Artículos de revistas: "Building Adobe"

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Sanchez-Calvillo, Adria, Elia M. Alonso-Guzman, Wilfrido Martinez-Molina, Marco A. Navarrete-Seras, Jose L. Ruvalcaba-Sil, Antonia Navarro-Ezquerra y Alejandro Mitrani. "Characterization of Adobe Blocks: Point-Load Assessment as a Complementary Study of Damaged Buildings and Samples". Heritage 4, n.º 2 (20 de mayo de 2021): 864–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/heritage4020047.

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Adobe masonry is one of the oldest construction systems still in use today, Mexico has an enormous cultural heritage with traditional adobe houses being very representative of the rural communities and their culture. The 2017 Puebla Earthquake on September 19th struck the country causing the loss, destruction, and damage of historic buildings in several Mexican states, with the traditional earthen dwellings being the most vulnerable structures to these events. The fast abandonment of the local materials and techniques entails further research regarding the characterization of these construction systems, therefore, reconstruction efforts first require the recovery of the construction technique. After the seismic events, adobe samples of the remaining adobe structures of Jojutla de Juarez were collected. This population was one of the most affected in all the country, and, because of the major losses suffered, the study was conducted to determine the material properties of the dwellings’ adobe shards and natural quarry clays of the region. The characterization included destructive and non-destructive tests, mineralogical and granulometry analyses, and composition of the adobe samples of the buildings, as well as the aggregates. As a novelty, the compressive strength of the pieces was tested by two methods: the traditional compression strength test and the point-load test, in order to obtain the indicative values and the correlation equations between both tests. From the formal analysis and the laboratory, it was observed that the adobes from Jojutla presented different compositions which combined with the building malpractices and alterations to the traditional systems caused unpredictable behavior during the earthquake. The conduction of point-load tests in situ, as a part of a complete characterization methodology, could be an alternative to study the mechanical properties of patrimonial or damaged building samples before its disappearance.

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Li Piani, T., J. Weerheijm y L. J. Sluys. "CRITICAL REVIEW ON THE MATERIAL CHARACTERIZATION OF ADOBE ELEMENTS". Journal of Green Building 17, n.º 3 (1 de junio de 2022): 203–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.3992/jgb.17.3.203.

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ABSTRACT Adobe is a traditional masonry made of sundried earthen bricks and mud mortar. Despite a millennial history of buildings of architectural value, adobe still connotes a so called ‘not engineered’ construction type. Namely, the material and structural properties of adobe are still not entirely addressed, resulting in an equally uncertain normative framework for adobe buildings design. However, over the last ten years, a large research program has been conducted in the Netherlands to qualify the material and structural properties of this sustainable building technology. In this paper, a critical analysis of the current normative body for the material characterization of adobe is addressed. Guidelines, prescriptions and requirements related to test methods, materials selection and properties contained in the available building codes for adobe around the world are assessed. A critical normative review is performed using the most recent literature produced on adobe, with particular regards to the results of experimental tests and numerical simulations performed by the authors. On the basis of these findings, some issues have been identified in relation to the knowledge currently condensed in the norms for adobe. A series of programmatic guidelines is aimed at orienting future research on adobe as well as fostering the process of updating its current normative body.

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Jin, Yi Bing y Jun Wang. "Research on the Building Wisdom of Earth Dwellings in Longdong Region of Gansu Province". Applied Mechanics and Materials 209-211 (octubre de 2012): 65–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.209-211.65.

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When we are busy discussing how we should improve the bad physical qualities of traditional cave houses, such as humidity, poor lighting and ventilation condition, we fail to notice that a unique earth dwelling, adobe cave house, has long existed in the Longdong region of Gansu province. The type of earth dwelling is facilitated by traditional building technique such as rammed earth walls and adobe vaults, which does not only fixed the defect of humidity, bad lighting and ventilation condition, but it is also a typical green ecological building. The article takes the adobe cave house as the object of study, starting from the relation between resources and buildings, deeply probe into the underlying building wisdom. Aiming at the main existing problems, the article is dedicated to exploring new model of building vernacular earth building, with the intention to alleviate the contradiction between man, resources, environment and buildings. And after all, to provide theoretical foundation and practical guidance for building the new vernacular earth dwellings.

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Singh, S. K., H. P. Wante y S. M. Ngaram. "USING ADOBE (CLAY SOIL) MIXED WITH QUARTZ (SHARP SAND) TO DETERMINE THE THERMAL COMFORT OF RESIDENTIAL BUILDING IN NORTH-MUBI L. G, ADAMAWA STATE, NIGERIA". International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH 7, n.º 3 (31 de marzo de 2019): 274–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.29121/granthaalayah.v7.i3.2019.973.

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The adobe structure is constructed by using low energy materials like adobe soil and sand etc. Adobe and cob are terms often used to describe sun dried clay materials. Adobe is a Spanish word derived from the Arabic atob, which literally means sun dried bricks.This paper investigated the thermal conductivity of Adobe mixed with Quartz in view of their availability usage as building materials. The thermal conductivities of disc made from Adobe-Quartz chippings were determined, the values obtained were between 0.57Wm-1k-1 and 0.91Wm-1k-1, and these values could be used to identify Adobe-Quartz as one of the engineering materials used in building construction, adopted to reduce the temperature of buildings without the need for power consumption. Consequently, the aim of this study is to test the usefulness of applying selected Adobe-Quartz to improve thermal performance and to reduce energy consumption of residential buildings in hot arid climate setting, Mubi, Adamawa State, Nigeria. Energy reduction was achieved by making the Adobe-Quartz into bricks used as aggregates in walls. Adobe-Quartz was made in disc form of the same thickness and diameter, by proportions of Adobe to Quartz (90:10, 85:15, 80:20), i.e. 10 samples for each ratio. The average values of the thermal conductivities were between 0.07Wm-1k-1 and 0.93Wm-1k-1, the least thermal conductivity value was 0.57Wm-1k-1 for the ratio of (90:10). MATLAB 7.0 and EXCEL software were used in the various computations. An average correlation coefficient, R2 of 0.75 was existed between Adobe-Quartz ratios to thermal conductivities.

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Maheri, Mahmoud R., Farzad Naeim y Michael Mehrain. "Performance of Adobe Residential Buildings in the 2003 Bam, Iran, Earthquake". Earthquake Spectra 21, n.º 1_suppl (diciembre de 2005): 337–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1193/1.2098861.

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Adobe, in the form of sun-dried bricks and clay or lime/clay mortar, has traditionally been the primary construction material in Iran. Presently, this type of construction still constitutes a notable portion of the buildings in the urban areas and a majority of the buildings in the rural areas. Performance of traditional adobe construction during numerous Iranian earthquakes has generally been poor. Low material strength, poor workmanship, lack of proper connections between building elements, and the excessive weight of the building because of thick walls and massive roofs, are but a few of the shortcomings that contributed to the general weakness of these buildings under earthquake loads. This paper examines the performance of adobe residential buildings during the Bam, Iran earthquake. The current rehabilitation trends for this type of construction in Iran are also discussed.

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Najinassajfar, Mohammad y Ali Vahidi. "Adobe and Effect of Earthquake on Adobe Structure". Advanced Materials Research 168-170 (diciembre de 2010): 818–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.168-170.818.

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Adobe (khesht) is the most common traditional material which is used in Persian structures because of compatibility with environment, being economic, ease and rapidity of use. In different eras of Persian history using adobe had been common. Its archaism refers to sixth millennium B.C. Attendance to these kinds of structures is important for two reasons. First, most residential structures and old regions of cities are made by adobe. Second reason is the cultural and antiquarian aspect of monuments. This article introduces features of adobe as a traditional material. Besides, process of building adobe structure and its reaction to earthquake.

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Sanchez-Calvillo, A., D. Preciado-Villicaña, E. G. Navarro-Mendoza, E. M. Alonso-Guzman, E. A. Nuñez-Guzman, H. L. Chavez-Garcia, M. Ruiz-Mendoza y W. Martinez-Molina. "ANALYSIS AND CHARACTERISATION OF ADOBE BLOCKS IN JOJUTLA DE JUÁREZ, MÉXICO. SEISMIC VULNERABILITY AND LOSS OF THE EARTHEN ARCHITECTURE AFTER THE 2017 PUEBLA EARTHQUAKE". ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLIV-M-1-2020 (24 de julio de 2020): 1133–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xliv-m-1-2020-1133-2020.

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Abstract. The 2017 Puebla Earthquake on 19 September struck a big part of central Mexico causing the loss of historic buildings in several states, being the state of Morelos one of the most damaged in the whole country. Jojutla de Juarez was the most affected locality of Morelos presenting important structural damages or total collapse in the built heritage, being the traditional earthen buildings, made of adobe bricks, the most vulnerable buildings to seismic efforts. Some of the causes which contributed to the poor behaviour of the buildings were the improper handling of the constructive systems and materials, the insufficient resistance of the structures and the problems with the foundations. The adobe houses of Jojutla presented a mixture between the traditional building techniques and industrial materials like concrete, cement and steel; also with irregular heights and plant layouts and inadequate connections between the walls and foundations and roofs, resulting into a higher seismic vulnerability when the earthquake impacted. Also the adobe bricks presented irregularities in its composition and use of additives which resulted in completely different typologies and the loss of the traditional construction techniques. A study was conducted to determine the properties of the remains of the adobe bricks of the houses in Jojutla, considering that the structures were severely damaged and a whole study of the seismic vulnerability would not be convenient due the loss of the physical traditional buildings. The grain size and composition of the adobe samples of the buildings were determined as well as the natural aggregates like straw, sand, and its proportion. A colorimetric study of the adobes and clays was also conducted, analysing the change of colour on account of the aggregates in the bricks. Also the compressive strength of the pieces was tested with two methods: the compression test and the point-load test, in order to obtain the indicative values which could be compared to other patrimonial and vernacular study cases.

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Rezende, M. A. P., R. C. Alves, E. V. M. Carrasco, J. N. R. Mantilla, M. A. Smits, V. D. Pizzol y P. V. Krüger. "A Study of Adobes Made with No Usual Soils Concerning Grain Size Distribution Test". Applied Mechanics and Materials 864 (abril de 2017): 346–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.864.346.

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This article presents and discusses an adobe production with shows a clay/silt/sand proportion that is completely different from that recommended by most authors and construction associations. The main objective was to improve comprehension of earth behaviors as building material by studying these two atypical cases of adobe production. The soil was analyzed by different tests as the grain size distribution test and Atterberg limits. Adobe resistance was tested using a methodology proposed by Proterra network which was created by a group of researchers from different Iberian American laboratories. This methodology was used in Ph.D. thesis, too. The results show a soil with 1% clay and 65.1 silte and an average of resistance of 2.11 MPa for the adobes. These results show the importance of the clay mineral structure and the complexity of the soil behavior, indicating the need for additional studies.

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Kerroum, Nadir, Brahim Nouibat, Azzedine Benyahia y Ali Redjem. "Study of the performance of adobe brick coated for sustainable construction in the Algerian Sahara". Matériaux & Techniques 106, n.º 4 (2018): 401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/mattech/2018041.

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This article describes a study conducted to determine the ideal both traditional and stabilized composition of adobe as a building material, and to further refine an appropriate choice of coating composition for extended durability of these constructions in adobe: choose the suitable coating that fits the most with its substrate. The constructions in Z’gueg El Hadjadj [Laghouat town, Algeria] consist of adobe walls but also plaster that serves as a coating for these brick walls. The degradation phenomena of the building are considered in the adobe-coated couple, and consequently in the suitability of their compositions. The compatibility of plasters with adobes remains a major factor in the restoration and conservation of earthen constructions. This paper examines the results of the experimental characterization of the behavior of coated bricks, which consists of studying in the laboratory the water resistance: the drying-wetting test and the capillary rise test, as well as the complementary accelerated aging test: the abrasion test. These tests will be supplemented by another test, that of the adhesion, to see the compatibility of the coatings with their supports. The results, compared below, led to the conclusion that for capillary absorption and adhesion tests, a homogeneous coating in 3 layers could give more conclusive results. The drying-wetting test is recommended especially for bulk and surface treated samples.

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De Filippi, F., R. Pennacchio, L. Restuccia y S. Torres. "TOWARDS A SUSTAINABLE AND CONTEXT-BASED APPROACH TO ANTI-SEISMIC RETROFITTING TECHNIQUES FOR VERNACULAR ADOBE BUILDINGS IN COLOMBIA". ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLIV-M-1-2020 (24 de julio de 2020): 1089–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xliv-m-1-2020-1089-2020.

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Abstract. In Colombia earthen buildings, mostly adobe, makes up 80% of the national monumental heritage and historic urban centres. Moreover, vernacular earthen techniques have been largely used for dwellings in rural villages, small towns or informal settlements and represent, nowadays, a huge architectural and cultural heritage of the country. Due the brittle behaviour and low ductility of the building material, characterized by both low tensile and bending strength, earth constructions show high seismic vulnerability; nevertheless, though Colombian earthquake hazard level is considered very high, current national seismic building regulations do not include any reference to earthen architecture. Seismic failure mechanisms most frequently occurring to masonry architecture, as adobe buildings rehabilitation techniques and seismic behaviour improvement practices, have been widely published. This paper aims to investigate possible causes associated to failure mechanisms due to common adobe building practices in Colombia and intervention strategies, to be eventually implemented in order to reduce risks. The paper focuses on strategies and technologies for seismic retrofitting, while evaluating their effectiveness and feasibility through ‘sustainability’ indicators, based on literature quantitative and qualitative data, and strictly related to rural Colombian economic, social and environmental conditions, where available resources are scarce and labour often not qualified.

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Simou, Sana, Khadija Baba, Nacer Akkouri, Mohammed Lamrani, Mohammed Tajayout y Abderrahmane Nounah. "Mechanical characterization and reinforcement of the adobe material of the Chellah archaeological site". E3S Web of Conferences 150 (2020): 03022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202015003022.

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The evaluation of historical buildings has always posed significant challenges due to the difficulties associated with the characterization of complex geometries, the variability of the properties of building materials and the actual state of damage to these structures. This challenge is even more complex when it concerns historical adobe masonry buildings, because earthen masonry has a high variability and rapid deterioration over time if it is not properly maintained. In the context of the previous, it was important to provide information to support intervention projects in historic centres. This research involves the experimental analysis of the adobe material collected from the Chellah archaeological site (Rabat-Morocco), in order to study the mechanical behaviour of this material as well as that reinforced by wood shaving. A series of mechanical tests carried out, which include compressive and tensile strength on the adobe material and the mixture adobe/wood fibre in different proportions. The improvement of the mechanical properties of the reinforced adobe, led us to a SEM study, which was carried out on the surface of the test specimens to examine the morphology and observe the interfaces of the adobe/wood mixture, as well as the state of dispersion of the fibres in the adobe mixture.

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Žabičková, Ivana, Tereza Otcovská y Pavel Padevět. "Clay Building Materials and their Properties". Applied Mechanics and Materials 827 (febrero de 2016): 247–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.827.247.

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Unburned clay is a unique building material. It was used for the traditional engineering works for more some 9 thousands years. However, it was almost completely replaced in this role by modern building materials during second half of twentieth century. Because of that, its material characteristics, as its behaviour in the constructions, were never researched very rigorously. In last years, we could see increasing demand for use of this building material. Most of the contemporary unburned clay constructions are made of adobe bricks or pressed-down mud. Brick constructions are made of adobe brick and clay mortar. For both of them it is their mechanical properties, which determine their use in the construction industry. According to our experimental measuring, the tensile strength in bending of common adobe bricks is 2.5 MPa for pressing pressure of 6.6 MPa. The tensile strength in bending in clay mortar made of common clay is 0.45 MPa for pressing pressure of 1.55 MPa.

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COMPAORE, Abdoulaye, Boukaré OUEDRAOGO, Hassime GUENGANE, Etienne MALBILA y D. Joseph BATHIEBO. "Role of Local Building Materials on the Energy Behaviour of Habitats in Ouagadougou". IRA-International Journal of Applied Sciences (ISSN 2455-4499) 8, n.º 2 (10 de agosto de 2017): 63. http://dx.doi.org/10.21013/jas.v8.n2.p3.

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<p>The present work is a contribution to the energy efficiency in the habitats by the valorization of the local building materials in Burkina Faso. A comparative numerical study on the thermal behavior and energy consumption of some habitats in local and modern building materials is carried out. The simulations were carried out using computer code written in FORTRAN language over a period of one year. Analysis of the results shows that habitats in local construction materials (BTC, BLT, adobe) have a better thermal response compared to modern building materials (hollow cinder block). Generally speaking, the temperature and humidity profiles obtained do not make it possible to ensure the summer comfort in these buildings throughout the year. The evaluation of air-conditioning loads to ensure thermal comfort in these habitats shows that they are higher respectively in the blocks, BLT, BTC, adobe constructions. We therefore consider that local building materials represent a good alternative for the search for energy efficiency in buildings.</p>

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Azouqah, Heba, Noura Alomar, L. Kaadan, M. Sonbul, H. Abdulaziz y W. Labib. "Sustainable Local Materials: A Study of Adobe Bricks in Saudi Arabia". Materials Science Forum 1047 (18 de octubre de 2021): 163–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.1047.163.

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The importance of local building materials has long been a significant point in all communities for thousands of years. It is well established that local materials form the backbone of construction in societies as they are the best response to the region's climate conditions. This study aims to determine the advantages and disadvantages of utilizing local materials in building construction. Specifically, it focuses on analyzing adobe bricks and examines whether it is suitable for the modern times. Saudi Arabia, a country that extensively relied on petroleum to flourish, is re-establishing itself by introducing the Saudi Vision 2030, a call of action to rely on available sustainable assets to develop the country. In this context, this research intends to demonstrate how promoting local materials' usage in construction would correspond with the vision's aims. This paper attempts to raise awareness about the local alternatives available and encourage utilizing them rather than the conventional building materials widely used, which are often not entirely suitable for Saudi Arabia's harsh desert climate. To further support this research, historical research proved that buildings built with local materials had withstood the test of time. This paper explores adobe as a case study because it is a unique building material in its style and sustainability. The intensive research results revealed that adobe bricks are a versatile material that gives different characteristics depending on the mixture of materials used to make them. On this basis, this paper examines the advantages and disadvantages of adobe bricks while proposing potential solutions to overcome the drawbacks.

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Momin, Samar, Holger Lovon, Vitor Silva, Tiago Miguel Ferreira y Romeu Vicente. "Seismic Vulnerability Assessment of Portuguese Adobe Buildings". Buildings 11, n.º 5 (10 de mayo de 2021): 200. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings11050200.

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Adobe construction represents 5.3% of the total Portuguese building stock according to the latest National Housing Census. The distribution of these adobe buildings is scattered across the country, with higher density in the central region and in Algarve in the south, where the seismic hazard is highest. A large proportion of these buildings are still in use for residential and commercial purposes and are of historical significance, contributing to the cultural heritage of the country. Adobe buildings are known to exhibit low seismic resistance due to their brittle behavior, thus making them vulnerable to ground shaking and more prone to structural damage that can potentially cause human fatalities. Three buildings with one-story, two-stories, and two-stories plus an attic were numerically modeled using solid and contact elements. Calibration and validation of material properties were carried out following experimental results. A set of 30 ground motion records with bi-directional components were selected, and non-linear time-history analyses were performed until complete collapse occurred. Two novel engineering demand parameters (EDPs) were used, and damage thresholds were proposed. Finally, fragility and fatality vulnerability functions were derived. These functions can be used directly in seismic risk assessment studies.

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Benghida, Djamil. "Adobe Bricks: The Best Eco-Friendly Building Material". Advanced Materials Research 1105 (mayo de 2015): 386–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1105.386.

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Durable, renewable, and affordable are the three characteristics of the adobe brick, one of the widely used construction material in human civilization, but is always neglected. Traditionally, price has been the foremost consideration when comparing similar materials or materials designated for the same function. That is why by the post-war period, the concrete was adopted as a universal building material in response of the massive housing demand. The intergovernmental concerns never took into consideration both the sustainability factor and the cultural one, not until the 1990s when research on climate change expanded and the sustainable development took an important place in the different academic cross fields: engineering, biology, technology and architecture. The main focus by then was the reduction the CO2 gas emissions emitted by the building sector which is now approximately 30% of the global energy-related. Researchers are focusing on creating a completely new green eco-material an alternative to the concrete, but in this paper, I will demonstrate why is it worth to reinvigorate centuries-old eco-construction material. Adobe bricks are currently the best choice to built affordable housings in response to the chronicle demand. Not only they have a track record that makes their thermal mass performance easier to evaluate, but also they can last 400 years or more when properly maintained. Comparatively, new technologies require testing over time to determine their long-range effectiveness.

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Zhou, Tie Gang, Chen Ma y Ying Xu. "Research on Structural Composition and Seismic of Gypsum - Adobe Wall Dwellings". Advanced Materials Research 368-373 (octubre de 2011): 1111–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.368-373.1111.

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Gypsum-adobe wall structure is a new type of green earth building. The feature of its structure is that the wall uses adobe and plaster as its main materials.The wall is erected by putting rods or stems of plants between layers of adobe, and is poured gypsum slurry into the gaps between adobe bricks and on the wall surface. Then adobe and plaster solidify and come to a composite wall structure. Finally，Gypsum and adobe bricks interact and bear stress together. This paper focuses on fully describing the shaking table test of a 1/4 scale house model of the structure. The Test results and engineering practice show that the single-storey gypsum-adobe wall structure has a good seismic performance and is worth promoting in residential construction of the drought areas.

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Pérez, N. A., L. Bucio, E. Lima, C. Cedillo y D. M. Grimaldi. "Unraveling the Core of The Gran Pirámide From Cholula, Puebla. A Compositional and Microstructural Analysis of the Adobe". MRS Proceedings 1656 (13 de enero de 2015): 41–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/opl.2015.3.

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ABSTRACTThe Gran Pirámide, a Mexican cultural heritage site, is located at the archaeological site of Cholula, Puebla, Mexico. At the base of its platform this pyramid is the largest in the world. It was built in layers from 800 to 1100 AD by the Cholultecan pre-Hispanic culture. The archaeological site is famous by its great mural paintings that have been well-studied. The pyramid was built with earthen construction, a system of multiple bulding episodes with layers of adobe. The building material, adobe, has not been well studied. Due to its fragile condition, a more extensive study was conducted to understand the behavior of the building and the mural paintings substrate, in order to propose conservation strategies.Geological context of the area was the starting point to propose the relevant materials used in its construction. That was a fundamental key for the interpretation of the experimental techniques used that include X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Particle-Induced X-ray Emission (PIXE), 29Si and 27Al Nuclear-Magnetic Resonance with Magic-Angle Spin (NMR-MAS), Thermal Analysis, Optical and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and colorimetric measurements.The results obtained from the original adobes have been compared with fresh soils from horizons related with pre-Hispanic activity. The results indicate presence of amorphous materials and neo-mineral formation besides feldspars and opal. The amorphous phases have been identified by NMR-MAS and SEM.Differences were found in the composition from the adobe used for the joints, mainly in the clay fraction, that can be distinguished by color and that guided to group the information acquired.These results provide new information on the composition and microstructure of adobes from the Gran Pirámide of Cholula. Further studies will involve soil physics methods and erosion tests to complete the task of having a comprehensive knowledge of the earth architecture of the pyramid.

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Ordoñez, Denys, Melisa Noa y Elsa Carrera. "Influence of PET Fibers on Compressive Strength Water Absorption Percentage and Density of Adobe". Key Engineering Materials 913 (18 de marzo de 2022): 119–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/p-h623i7.

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Adobe is a building material that has been used since ancient times, but is not as widely used as clay bricks or concrete for housing construction. In addition, it uses a construction technique that has been passed down and improved from generation to generation. In view of this, the present work aims to improve the properties of adobe by using PET bottle fibers in its composition. A mechanical test and two physical tests were carried out for adobe with 0% (standard adobe), 2%, 4% and 6% PET fibers, where it was observed that the adobe with 6% PET fibers obtained the best results, since it increased the compressive strength of the adobe by 19%, reduced the absorption percentage by 12% and finally reduced the density by 16.4%. Therefore, the addition of PET fibers in adobe is recommended, as it contributes to improve its mechanical and physical properties. Additionally, it reduces pollution in streets, rivers, parks, etc. because it promotes the recycling of PET bottles.

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Romero, Maria Campos, Sandro Fábio César y Rita Dione Araújo Cunha. "Recommendations for the Construction with Adobe Brick Based on Norm NTE E.080:2000 from Peru and the Technique Currently Used in the State of Bahia - Brazil". Key Engineering Materials 634 (diciembre de 2014): 329–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.634.329.

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The search for solutions that might promote the environmental preservation is a great challenge to be faced because of the increasingly depletion of natural resources that are used by society. To use more sustainable building material can be a way of reducing environmental damages and the generation of waste. Builds using earth have characteristics of sustainability and they are recommended in places where there is, already, the tradition of the use of this technique, once this is an abundant and propitious resource for edification. The adobe brick can contribute for a sustainable development in the civil construction if made of raw clay and if used in a large scale basis. In this article, there are presented recommendations for building that uses adobe brick, based on the Norm NTE E.080:2000 – Adobe from Peru and based on the building techniques that are adopted by constructors that use this material in the State of Bahia – Brazil At first we analyze the constructive processes that have been adopted by constructors from Bahia comparing to what Peruvian Norm professes and what can be found in the bibliography about this subject. In the end recommendations are made for the building of adobe brick in order to guarantee the effective protection and conservation of the brickwork made with this material and that provides safety and durability of edifications.

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Singh, S. K., Ngaram S. M. y Wante H. P. "DETERMINATION OF THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY FOR ADOBE (CLAY SOIL) MIXED WITH DIFFERENT PROPORTIONS OF QUARTZ (SHARP SAND)". International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH 7, n.º 3 (31 de marzo de 2019): 335–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.29121/granthaalayah.v7.i3.2019.979.

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This research investigated the thermal conductivity of Adobe mixed with Quartz in view of their availability usage as building materials. The thermal conductivities of disc made from Adobe-Quartz chippings were determined. The values of the thermal conductivities obtained were between 0.6Wm-1k-1and 0.9Wm-1k-1, these values could be used to identify Adobe/Quartz as one of the engineering materials used in building construction. Adobe/Quartz was prepared in discs form of the same diameters and thicknesses and was also compressed under the same pressure of 15 atmospheres (100: 0, 95: 5and 80: 20). The average values of the thermal conductivities were between 0.07Wm-1Ҡ-1 and 0.93Wm-1Ҡ-1, for sample contained the proportion of (80:20) and the sample of ratio (95:5). MATLAB 7.0 and EXCEL software were used in the various computations, especially in determining dT/dt, Root mean square error (RMSE), Curve fittings parameter and the correlation coefficient, R2. An average correlation coefficient of 0.78 was existed between Adobe-Quartz ratio and thermal conductivity. The equation, y = -0.11x2 + 0.01x + 1.03 is the general equation that can be used for the prediction of average thermal conductivity at various ratios. Where y is the average thermal conductivity and x here signifies the ratios. This also indicates that compacted Adobe-Quartz of low density will be a suitable thermal insulator when used as aggregates in walls.

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Salazar-Hernández, Carmen, María Jesús Puy-Alquiza, Raúl Miranda-Avilés, Mercedes Salazar-Hernández, Juan Manuel Mendoza-Miranda, Cristina Daniela Mocada-Sánchez y Julio del Ángel-Soto. "Comparative study of TEOS-consolidants for adobe building conservation". Journal of Sol-Gel Science and Technology 97, n.º 3 (23 de enero de 2021): 685–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10971-020-05461-2.

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23

Govaer, David. "Apprent thermal conductivity of a local adobe building material". Solar Energy 38, n.º 3 (1987): 165–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0038-092x(87)90014-4.

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ChESNOKOVA, D. M. "EARTHEN BUILDING TECHNOLOGIES REWIEW". Urban construction and architecture 3, n.º 2 (15 de junio de 2013): 46–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.17673/vestnik.2013.02.8.

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Gn stage of the building are described in this article. There are: Earth-house, Mudbricks, Rammed Earth, Adobe, Cob, Rammed Earth Bricks, Bottle House, Rammed Earth Tire (Earthships), Straw House, Sandbags House etc. The usage of these techniques allowed the construction of energy-eﬃcient houses, which means that in spite of the weather conditions, the living standard in those houses was quite high and at the same time the use of heating and air-conditioning systems was minimized.

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25

Zhou, Tiegang, Xin Wang, Ben Ma, Zaiyu Zhang y Wei Tan. "Seismic performance of new adobe bricks masonry: Design and experiment". Advances in Structural Engineering 25, n.º 2 (25 de octubre de 2021): 277–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/13694332211046349.

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At present, adobe houses with traditional characteristics are still widely used in rural areas in western China, but their seismic performance is relatively poor, and they often suffer serious damage under earthquake. To improve the seismic performance of traditional adobe buildings while retaining the characteristics of residential buildings, the mechanical properties of compressed earth blocks (CEB) were tested in this study, and the microstructure characteristics of CEB after failure were analyzed by electron microscope. On this basis, six adobe wall specimens were designed and tested by quasi-static loading to investigate the influence of core columns and different types of bricks on its seismic performance. The results show that the core column can improve the bearing capacity and shear capacity of hollow CEB, and it can also significantly increase the bearing capacity, energy dissipation capacity, and ductility of CEB wall. In general, the adobe wall with core columns shows excellent seismic performance, which can provide a new choice for improving the seismic performance of the adobe house.

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Lertwattanaruk, Pusit y Jarunsri Choksiriwanna. "The Physical and Thermal Properties of Adobe Brick Containing Bagasse for Earth Construction". International Journal of Building, Urban, Interior and Landscape Technology (BUILT) 1 (30 de junio de 2011): 57–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.56261/built.v1.170319.

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A form of natural architecture built with environmentally friendly materials, earth construction provides indoor protection from outside temperature conditions. In Thailand, adobe brick that contains rice husk is the most widely used material in earth construction. It is important to consider the strength and moisture absorption capacity of adobe brick. This research focuses on the feasibility of using agricultural by-products such as rice husk and bagasse in adobe brick mixtures with a percentage replacement of 0, 1, 2, 3 and 6% by weight of materials. The study explores the level at which replacing rice husk and bagasse in adobe brick effects optimal compressive strength, shrinkage, thermal conductivity, and moisture absorption. The results provide a guideline for producing adobe brick containing agricultural by-products with improved strength and lower moisture absorption. Adobe brick with performance improved in these ways will be beneficial for developing low-cost architecture for local people and for building hotels and recreation facilities for the tourism industry.

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Yue, Jianwei, Yiang Zhang, Peng Li, Jing Zhang, Xuanjia Huang, Yang Yue y Zhiguang Han. "Experimental Study on the Mix Ratio of Restored Heritage Building Adobe". Materials 15, n.º 11 (6 de junio de 2022): 4034. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15114034.

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The reciprocating action of the external environment gradually reduces the mechanical properties and water stability of original heritage buildings, resulting in the gradual loss of their cultural value. In this paper, the adobe for the construction of raw soil and cultural relics in western Henan is taken as the research object. The local plain soil is used as the raw material, and the adobe samples are prepared with modified materials such as quicklime and sodium methyl silicate, in order to improve its mechanical properties and water stability. The degree of correlation between the compressive strength, capillary water absorption, pH value, particle size distribution, and the electrical conductivity of modified raw adobe, as well as the modification mechanism of the microstructure, was studied. The results show that the addition of quicklime and sodium methyl silicate can enhance the compressive strength and water resistance of the modified raw adobe, and the optimum dosage is 1.5% sodium methyl silicate; with the increase of the curing age, the compressive strength of the single-mixed quicklime sample, the single mixed sodium methyl silicate samples, and the composite sample were increased by 1.94 times, 12.6 times and 2.61 times, respectively, compared with the plain soil samples, and with the increase of compressive strength, the pH, conductivity and capillary water absorption of the samples decreased continuously. It is evident from the particle gradation test and SEM images that the internal pores of the samples in the modified group become smaller, and the particle structure of the sample doped with sodium methyl silicate is the densest. The results of the study provide support for the restoration of the soil and cultural-relic buildings.

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Graebert, Robert y Martin Fischer. "Energy conservation and sustainability at Adobe Systems Incorporated". Facilities 32, n.º 3/4 (25 de febrero de 2014): 139–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/f-09-2011-0077.

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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to analyze a successful sustainability program run by an owner that has invested $23 million, received rebates of $10 million, accrued over $9 million of savings and has won top scores in LEED and Energy Star. Other owners planning to invest in energy conservation and sustainability can apply the lessons learnt to overcome common barriers. Design/methodology/approach – This case study is based on project information supplied by the owner and structured interviews with the operational team. The projects are analyzed based on drivers and payback characteristics. Finally, the case study puts Adobe Systems' results within the context of the industry by matching it to the challenges identified in other reports. Findings – The results show that 40 percent of projects are initiated by operation management personnel. The projects with the biggest savings are supported by third-party incentives. Only 10 percent of projects are evaluated by simulation and account for 12 percent of annual savings. Energy Star plays a crucial role for benchmarking performance and should be run annually. LEED EB is valuable when expending conservation efforts beyond energy aspects to sustainability. Performance benchmarking is a crucial step to determine the potential and priority of energy improvements. Research limitations/implications – The findings are based on the three towers in San Jose, California. Practical implications – Building owners can incorporate the methodologies applied to evaluate these successful projects into their buildings. Facility managers can leverage the findings to present the advantages of recertification and commissioning. Originality/value – A detailed project analysis, from a leader in practice, shows the importance of the local building operations team in sustainability and energy conservation.

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Salupeto-Dembo, Judith, Zsuzsanna Szabó-Krausz, Péter Völgyesi, Zoltán Kis y Csaba Szabό. "External radiation exposure of the Angolan population living in adobe houses". Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry 323, n.º 1 (25 de noviembre de 2019): 353–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10967-019-06920-z.

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AbstractThis study aims to investigate the radioactivity of adobe in Angola, where it is a widely used building material. Sixty samples have been collected from three remote areas of the country with different geological backgrounds (Cabinda, Huambo, Menongue). Activity concentrations of 226Ra, 232Th and 40K have been determined by gamma-ray spectroscopy and radiation hazard indices were also calculated. The area Huambo shows elevated 226Ra and 232Th values which can be explained by its older geological formations. 40K concentrations are low in general. Regarding external radiation risk, adobe from Angola is safe to use as building material.

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30

Wafdan, Reza, Mahyus Ihsan, Marwan Ramli y Hafnani Hafnani. "SOLUSI PERMASALAHAN KOMPUTASI SKALA BESAR PADA SOFTWARE ADOBE FLASH DALAM PERANCANGAN MEDIA PEMBELAJARAN PENCARIAN EULERIAN CIRCUIT". Jurnal Natural 16, n.º 1 (1 de marzo de 2016): 27–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.24815/jn.v16i1.4641.

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Adobe Flash is a software that is used to build an interactive contents that can be attached in other things, such as presentations, games and e-learning. The Eulerian Circuit Search Instructional Media is one of examples in using Adobe Flash in building an interactive instructional media to solve graph theory problems. Visually, Adobe Flash is better than other programming software in general and it is the most suitable one for graph theory, as it uses graphics and visuals to solve problems. The weakness of Adobe Flash is when doing large scale calculations; such as when testing algorithms to find Eulerian circuits. Then an idea came about to complete the large scale calculations in Adobe Flash, which is commonly known as script time limit, with using other methodologies by changing script time limit on the settings, algorithms, partition the processes, and utulize the timers within the objects in the actionscript that handles the search algorithms of searching Eulerian circuit.

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31

Paradiso, Michele, Ricardo Alfredo Cruz Hernández, Francesca Bizzeti, Antonio Farigu y Olimpia Lotti. "USAGE OF BAMBOO POWDER AS AN ADDITIVE IN ADOBE BRICKS AND BAMBOO CANES FRAME FOR THE REINFORCEMENT OF ADOBE STRUCTURE". Revista M 15 (16 de agosto de 2019): 70–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.15332/rev.m.v15i0.2179.

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The research shows the possibility to improve the resistance of adobe constructions using as a product, the processing waste, the bamboo powder. It can be used as additive in the mixture of the adobe bricks, increasing substantially their resistance. Those new bricks could be combined with an external reinforcement made by bamboo canes. Under normal operating conditions, the bamboo reinforcement does not collaborate with the adobe structure, but in case of strong exceptional events it is able to avoid the collapse of adobe walls. The tested solutions suit to solve many problems in crucial contexts in Latin America. In fact, this system can be built as self-construction, in environmental extremely precarious conditions, and it is also part of the traditional building knowledge of the populations to which it is addressed.

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Všianský, Dalibor y Martin Novotný. "Testing of Clay Used for Building a Folk House Replica by Traditional Techniques". Advanced Materials Research 897 (febrero de 2014): 49–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.897.49.

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The paper describes the mineralogical and petrographic examinations and testing of the mechanical properties of loess and the experimental adobe bricks. The tested material corresponds to a common loess, which was traditionally used in clay buildings in the region. Due both to its composition and mechanical properties it was found to be applicable as a rammed earth building material, and was later used for building a replica of a traditional Moravian folk house at the open-air museum in Strážnice, Czech Republic. The research is part of a cultural heritage documentation and preservation project.

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Tan, Liang Bin. "Study on Sustainable Use of Raw Soil Material in Rural Houses Design in Western China". Advanced Materials Research 476-478 (febrero de 2012): 1714–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.476-478.1714.

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Raw soil is a kind of good ecological building material. But in fact abundant adobe houses in Western China have many defects such as bad indoor environment. This paper discusses from the point of view the ecological characteristics and thinks of that these defects are not the fault of soil itself but the limitation of its constructor’s knowledge. So the author analyses the indoor and outdoor environment of adobe houses and proposes new points that raw soil is a sustainable material which could be absolutely used in rural houses of Western China and at the same time its economic effectiveness is incomparable to other building materials.

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34

Olukoya Obafemi, A. P. y Sevinç Kurt. "Environmental impacts of adobe as a building material: The north cyprus traditional building case". Case Studies in Construction Materials 4 (junio de 2016): 32–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cscm.2015.12.001.

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Whitman, Christopher J. "Heritage Earth Construction and Hygrothermal Comfort: The Challenge of Rebuilding in Central Chile". Key Engineering Materials 600 (marzo de 2014): 186–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.600.186.

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According to the latest official census of 2002, earth construction represented 5.5% of the Chilean building stock. These buildings of traditional construction techniques of unfired earth and straw blocks (adobe), rammed earth (tapial) or wattle and daub (quincha) form a large proportion of Chile’s National Monuments and heritage buildings. In addition to their heritage value, these buildings with their high thermal mass, respond well to the climate conditions of both the altiplano of northern Chile and the Central Valley, zones with high diurnal temperature oscillations, with typical daily temperature differences of up to 20°C. However following the 2005 earthquake in Tarapacá, northern Chile and that of the 27th February 2010 in Central Chile a serious rethink has been required as to the retention and restoration of adobe buildings. Public opinion has labelled earth construction as unsafe and most reconstruction to date has taken place with prefabricated timber solutions which lack the necessary thermal mass to respond well to the climatic conditions. At the same time research into the structural integrity, seismic resistance, maintenance and the living conditions provided by earth construction has been undertaken. In this wider context this paper presents the compilation of international and Chilean research into the hygrothermal properties of adobe construction, in addition to the authors insitu measurements of the temperature and relative humidity in two surviving adobe dwellings in the earthquake hit village of Chépica located in Chile´s Central valley. These measurements are compared with those of a dwelling rebuilt with straw bales and earth render in the same location. Based on this information the paper studies the challenge of rebuilding and restoring heritage buildings whilst providing occupants with the necessary levels of environmental comfort.

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Byram, Scott y Jun Ueno Sunseri. "Principles and Practice of Investigating Buried Adobe Features with Ground-Penetrating Radar". Remote Sensing 13, n.º 24 (8 de diciembre de 2021): 4980. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13244980.

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Because so many ancestral populations, at various times, have lived within the constraints of earthen architectural technology, it has significant representation in building traditions across large temporal and geographic expanses. Adobe, known also as dagga, ferey, cob, and by other names, is a variant in which clays and other sediments are combined with organic materials and formulated into discrete construction components, often in communities of practice for which adobe recipes, preparation, and application are integral to daily intersections of home and community. For archaeologists, community partners, and interested publics who wish to learn more about it, a large portion of this architectural culture is no longer visible above the surface but is accessible through archaeology. Yet low impact sampling, such as probing and test excavation, rarely reveals adobe features. Ground-penetrating radar (GPR) allows a tantalizing and non-invasive perspective on subsurface adobe features; increasingly there is a buried structural landscape emerging at sites where adobe architecture prevailed. The case studies presented here from 18th and 19th century sites in central and southern California serve as a guide for further survey.

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Cárdenas-Gómez, José Carlos, Montserrat Bosch Gonzales y Carlos Arturo Damiani Lazo. "Evaluation of Reinforced Adobe Techniques for Sustainable Reconstruction in Andean Seismic Zones". Sustainability 13, n.º 9 (28 de abril de 2021): 4955. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13094955.

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This research presents a methodological process for selecting the most appropriate construction technique for the reconstruction of housing after a seismic disaster in a rural and heritage context. This process, which is applicable to a large part of the Andean region, incorporates sustainability criteria to guarantee the economic, social and environmental balance of the intervention. The methodology was developed on a case study: the Colca Valley in Arequipa, Peru. In 2016 an earthquake affected this zone, where traditional unreinforced earthen buildings suffered serious damage. The objective of this research focuses on comparing six traditional building techniques strongly related to self-building: four techniques for adobe housing—reinforced with cane (CRA), wire mesh (WMRA), geogrid (GRA) and halyard ropes (HRRA)—and two techniques for masonry buildings— confined (CM) and reinforced (RM). For this purpose the authors used the Integrated Value Model for Sustainable Assessment (MIVES), a Multiple Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA) model used to compare alternatives by assigning a “sustainability index” to each evaluated construction technique. This research study includes two types of variables: quantitative, such as economy ($/m2) and environmental impact (kgCO2/m2), among others, and qualitative, such as perception of safety, respect for the urban image and popular knowledge. The research results show that reinforced adobe techniques are a viable and competitive option, highlighting the cane reinforced adobe technique (CRA), with a value of 0.714 in relation to industrialized materials such as masonry. This technique has the same safety characteristics, but at almost half the price, with the additional advantage of using traditional materials and construction methods, having less environmental impact and showing better thermal performance in cold climates.

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Romero Olguín, D. S. y L. F. Guerrero Baca. "ADOBE VERNACULAR HOUSING TYPOLOGICAL ANALYSIS IN CALIMAYA DE DÍAZ GONZALEZ, STATE OF MEXICO". ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLIV-M-1-2020 (24 de julio de 2020): 1005–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xliv-m-1-2020-1005-2020.

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Abstract. Climate, topography, hydrology, and all the factors of the natural environment affecting a population, as well as accessibility to materials and its ease of transport have constituted the variables determining the vernacular housing characteristics. In the territory which now covers Calimaya various cultural groups settled, making evident the syncretism of various building traditions. Since its formation the place was a site of passage, which communicated various goods transport, generating a peculiar urban physiognomy and cultural exchange, leading to the introduction of buildings, typical of this place. The town’s current situation is characterized by a rapid process of urbanization and social transformation, generating new needs of usage and habitability. This growth transforms the architecture of the place, replacing it with buildings with physiognomic features that do not correspond to the original context, causing loss of local construction techniques. Assuming that typology is a theoretical and creative activity allowing the definition and structuring of a system of conceptual relations, within certain limits, in order to determine the representative elements of vernacular architecture of the site, a typological analysis is being carried out to identify local materials and buildings systems, its characteristics, and spatial shape. Likewise, a constructive and architectural analysis, identifying traditional building techniques, which will favour the development of solutions facing the problem of conservation, maintenance and sustainability in the locality, is being carried out.

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39

Bossio, Stefano, Marcial Blondet y Satwant Rihal. "Seismic Behavior and Shaking Direction Influence on Adobe Wall Structures Reinforced with Geogrid". Earthquake Spectra 29, n.º 1 (febrero de 2013): 59–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1193/1.4000096.

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The aim of this work was to assess and validate the construction technology proposed in the manual published by the Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú (PUCP), Building Hygienic and Earthquake-Resistant Adobe Houses Using Geomesh Reinforcement. In order to validate the proposed technology, two full-scale adobe wall house models were built and subjected to dynamic tests on the PUCP's unidirectional shaking table. Geogrid was used as reinforcement for the adobe walls. One of the models was aligned with the direction of shaking, so that its longitudinal walls were subjected to in-plane forces and its transverse walls to out-of-plane forces. The other model was turned 45° with respect to the direction of shaking in order to have all the walls subjected to both in-plane and out-of-plane forces. The results of both tests were also compared to those obtained during previous tests of an unreinforced adobe model.

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40

Tarque, Nicola, Guido Camata, Enrico Spacone, Humberto Varum y Marcial Blondet. "Nonlinear Dynamic Analysis of a Full-Scale Unreinforced Adobe Model". Earthquake Spectra 30, n.º 4 (noviembre de 2014): 1643–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1193/022512eqs053m.

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This paper describes the results of a numerical study of a full-scale adobe building model tested on a shaking table. Material properties of adobe masonry were calibrated to represent the wall in-plane seismic behavior, based on a prior numerical analysis of an adobe wall carried out by the authors. The inelastic part of the constitutive model was represented by a softening curve in tension and by a hardening/softening behavior in compression; thus, the fracture energy is a key issue in the modeling process. A finite element model that relies on a homogenous continuum approach was developed in Abaqus/Explicit software. The damage evolution in the numerical simulation represented fairly well the experimental crack pattern, for in-plane and out-of-plane seismic effects. Overall, the calibrated material properties and the explicit solution scheme proved to be appropriate for simulating the seismic behavior and predicting capacity of unreinforced adobe structures subjected to seismic loading.

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Herrera Martinez, Juan Carlos y Caori Patricia Takeuchi Tam. "Guadua angustifolia frames' performance when stiffened with precast adobe panels". Ingeniería e Investigación 29, n.º 3 (1 de septiembre de 2009): 5–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.15446/ing.investig.v29n3.15175.

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Studying the structural behaviour of adobe systems in Colombia became extremely relevant after the 1999 earthquake in Armenia due to these systems' good performance during seismic events. These studies were aimed at modernising adobe house construction (by increased use of technology) and providing minimum requirements for them having a suitable degree of seismic resistance, thereby avoiding their collapse. Besides, if it is taken into account that guadua (the main material used in these systems) represents a cheap and profitable material which is socially and culturally-accepted in most of the country, then one has an alternative, unconventional material available which may be suitably used in constructing cheap, functional and safe housing (its limitations and best use having been identified). The foregoing gave rise to the present investigation in which an experimental evaluation was made of a guadua frame system using two types of prefabricated panels in adobe, under horizontal load. Two fullscale frames were built with guadua at the Universidad Nacional de Colombia's School of Engineering in Bogota; the frames' ability to dissipate energy and support inbuilt rigidity (by stiffening them with precast adobe) was tested and strength-deformation curves were experimentally found. Extremely encouraging results were obtained as drift was reduced by roughly 50% and the system's resistance was increased by more than 40%. Mathematical models were also constructed for comparing experimental results with analytical ones.

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42

Namboonruang, Weerapol. "Synthesis and Low Thermal Characterization of Local Soil Based-Building Adobe". Journal of Agricultural Chemistry and Environment 04, n.º 02 (2015): 20–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/jacen.2015.42b004.

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43

Hurol, Yonca, Hülya Yüceer y Öznem Şahali. "Building Code Challenging the Ethics Behind Adobe Architecture in North Cyprus". Science and Engineering Ethics 21, n.º 2 (3 de abril de 2014): 381–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11948-014-9533-0.

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44

Erghelegiu, Bogdan, Alexandra Trif, Raluca-Margareta Manea y Alexandru Boască. "The Restoration and Remodelling of Facades – A Permanent Necessity for the Conservation of History". “Agriculture for Life, Life for Agriculture” Conference Proceedings 1, n.º 1 (1 de julio de 2018): 383–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/alife-2018-0057.

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Abstract The article presents a way of remodeling old building facades, which have been subject to degradation, with the help of common software. There are two methods of reconstruction presented: the first method is using the Adobe Photoshop software and the second method is using the Agisoft PhotoScan software. A comparative study is presented, by showing the advantages and disadvantages of methods, as well as their similarities and differences. The building that is the subject of the study is one of the oldest buildings belonging to the university. It is noted that by combining modern technology (aerial scanning) and common software solutions, there can be found a fast and reliable response to the need for restoration and conservation of historical buildings.

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45

Day, Robert W. "Performance of Historic Adobe Structure". Journal of Performance of Constructed Facilities 7, n.º 3 (agosto de 1993): 164–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0887-3828(1993)7:3(164).

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46

Parra-Saldivar, M. Luisa y William Batty. "Thermal behaviour of adobe constructions". Building and Environment 41, n.º 12 (diciembre de 2006): 1892–904. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2005.07.021.

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47

Momcilovic-Petronijevic, Ana, Gordana Toplicic-Curcic y Aleksandra Curcic. "Architecture and ceramic materials, development through time: Adobe and brick". Facta universitatis - series: Architecture and Civil Engineering 16, n.º 3 (2018): 387–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/fuace180521016m.

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The fired earth products are from the dawn of time very readily used as a building material in architecture. Regardless of the geographical area, or era, both adobe and bricks have been often used because they are easy and cheap to manufacture. The paper provides the review of adobe and brick use, from the earliest times until nowadays. The evolution of their production, forms, physical properties and ways of their usage on the structures are presented. The goal of the paper is an analysis of development of use of these products which will certainly remain in use for many years to come.

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48

Karatosun, Müjgan Bahtiyar y Tuba Nur Olğun. "Evaluation of the Material-Protection Sustainability Relationship on the Identity of Traditional Settlements". Resourceedings 1, n.º 2 (27 de noviembre de 2018): 171. http://dx.doi.org/10.21625/resourceedings.v1i2.334.

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Settlements are important units that contain different features in their structure. In addition to elements such as topography, climate, vegetation, and socio-cultural structure, the character and identity of these settlements are shaped by structural characteristics, spatial fiction and building materials within the settlement. Particularly in the traditional settlement textures, material as stone, wood or adobe is an important parameter that influences the characteristics and identity of these areas. In this context, material is undoubtedly one of the most defining features of the identity of the settlement which is with structures built using adobe. Adobe is effective on many different issues in traditional settlements. In this context, adobe, a local material, is a decisive factor in the character and identity of traditional settlements, especially as it reflects traditional construction practices and is unique. The aim of this study is to examine the role of adobe in the formation of the characteristic of the settlements and to develop suggestions for the sustainability of this characteristic. In the scope of the study, as first, the definitions of protection and sustainability concepts and their place in the literature will be covered. Then the concepts will be considered as material-oriented. Following these reviews, material-focused conservation and sustainability will be detailed in the sample settlement. In this context, adobe settlements in Malatya / Turkey region will be discussed. It is believed that the study will contribute to the protection of these settlements by examining the qualifications of material, which is an important characteristic of traditional settlements.

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Perez Castellanos, Nora y Lauro Bucio Galindo. "Influence of Crystalline and Amorphous Phases on pre-Hispanic Adobes Properties". Acta Crystallographica Section A Foundations and Advances 70, a1 (5 de agosto de 2014): C1312. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s2053273314086872.

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Adobe earth bricks are part of the past and present in Mexican culture, they have shown to have the right mechanical strength and time resistance that is adequate for a good constructive system. Adobe bricks are built from natural soil, which is an abundant and therefore potentially sustainable material. The archaeological site of Cholula, Puebla, Mexico is one of the most important pre-Hispanic cities during 300-900 A.D. The pyramid at the site has the largest volume and basing in the world and plays a very important role in the community since pre-Hispanic times up until now when it is a symbol of religious syncretism. This research seeks to provide a comprehensive study of the type of adobe earth bricks that were used as building material. The crystallographic study of this type of cultural heritage materials enables the expansion of our knowledge about the details concerning the structure and properties. This was achieved by identifying the role that each mineral plays on the properties of the adobe by integrating knowledge from mineralogy with that of materials science. The relationship between structure and function was foundational to understanding materials and from this knowledge it is possible to develop pathways on how to control and forecast the properties of earth building materials [1]. The results obtained from the XRD analysis of the different granulometric phases showed that plagioclase and quartz constitute the larger aggregates forming the sand phase, whilst a mixture between cristobalite and tridymite, constituted the mineral opal CT, which together with amphibole minerals formed the silt phase, the clay sized particles corresponded to amorphous phases such as allophane, glass and organic material [2, 3]. We concluded that the combination of these minerals in both cohesive and non-cohesive phases that are present in the regional soils fulfill the requirements for building ancient cities and still remain functional up until today.

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Henn, Tamás y Róbert W. Pál. "Evaluation of desiccated and deformed diaspores from natural building materials". Ethnobiology Letters 6, n.º 1 (27 de marzo de 2015): 10–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.14237/ebl.6.1.2015.229.

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With the increasing sophistication of paleoethnobotanical methods, it is now possible to reconstruct new aspects of the day-to-day life of past peoples, and, ultimately, gain information about their cultivated plants, land-use practices, architecture, diet, and trade. Reliable identification of plant remains, however, remains essential to the study of paleoethnobotany, and there is still much to learn about precise identification. This paper describes and evaluates the most frequent types of deformed desiccated diaspores revealed from adobe bricks used in buildings in Southwestern Hungary that were built primarily between 1850 and 1950. A total of 24,634 diaspores were recovered from 333.05 kg adobe samples. These seeds and fruits belong to 303 taxa, and the majority were arable and ruderal weed species. A total of 98.97% of the diaspores were identified to species. In other cases, identification was possible only to genus or family (0.93% and 0.10% of diaspores, respectively). Difficulties in identification were caused mainly by morphological changes in the size, shape, color, and surface features of diaspores. Most diaspores were darker in color and significantly smaller than fresh or recently desiccated seeds and fruits. Surface features were often absent or fragmented. The most problematic seeds to identify were those of Centaurea cyanus, Consolida regalis, Scleranthus annuus and Daucus carota ssp. carota, which are discussed in detail. Our research aids archaeobotanists in the identification of desiccated and deformed diaspores.

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