Tesis sobre el tema "Bruit dû au mouvement"
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Gan, Yajian. "Analysis of bioelectric mechanisms at the skin-electrode interface for mobile acquisition of physiological signals : application to ECG measurement for the prevention of cardiovascular diseases". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Aix-Marseille, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021AIXM0045.
Texto completoCardiovascular diseases are becoming increasingly serious worldwide. Especially in the year 2020, when the world is suffering from the coronavirus. Clinical results have proved that both coronavirus and the therapeutic drug (chloroquine) can irreversibly damage the heart, such as arrhythmias. Compared to the ECG machine used in the hospitals that consumes plenty of patients’ time and money, single-lead mobile ECG monitors are the best solution for monitoring heart health anytime, anywhere. However, most of the handheld ECG monitoring devices on the market have not passed clinical testing due to the lack of accuracy and precision of measurement, mainly caused by the fact that the weak ECG signal is easily disturbed by the subject’s movement and the surrounding environment. This thesis investigates the most suitable material for the single-lead electrode at first. Secondly, extensive experiments have been designed and practiced analyzing the sources of ECG noise interference. The physicochemical model of the skin-electrode impedance is proposed at the same time. Finally, directly and indirectly method with the corresponding algorithm (transfer function/artificial intelligence) has been used to eliminate the interference in ECG signal when the motion artifact exists. This research aims to apply these findings to the optimization of the product “Witcard” and provide valuable experimental information to other researchers who work to improve the quality of ECG signal recording with signal-lead mobile ECG equipment
Ilponse, Fabrice. "Analyse du bruit dû aux couplages capacitifs dans les circuits intégrés numériques fortement submicroniques". Paris 6, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002PA066417.
Texto completoPoisson, Franck. "Localisation et caractérisation de sources acoustiques en mouvement rapide". Le Mans, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996LEMAA001.
Texto completoFayjaloun, Rosemary. "Estimation du mouvement fort en champ proche". Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018GREAU031/document.
Texto completoAccumulated data of strong ground motions have been providing us very important knowledge about rupture processes of earthquakes, propagation-path, site-amplification effects on ground motion, the relation between ground motion and damage... However, most of the ground motion databases used in the development of ground motion prediction models are primarily comprised of accelerograms produced by small and moderate earthquakes. Hence, as magnitude increases, the sets of ground motions become sparse. Ground motion databases are poorly sampled for short source-to-site distance ranges (‘Near-fault’ ranges). However, the strongest ground shaking generally occurs close to earthquake fault rupture. Countries of moderate to high seismicity for which major faults can break in the vicinity of its major cities are facing a major seismic risk, but the lack of earthquake recordings makes it difficult to predict ground motion. Strong motion simulations may then be used instead. One of the current challenges for seismologists is the development of reliable methods for simulating near-fault ground motion taking into account the lack of knowledge about the characteristics of a potential rupture. This thesis is divided into 2 parts. Part 1 focuses on better understanding the seismic rupture process and its relation with the near-fault ground motion. The mechanisms of peak ground motion generating are investigated for homogeneous as well as for heterogeneous ruptures. A quantitative sensitivity analysis of the ground motion to the source kinematic parameters is presented, for sites located in the vicinity of the fault rupture, as well as far from the rupture. A second chapter is dedicated to a major near-fault source effect: the directivity effect. This phenomenon happens when the rupture propagates towards a site of interest, with a rupture speed close to the shear-wave speed (Vs); the waves propagating towards the site adds up constructively and generates a large amplitude wave called the pulse. The features of this pulse are of interest for the earthquake engineering community. In this chapter, a simple equation is presented that relates the period of the pulse to the geometric configuration of the rupture and the site of interest, and to the source parameters.Part 2 is dedicated to better estimate the seismic hazard in Lebanon by simulating the strong ground motion at sites near the main fault (the Yammouneh fault). Lebanon is located in an active tectonic environment where the seismic hazard is considered moderate to high. Historically, destructive earthquakes occurred in the past, the last one dates back to 1202. However, strong motion has never been recorded in Lebanon till now due to the presently infrequent large-magnitude seismicity, and therefore facing an alarming note of potential new ruptures. The Yammouneh fault is a large strike-slip fault crossing Lebanon, making all its regions located within 25km away from the fault. At first, the crustal structure tomography of Lebanon, in terms of Vs, is performed using the ambient noise, in order to characterise the wave propagation from the rupture to the ground surface. To our knowledge, this is the first study of the 3D Vs tomography in Lebanon. Afterwards, a hybrid approach is presented to simulate broadband near-fault ground motion . At low-frequencies (≤1Hz), potential ruptures of M7 are simulated (as defined in the previous chapters), and the generated slip rate functions are convolved with the Green’s functions computed for the propagation medium defined by the Vs tomography. The ground-motion is complemented by a high-frequency content (up to 10Hz), using a stochastic model calibrated by near-fault recordings and accounting for the presence of the directivity pulse. The computed peak ground acceleration is compared to the design acceleration in Lebanon
Pham, Thi Thuy Ngoc. "Estimation de mouvement avec bloc de taille variable et application dans un réducteur de bruit". Mémoire, Université de Sherbrooke, 2005. http://savoirs.usherbrooke.ca/handle/11143/1320.
Texto completoPham, Thi Thuy Ngoc. "Estimation de mouvement avec bloc de taille variable et application dans un réducteur de bruit". [S.l. : s.n.], 2005.
Buscar texto completoMillan, Elodie. "Simulations numériques du mouvement brownien confiné". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Bordeaux, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024BORD0058.
Texto completoBrownian motion is the erratic movement of microscopic particles immersed in a fluid due to the thermal agitation of the surrounding fluid molecules. It is possible to describe the Brownian motion using Langevin’s equation. However, close to a wall, a particle moves more slowly because of the hydrodynamic no-slip condition at the wall. As a result, the particle’s mobilities and diffusion coefficients, both parallel and perpendicular to the wall, are locally impacted by the confinement and lead to the emergence of a so-called multiplicative noise. Consequently, when confined, Brownian motion is no longer Gaussian. Besides, the latter effect is difficult to observe at all time. During my thesis, I developed numerical simulations, optimized to study efficiently, on broad spatial and temporal windows, Brownian motion confined between rigid walls. In this manuscript, I present in detail the algorithm and the set of optimisation methods for reducing the computation time. I also present the methods for analysing Brownian motion and apply them to the confined case in order to characterize qualitatively and quantitatively the non-Gaussian features of the displacements of a Brownian particle. This work has rendered possible to confirm the theoretical predictions, in particular at long times, which are inaccessible experimentally
Drouilhet, Rémy. "Dérivée de mouvement brownien fractionnaire et estimation de densité spectrale". Pau, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993PAUU3024.
Texto completoMissenard, Olivier. "Fatigue, bruit moteur et précision de la motricité humaine". Montpellier 1, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008MON14002.
Texto completoCaplot, Michel. "Calcul du bruit de raies émis par un rotor d'hélicoptère en champ lointain". Compiègne, 1985. http://www.theses.fr/1985COMPD014.
Texto completoLoosvelt, Matthieu. "Étude des performances des techniques d'accès multiple soumises au bruit de phase". Lille 1, 2006. https://ori-nuxeo.univ-lille1.fr/nuxeo/site/esupversions/7e300e66-140e-44fa-8df6-396159e45ddd.
Texto completoBriant, Tristan. "Caractérisation du couplage optomécanique entre la lumière et un miroir : bruit thermique et effets quantiques". Phd thesis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2003. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00004972.
Texto completoNous avons mesuré le bruit thermique du miroir et suivi son évolution temporelle dans l'espace des phases. Nous avons refroidi le miroir en exerçant une force de friction froide et obtenu une compression du bruit thermique dans l'espace des phases.
Une étude spatiale des modes acoustiques internes a été réalisée pour différentes géométries du miroir, en balayant une force de pression de radiation sur la surface du miroir. Les résultats valident les modèles théoriques utilisés pour les interféromètres gravitationnels et permet de définir une géométrie favorable à la démonstration des effets quantiques du couplage optomécanique.
Nous présentons également une étude théorique des bruits thermiques et quantiques dans un nouveau type d'antenne gravitationnelle, constituée de deux sphères imbriquées.
Denjean, Sebastien. "Sonification des véhicules électriques par illusions auditives : étude de l'intégration audiovisuelle de la perception du mouvement automobile en simulateur de conduite". Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015AIXM4710.
Texto completoThis thesis aims to build an auditory display to sonify electric vehicles. Our goal consisted in bringing back to the driver the motion information, which is usually provided by the combustion engine noise.The first stage of this work consisted in analyzing how automotive noises can influence drivers’ perception of motion. We conducted two driving simulator experiments to study drivers’ speed perception in presence of different automotive noises. These results provided a link between the acoustic feedback and the speed perceived by the driver, on which we based our sonification strategy.Similarly to combustion engine noise, the acoustic feedback proposed in this work informs the driver via its pitch variation. We used the Shepard Risset glissando illusion to sonify the whole speed range of the vehicle. Pitch circularity in the construction of these sounds provides a precise information on small speed variation with fast pitch variations, and is in addition restrained within a narrow bandwith.We then tested the contribution of this strategy in two experiments. The first dealt with the influence of the proposed sounds on drivers’ speed perception ; the second with their behavior in a common braking task. These studies showed that the drivers easily integrate the information brought by this sound, and that it influences their perception of motion and modifies their driving behavior. These inputs make the proposed sound a good candidate to become the new « engine noise » of future electric cars
Bolzon, Benoît. "Etude des vibrations et de la stabilisation à l'échelle sous-nanométrique des doublets finaux d'un collisionneur linéaire". Phd thesis, Chambéry, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00238553.
Texto completoLa majorité de mon travail a porté sur l'étude des vibrations et de la stabilisation active de poutres en porte-à-faux et élancées afin de représenter les doublets finaux de CLIC.
Dans une première partie, les performances mesurées de différents types de capteurs de vibration associés à une instrumentation appropriée ont montré que des mesures précises du mouvement du sol sont possibles de 0,1Hz jusqu'à 2000Hz sur un site calme. Egalement, des capteurs électrochimiques répondant à priori au cahier des charges de CLIC peuvent être incorporés dans la stabilisation active au cinquième de nanomètre.
Dans une deuxième partie, une étude expérimentale et numérique des vibrations d'une poutre a permis de valider l'efficacité de la prédiction numérique incorporée par la suite dans la simulation de la stabilisation active. Egalement, une étude de l'impact du mouvement du sol et du bruit acoustique sur les vibrations d'une poutre a montré qu'une stabilisation active est nécessaire jusqu'à au moins 1000Hz.
Dans une troisième partie, les résultats sur la stabilisation active d'une poutre à ses deux premières résonances sont montrés jusqu'à des amplitudes d'un dixième de nanomètre au-dessus de 4Hz en utilisant en parallèle un système commercial réalisant une stabilisation passive et active de l'encastrement.
La dernière partie a porté sur une étude d'un support pour les doublets finaux d'un prototype d'un collisionneur linéaire en phase de finalisation, le prototype ATF2. Ce travail a montré que le mouvement relatif entre ce support et le sol est en-dessous des tolérances imposées (6nm au-dessus de 0,1Hz) avec des conditions aux limites appropriées.
Garban, Christophe. "Processus SLE et sensibilité aux perturbations de la percolation critique plane". Paris 11, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA112151.
Texto completoThis thesis focuses on some properties of critical planar percolation as well as SLE Processes. The first chapter deals with the expected area of a planar Brownian Loop of time one. This expected area is computed using SLE techniques and happens to be Pi over five. The second chapter presents an Analog of Makarov Theorem about SLE curves and leads to the almost sure continuity of the SLE curves in arbitrary simply connected domains. The Third chapter (which, in some sense is the main one) deals with properties of dynamical peroclation. It is proved for instance that the set of exceptional times (where an inifnite cluster appears) has fractal dimension 31/36 on the triangular lattice (at p_c =1/2). The existence of these exceptional times is also proved in the case of the square grid Z^2. These questions are related to the so called phenomenon of "noise sensitivity" of percolation. Various sharp results are provided about this noise sensitivity in a general setting. The proofs rely on Discrete Fourier analysis. The Last chapter is about the scaling limit of "near-critical" percolation. We present some results which will be the key steps in a forthcoming proof of the existence and uniqueness of this scaling limit. These results apply as well to the setting of the scaling limit of dynamical percolation
Authesserre, Jean-Baptiste. "Alignement paramétrique d'images : proposition d'un formalisme unifié et prise en compte du bruit pour le suivi d'objets". Phd thesis, Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux I, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00672589.
Texto completoAuthesserre, Jean-baptiste. "Alignement paramétrique d’images : proposition d’un formalisme unifié et prise en compte du bruit pour le suivi d’objets". Thesis, Bordeaux 1, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010BOR14136/document.
Texto completoParametric image alignment is a fundamental task of many vision applications such as object tracking, image mosaicking, video compression and augmented reality. To recover the motion parameters, direct image alignment works by optimizing a pixel-based difference measure between a moving image and a fixed-image called template. In the last decade, many efficient algorithms have been proposed for parametric object tracking. However, those approaches have not been evaluated for aligning images of low SNR (Signal to Noise ratio) such as images captured in low-light conditions. In this thesis, we propose a new formulation of image alignment called Bidirectional Framework for unifying existing state of the art algorithms. First, this framework allows us to produce new insights on existing approaches and in particular on the ESM (Efficient Second-order Minimization) algorithm. Subsequently, we provide a theoretical analysis of image noise on the alignment process. This yields the definition of two new approaches : the ACL (Asymmetric Composition on Lie Groups) algorithm and the BCL (Bidirectional Composition on Lie Groups) algorithm, which outperform existing approaches in presence of images of different SNR. Finally, experiments on synthetic and real images captured under low-light conditions allow to evaluate the new and existing approaches under various noise conditions
Uss, Mykhailo. "Estimation aveugle de l'écart-type du bruit additif, indépendant et/ou dépendant du signal : application aux images texturées multi/hyperspectrales". Rennes 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011REN1E008.
Texto completoTiran, Elodie. "Imagerie cérébrale et étude de la connectivité fonctionnelle par échographie Doppler ultrarapide chez le petit animal éveillé et en mouvement". Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017USPCC174/document.
Texto completoMy work focuses on the application of fUS (functional ultrasound) imaging to preclinical brain imaging in small animals. The goal of my thesis was to turn this recent vascular brain imaging technique into a quantifying tool for cerebral state. The main objectives were to demonstrate the feasibility of fUS imaging in the non-anaesthetized small rodents and to move from rat model imaging to mouse model imaging –most used model for preclinical studies in neuroscience-, while developing the least invasive imaging protocols. First, I have developed a new ultrafast ultrasonic imaging sequence (Multiplane Wave imaging), improving the image signal-to-noise ratio by virtually increasing emitted signal amplitude, without reducing the ultrafast framerate. Then, I have demonstrated the possibility to use ultrafast Doppler ultrasound imaging to image both the mouse brain and the young rat brain, non-invasively and through the intact skull, without surgery or contrast agents injection. Next, I have developed an experimental setup, an ultrasound sequence and an experimental protocol to perform minimally invasive fUS imaging in awake and freely-moving mice. Finally, I have demonstrated the possibility to use fUS imaging to study the functional connectivity of the brain in a resting state in awake or sedated mice, still in a transcranial and minimally invasive way. fUS imaging and the combination of "mouse model" + "minimally invasive" + "awake animal" + "functional connectivity" represent a very promising tool for the neuroscientist community working on pathological animal models or new pharmacological molecules
Peng, Qidi. "Inférence statistique pour des processus multifractionnaires cachés dans un cadre de modèles à volatilité stochastique". Thesis, Lille 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011LIL10049/document.
Texto completoThe paradigmatic example of a multifractional stochastic process is multifractional Brownian motion (mBm). This fractal Gaussian process with continuous nowhere differentiable trajectories is a natural extension of the well-known fractional Brownian motion (fBm). FBm was introduced a longtime ago by Kolmogorov and later it has been made « popular» by Mandelbrot; in several outstanding works, the latter author has emphasized the fact that this model is of a great importance in various applied areas. Regarding mBm, it was introduced, more than fifteen years ago, by Benassi, Jaffard, Lévy Véhel, Peltier and Roux. Roughly speaking, it is obtained by replacing the constant Hurst parameter of fBm by a smooth function H(t) which depends on the time variable t. Therefore, in contrast with fBm, theincrements of mBm are non stationary and the local roughness of its trajectories (usually measured through the pointwise Hölder exponent) is allowed to significantly evolve over time; in fact, at each time t, the pointwise Hölder exponent of mBm is equal to H(t). It is worth noticing that the latter property makes this process more flexible than fBm; thanks to it, mBm has now become a useful model in the area of signal and image processing, aswell as in other areas such as finance. Since at least one decade, several authors have been interested in statistical inference problems connected with mBm and other multifractional processes/fields; their motivations have both applied and theoretical aspects. Among those problems, an important one is the estimation of H(t), the pointwise Hölder exponent at an arbitrary time t. In the solutions of such issues, the generalized quadratic variation method, which was first introduced by Istas and Lang in a setting of stationary increments processes, usually plays a crucial role. This method allows to construct asymptotically normal estimators starting from quadratic means of generalized increments of a process observed on a grid. So far, to our knowledge, in the statistical literature concerning mBm, it has been assumed that, the observation of the true values of this process on a grid, is available; yet, such an assumption does not always seem to be realistic. The main goal of the thesis is to study statistical inference problems related to mBm, when only a corrupted version of it, can be observed on a regular grid. This corrupted version is given by a class of stochastic volatility models whose definition is inspired by some Gloter and Hoffmann’s earlier works; last, notice that thanks to Itô formula this statistical setting can be viewed as the classical setting: « signal+noise »
Cai, Chunhao. "Analyse statistique de quelques modèles de processus de type fractionnaire". Thesis, Le Mans, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LEMA1030/document.
Texto completoThis thesis focuses on the statistical analysis of some models of stochastic processes generated by fractional noise in discrete or continuous time.In Chapter 1, we study the problem of parameter estimation by maximum likelihood (MLE) for an autoregressive process of order p (AR (p)) generated by a stationary Gaussian noise, which can have long memory as the fractional Gaussiannoise. We exhibit an explicit formula for the MLE and we analyze its asymptotic properties. Actually in our model the covariance function of the noise is assumed to be known but the asymptotic behavior of the estimator ( rate of convergence, Fisher information) does not depend on it.Chapter 2 is devoted to the determination of the asymptotical optimal input for the estimation of the drift parameter in a partially observed but controlled fractional Ornstein-Uhlenbeck process. We expose a separation principle that allows us toreach this goal. Large sample asymptotical properties of the MLE are deduced using the Ibragimov-Khasminskii program and Laplace transform computations for quadratic functionals of the process.In Chapter 3, we present a new approach to study the properties of mixed fractional Brownian motion (fBm) and related models, based on the filtering theory of Gaussian processes. The results shed light on the semimartingale structure andproperties lead to a number of useful absolute continuity relations. We establish equivalence of the measures, induced by the mixed fBm with stochastic drifts, and derive the corresponding expression for the Radon-Nikodym derivative. For theHurst index H > 3=4 we obtain a representation of the mixed fBm as a diffusion type process in its own filtration and derive a formula for the Radon-Nikodym derivative with respect to the Wiener measure. For H < 1=4, we prove equivalenceto the fractional component and obtain a formula for the corresponding derivative. An area of potential applications is statistical analysis of models, driven by mixed fractional noises. As an example we consider only the basic linear regression setting and show how the MLE can be defined and studied in the large sample asymptotic regime
Le, Tavernier Emmanuel. "Méthodes d'analyse des propriétés d'auto-affinité des processus comportant des composantes spectrales en 1/f". Compiègne, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998COMP1131.
Texto completoMeric, Ombeline. "Étude de mouvements de terrain par méthodes géophysiques". Phd thesis, Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00284215.
Texto completoNous avons mené des campagnes géophysiques sur cinq sites tests. Ces sites ont été choisis en milieu rocheux et de grande ampleur (Séchilienne, Isère, et La Clapière, Alpes Maritimes) ou de taille modérée (Ravin de l'Aiguille, Isère) et en contexte argileux (Super Sauze, Alpes de Hautes Provence, et Léaz, Ain). Nous montrons que, selon le degré de remaniement, l'étude des paramètres géophysiques tels que $\rho$ (tomographie électrique), $V_P$ (sismique réfraction et tomographie) et $V_S$ (sismique réfraction et analyse des ondes de surface) peut permettre de caractériser la géométrie du mouvement. Nous préconisons pour l'analyse des ondes de surface de contraindre la paramétrisation par $V_P$ si elle est connue en surface et par la fréquence du pic H/V. En outre, pour une géométrie régulière et des faibles gradients latéraux de $V_S$, nous montrons que la méthode H/V peut aider à obtenir rapidement des informations quantitatives sur la variation spatiale de la géométrie du substratum.
%Nous préconisons pour l'étude de la géométrie des mouvements rocheux, le déploiement de méthodes tomographiques (électrique et sismique) et l'analyse des ondes de surface enregistrées lors de prospection sismique et par des réseaux de bruit de fond, en tenant compte des informations sur $V_P$ en surface et de la fréquence de résonance du pic H/V. La caractérisation des écoulements au sein des mouvements est améliorée lorsque l'on associe l'interprétation des mesures de résistivité et de polarisation spontanée.
%Selon le degré de remaniement des argiles en mouvement, l'étude des paramètres géophy\-siques tels que $\rho$ (tomographie électrique), $V_P$ (sismique réfraction et tomographie) et $V_S$ (sismique réfraction et analyse des ondes de surface) peut permettre de caractériser la géométrie du mouvement. Pour une géométrie régulière et des faibles gradients latéraux de $V_S$, l'utilisation de la méthode H/V peut aider à obtenir rapidement des informations quantitatives sur la variation spatiale de la géométrie du substratum.
Enfin, nous avons déployé un réseau d'électrodes impolarisables pour le suivi temporel de la polarisation spontanée sur le mouvement de grande ampleur de Séchilienne. Ce réseau a permis de mettre en évidence les trajets préférentiels de circulation de fluide au sein du massif et de rendre compte de leur complexité.
Meric, Ombeline. "Étude de mouvements de terrain par méthodes géophysiques". Phd thesis, Grenoble 1, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006GRE10267.
Texto completoUnderstanding and forecasting the evolution of landslides could be improved by more quantitative informations about their 3D geometry, their fracturation degree and on the preferential fluid flows. The aim ofthis Thesis is to performed a critical study of the advantages and limits of different geophysical techniques (electrical tomography, seismic tomography, seismic noise measurements and selfpotential) to caracterize landslides. We performed geophysical investigations on five case studies, on large rocky movements (Séchilienne, Isère, and La Clapière, Alpes Maritimes), on moderate size rocky movements (Ravinde l'Aiguille, Isère) and on Soft Rock flows (Supe Sauze, Alpes de Hautes Provence, and Léaz, Ain). We show that geophysical parameters such as electrical resistivity (electrical tomography), Vp (seismic refraction and tomography) and Vs (seismic refraction and surface waves analysis) could help to caracterize landslide's geometry. We show that for smooth geometry and weak lateral variations of V s, the HN method could help to obtaine quick quantitative informations on spatial variations of the substratum geometry. Finally, we deployed a network ofimpolarizable electrodes to monitor the selfpotential on the Sechilienne mass movement. This network allowed us to outline preferential fluid flows and their complexity
Mahdi-Khalil, Zeina. "Autour des équations stochastique fractionnaires : variations et estimation". Thesis, Lille 1, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LIL1I006.
Texto completoThis doctoral thesis is devoted to the study of the fractional stochastic heat equation driven by additive Gaussian noises.The world "fractional" concerns the appearance of the fractional Laplacian operator or it refers to the driven fractional noise. The Guassian random may have a non tivial correlation in time and/or in space.First, we analyze the stochastic differential heat equation with a fractional Laplacian operator with exponent alpha in (1, 2). The random noise is considered to be white in time and white or colored with respect to the space variable. We obtain several results concerning the existence of the solution, the regularity of its paths and its law. We noticed a link between the solution of fractional heat equation and some fractional stochastic processes (Fractional Brownian motion or bi-Fractional Brownian motion). Using this link, we study the asymptotic behavior of the generalized variations of the solution, in time and in space. We also propose, in the situation where the initial equation depends on a drift parameter, estimators for this parameter. The estimators are expressed as a function of the generalized variations of the mild solution. We use the behavior of these variations to prove some asymptotic properties (the consistency, asymptotic normality) of our estimators.In a second time, we analyze the wave stochastic equation on a finite interval in space. In this case, the character “fractional” is given by the Gaussian noise which behaves in time as a Fractional Brownian motion with Hurst parameter H in (½,1) with respect to the variable of time and as a standard Brownian motion in space. Our analysis is based on the expression of the Green kernel associated to the wave equation, which can be written as a trigonometric series. We establish various properties for the solution, including the scaling property, the pathwise regularity or the asymptotic behavior with respect to the Hurst parameter
Barral, Jérémie. "L' amplificateur ciliaire des cellules ciliées de l'oreille interne". Paris 7, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA077015.
Texto completoThe vertebrate ear benefits from nonlinear mechanical amplification to operate over a vast range of sound intensities. The amplificatory process is thought to emerge from active force production by sensory hair cells. The mechano-sensory hair bundle that protrudes from the apical surface of each hair cell can oscillate spontaneously and function as a frequency-selective, nonlinear amplifier. By analyzing the dynamics of a bullfrog's saccule hair bundle immersed in various viscous milieus, we evaluated the effect of hydrodynamic friction. We observed that intrinsic fluctuations, owing to the small number of molécules inside the hair bundle, create the dominant source of friction. By combining dynamic force clamp of a hair bundle with real-time stochastic simulations of hair-bundle mechanics, we could mimic a virtual environment in which a real hair-bundle is elastically coupled to two neighbours. This strategy is supposed to emulate the mechanical coupling that is observed in vivo. We found that coupling increased the phase coherence of spontaneous hair-bundle oscillations by effectively reducing noise. We argue that the auditory amplifier relies on hair-bundle cooperation to overcome intrinsic noise limitations and achieve high sensitivity and sharp frequency selectivity. Nonlinear amplification is the price to pay for high sensitivity. Two-tone stimulation of a single hair bundle generates distortion products and manifests masking phenomena, reminiscent of psychoacoustics studies. We thus argue that hearing relies on the generic behavior of active nonlinear oscillators that shapes the sensation of sounds at the periphery of the auditory System
Fang, Jin. "Télécommunications dans les systèmes de transport à forte mobilité : estimation et synchronisation de canal pour les communications MIMO - OFDM". Thesis, Lille 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LIL10042/document.
Texto completoNumerous wireless communication devices operating in different frequency bands are deployed in the railway domain to answer the multitude of uses and needs, from control and command applications involving safety to non-critical applications (passenger information, video surveillance, on board TV, etc.). These applications are associated with quality of service (QOS) requirements that need estimation techniques and synchronization performance.These communications systems are based on standards that rely on two key technologies: OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiplexing) and MIMO (Multiple-Input Multiple-Output). The combination of MIMO and OFDM permits to benefit from the advantages of both methods. However, the orthogonality between subcarriers of OFDM-MIMO system is destroyed by inter-carrier interference caused by the Doppler effect and frequency offset and phase noise varying between oscillators at transmission and at reception. Thus, the performances of the techniques conventionally used for channel estimation and equalization in a static environment are considerably destroyed in the presence of interference between subcarriers.The purpose of this thesis is to develop new methods and algorithms for estimation and synchronization in very selective channel in time and frequency to allow the evolution of communication systems towards standards that will match better with high speed vehicular communications. It is important to distinguish the case where the propagation channel does not vary during the OFDM symbol duration and when it varies. In this thesis, we focused on the latter.We first developed an algorithm based on the Extended Kalman Filter and the QR decomposition for MIMO-OFDM transmissions. We first approximate the Expansion Model as a basis for temporal variations in complex gains. Our algorithm models the evolution of BEM coefficients within an OFDM symbol by an auto regressive model (AR). Then, we present a normalized frequency offset called normalized CFO in OFDM transmission system that introduces interference between carriers (IEP). This frequency offset is modeled by an AR model. Properties of Extended Kalman filter allow us to estimate simultaneously the two unknown variables, a vector of coefficients, the other BEM normalized frequency offset. The QR algorithm uses a detector to estimate the data symbols. This algorithm presented good performance for receivers at very high speeds. Our second contribution consists of an algorithm that uses the first algorithm to solve the IEP due to phase noise existing in the oscillator of the receiver, and the IEP due to the Doppler effect, but limited to SISO case. Here, we consider that the phase noise has a large variance within one OFDM symbol and also between the two following OFDM symbols. The phase noise is modeled by a Brownian process. Then, the Extended Kalman filter estimates the vector of coefficients of BEM and the vector of phase noise in OFDM symbols. This algorithm is very effective and has a remarkable BER performance when knowledge of the channel and phase noise is poor or nonexistent
Quetard, Boris. "Anticipation et accumulation active d'information sensorielle dans la prise de décision en situations de vision normale et dégradée". Thesis, Université Clermont Auvergne (2017-2020), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018CLFAL006/document.
Texto completoDriving a vehicle in the fog requires the integration of noisy visual information with expectations about the visual road scene, in order to search for visual clues important for navigating. The visual search and identification of relevant objects can be seen as decision-making processes where sensory information is accumulated and where the expectations about the target object and its context are integrated. The accumulation of information is often modelled as a passive process. This thesis focuses on the contribution of active mechanisms integrating expectations about the target (its identity, its location) with degraded sensory information (with fog or artificial noise). We used the mouse-tracking paradigm, allowing to infer dynamic aspects of the decision-making process through a computer mouse movements. Study 1 evaluates the effect of the context for categorizing a target and suggests a trade-off between the speed and accuracy of the evidence accumulation process which can be seen as actively influencing the decision. But this study cannot directly evaluate the active collection of evidence. In Studies 2 and 3, target detection and verification are directly measured through eye movements during visual search tasks in visually degraded scenes. We manipulated the expectations about the location (Study 2) and the target’s identity (Study 3). These studies emphasize the contributions of the detection and verification processes in the accumulation of evidence toward the target present and target absent responses. In conclusion, we propose the draft of a decision-making model which integrates the dynamics between the accumulation of evidence, and the oculomotor system
Catellier, Rémi. "Perturbations irrégulières et systèmes différentiels rugueux". Thesis, Paris 9, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA090032/document.
Texto completoIn this work we investigate a priori ill-posed differential systems from an analytic and probabilistic point of view. Thanks to technics inspired by the rough path theory and pathwise study of stochastic processes, we want to define those ill-posed systems and then study them. The first chapter of this thesis is related to ordinary differential equations perturbed by some irregular (stochastic) processes and the effects induced by the regularization of such processes. The second chapter deals with the linear transport equation multiplicatively perturbed by a rough path. Finally, in the last chapter we investigate the stochastic quantization equation Phi4 in three dimensions
ROTH, MURIEL. "Développements méthodologiques en imagerie d'activation cérébrale chez l'homme par résonance magnétique nucléaire : quantification de flux, imagerie de l'effet BOLD et correction des mouvements de la tête". Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998GRE10016.
Texto completoBauzet, Caroline. "Etude d'équations aux dérivées partielles stochastiques". Thesis, Pau, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PAUU3007/document.
Texto completoThis thesis deals with the mathematical field of stochastic nonlinear partial differential equations’ analysis. We are interested in parabolic and hyperbolic PDE stochastically perturbed in the Itô sense. We introduce randomness by adding a stochastic integral (Itô integral), which can depend or not on the solution. We thus talk about a multiplicative noise or an additive one. The presence of the random variable does not allow us to apply systematically classical tools of PDE analysis. Our aim is to adapt known techniques of the deterministic setting to nonlinear stochastic PDE analysis by proposing alternative methods. Here are the obtained results : In Chapter I, we investigate on a stochastic perturbation of Barenblatt equations. By using an implicit time discretization, we establish the existence and uniqueness of the solution in the additive case. Thanks to the properties of such a solution, we are able to extend this result to the multiplicative noise using a fixed-point theorem. In Chapter II, we consider a class of stochastic equations of Barenblatt type but in an abstract frame. It is about a generalization of results from Chapter I. In Chapter III, we deal with the study of the Cauchy problem for a stochastic conservation law. We show existence of solution via an artificial viscosity method. The compactness arguments are based on Young measure theory. The uniqueness result is proved by an adaptation of the Kruzhkov doubling variables technique. In Chapter IV, we are interested in the Dirichlet problem for the stochastic conservation law studied in Chapter III. The remarkable point is the use of the Kruzhkov semi-entropies to show the uniqueness of the solution. In Chapter V, we introduce a splitting method to propose a numerical approach of the problem studied in Chapter IV. Then we finish by some simulations of the stochastic Burgers’ equation in the one dimensional case
Tendero, Yohann. "Mathematical theory of the Flutter Shutter : its paradoxes and their solution". Phd thesis, École normale supérieure de Cachan - ENS Cachan, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00752409.
Texto completoLachet, Corinne. "Observation des séismes en milieux urbains : méthodes simples d'étude des effets de site et de simulation des mouvements forts". Phd thesis, Grenoble 1, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996GRE10236.
Texto completoEsstafa, Youssef. "Modèles de séries temporelles à mémoire longue avec innovations dépendantes". Thesis, Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019UBFCD021.
Texto completoWe first consider, in this thesis, the problem of statistical analysis of FARIMA (Fractionally AutoRegressive Integrated Moving-Average) models endowed with uncorrelated but non-independent error terms. These models are called weak FARIMA and can be used to fit long-memory processes with general nonlinear dynamics. Relaxing the independence assumption on the noise, which is a standard assumption usually imposed in the literature, allows weak FARIMA models to cover a large class of nonlinear long-memory processes. The weak FARIMA models are dense in the set of purely non-deterministic stationary processes, the class of these models encompasses that of FARIMA processes with an independent and identically distributed noise (iid). We call thereafter strong FARIMA models the models in which the error term is assumed to be an iid innovations.We establish procedures for estimating and validating weak FARIMA models. We show, under weak assumptions on the noise, that the least squares estimator of the parameters of weak FARIMA(p,d,q) models is strongly consistent and asymptotically normal. The asymptotic variance matrix of the least squares estimator of weak FARIMA(p,d,q) models has the "sandwich" form. This matrix can be very different from the asymptotic variance obtained in the strong case (i.e. in the case where the noise is assumed to be iid). We propose, by two different methods, a convergent estimator of this matrix. An alternative method based on a self-normalization approach is also proposed to construct confidence intervals for the parameters of weak FARIMA(p,d,q) models.We then pay particular attention to the problem of validation of weak FARIMA(p,d,q) models. We show that the residual autocorrelations have a normal asymptotic distribution with a covariance matrix different from that one obtained in the strong FARIMA case. This allows us to deduce the exact asymptotic distribution of portmanteau statistics and thus to propose modified versions of portmanteau tests. It is well known that the asymptotic distribution of portmanteau tests is correctly approximated by a chi-squared distribution when the error term is assumed to be iid. In the general case, we show that this asymptotic distribution is a mixture of chi-squared distributions. It can be very different from the usual chi-squared approximation of the strong case. We adopt the same self-normalization approach used for constructing the confidence intervals of weak FARIMA model parameters to test the adequacy of weak FARIMA(p,d,q) models. This method has the advantage of avoiding the problem of estimating the asymptotic variance matrix of the joint vector of the least squares estimator and the empirical autocovariances of the noise.Secondly, we deal in this thesis with the problem of estimating autoregressive models of order 1 endowed with fractional Gaussian noise when the Hurst parameter H is assumed to be known. We study, more precisely, the convergence and the asymptotic normality of the generalized least squares estimator of the autoregressive parameter of these models
Scipioni, Angel. "Contribution à la théorie des ondelettes : application à la turbulence des plasmas de bord de Tokamak et à la mesure dimensionnelle de cibles". Thesis, Nancy 1, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010NAN10125.
Texto completoThe necessary scale-based representation of the world leads us to explain why the wavelet theory is the best suited formalism. Its performances are compared to other tools: R/S analysis and empirical modal decomposition method (EMD). The great diversity of analyzing bases of wavelet theory leads us to propose a morphological approach of the analysis. The study is organized into three parts. The first chapter is dedicated to the constituent elements of wavelet theory. Then we will show the surprising link existing between recurrence concept and scale analysis (Daubechies polynomials) by using Pascal's triangle. A general analytical expression of Daubechies' filter coefficients is then proposed from the polynomial roots. The second chapter is the first application domain. It involves edge plasmas of tokamak fusion reactors. We will describe how, for the first time on experimental signals, the Hurst coefficient has been measured by a wavelet-based estimator. We will detail from fbm-like processes (fractional Brownian motion), how we have established an original model perfectly reproducing fBm and fGn joint statistics that characterizes magnetized plasmas. Finally, we will point out the reasons that show the lack of link between high values of the Hurst coefficient and possible long correlations. The third chapter is dedicated to the second application domain which is relative to the backscattered echo analysis of an immersed target insonified by an ultrasonic plane wave. We will explain how a morphological approach associated to a scale analysis can extract the diameter information
Renalier, Florence. "Caractérisation sismique de sites hétérogènes à partir de méthodes actives et passives : variations latérales et temporelles". Phd thesis, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00551441.
Texto completoTorricelli, Gauthier. "Caractérisation des Interactions entre une Microsphère et une Surface Métalliques aux Echelles Nanométriques". Phd thesis, 2005. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00069070.
Texto completoAllard, Rémy. "La perception d'attributs visuels de premier et deuxième ordres". Thèse, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/6381.
Texto completoNdayikengurukiye, Didier. "Estimation de cartes d'énergie de hautes fréquences ou d'irrégularité de périodicité de la marche humaine par caméra de profondeur pour la détection de pathologies". Thèse, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/16178.
Texto completoThis work presents two new and simple human gait analysis systems based on a depth camera (Microsoft Kinect) placed in front of a subject walking on a conventional treadmill, capable of detecting a healthy gait from an impaired one. The first system presented relies on the fact that a normal walk typically exhibits a smooth motion (depth) signal, at each pixel with less high-frequency spectral energy content than an abnormal walk. This permits to estimate a map for that subject, showing the location and the amplitude of the high-frequency spectral energy (HFSE). The second system analyses the patient's body parts that have an irregular movement pattern, in terms of periodicity, during walking. Herein we assume that the gait of a healthy subject exhibits anywhere in the human body, during the walking cycles, a depth signal with a periodic pattern without noise. From each subject’s video sequence, we estimate a saliency color map showing the areas of strong gait irregularities also called aperiodic noise energy. Either the HFSE or aperiodic noise energy shown in the map can be used as a good indicator of possible pathology in an early, fast and reliable diagnostic tool or to provide information about the presence and extent of disease or (orthopedic, muscular or neurological) patient's problems. Even if the maps obtained are informative and highly discriminant for a direct visual classification, even for a non-specialist, the proposed systems allow us to automatically detect maps representing healthy individuals and those representing individuals with locomotor problems.