Literatura académica sobre el tema "Business Network Contract"
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Artículos de revistas sobre el tema "Business Network Contract"
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Voronova, Olga. "Development of contract management system for network companies under economy digitalization". E3S Web of Conferences 164 (2020): 09018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202016409018.
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In the context of economy digitalization, special attention is paid to process management by company stakeholders, which cannot be considered without regard to the organization’s contract strategy, since a significant part of the business processes are consistently negotiated, concluded and executed, and the management of various groups of contracts is an integral part of the operating business model of network trading companies. This article discusses the main tasks of building an effective contract management system, and provides a typical classification of contracts for network trading companies. In the course of the study, the life cycle of the contract is considered. As a result of the research, the structure of the contract management system for network trading companies is presented.
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Neves, Marcos Fava. "Marketing and Network Contracts (Agreements)". Journal on Chain and Network Science 3, n.º 1 (1 de junio de 2003): 7–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/jcns2003.x026.
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The literature shows that bounded rationality makes it almost impossible to build complete contracts to manage transactions between companies. Furthermore, incomplete contracts generate opportunism problems from one of the involved parts and undesirable transaction costs that could be reduced if the process of building a contract/agreement were to include more details (exactness), even in unwritten (oral) agreements. In general, businessmen do not have the instruments to facilitate this process of building contracts, and students, who will deal with contracts at various moments in their professional lives, are not trained for this activity. This article provides a model that has been successfully used as a contract analysis tool in business networks focusing on marketing actions.
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Vergani, Marco. "The Tax Treatment of Network Contracts". EC Tax Review 20, Issue 5 (1 de octubre de 2011): 255–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/ecta2011029.
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In April 2009, Italy adopted a law on the 'network contract', under the auspices of the Small Business Act (SBA), aimed at enhancing collaboration among enterprises to increase their potential for innovation, research, and development. This article provides a brief description of the essential elements of the network contract under Italian law as well as the fiscal measures introduced by Article 42 of Law Decree No. 78 of 31 May 2010 in order to support company networks. In conclusion, we will briefly examine the reasons why such fiscal measures were not considered a State aid by the European Commission.
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Rizza, Carmela, Antonio Leotta y Daniela Ruggeri. "The role of the contract in the network governance construction". Corporate Ownership and Control 16, n.º 3 (2019): 8–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.22495/cocv16i3art1.
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Focusing on business networks in which firms from different countries are embedded, the present paper is interested in a better understanding of how the formal and social governance mechanisms are related. In particular, the paper focuses on the construction process of network governance, recognizing the contract as the main coordination and control mechanism for stabilizing the network organizations. This paper aims to examine the process that might lead to the formulation of a contract between firms, comparing two different theories: Actor-Network Theory (ANT) and Pragmatic Constructivism (PC). ANT offers an account of how the difference in the parties’ interests was a key point in problematizing the introduction of the contract as an inscription that mobilizes the actors’ interests. However, ANT does not offer sufficient reasons to explain why the translation fails in a cross-national network where different national values may be relevant. Then, the use of PC points out a missed integration between national values, considering the contract a way of thinking. The case study describes the construction process of a cross-cultural network between an Italian, an Albanian and a Kosovar firm operating in the artistic lightening system business. The evidence showed a negative nexus between informal and formal mechanisms of governance
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Wei, Shanting, Zhuo Zhang y Xintong Chen. "How does business incubator motivate start-ups based on super-network: A dynamic capability perspective". Journal of Intelligent & Fuzzy Systems 40, n.º 6 (21 de junio de 2021): 11131–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/jifs-202279.
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Network-based incubation has undergone rapid developments and the incubation mechanism has begun to change recently. To incentive the start-ups on the basis of ensuring its own interests, the incubator needs to design a feasible contract. According to network theory, a single network cannot adequately describe the heterogeneous alliances of incubated start-ups in the business incubator. Therefore, by constructing super-network structure of incubated start-ups, this paper designs two types of linear incentive contracts and uses numerical simulation to further discuss the model. The results indicate that the business incubator should design the contract according to the different capability levels and risk preference degree of start-ups: linear screening contract (LSC) is more effective to motivate the incubated start-ups to improve the capability, while the incentive effect will be weakened by the increasing proportion of high-capability start-ups; for high risk-preference start-ups, linear pooling contract (LPC) is superior than LSC. The results can serve as a theoretical direction for the business incubator to effectively distinguish different capability levels of start-ups and make better decision on contract design to motivate start-ups on the basis of ensuring the maximization of its own utility.
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Pastore, Patrizia, Antonio Ricciardi y Silvia Tommaso. "Contractual networks: an organizational model to reduce the competitive disadvantage of small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in Europe’s less developed regions. A survey in southern Italy". International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal 16, n.º 4 (18 de diciembre de 2019): 1503–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11365-019-00616-2.
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AbstractLimitations faced by southern Italy’s small enterprises due to their dimensions may be overcome by cooperation strategies and network contracts. The international literature has highlighted that effectively governed business networks appear to more successfully allow partner firms to improve their economic performance and survive over time. This paper combines qualitative and quantitative analyses to test the above hypothesis. It also analyses the performance of southern Italian firms that have joined business network contracts equipped with legal personality — the so called “reti soggetto” or “heavy contractual networks” (HCNs) — compared to firms participating in business networks based only on contractual agreements, devoid of legal personality—the so called “reti contratto” or “light contractual networks” (LCNs). Our findings demonstrate that only 13% of all registered business networks are in fact operative. Among the networks with legal personality, approximately 28% are active networks. A similar trend was observed for network contracts devoid legal personality: only 11% are truly active. Performance measures (including profitability, financial situation indicators, and debt sustainability) also differ for firms belonging to HCN, compared to those belonging to LCN, in the years following the subscription of the network contract. Empirical analysis suggests that HCNs have significant positive effects on the performance of participant firms. We thus propose to verify the conditions that strengthen business networks in the south of Italy. We also recommend promoting the establishment of networks with juridical subjectivity. Such networks can be effective tools to strengthen the competitiveness of SMEs despite external diseconomies, which can markedly improve their creditworthiness.
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Hansson, Lisa y Frode Longva. "Contracting accountability in network governance structures". Qualitative Research in Accounting & Management 11, n.º 2 (10 de junio de 2014): 92–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/qram-04-2014-0032.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to illustrate how accountability is expressed in contractual arrangements found in network governance structures that provide public transport services and to raise discussion of how to understand contracting accountability in network governance contexts. Design/methodology/approach – The paper is rooted in two research traditions: contracting studies and studies of accountability in government/governance contexts. Content analysis is used in examining contracts from two cases. These contracts are of five types: contracts between public organizations, contracts within a public organization, contracts between public organizations and private firms, and contracts between political parties within a municipality and contracts within a network. Various contracting approaches are identified within these types. Findings – The paper concludes that the contracts' functions differ between the cases. The first case did not have an overall contract that defined the network, relying on different two-party contracts instead. In the other case, an incentive-based contract was used to link the organizations. From an accountability perspective, the latter contracting structure clarifies the roles and responsibilities of the actors and increases the possibility of accountability to citizens. Originality/value – The paper brings new insights to the field of contracting and accountability by focusing on the role of contracts in network governance structures, taking account of various accountability relationships. It also contributes new theoretical categories usable when analysing contracting accountability in a network context.
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Kaulio, Matti A. "A Psychological Contract Perspective on Project Networks". Project Management Journal 49, n.º 4 (17 de julio de 2018): 81–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/8756972818781713.
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A current challenge for project network scholars is to explain “how history matters”; in other words, how past experiences of collaboration between actors in a project network are transformed into an (informal) organizational format that is replicable in future collaborations. How are project networks formed in the first place? By examining a collaboration under formation between two organizations, this article proposes that project networks can be conceptualized as psychological contracts. In this formation process, critical incidents play a key role as they define “items” in the psychological contract; in project network terms, these items define routines for collaboration.
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Rassenfoss, Stephen. "Building a Defensible Digital Network Business". Journal of Petroleum Technology 73, n.º 03 (1 de marzo de 2021): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/0321-0023-jpt.
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Andrew Bruce’s path to building a digital business offers a map of hazards for those selling digital services to oil companies. When he started Data Gumbo, he was thinking about building a business aimed at solving the data quality issues that were a constant headache when he was working on developing digital control systems at NOV. One option was a fee-for-service business that cleaned up drilling data. While he knew that would make the engineers happy, he wondered if accountants would notice. Clean data ultimately can have a large financial impact by facilitating the digital transformation. But, for those doing financial statements, it is easy to miss because it does not have a direct impact on the bottom line, even though it can facilitate digital changes that do. As he searched for a better idea, he began thinking about building around a blockchain network. At the time, blockchain was only associated with keeping a record of virtual currency ownership. But he could see uses for an immutable record of contracts and transactions in the drilling business, where contract disputes, audits, and wrangling over bills are costly, time-consuming rituals. The plans required only specific bits of operational data, such as the volume of product loaded or the time of delivery, to measure performance based on the contract terms. Building a service that minimizes the customer data needed removed a potential sticking point in negotiations. Years passed as he worked to find users willing to work together to create a blockchain network to see if multiple companies could make this idea work in an oil field. Another thing that kills many startups is time. Investments by the venture arms of Equinor and Saudi Aramco gave Data Gumbo the cash to slowly recruit buyers and sellers to create and test whether the network he envisioned, known as GumboNet, actually could deliver on its promise of faster, argument-free billing that saved money. The most public example was the result of a test by a multicompany consortium in 2019 that showed a paperless system for tracking water or any other oilfield commodity can work accurately and deliver results efficiently. That was the prelude to more testing, until the oil price crash forced the industry to accelerate its search for ways to lower the cost of producing a barrel of oil. The crash sped the transition from testing to field uses and helped expand the company’s customer base. Data Gumbo has added locations in the Middle East and South America. One downside of success: It offers a model for potential competitors. “It is always a concern. It would be naive to say it is not. Anyone can use blockchain tomorrow,” Bruce said. What is harder to do is build a network of users, such as GumboNet. Assembling a group of users who understand the rules and trust the system—like a large group of merchants willing to accept a particular credit card—is a hard thing to replicate. To strengthen those ties, Bruce continues to look for new ways to generate value for users. One idea that he said is on the way this year is a service that uses data associated with logistics contracts, such as water truck traffic data, to generate emissions or water use data to help answer tough questions raised by investors requiring environment, safety, and governance reports.
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Perrigot, Rozenn, Guy Basset, Danièle Briand y Gérard Cliquet. "Network uniformity and risk of reclassification of the franchise contract". International Journal of Retail & Distribution Management 42, n.º 10 (7 de octubre de 2014): 884–901. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijrdm-06-2013-0129.
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Purpose – Network uniformity is crucial in franchising, but an excessive number of imposed constraints to maintain this uniformity jeopardizes a franchisee’s independence and too much independence given to franchisees jeopardizes franchise network uniformity. So, how to find an equilibrium and avoid the reclassification of a franchise contract as a branch manager contract or as an employment contract with all its related consequences? The paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach – The research is based on a multiple cases approach. The four complementary cases deal with Yves Rocher (cosmetics and body/face care), Bata (shoes), Fiventis (real estate, life insurance and tax-sheltered savings products), and France Acheminement (express transportation), all analyzed in the French context. Findings – A franchise contract can be reclassified as a branch manager contract if there is economic dependence or as an employment contract if there is a legal subordination relationship. These reclassifications have not only financial consequences, but also an impact in terms of image. Research limitations/implications – The research is based on secondary data. Collecting data along with interviews of franchisors and franchisees would be beneficial. Practical implications – The research is of specific interest to franchisors, franchise experts and lawyers in terms of minimizing the possible risks of facing such types of reclassification of franchise contracts. It can also inform franchisees who may be running their businesses under such conditions. Originality/value – This paper uses a business and law approach in order to analyze the paradox of network uniformity and franchisee autonomy and raises the question of “how to find equilibrium?”
Tesis sobre el tema "Business Network Contract"
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Josefsson, Lovisa y Emriksson Frans Apentis. "Graph Visualization of Legal Business Structures". Thesis, KTH, Skolan för elektroteknik och datavetenskap (EECS), 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-254654.
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Visualization of complex data is a challenging topic. Data are often stored in spreadsheets making it difficult to get an overview of otherwise inaccessible information. Visualization of data is necessary for getting an understanding of complex structures. Organizations, among them financial institutions, nowadays consist of large owner structures and legal structures. Visualization of these structures is a challenging task due to the many levels of complexity within these structures.This report presents a visualization prototype of the legal business structures of financial institutions. The primary function of this prototype is to facilitate the understanding of complex legal business structures that would be hard to comprehend only from spreadsheets. The development of the prototype was performed using Python and NetworkX and the visualization was constructed as a graph representation. The evaluation of the prototype was conduced with semi-structured interviews together with a demonstration. The evaluation indicated that the utility of the visualization prototype concept can be further improved. The results suggests that a prototype is vital and is of good use for facilitating understanding of data.Visualisering av data är ett svårt problem. Diverse data lagras ofta i textform vilket bidrar till en sämre översikt av datan. Med hjälp av visualisering kan man få en bättre förståelse för komplexa strukturer i datan. Organisationer så som finansinstitut involverar ofta stora ägarstrukturer och legala strukturer. Att kunna visualisera dessa strukturer blir då ett problem på grund av deras komplexitet.I denna rapport presenteras en visualiseringsprototyp av legala affärsstrukturer hos finansinstitut. Huvudsyftet med denna prototyp är att få en bättre förståelse av strukturer som annars är svåra att analysera utifrån enbart kalkylblad. Prototypen implementerades med hjälp av Python och NetworkX och visades visuellt som en graf representation. Evalueringen utfördes med hjälp av intervjuer samt en demonstration av prototypen. Evalueringen visar på att användarna ser en nytta med prototypen vilket tyder på att det finns utrymme för att vidare utveckla konceptet. Resultatet antyder att en visualisering är väsentlig när det kommer till att underlätta analys av data.
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Wignall, Christopher David. "The economics of real estate brokerage and contracts". Diss., [La Jolla] : University of California, San Diego, 2009. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/ucsd/fullcit?p3356245.
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BERTANI, ROBERTA. "Imprese, relazioni e network: il contratto di rete come nuovo strumento aggregativo per le imprese italiane". Doctoral thesis, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10280/10584.
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La pratica dei network contracts ha ricevuto una notevole attenzione da parte degli studiosi. In questa tesi viene presa in considerazione una forma caratteristica di network contract, nota come “contratto di rete”, che è stato recentemente introdotto nell’ordinamento italiano. Dopo aver fornito una rassegna dei principali contributi della letteratura IMP con riferimento alle relazioni reticolari in contesti business-to-business, vengono discusse le implicazioni teoriche di differenti strutture della rete sulle perfomance della rete stessa. Viene inoltre sviluppata un’analisi empirica basata su diversi “contratti di rete”. Mostriamo che le reti in cui le imprese producono prodotti differenziati, in cui le imprese sono collocate ad una certa distanza geografica, dove ogni impresa percepisce se stessa come cruciale per la rete stessa, e dove il numero delle imprese è sufficientemente basso, ottengono un risultato mediamente superiore rispetto alle reti aventi caratteristiche opposte. Inoltre mostriamo come le reti in cui il potere è suddiviso in modo equo tra le imprese partecipanti (reti simmetriche) ottengono una performance migliore rispetto alle reti in cui alcune imprese hanno un ruolo dominante (reti asimmetriche).Network contract is a business practice which has received a lot of attention by scholars. In this thesis we consider a peculiar form of network contract named “contratto di rete”, which has been recently introduced by the Italian legislator. After providing a selective survey of the main contributions from the IMP tradition regarding network relationships in business-to-business contexts, we discuss the theoretical implications of different network structures on the performance of the networks. We also develop an empirical analysis based on several “contratti di rete”. We show that the networks where the firms produce different goods, where the firms are not located close to each other, where each firm perceives itself as crucial for the network, and where the number of firms is low enough, get a better outcome than the networks showing the opposite characteristics. Furthermore, we show that the networks where the power is shared equally among the firms (symmetric networks) perform better than the networks where some firms play a dominant role (asymmetric networks).
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BERTANI, ROBERTA. "Imprese, relazioni e network: il contratto di rete come nuovo strumento aggregativo per le imprese italiane". Doctoral thesis, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10280/10584.
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La pratica dei network contracts ha ricevuto una notevole attenzione da parte degli studiosi. In questa tesi viene presa in considerazione una forma caratteristica di network contract, nota come “contratto di rete”, che è stato recentemente introdotto nell’ordinamento italiano. Dopo aver fornito una rassegna dei principali contributi della letteratura IMP con riferimento alle relazioni reticolari in contesti business-to-business, vengono discusse le implicazioni teoriche di differenti strutture della rete sulle perfomance della rete stessa. Viene inoltre sviluppata un’analisi empirica basata su diversi “contratti di rete”. Mostriamo che le reti in cui le imprese producono prodotti differenziati, in cui le imprese sono collocate ad una certa distanza geografica, dove ogni impresa percepisce se stessa come cruciale per la rete stessa, e dove il numero delle imprese è sufficientemente basso, ottengono un risultato mediamente superiore rispetto alle reti aventi caratteristiche opposte. Inoltre mostriamo come le reti in cui il potere è suddiviso in modo equo tra le imprese partecipanti (reti simmetriche) ottengono una performance migliore rispetto alle reti in cui alcune imprese hanno un ruolo dominante (reti asimmetriche).Network contract is a business practice which has received a lot of attention by scholars. In this thesis we consider a peculiar form of network contract named “contratto di rete”, which has been recently introduced by the Italian legislator. After providing a selective survey of the main contributions from the IMP tradition regarding network relationships in business-to-business contexts, we discuss the theoretical implications of different network structures on the performance of the networks. We also develop an empirical analysis based on several “contratti di rete”. We show that the networks where the firms produce different goods, where the firms are not located close to each other, where each firm perceives itself as crucial for the network, and where the number of firms is low enough, get a better outcome than the networks showing the opposite characteristics. Furthermore, we show that the networks where the power is shared equally among the firms (symmetric networks) perform better than the networks where some firms play a dominant role (asymmetric networks).
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Gasperin, Carlos Eduardo Makoul. "Aspectos tributários dos shopping centers: limites para a tributação da receita e da renda". reponame:Repositório Institucional do FGV, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10438/24919.
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Os Shopping Centers são um importante modelo de negócios na economia brasileira, gerando um grande fluxo financeiro de recursos, os quais transitam em um complexo emaranhado de relações jurídicas compostas por diversos atores e instrumentos contratuais. Em que pese a importância econômica que esses centros de compras adquiriram no mercado consumidor nacional, não se tem ainda uma visão doutrinária clara da sua estrutura jurídica nem, muito menos, dos impactos tributários daí advindos. Esse trabalho pretende contribuir para o esclarecimento dessas questões, sem ter, obviamente, a pretensão de esgotar o debate. O estudo proporá um novo enfoque na conceituação jurídica dos shopping centers, com especial atenção para a definição dos limites da tributação sobre eventuais receitas e rendas que possam existir nesse setor. O ponto central do debate será a qualificação jurídico-tributária dos chamados ‘encargos comuns ou condominiais’ e das ‘contribuições ao fundo de promoção e propaganda’, elementos financeiros comuns e relevantes para esse modelo de negócios. Seriam esses valores receita/renda tributáveis? Na pessoa de quem? Para responder tais questões, primeiramente será feita uma análise do modelo de negócios e do debate doutrinário acerca da sua qualificação jurídica. Na sequência, será proposta uma nova perspectiva de análise, a partir das teorias das redes empresariais e das coligações contratuais. Essa base teórica nos dará condição para analisar os impactos tributários daí advindos e para fornecer a seguinte resposta àquelas indagações: cumpridos determinados requisitos os ‘encargos comuns’ e as ‘contribuições ao fundo de promoção e propaganda’ não podem ser imputados como renda ou receita do empreendedor, já que deverão ser encarados como despesas dos lojistas e do próprio empreendedor. Com base nas conclusões alcançadas, algumas recomendações práticas serão propostas ao setor para mitigar eventuais riscos tributários atinentes à discussão aqui posta.
Shopping Malls are an important business sector in the Brazilian economy, generating a huge flow of money throughout a variety of complex legal relationships composed of many actors and contractual instruments. Despite the economic importance of these commercial centers, the legal doctrine has not defined yet a clear view of the legal structure of such enterprise, neither the tax impacts derived from it. This essay intends to enlighten such subjects, without the intentions of exhaust them. This research will propose a new approach to conceptualize the legal arrangement that supports shopping malls. It discusses whether there are any incomes or revenues in the so-called 'common costs' fees and the 'contributions for the promotion and advertising fund', bearing in mind that they are common and relevant financial components on this kind of business. The central question that drives the essay is that: Would these fees be taxable income or revenue; and on whose economic agent? To address this question firstly an analysis will be made of the business model named shopping malls and the doctrinaire debate over its legal qualification. Subsequently, a new economic and legal analytical perspective to this business model will be proposed, based on business and contractual networks theories. With these it will be possible not only to achieve eventual tax impacts of those fees mentioned above, but also to answer the question posed herein by affirming that since some requirements are accomplished, the fees known as 'common costs' and the 'contributions for the promotion and advertising fund' should not be attributed as entrepreneur’s revenues, since they shall be faced as store owners’ own expenditures and, in some cases, as entrepreneurs’ own expenditures. In addition, the research intends to provide some practical recommendations to the economic sector for mitigating possible tax liabilities risks linked to the subject herein discussed.
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Ceesay, Lamin B. "Managing The Relational Capabilities of Inter-Organizational Innovation Ecosystems: Empirical Investigations". Doctoral thesis, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/11562/1051316.
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The thesis tries to evaluate the relational dynamics of an inter-organizational business network relationship. To do this, first, a review of extant literature was employed, and results showed that the field is however emerging slowly and its widespread is largely dominated by scholars from the UK, US, and Italy amongst other countries, respectively. The result of the study also indicated there is a large concentration on the management of the innovation ecosystem was carried out than on other aspects (i.e., the network antecedents, and performance research) informing the agenda for future agenda. In the second paper, we conduct an empirical study case study design to investigate the development of the relational capabilities of local Italian SMEs business networks. The results of the study demonstrate critical determinants enabling the development of network relational capabilities. The findings also suggest that organizing for inter-firm engagement in a business network context, positively influenced network performance over time. For the third paper, an empirical study of institution-based trust-building in an inter-firm innovation ecosystem was investigated. Using a sample from SMEs relationships from KM region of The Gambia, results show that institutional trust-building practices (i.e., openness, reliability, similarity) significantly have a positive effect on innovation performance. Furthermore, the relational risk was found to significantly mediate the effects of trust in institutional openness, similarity, and reliability on the innovation performance of SMEs alliance. In addition to these findings, the study also established that institutional trust-building practices differ greatly by the size of the enterprise (small vs medium). Finally, the last chapter tries to examine the collaborative value practices of cause-based social entrepreneurship alliance. We investigate key drivers of value creation in such an alliance using a longitudinal case study design involving Italian businesses that make up this alliance. The study findings suggest that cause-based alliances differ from other business relationships due to the social mission of the alliance and the orientation of partners to a specific social cause. However, over time involved firm may pursue commercial interests. Our results provide one of the first studies on the emerging phenomenon of a cause-based social alliance. It contributes to the literature on social entrepreneurship and its intersection with inter-organizational business relationship literature. These findings inform and guide practitioners about the motivations and drivers of such alliances.
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Perlman, Leon Joseph. "Legal and regulatory aspects of mobile financial services". Thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/13362.
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The thesis deals with the emergence of bank and non-bank entities that provide a range of unique
transaction-based payment services broadly called Mobile Financial Services (MFS) to unbanked,
underserved and underbanked persons via mobile phones.
Models of MFS from Mobile Network Operators (MNOs), banks, combinations of MNOs and banks, and
independent Mobile Financial Services Providers are covered. Provision by non-banks of ‘bank-type’
services via mobile phones has been termed ‘transformational banking’ versus the ‘additive banking’
services from banks. All involve the concept of ‘branchless banking’ whereby ‘cash-in/cash out’ services
are provided through ‘agents.’
Funds for MFS payments may available through a Stored Value Product (SVP), particularly through a
Stored Value Account SVP variant offered by MNOs where value is stored as a redeemable fiat- or mobile
‘airtime’-based Store of Value.
The competitive, legal, technical and regulatory nature of non-bank versus bank MFS models is discussed,
in particular the impact of banking, payments, money laundering, telecommunications, e-commerce and
consumer protection laws. Whether funding mechanisms for SVPs may amount to deposit-taking such that
entities could be engaged in the ‘business of banking’ is discussed. The continued use of ‘deposit’ as the
traditional trigger for the ‘business of banking’ is investigated, alongside whether transaction and paymentcentric
MFS rises to the ‘business of banking.’
An extensive evaluation of ‘money’ based on the Orthodox and Claim School economic theories is
undertaken in relation to SVPs used in MFS, their legal associations and import, and whether they may be
deemed ‘money’ in law.
Consumer protection for MFS and payments generally through current statute, contract, and payment law
and common law condictiones are found to be wanting. Possible regulatory arbitrage in relation to MFS in
South African law is discussed.
The legal and regulatory regimes in the European Union, Kenya and the United States of America are
compared with South Africa. The need for a coordinated payments-specific law that has consumer
protections, enables proportional risk-based licensing of new non-bank providers of MFS, and allows for a
regulator for retail payments is recommended. The use of trust companies and trust accounts is
recommended for protection of user funds.
| viPublic, Constitutional and International Law
LLD
Libros sobre el tema "Business Network Contract"
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Networks as connected contracts. Oxford, [England]: Hart Pub., 2011.
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Networks. Oxford: Hart Publishing, 2009.
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A legal framework for emerging business models: Dynamic networks as collaborative contracts. Cheltenham, Glos, UK: Edward Elgar, 2012.
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Cafaggi, Fabrizio. Contractual networks, inter-firm cooperation and economic growth. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar, 2011.
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F, Radcliffe Mark, ed. Internet law and business handbook. [Port Huron, MI]: Ladera Press, 2000.
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Las contratas en la Ciudad de México: Redes sociales y negocios : el caso de Manuel Barrera, 1800-1845. México, D.F: Instituto de Investigaciones Dr José María Luis Mora, 2005.
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Gareth, Williams y Pickard Susan, eds. Markets and networks: Contracting in community health services. Buckingham: Open University Press, 1996.
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Chinhŭngwŏn, Hanʼguk Chŏngbo Sahoe, ed. Wep sŏbisŭ kyeyak, pojŭng pangan yŏnʼgu =: A research on contract and assurance method for web services. Sŏul-si: Hanʼguk Chŏngbo Sahoe Chinhŭngwŏn, 2006.
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Interfirm networks in the Japanese electronics industry. London: RoutledgeCurzon, 2005.
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J, Mastrobattista Amy, ed. The IT/digital legal companion: A comprehensive business guide to software, Internet, and IP law ; includes forms for contracts and transactions. Boston: Syngress/Elsevier, 2008.
Buscar texto completoCapítulos de libros sobre el tema "Business Network Contract"
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Zinke-Wehlmann, Christian, Julia Friedrich y Vanita Römer. "Power to the Network: The Concept of Social Business and Its Relevance for IC". En Contributions to Management Science, 201–20. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-52881-2_11.
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AbstractThe concept of IC puts the employee, in its potential role as crowdsource, Campaign Owner or initiator into focus. This reflects the emancipatory and participatory principle that goes hand in hand with the concept of Social Business. The basic idea of Social Business is not to link the business success of a company exclusively to its management capabilities or the business plan, but to understand and value the individual stakeholder as part of a successful enterprise network. For Social Business, value is not exclusively understood as business value; rather, the perspective is expanded to include social added value, in the sense that the value of the work for the employee, society or the environment is considered as an indirect corporate goal. Thus, Social Business is defined as a framework or strategy that uses digital social networks (enterprise social networks) with the primary goal of generating social, ecological and economic benefits. This article introduces the Social Business reference model, which supports the adoption and implementation of the outlined strategy and contrasts it to the ICU Model in order to identify the strengths as well as weaknesses of both models.
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Lampathaki, Fenareti, Evmorfia Biliri, Tasos Tsitsanis, Kostas Tsatsakis, Dimitris Miltiadou y Konstantinos Perakis. "Toward an Energy Data Platform Design: Challenges and Perspectives from the SYNERGY Big Data Platform and AI Analytics Marketplace". En Data Spaces, 293–315. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-98636-0_14.
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AbstractToday, the need for “end-to-end” coordination between the electricity sector stakeholders, not only in business terms but also in securely exchanging real-time data, is becoming a necessity to increase electricity networks’ stability and resilience while satisfying individual operational optimization objectives and business case targets of all stakeholders. To this end, the SYNERGY energy data platform builds on state-of-the-art data management, sharing, and analytics technologies, driven by the actual needs of the electricity data value chain. This paper will describe the layered SYNERGY Reference Architecture that consists of a Cloud Infrastructure, On-Premise Environments, and Energy Apps and discuss the main challenges and solutions adopted for (a) the design of custom pipelines for batch and streaming data collection and for data manipulation and analytics (based on baseline or pre-trained machine learning and deep learning algorithms) and (b) their scheduled, on-event, or real-time execution on the cloud, on-premise and in gateways, toward an energy data space. Particular focus will be laid on the design of the SYNERGY AI analytics marketplace that allows for trustful sharing of data assets (i.e., datasets, pipelines, trained AI models, analytics results) which belong to different stakeholders, through a multi-party smart contract mechanism powered by blockchain technologies.
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ten Hompel, Michael y Michael Schmidt. "Silicon Economy: Logistics as the Natural Data Ecosystem". En Designing Data Spaces, 263–78. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-93975-5_16.
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AbstractThe “Silicon Economy” is synonymous with a coming digital infrastructure (digital ecosystem) based on the automated negotiation, disposition, and control of flows of goods, enabling new, digital business models (not only) for logistics. This infrastructure requires and enables the trading of data without losing sovereignty over the data. It is the digital infrastructure and environment for the highly distributed AI algorithms along value networks. In contrast to oligopolistic developments in the B2C sector (amazon.com, AirBnB, Alibaba, Uber, etc.), the Silicon Economy is a federated and decentralized platform ecosystem, the basic components of which are made available to the general public as open source for free use.The Silicon Economy ecosystem is becoming an enabler of supply chain ecosystems in which goods, autonomously controlled by Artificial Intelligence (AI), undergo orchestrated processes according to the situation.This article focuses on the origins and potentials but also on the technological foundations and challenges of the transformation toward a Silicon Economy.
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Bircan, Tuba y Esra Çeviker-Gürakar. "Business Networks and Public Procurement in Turkey". En Advances in Social Networking and Online Communities, 249–67. IGI Global, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-7401-1.ch013.
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In this chapter, we quantitatively analyze the role of network membership in the performance of firms within the public procurement market in Turkey. We use a unique public procurement dataset of all high-value public procurement contracts—those with a contract value worth over TL 1,000,000—awarded between 2005 and 2010. We consider two types of networks: (1) Internet-based procurement-specific networks and (2) business networks established through business associations. Internet-based procurement-specific business networks provide their members with a wide range of procurement related services, access to critical resources, and timely information. Business associations help member firms establish a strong and unified presence, effectively protect their shared interests, and thus collectively influence governmental economic policies. The findings suggest that both types of network memberships are effective in winning public procurement contracts. There is also an overlap among network memberships, with 8.4% of contracts awarded to the firms that have membership in both networks.
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La Rotonda, Carlo, Lupo Arianna y Laura Pilone. "8 • Startup in rete". En Osservatorio Nazionale sulle reti d’impresa 2021. Venice: Fondazione Università Ca’ Foscari, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.30687/978-88-6969-574-2/008.
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Innovative startups represent a dynamic and growing phenomenon in Italy, with goals and characteristics consistent with business networks. In fact, the network contract is a flexible organizational model that supports business development and transformation and can be the natural dimension in which startups become more competitive and scale the market. The first part of the chapter presents the quantitative data on startups involved in business networks, while the second part highlights the results of the 2021 Survey. This survey includes a section of questions dedicated to startups, using the case study method.
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Humphreys, Sal. "You're in My World Now. Ownership and Access in the Proprietary Community of an MMOG". En Information Communication Technologies and Emerging Business Strategies, 76–96. IGI Global, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-59904-234-3.ch005.
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This chapter considers how the interactive and social nature of massively multiplayer online games (MMOGs) presents challenges to systems of organisation, control, and regulation used for more conventional media products. It examines how the interactive structures of games cast players as producers of content, not merely consumers. This productive role creates a distributed production network that challenges the ideas of authorship which underpin copyright and intellectual property. The role of the publishers is shown to encompass community as well as intellectual property management. The communities generated within these games are a key source of economic benefit to the publishers. The contract that determines the conditions of access and the forms of governance inside proprietary worlds is considered in light of this newly intensified relationship between commerce and community. Questions are raised about the accountability of publishers, the role of the market, and the state in determining conditions of access.
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Rittgen, Peter. "Designing Contracts for Business Networks". En Networking and Telecommunications, 1400–1408. IGI Global, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-60566-986-1.ch091.
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Economic activities within and between networked organizations can be coordinated via hierarchies (internal coordination) or markets (external coordination). There are theories that explain both agency theory (Jensen & Meckling, 1976) and transaction cost economics (Williamson, 1985). It is assumed that networked organizations design their organization and network of trading partners such that the sum of internal and external coordination costs is minimized. The impact of information technology (IT) has been assessed in different ways. Malone, Yates, and Benjamin (1987) expected that IT will lower transaction costs and lead to increased market coordination. Clemons, Reddi, and Row (1993, p. 9) posited that organizations will “move to the middle”, that is, to “more outsourcing, but from a reduced set of stable partnerships” if non-contractible issues such as quality and trust play an important role. Empirical evidence (Holland & Lockett, 1997) shows that companies often mix aspects from both markets and hierarchies.
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Kellman, Noah. "Epilogue". En The Game Music Handbook, 247–60. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190938680.003.0017.
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When it comes down to it, writing game music is an incredibly fun and enriching experience, but a career in game music can be highly competitive and difficult to navigate. This chapter explores the business side of creating game music, focusing primarily on the indie game market. The reader learns about different negotiating factors that go into a game audio contract, and is presented with practical knowledge about where and how to network. The chapter also includes information about organizing one’s workflow to achieve maximum creativity. These concepts will be illuminated through interviews with prominent composers in the field, discussing how they manage their careers and maintain good workflows.
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"The BNFL contracts". En Routledge Studies in Business Organizations and Networks. Routledge, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203946275.ch15.
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Witting, Christian. "15. The general ‘economic’ torts". En Street on Torts, 377–400. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780198865506.003.0015.
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This chapter explains the five general economic torts: inducing breach of contract, causing loss by unlawful means (after OBG v Allan), lawful means conspiracy, unlawful means conspiracy (after Total Network v Revenue and Customs Commissioners as well as JSC BTA Bank v Ablyazov), and intimidation. The chapter notes that what binds these torts together is their focus on the element of intention and causation of loss, as well as the tendency of the courts to apply them in business and other financial settings. Otherwise, the torts are quite disparate in their operation. It is argued that some of the torts should be seen as applicable outside the dominant setting, in part where they reflect general principles of responsibility for harm causation.
Actas de conferencias sobre el tema "Business Network Contract"
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Dincer Aydın, Hicran Utkun y Ayşe İrmiş. "Network Organizations in the Global Production Process and Trust between Businesses". En International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c08.01855.
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Network organizations are organizational structures consisting of coordinating basic capabilities and resources in line with their own responsibilities and roles, even though geographically distant businesses are experts in a particular field or function. Businesses are involved in to the networks for reducing uncertainty in global competition, gaining flexibility, acting quickly, and providing capacity, benefiting from resources and talents they cannot have alone, and providing information. However, it is also possible for enterprises to maintain their assets in the network and to benefit from the competitive advantage of the network through providing trust between businesses and ensuring trust.
The purpose of the study is to reveal how trust is defined among the enterprises within the network organizations and what constitutes the trusting elements. The universe of the research constitutes businesses operating in Uşak and located in national or international networks with contract manufacturing. The study was conducted using qualitative research method and interview technique. According to research findings; it has been seen that business owners are positively anticipating other businesses within their business networks and they have been working for a long time with the companies which they trust and watching the businesses they have not been trusting for a while and ending their cooperation. According to business owners participating in the interview, trust is equivalent with the fulfilment of given promises, goodwill, quality and intra-family relationships. At the same time, it was stated that trust depends on the businesses; and so, religion, language and race differences are not important.
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Kambovski, Igor. "RAČUNARSTVO U OBLAKU – PRAVNA PITANjA I DILEME". En XVIII Majsko savetovanje. University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Law, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.46793/xviiimajsko.379k.
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Cloud computing is a part of our everyday life, a revolutionary invention of the 21st century that overcomes perhaps the biggest problem since the advent of the Internet and online communications and transactions - the problem of secure data transfer and storage. Cloud Computing is a modern technology that enables the use of IT services remotely, over the Internet and a network of physically remote servers. This type of computing provides great opportunities for consumers, customers, companies, all interested parties to communicate and do business online, with a significant reduction in costs and investment in hardware and software. Cloud computing services are accessible and attractive to users, primarily because they are either free or the price for their use is symbolic. Cloud computing, compared to the standard model of using home or office computers at work, differs in that the entire load for storing data and applications from the computer is transferred to the network and then to the cloud servers, so that all information and applications which we need can be found in the cloud. Servers are located in several locations around the world, on so-called "server farms" and guarantee continuous and stable access to applications, data storage and protection and control of all data and background processes. Users of cloud computing services need a computer with an Internet browser, a stable Internet connection and a concluded subscription agreement with a provider that provides such services. Cloud computing agreements and contracts are usually made online. The contract may also specify security measures (eg requests for cleaning or deleting data on damaged media, storage of customer data on private hardware, storage and diversification of data in different locations, etc.). The legal rules applicable to cloud computing contracts may require that the contract be in written form, especially when it comes to the processing and storage of personal data, and that all supporting documents be attached to the main contract. Even when no written form is required, for reasons of legal certainty, ease of reference, clarity, completeness, enforceability and efficiency of the contract, the parties may decide to conclude the contract in writing.
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Sakız, Burcu y Ayşen Hiç Gencer. "Blockchain Beyond Cryptocurrency: Non-Fungible Tokens". En International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c13.02527.
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Blockchain technology is a disruptive innovation with the potential to replace existing business models that rely on centralized systems and third parties for trust. Even if there are a lot of application areas, blockchain used primarily for cryptocurrencies. Satoshi Nakamoto implemented the first blockchain application and invented the world’s first digital currency which is named as Bitcoin in 2008. Fundementally Bitcoin relies on cryptographic “proof of work” mechanism, digital signatures, and peer to peer distributed networking layer in order to provide a distributed ledger holding transactions. In 2014, a second generation of blockchains allow to program and execute them over distributed networks such as Ethereum project. The code to program any asset stored in blockchain’s peer-to-peer network is called as "smart contract" and smart contracts gives a powerful tool to developers for decentralized applications. There are various types of tokens that anyone can built on top of Ethereum and by combining smart contracts and new tokens, this paved the way of possibility to build a wide range of decentralized projects. One of the disruptive blockchain based innovation impacting intellectual property is called non-fungible-tokens or NFTs firstly introcuced in late 2017 on Ethereum network. This research contends that blockchain and non-fungible tokens (NFTs) which are cryptographically unique, scarce, non-replicable digital assets created through smart contracts and provably digital collectible assets. Our objective is to give NFT taxonomy, review NFT platforms and discuss technical challenges as well as recent advances in tackling the challenges. Moreover, this paper also aims to point out the future directions for NFT technology.
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Almedallah, Mohammed K., Naif J. Alqahtani y Stuart D. C. Walsh. "A Consortium Blockchain for Smart Contracts in Oil and Gas Projects". En International Petroleum Technology Conference. IPTC, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2523/iptc-22115-ms.
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Abstract The task of managing petroleum projects is often cumbersome and complex, as these projects involve a vast number of activities that are often conducted in remote and potentially dispersed locations. In addition, petroleum projects must reconcile the many transactions that occur between multiple stakeholders, including the developer and their contractors. Due to this nature of business, projects are subject to fraudulent activity, cyber-attacks and lost time. To alleviate these issues, this paper presents a Proof-of-Work (PoW) consortium blockchain that executes and tracks oil and gas project tasks, while providing secured and transparent documentation and time stamping for all the project activities. Historically, many companies have worked on technologies to improve scheduling and project management by implementing intelligent and digitized information system solutions. Yet, these solutions require a centralized entity to monitor the activities - leading to errors and fraud. The approach adopted here overcomes these limitations by suggesting a smart contract decentralized blockchain that can solve many of the problems preventing management efficiency. The process utilizes a web-based framework that scans record tamper-evident transactions based on peer-to-peer network involving the developer and the contractor machines. The approach also creates a web interface to allow stakeholders to interact with the blockchain and store schedule updates and completion certificates. As there is no paperwork to process, and no time wasted on reconciling errors associated with filing these documents, the proposed application demonstrates a promising tool to improve speed, efficiency, and accuracy. It can enforce the contract conditions and manage the tracking of complex oil and gas activities. Employees within the developer and contractor companies can record a transaction in the network and ensure that the data within the block is not tampered with and contain a secured timestamp. The record is stored in the multiple machines available in the network and serves as a digital signature for each activity completed in the project. However, because the network is open to all stakeholders, the process requires regulation to prevent adverse events, such as members posting without restrictions. To overcome this limitation, each member is required to have a public and private key to post in the application. The paper also discusses other potential limitations to this approach to project management, and strategies that can be employed to make this use of blockchain technology viable in commercial settings. Because the data stored in the proposed blockchain is immutable, secured, and transparent, the blockchain application has the potential to transform the traditional process by tracking and digitally time-stamping all the project deliverables required by the stakeholders involved. Nevertheless, the paper argues that there are several technical, security and legal limitations needed to be addressed before having the application as mainstream.
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Khor, Siew Hiang, Jacek Dudek, Piotr Wojcik, Krzysztof Pietrzyk, Daniel Podsobinski, Grzegorz Paliborek, Bartlomiej Kawecki et al. "Minimise Risks Through a Comprehensive Validation of the Existing Production Operation and Planning Strategy for the Largest Oilfield in Poland". En Abu Dhabi International Petroleum Exhibition & Conference. SPE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/208206-ms.
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Abstract Integrated field management is a key initiative recognised by many operators that helps delivering the promise of digital to meet their business strategic objectives of increased hydrocarbon production, reduced exploration and appraisal costs, and sustained development and operation costs. This paper presents how an integrated asset model has been developed for the largest oilfield in Poland to enable a comprehensive validation of its current development plan and operating strategy to ensure safe operation; assessment of other feasible development scenarios to fully realise its potential and paving the path to digital oilfield. A proven integrated asset modeling approach has been adopted to bring a complex reservoir, multiple interdependent wells, pipelines networks, process models together into one single platform. The integrated modeling platform included both gas and water reinjection network models to provide a pore to process closed loop solution. Development of this integrated reservoir-wells-pipelines-network-process facility-water and gas reinjection network models focused to provide all the vital valuable inputs to better field management, fast and accurate decision-making, optimal safe operation in meeting the set seasonal sales contract. Assessments of production operation strategy and field development scenarios were conducted at full field level from reservoir to process plant, accounting wells, pipelines, process handling capacities, the complete system constraints and back pressure effects of all involved components. The availability of fully integrated asset model with pore to process solution enables engineers to better understand the current well performance and production potentials; to ensure a safe and optimal process plant operation. The model helped to identify bottlenecks imposed by the existing pipelines network and process facility; it also enabled the asset team to confirm the existing development plan was not optimal. Other feasible planning scenarios which could further enhance the overall asset productivity were identified, i.e. via determining location of infill wells and which unused idle producers to be converted to gas or water injectors. The study demonstrated a comprehensive validation of the existing development and operation strategy was achievable with the approach. The paper describes how the developed integrated asset model enables the asset team to validate the existing operating strategy and field development scenario of the studied onshore brownfield; to further enhance asset productivity and to achieve efficient field management by adjusting the operating condition in meeting the seasonal sales contract. The integrated asset model also helps to evaluate and to analyse forecasts of different development scenarios including infill drilling and adding new wells and other enhanced oil recovery (EOR) techniques to achieve an ultimate recovery and asset economics.
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Reich, Alton, Steve Doherty, James Shaw, Andrew E. Nelius y Keith Williams. "On-Board Dynamic Strain System for Turbine Engine Ground Testing". En ASME 2008 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2008-61150.
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The Arnold Engineering Development Center (AEDC) testing complex includes more than 50 wind tunnels, test cells, arc heaters, and other specialized test facilities. Of these, 27 units have capabilities that are unmatched in the United States, and 14 are unmatched in the world. These unique facilities pose equally unique testing challenges, including several related to test preparation. A dynamic strain measurement system feasibility demonstrator for turbine engine ground testing applications was developed as the product of a Small Business Innovative Research (SBIR) phase 1 contract. System specifications include 40 kHz minimum bandwidth, 0–65°C operating temperature, IEEE-1451 (“smart sensor plug and play”) compliance, and synchronized sampling per IEEE-1588. The transducer interface for each channel features hardware-configurable bridge completion, an instrumentation amplifier, a remotely configurable antialiasing filter, and a combined A-D/microcontroller on a 5 square inch circuit board. The A-D/microcontroller stores essential transducer information locally and converts the amplified analog signal into digital data. The network interface from 12 transducer channels to the host computer comprises an FPGA and a microprocessor with integral IEEE-1588. Data systems of this type will reduce engine test cell wiring to control room, improve noise immunity, reduce engine installation time, enable faster calibration, and reduce per channel instrumentation cost.
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Matarneh, Sandra, Faris Elghaish, Farzad Pour Rahimian y Nashwan Dawood. "Automated Construction Payment Using Blockchain-Enabled Smart Contracts and Building Information Modelling". En The 29th EG-ICE International Workshop on Intelligent Computing in Engineering. EG-ICE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.7146/aul.455.c235.
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The potential of blockchain in the construction sector has been recognized in existing literature, as well as its capacity to be integrated into construction projects to automate financial transactions for increased transparency, security, and control. Permissioned blockchain, according to existing research, can be utilized to create a business network among project participants due to its features being compatible with the nature of the construction sector. This article lays out a framework for introducing permissioned blockchain technology, notably Hyperledger fabric, into the construction delivery process. The suggested framework comprises explicit procedures that show how to develop a network during the pre-construction, construction, and closeout stages. The suggested framework also displays the flow of financial transactions across the envisaged financial system. Because of the capabilities of Building Information Modelling/Management (BIM) and cost planning. As a result, the framework determines the data needed to enter the blockchain financial system from 4D/5D BIM. The benefits of employing blockchain in the construction business were emphasized in a systematic literature review, which also selected the best blockchain platform. The framework can also be used by academics and industry practitioners to recognise the architecture of smart contracts (chaincode) in the construction sector, such as formulating endorsement and validation policies. Finally, the findings of this article will be used to develop a proof-of-concept prototype that will be used to test and confirm the suggested conceptual framework's applicability using a real-world case study.
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Garnsey, Elizabeth, Paul P. Hwang y Erik Stam. "The growth and exit of university and corporate spinouts in the medical instrumentation industry". En 16th Annual High Technology Small Firms Conference, HTSF 2008. University of Twente, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.3990/2.268578021.
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Incubator organizations are said to exert a long term influence on their spin-outs. However, there is a great diversity in the types of spin-outs (Druilhe and Garnsey, 2004) and in types of incubators (Clarysse, Wright et al., 2005). This diversity is likely to affect the influence of the incubator on the performance of the spin-out. To contrast the impact on (similar) spin out firms of their very different originating organizations we compare two instrumentation spin-outs, one from Cambridge University and one from a technology consultancy firm in the same region. We go on to examine the evolution of the business models of these spinouts, their growth experience and exit routes of founders and investors. The central question is how the incubator organization affects the development path taken in the early life course of their spin-outs. We find that although university or corporate origin exerts path dependent influence on the early development of these firms, the problems they face in scaling up are similar and largely unrelated to their origins. Critical problems arose from the shift in target market from technophile and early adopters to more mainstream customers as they moved from customized to standardized products, characterised by very different purchasing decisions of customers. Likewise the contrasting exit routes of founders and investors (trade sale and IPO) related to factors independent of the originating organization. We conclude that the business development of spin-outs can only be partly understood through a focus on their incubator organizations; their products and markets are of much greater impact on their development. However we found a shared set of influences on business model evolution, relationship with customers and exit pressures on the spin out companies, in that these were all shaped by knowledge networks and brokers of various kinds as the spinouts moved out of the orbit of their originators to create a network of new relationships on which their performance depended. The incubator organization undoubtedly exerts an influence. However, this influence is indirect, in shaping the networks that the founders have built up or have access to via the incubator organization. Over time the spin-out co-evolves with an expanding network of relationships. Especially in a knowledge-rich environment such as that surrounding Cambridge, the initial disadvantage of university spin-outs (due to less industry experience and networks) in comparison to corporate spinouts is less of a constraint. This shows that the direct influence of the incubator organization is relatively small, but that the networks that are developed from, and extended beyond those formed in the incubator organization are key enabling factors in the growth of these spin-outs.
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Vennelakanti, Ravigopal, Malarvizhi Sankaranarayanasamy, Ramyar Saeedi, Rahul Vishwakarma, Prasun Singh, Jian Sun, Yushi Akiyama y Hisao Adachi. "Multimodal Mobility Framework: Towards Seamless Mobility Experience". En 2021 Joint Rail Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/jrc2021-58377.
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Abstract Mobility is no longer just a necessity for travelers, but choices among several possible routes and transportation modes. Urban passenger rail transport plays an essential role because it is affordable, convenient, safe, and fast. On the other hand, rail lines are limited to high passenger density corridors. Inevitably, rail has to be placed together with different transport modes, forming a multimodal network. However, to enable this integration with other modes of transport, numerous practical problems remain, such as making a smooth transition from the existing siloed, mode specific operational structure towards an interconnected system of transportation modes and business models for a seamless connected journey. The current isolated operational structure lacks a single truth and accurate visibility, which further discourages participation from augmenting transportation modes and leads to the extended reaction time for new technology integration. This research article introduces a Multimodal Mobility (MMM) solution framework that provides a functional interface to integrate and synchronize the railroad operations with other public transit networks (including train-bus-rapid transits) and micro-mobility services. The known approach to addressing the users’ seamless mobility experience entails a centralized, prearranged, a priori knowledge and mechanism for operating intermodal transport systems. In contrast, the method defined in this paper focuses on a market-driven demand-responsive system that allows for dis-intermediation in a network of peer-level transportation modes operations. The framework facilitates blockchain-based decentralized and multi-organizational engagement. The focus here is the role of railroad in the multimodal ecosystem and its performance advancements in this integrated solutions framework. Leveraging a combination of graph analytics and machine learning algorithms, we provide methods to address challenges in encoding spatial and temporal dependencies of multimodal transit networks and handle complex optimization problems such as mixed time window and volume variation for resource allocation and transit operational analytics. This enables operation of different transit modes with varied resolution and flexibility for operational parameters like time, capacity, ridership, revenue management, etc. The analytics enable solutions for recommendations on synchronizing and integrating operations of transportation systems. Further, the network’s decentralization and modular handling enable market-driven co-optimization of operational resources across various transportation modes to ensure seamless transit experience for users.
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Longo, Antonella, Mario A. Bochicchio y Barbara Livieri. "Does service composition suffice to define business contracts for IT services in networked organizations". En the Fifth International Conference. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2536146.2536153.
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