with alveolar damage, lung edema and decreased ZO-1, ENaC and CFTR expressions. Our preliminary data using human samples collected during lung transplantations also indicate an inflammatory response and reduced ENaC, CFTR and ZO-1 expressions, already observed within lung grafts, submitted to longer cold ischemia duration, among lung recipients then developing a PGD. Conclusion: Altogether these data support our hypothesis of an alveolar epithelial dysfunction, featuring an alteration of functionality and barrier integrity biomarkers (ENaC, CFTR and ZO-1), associated with I/R and DPG.