Artículos de revistas sobre el tema "Bridges: East River"

Lion-Head River Bridge is a twin bridge in parallel position. The east-bounded was designed and constructed as a traditional prestress concrete box girder bridge with pot bearings; and the west-bounded was installed with seismic isolation devices of lead rubber bearings. The behavior of the isolated bridge is compared with that of the traditional bridge through several field tests including the ambient vibration test, the force vibration test induced by shakers, the free vibration test induced by a push and fast release system, and the truck test. The bridges suffered from various extents of damage due to the Chi-Chi and the Chi-I earthquakes of great strength during the construction and had been retrofitted. The damage was reflected by the change of the bridges' natural frequencies obtained from the ambient vibration tests. The models of the two bridges are simulated by the finite element method based on the original design drawings. Soil-structure interaction was also scrutinized in this study. The simulation was then modified based on the results from the field tests. Dynamic parameters of bridges are identified and compared with those from theoretical simulation. The efficiency is also verified to be better for an isolated bridge.

Since the Tehri dam was constructed on the River Bhagirathi in 2006, considerable productive land areas, many villages, including old Tehri town in Tehri-Garhwal district has been submerged. It has also disconnected the travel and transportation routes along the east slopes of the reservoir, making the local residents lose access to the New Tehri town, which is equipped with resident-friendly facilities including health and education institutions and markets. Accordingly, the Uttarakhand Government has proposed to build the Dobra-Chanti H.M.V. Suspension Bridge to meet the local demand for an easy intra-regional accessibility, especially between the left and right sides of the River Bhagirathi. The project consists of a single-span suspension bridge, an approach bridge at each end of the suspension bridge, and slope protection work on each side. The suspension bridge has a 440m-long stiffening truss girder, 57m-tall steel towers, locked coil cable systems including suspenders, and anchor blocks. The approach bridges are reinforced concrete bridges with T-shaped beams. And river side slopes installed on both banks are protected and stabilized through CC blocks, shotcrete, and anchor bolts. All cek dimension has met the requirement

The field of repair and rehabilitation of civil engineering works is evolving. Indeed, most of these structures, especially masonry structures, are over 50 years old and many of them require maintenance and repair work due to their deteriorated condition. To achieve this objective, a study was carried out concerning the different pathologies affecting the masonry bridges, but also the ways and means necessary for the evaluation and repair of the affected works. The results of this work have not only helped to carry out the diagnosis and verification of the structural state of the bridge over river Kentra Stora Skikda (North-East of Algeria), on the section of the 3AA National Road Skikda, but also for the proposal of repair solutions best adapted to the disorders observed.

Abstract Analysis of 26 simulations from 11 general circulation models (GCMs) of the Atmospheric Model Intercomparison Project (AMIP) II reveals a basic inability to simultaneously predict the Yangtze River Valley (YRV) precipitation (PrYRV) annual cycle and summer interannual variability in response to observed global SST distributions. Only the Community Climate System Model (CCSM) and L’Institut Pierre-Simon Laplace (IPSL) models reproduce the observed annual cycle, but both fail to capture the interannual variability. Conversely, only Max Planck Institute (MPI) simulates interannual variability reasonably well, but its annual cycle leads observations by 2 months. The interannual variability of PrYRV reveals two distinct signals in observations, which are identified with opposite subtropical Pacific SST anomalies in the east (SSTe) and west (SSTw). First, negative SSTe anomalies are associated with equatorward displacement of the upper-level East Asian jet (ULJ) over China. The resulting transverse circulation enhances low-level southerly flow over the South China Sea and south China while convergent flow and upward motion increase over the YRV. Second, positive SSTw anomalies are linked with westward movement of the subtropical high over the west-central Pacific. This strengthens the low-level jet (LLJ) to the south of the YRV. These two signals act together to enhance PrYRV. The AMIP II suite, however, generally fails to reproduce these features. Only the MPI.3 realization is able to simulate both signals and, consequently, realistic PrYRV interannual variations. It appears that PrYRV is governed primarily by coherent ULJ and LLJ variations that act as the atmospheric bridges to remote SSTe and SSTw forcings, respectively. The PrYRV response to global SST anomalies may then be realistically depicted only when both bridges are correctly simulated. The above hypothesis does not exclude other signals that may play important roles linking PrYRV with remote SST forcings through certain atmospheric bridges, which deserve further investigation.

This is the claim of a poster ad campaign for Murphy’s Stout, and it demonstrates the legendary status attached to Cork’s most famous and most loved dynamic structure. There are only three suspension bridges in Ireland; at Birr and Kinnitty Castles, both in Co. Offaly, and Cork’s own Daly’s Bridge. The 87m meter long steel suspension bridge spans the River Lee, shown in Figure 1, connecting the Mardyke and Sunday’s Well areas just east of Cork city centre. Constructed in 1926 to replace a ferry crossing at the location, it was manufactured by David Rowell & Co. Ltd. of London to the specifications of then Cork City engineer Stephen William Farrington. Named Daly’s Bridge for James Daly, a wealthy benefactor of the project, today it is better known locally as ‘The Shaky Bridge’ for its perceived ‘shakiness’. Despite being renowned for its dynamic nature, very little work has been done ...

Facing the North Korean city of Sinuiju across the Yalu River, the Chinese border city of Dandong in Liaoning Province has recently taken on large urban developmental projects as part of a plan to build the wider city as the new economic hub of East Asia. This paper examines how Dandong’s recent urban developmental projects rely on its close relationship to North Korea and on North Korea’s role as a capitalist frontier. It argues that these projects simultaneously deploy a politics of waiting and a politics of memory to inscribe its central role in East Asia’s economic future.

The East-West Highway of Nepal is the main trade and physical mobility corridor and of a two-lane bituminous road. Therefore, the Government of Nepal (GoN) is planning to improve it to a standard four-lane highway. In the first phase, the Government of Nepal is planning to upgrade the Kakarbhitta-Pathlaiya road which is the segment of the East-West Highway. It is vital to examine the river hydrology accurately for the appropriate location and design of the structures associated with it. This study aims to work out the features of flood and sediment of the major rivers intersecting the Kakarbhitta-Pathlaiya road. A review of the previous studies and field observation via a walk-through survey was conducted to assess the hydrological issues. The road segment passes through the Terai. The study revealed that the issues of flooding and inundation within the Terai are more critical, and the rivers crossing the road segment transport significant amounts of sediment as well. In the stages of planning and design of the road segment, the capacity of the rivers must be enhanced for transporting water and sediment in the places of bridges. Besides, watershed management techniques and integrated water resources management approaches should be intervened.

Purpose Two disastrous Tsunamis, one on the west coast of Sumatra Island, Indonesia, in 2004 and another in North East Japan in 2011, had seriously destroyed a large number of bridges. Thus, experimental tests in a wave flume and a fluid structure interaction (FSI) analysis were constructed to gain insight into tsunami bore force on coastal bridges. Design/methodology/approach Various wave heights and shallow water were used in the experiments and computational process. A 1:40 scaled concrete bridge model was placed in mild beach profile similar to a 24 × 1.5 × 2 m wave flume for the experimental investigation. An Arbitrary Lagrange Euler formulation for the propagation of tsunami solitary and bore waves by an FSI package of LS-DYNA on high-performance computing system was used to evaluate the experimental results. Findings The excellent agreement between experiments and computational simulation is shown in results. The results showed that the fully coupled FSI models could capture the tsunami wave force accurately for all ranges of wave heights and shallow depths. The effects of the overturning moment, horizontal, uplift and impact forces on a pier and deck of the bridge were evaluated in this research. Originality/value Photos and videos captured during the Indian Ocean tsunami in 2004 and the 2011 Japan tsunami showed solitary tsunami waves breaking offshore, along with an extremely turbulent tsunami-induced bore propagating toward shore with significantly higher velocity. Consequently, the outcomes of this current experimental and numerical study are highly relevant to the evaluation of tsunami bore forces on the coastal, over sea or river bridges. These experiments assessed tsunami wave forces on deck pier showing the complete response of the coastal bridge over water.

The water-town settlements in the East River Delta of China engage with the aquatic environment, establishing a comprehensive cultural–ecological system. However, rapid urbanization challenges the structural integrity of water-town settlements. Focusing on the East River Delta as the study area, we utilized the Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI), settlement morphology indicators, systematic clustering, and graph classification methods. We conducted a quantitative analysis of the spatial characteristics of water-town settlements at various scales, followed by formulating a sequence encoding based on landscape factors and constructing a settlement landscape spatial map. We characterized the landscape spatial structure of water-town settlements formed through the gradual evolution of morphological water network structures, retracing a prototype of water-town settlement landscape spatial structures. Results: ① Water-town settlements exhibit distinct uniformity in the landscape spatial features. The settlement landscapes conform to water network patterns, with streets and alleys aligning with water bodies. Crucial elements, including docks, bridges, and waterside farmland, are integral to this landscape. ② Water-town settlements undergo three progressive differentiation phases based on their location. The spatial distribution of settlements reveals three distinct landscape features influenced by the delta’s dynamic interplay between water and land. ③ Various regions exhibit three typical settlement layouts: upstream settlements are mainly clustered and linear, while midstream and downstream settlements, characterized by linear and strip-like features, align with the river’s course. These research findings offer preliminary insights into landscape spatial prototypes, contributing valuable perspectives to the conservation and design of water-town settlements.

Radio-telemetry was used to monitor movements and burrow usage by O. anatinus living in the Yarra River catchment, about 20 km east-north-east of the central business district of Melbourne, Victoria. The home ranges of six adult or subadult animals were 2.9–7.3 km (mean ± s.d. = 4.6 ± 1.6 km) long, with individuals travelling up to 10.4 km (males) and 4.0 km (females) in a single overnight period. The mean home-range length of adult/subadult animals was significantly greater than that of juveniles (1.4–1.7 km, mean ± s.d. = 1.55 ± 0.2 km, n = 2). The animals utilised two drainage channels as well as 11.8 km of natural waterways, including the Yarra River (5 km), Mullum Mullum Creek (4 km) and Diamond Creek (2.8 km). Several animals travelled repeatedly below one-lane and two-lane bridges, confirming that these structures are not inherent barriers to platypus movement. In total, 57 platypus burrows were described, including 26 along the river, 29 along the creeks and 2 along drains. The horizontal distance from the water’s edge to burrow chambers was 0.4–3.7 m (mean ± s.d. = 1.5 ± 0.9 m, n = 41), with burrows found only in banks extending ≥ 0.5 m above the water. Platypus burrows occurred significantly more often than expected along undercut banks and in association with moderate-to-dense vegetation overhanging the water, and significantly less often at sites where banks had a convex profile at water level. As well, the amount of cover provided along the bank by shrubs/small trees and the ground layer of vegetation was significantly greater than expected at platypus burrows along the river. These attributes are believed to help conceal burrow entrances from predators as well as reduce burrow damage through erosion.

In 2015-2017, East Jutland Museum excavated a series of well-preserved prehistoric and early historic trackways at Kastbjerg Å in the Kastbjerg Å river valley (eastern Jutland, Denmark). In this article, we will present the earliest of the in situ preserved structures, the Middle Neolithic trackway A20, and the high-precision dating of this structure. Dendrochronological dating of wood sequences provides very precise ages for archaeological timbers from buildings or structures, such as bridges or ships. This is not possible, however, when the dendrochronological samples lack sapwood, if the wood sequence has too few rings to provide definite placement on the dendrochronological master curve, if the wood sequence falls outside the range of the master curves or if the species of wood is not suitable for dendrochronological analysis. Here, we date a wood sequence of an alder tree from trackway A20 using the radiocarbon wiggle-match method to 2911 ±5 BC. The function of the trackway and the significance of the Neolithic river crossing at the Kastbjerg Å site are discussed in the light of European parallels and the regional cultural context.

In ancient times, the city of Urfa suffered serious flood disasters due to the Karakoyun river which surrounded the city on the north and west sides. In order to prevent the recurrence of such disasters, in 525, the Byzantine Emperor Justinian had built a huge wall of stone (Justinian wall) to the northwest of the city that conducted the river to the north and east walls of the city. He also constructed an artificial channel and three bridges which are known as the Justinian system. This system has been used by the many civilizations that have occupied the city, since the 6th century. Each civilization added some new water structures to the system and carried out some renovations to it. The system, being still in use, defended the city against moderate size floods and survived for 1,500 years. In this paper, the Justinian system is evaluated from the hydraulic point of view together with its ongoing functionality. It is interesting that although the cultural structures of the civilizations settled in the city do not have the same characteristics, the water structures have similar features in terms of hydraulic and architectural perspectives.

Deli land is originally awakened from the activities of the planters and Chinese merchants since the 1860-s. With the first center is around the Esplanade on the east side of the Deli River. The development of Deli land is followed by the building of Kesawan area where the Chinese community settlements as well as a place to provide goods and shops that serve the needs of the community, especially for plantation areas. Then, the Chinese played the role of middlemen minority, which played a great role in the growth and development of Deli land. The research was titled “Participation of Tjong brothers in the development of Deli land”. It uses of the historical explanation theory from Kuntowijoyo. In this article tells the figure of Tjong Yong Hian and Tjong A Fie who came from Mexian, Guangdong, China, wander to Deli land and also build a plantation business with the Sultanate of Deli and the Dutch East Indies government. Not only that, Tjong brothers also contributed to the development in the Deli land or Medan city now. They also build a place of worship, schools, banks, rail transportation, bridges, markets and hospitals.

Abstract Indonesia’s flash floods have increased significantly since the flash flood in Bohorok, North Sumatra, in 2003 and Jember, East Java, in 2006. Such flash floods have caused negative impacts, loss of human life and damage to vital infrastructures such as houses, roads, bridges, or other public facilities. Understanding the factors driving flash floods and their mechanism at the outset is essential in mitigating the negative impacts mentioned above. This paper presents the results of the analysis of the flash flood characteristics of several hydraulic parameters under conditions just before the flash flood incident, including the intensity of the rainfall, the time of concentration, and the time lag of the occurrence. As the object of the study, a flash flood event was selected in Batu City, Upper Brantas River, which occurred on November 4, 2021. The results show that the lag time of the flash flood occurrence at 40 minutes magnitude at Bulukerto Village of Batu City, the application of Kirpich for the time of concentration equation performed better than the Ventura and Watt & Chow equations. Further assessment of precursory characteristics for other similar small catchment and hydro-meteorological conditions is still the subject of beneficial study or research.

The Yangtze River economic belt is the main force leading the high-quality development of China’s economy, but its current internal economic differentiation issues require further study. In this study, to understand the development laws, change characteristics, evolutionary pattern, and main influencing factors on economic differences and economic network structure in the Yangtze River economic belt, 20 years of data from 1999 to 2018 at the general scale, three major regions, province, and city scales were analyzed. The results indicated that from 1999 to 2018, the total GDP of the Yangtze River economic belt steadily increased year by year, and the absolute difference in regional economy showed an expanding trend, while the relative difference was relatively stable. The total economic output and proportion of the three major regions all showed a trend of eastern region > central region > western region, but the growth rate and proportion trends were exactly the opposite. The GDP of 11 provinces and 110 cities showed positive global autocorrelation and obvious local spatial autocorrelation, but their radiative driving effect on surrounding areas was not strong, and the spatial agglomeration effect at the provincial level was better than that at the prefecture level or city level. The economic network structure was characterized by a single center structure dominated by the Shanghai and Jiangsu Province, gradually strengthening from west to east, and the gravity value growth rate in the western region was significantly higher than in the central and eastern regions. The city cluster in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River and the Chengdu–Chongqing served as the main bridges and links, playing a crucial role in the cascade radiation process of economic connections. The research results have strategic significance for coordinating the region development of the Yangtze River economic belt and promoting the rise of central China.

The distribution of chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) in the Yangtze River Mouth area was analyzed using a new Chl-a inversion model (PMS-C) based on the relationship between in situ Chl-a and GF-4 PMS band combinations. Combining GF-4 PMS with HY-C CZI, this paper revealed that: (1) Chl-a concentration in Yangtze River Mouth was in the range of 2–6 µg/L, being higher in the west than in the east. The high Chl-a area was mainly distributed near the mouth of the Yangtze River and the Chl-a value was in the range of 3.7 µg/L to 5.9 µg/L. Chl-a concentration is higher in spring and summer than in autumn and winter, with a Chl-a concentration difference of 1–2 µg/L. Chl-a downstream of islands and bridges increased by 0.5–1.7 µg/L compared with upstream. (2) Short-term (within 3 h) changes of Chl-a concentration were effectively detected. In summer and autumn, Chl-a obtained at 13:30 in the noon was generally lower than Chl-a obtained at around 10:30 in the morning and it decreased by nearly 0.1–4 μg/L within three hours on the same day. In winter, the concentration of Chl-a decreased in the range of 0–1.9 μg/L. Generally, within three hours, Chl-a in the downstream of the island decreased significantly from 5 μg/L to about 3.8 μg/L, and Chl-a downstream of piers decreased from 3.7 μg/L to about 3 μg/L. (3) Environmental factors including seawater temperature, illumination, and nutrients, as well as dynamic factors such as wind and tidal current can induce Chl-a change in the Yangtze River Mouth. Short-term change of Chl-a concentration is closely related to the specific hydrodynamic conditions, nutrients, and lighting conditions.

A bridge is a structure made to cross a ravine or obstacle such as a river, railroad, or highway. The bridge consists of an upper structure and a lower structure. The upper structure of a building must be able to be supported by its own lower structure, namely the foundation. There are two types of foundations, namely shallow foundations and deep foundations. The planning of a foundation is said to be correct if the load that is forwarded by the foundation to the ground does not exceed the strength of the soil. Luan Linggi Bridge is one of the bridges that uses deep foundations in the form of pile foundations. This bridge is located in Luan Linggi Village, East Simeulu District, Simeulue Regency, Aceh Province, Indonesia. Due to the 2004 Tsunami disaster, the bridge pillars were broken and the abutments shifted, so the bridge could no longer be used. So, the bridge was redesigned in 2015 and rebuilt in 2021. This study aims to determine the value of the bearing capacity of a single foundation, the value of the bearing capacity of the group foundation, and the foundation settlement. This research uses N-SPT data, soil physical and mechanical properties, and detailed engineering design (DED). The method used to calculate the bearing capacity of the foundation is the Luciano Decourt method, while the single foundation settlement uses the Vesic method. The results obtained from this research are the bearing capacity and settlement value of the pile foundation with a diameter of 40 cm and a depth of 22 m. The ultimate bearing capacity value of the single foundation obtained is 375,228 tons, the permit bearing capacity value of the single foundation is 125,076 tons, the bearing capacity value of the group foundation obtained is 5887,727 tons. The elastic settlement value of the foundation using the Vesic method is 2,88 cm, and the settlement value of the group foundation is 8,8 cm.

In the near twenty years, with the rapid increase of Chinese economy, Chinese welding technology developed very fast. In 2003, the annual output of steel in China has reached 230 megatons and above 40 percent was manufactured by welding process. The main welding engineering projects include: the Three Gorges power station, bridges over the Changjiang River, high pressure heavy-duty chemical container, pipeline project of transferring natural gas from West to East and manned spacecraft etc. Meanwhile, Chinese annual output of welding materials exceeds 1,200 kilotons, welding equipments exceed 200,000 sets and the welding automation rate reached 40 percent. The State Key Laboratory of Advanced Welding Production Technology in Harbin Institute of Technology is the only welding laboratory of national level in China. It is the base of applied fundamental research and high quality welding technicians training. It has completed many projects of welding technology development and some significant applied engineering tasks. Every year, about 15-20 Doctors, 40-50 Masters and 70-100 Bachelors graduate from the Laboratory. Also, it is opened to the whole world.

Northeast Shark River Slough (NESS), lying at the northeastern perimeter of Everglades National Park (ENP), Florida, USA, has been subjected to years of hydrologic modifications. Construction of the Tamiami Trail (US 41) in 1928 connected the east and west coasts of SE Florida and essentially created a hydrological barrier to southern sheet flow into ENP. Recently, a series of bridges were constructed to elevate a portion of Tamiami Trail, allow more water to flow under the bridges, and attempt to restore the ecological balance in the NESS and ENP. This project was conducted to determine aspects of soil physiochemistry and microbial dynamics in the NESS. We evaluated microbial respiration and enzyme assays as indicators of nutrient dynamics in NESS soils. Soil cores were collected from sites at certain distances from the inflow (near canal, NC (0–150 m); midway, M (150–600 m); and far from canal, FC (600–1200 m)). Soil slurries were incubated and assayed for CO2 emission and β-glucoside (MUFC) or phosphatase (MUFP) activity in concert with physicochemical analysis. Significantly higher TP contents at NC (2.45 times) and M (1.52 times) sites than FC sites indicated an uneven P distribution downstream from the source canal. The highest soil organic matter content (84%) contents were observed at M sites, which was due to higher vegetation biomass observed at those sites. Consequently, CO2 efflux was greater at M sites (average 2.72 µmoles g dw−1 h−1) than the other two sites. We also found that amendments of glucose increased CO2 efflux from all soils, whereas the addition of phosphorus did not. The results indicate that microbial respiration downstream of inflows in the NESS is not limited by P, but more so by the availability of labile C.

The current method of crossing river channels by heavy vehicles involves engineering equipment such as the Motorized Floating Bridge. It has high efficiency when crossing regulated channels of large European Lowland rivers with stable hydrological conditions. In the case of unregulated rivers of the Polish Lowlands, this concept needs to be modified due to the high variability of water levels and the shape of the river bottom. This paper presents a new approach to crossing the channels of large lowland rivers by heavy vehicles. It is based on hydrological analyses and experience gained during many years of hydrographic, geological, and geomorphological studies conducted at the Department of Hydraulic Engineering and Applied Geology of the Warsaw University of Life Sciences (SGGW).

AbstractThe Aktoprak Basin, Turkey, provides important clues regarding regional palaeoclimatic changes which have not so far been elucidated. The purpose of the present study is to fill this gap using mineralogical, geochemical and isotopic characterization of cyclic sedimentation within Neogene sedimentary units. Early Miocene alluvial-fan to cyclic shallow-lacustrine sediments of the Aktoprak Basin consist of conglomerate, sandstone, mudstone, marl, limestone and palaeosol. The increasingly fine upward grain size and bed thicknesses suggest that the alluvial fan was fed by an ephemeral braided river. The cyclic sandflat–mudflat–shallow-lake succession is predominantly composed of small-scale sandstone-mudstone beds. Sandstone intervals in the sedimentary cycles are interpreted to be a result of sedimentation from shallow, ephemeral braided-river channels, the deposits having evolved under water-saturated conditions in response to climate changes. The mudstone intervals are interpreted as having been laid down via sedimentation during distal sheet floods which developed either under sub-aerial exposure or in a water-saturated environment. Palaeocurrent measurements indicate that the general transport direction in the Early Miocene was from east to west. The lacustrine sediments of the Aktoprak Basin consist of calcite + quartz + feldspar + serpentine coexisting mainly with smectite ± palygorskite ± illite ± chlorite. Illite and chlorite are either detrital, having originated from basement units, or the illite formed authigenically from smectite. Calcite and clay appear as cement-building conglomerate, sandstone and mudstone. The clay content decreases with increasing calcite and the presence of an inverse relationship between CaO and other oxides may correspond to an inverse relationship between calcite and other minerals. Furthermore, Al2O3, Fe2O3, TiO2, MgO, Ni, Co, Cu, Sr, Ba and Zr values in the smectite-bearing mudstone and sandstone are consistent with the chemical compositions of rocks in the surrounding area, mainly ophiolitic and volcanogenic associations. Micromorphologically, the development of smectite as a cement on leached feldspar, the occurrence of palygorskite fibres as bridges between crystals and rock fragments, as well as the presence of ‘edging’ smectite flakes suggest an authigenic origin. Field observations, mineralogy, geochemistry and the results of δ18O and δ13C isotopic determinations reveal that periodic palaeoclimatic changes were controlled by alternating wet and dry periods that resulted in a relative upward decrease in precipitation of authigenic smectite ± palygorskite within the sections, under the influence of geochemical and pH fluctuations in meteoric water within the shallow-lake environment.

On May 24, 1983 Americans celebrated the Centennial of the Brooklyn Bridge's opening. On that day in New York City over two million people joined in the Rededication Day activities; millions more watched the fireworks display on television. During the months preceding Rededication Day, numerous magazines had featured articles on the Bridge; Ken Burns' award-winning documentary was broadcast on PBS; New York City museums opened exhibitions on the Bridge; the New York Academy of Sciences held a Bridge symposium; new artistic works with the Bridge as their subject were created; and a collection of Centennial souvenirs was produced. Rededication Day itself marked only the beginning of six months of Bridge-related activities. During 1983, the Brooklyn Bridge was as much “in the air” as it was in the East River. This kind of interest and affection can be described in terms applied to similar phenomena: Brooklyn Bridgephilia; Brooklyn Bridge Fever; Brooklyn Bridgemania.

The River Araxes In the Roman Poetry The Araxes flowing through the Armenian Highlands was one of the rivers mentioned quite often in Roman poetry from the Augustan Age up to the 5th century. In line with the traditional tendency of classical literature, the Araxes was usually shown as a pars pro toto of a country, in this case Armenia, which was one of the aims of the Roman eastern policy and the object of rivalry between the Empire and Parthia/Persia. The great majority of references to the Araxes was connected with the theme of Roman expansion in the East (especially with the campaign of Tiberius in 20 BC and later with the Roman-Parthian war 58–63 AD), which can be observed best in the recurrent motif of a bridge across this river, a clear-cut symbol of Roman domination over Armenia and – more generally – over all of the East.

The course of the river Liffey in Dublin city is not straight. Between Mellowes (Queen Maeve) Bridge and East Link Bridge there are two deviations: one to the north and one to the south. This paper examines these deviations and seeks their origin in the bluffs, bays and pools of the river in medieval times. Locations are suggested for these features.

Abstract The Russian leadership envisages Russia as a bridge connecting East and West via Asiatic Russia. Nevertheless, this self-image seemingly does not fully correspond to the current trends; moreover, it is unclear what the Russian Government tries to ‘bridge’ as it has been unable to construct a bridge across the Lena River connecting Yakutsk, the capital of its largest Republic, to Russian mainland. This work attempts to examine both the external and internal dimension for the Russian Far East of Russia’s ‘turn’ to Asia, and the way Sakha Republic experiences the tension between the domestic and international dimensions of this ‘turn’ to the East.

This study examines nineteen phreatobiological hand pump samples collected in 2009–2010 in three separate areas of salmon river basins in the southern part of Primorye, in the Far East of Russia. For the first time, faunal groundwater patterns were assessed for the rivers of Eastern Manchuria, the Ussury River Basin and the rivers of the south-western slope of Sikhote Alin. A total of 164 species (including 32 stygobionts) belonging to the phyla Annelida, Mollusca and Arthropoda are first records of groundwater animals, and two of the stygobionts are described below as new species for Science. Nipponasellus sudzukhensis spec. nov. and N. matsumotoi spec. nov. are described and illustrated, and their taxonomic affinities with congeners are discussed. The morphology of male pleopod 2 of the genus Nipponasellus is re-examined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), which revealed fine details of the pleopodal structures. The two new ‘continental’ species of Nipponasellus were characterised by a distinct ‘cannula’ completely immersed in ctenoid cuticular scales and the absence of a ‘labial spur’. Informal macrogroups were proposed based on the structure of the ‘appendix masculina’ and an analysis of family distribution. The results of cladistic analyses revealed relationships between the proposed groups, but phylogenetic relationships within the Caecidotea-Proasellus group remain challenging. Common diagnostic characters of Nipponasellus showed that the group occupies an independent position close to the Caecidotea-Proasellus group rather than the ‘Asellus-pattern’ sensu Magniez. Revised diagnosis for the genus Nipponasellus is given, including the two new species and the five previously described ones. The species diversity of East Asian stygobiotic asellid isopods is briefly reviewed to infer a biogeographic distribution pattern that emphasises the strict endemicity of members of the genus Nipponasellus. The intracontinental separation between continental Far East Asia and the Japanese archipelago highlights the biogeographic importance of the land-bridge in the Oligocene and raises questions about hypotheses explaining the (disjunct) distribution in East Asia, together with the circumstances preceding an ancient colonisation of the region.

Geomorphological processes pose a risk that deserves attention and planning to avoid that, especially in the section near to east of Tuz bridge. This section of the valley facing a dramatic increase in gravel excavation and sorting of aggregates, consequence led to a change in the pattern of river branches flow from an anabranching river to a single-channel river, which led to a concentration of river discharge during floods. On 9th December 2018, Tuz Bridge was failed due to a heavy rainstorm three days preceding the failure event. The current study aims to conduct a field survey of all the human activities in the study area to assess river changes from remote sensing data the amount of runoff and river peak discharge based on rainfall data using SCS-CN method. In this study, ArcGIS, ArcGIS Earth, Google Earth, and WMS software are incorporated in the data analysis. The revealed results indicate the severe modification of valley morphology and converting the river pattern to flow during flood within a single channel with flow speed exceeded the critical velocity to induce vertical erosion of gravel and sands under the foundations of the bridge and causing the displacement and settlement of the bridge. The study recommends the local administration prevent gravel mining from the river valley at the upstream area of the bridge

The Margaret Hunt Hill Bridge, designed by Spanish architect Santiago Calatrava, is a cable-stayed bridge over the Trinity River in Dallas, Texas. The roadway, almost 1200 ft. long, is supported by fifty-eight cables, twenty-nine on each side of the central arch, strung from the arch to the traffic median between the lanes going (roughly) east or west. The bridge first opened to vehicular traffic in March 2012 and has already been hailed as an icon of twenty-first-century Dallas.

Boston, in the forefront of the American Revolution two centuries ago, is now in the forefront of another revolution in the field of cable-stayed bridge technology. New technologies and innovations have become hallmarks of the Leonard P. Zakim Bunker Hill Bridge—a structure unique in the world. This crossing of the Charles River brought the community, engineers, and architects together to create a “signature bridge” and a “gateway” to the city. Located at a preeminent point where Paul Revere crossed in 1775, the bridge took on special meaning from a historical perspective. Numerous alternatives were studied for the crossing and the interchange configurations on both sides of the river. Based on significant community input and evaluation of costs for different alternatives, the option known as the “non-river tunnel” alternative was chosen, which required a 10-lane crossing of the river. The 10 lanes include 4 lanes each for I-93 northbound and southbound and a 2-lane ramp on the east side. Some impediments the bridge had to contend with included the Orange Line subway adjacent to and below the bridge; the close proximity of the Charles River lock and dam and the need to maintain navigation; a major water main in the area of the south tower footing; a cantilevered 2-lane ramp on only one side of the structure; the existing Storrow Drive ramps at the south end, dictating the arrangement of the stay cables in the back spans; and a new tunnel at the south end of the structure.

This study uses SMS-2D unsteady flow model to simulate apron setting and discuss its scour protection due to bow wave around the bridge pier on the main deep trough of 24-pier ChihShang Bridge and 3-pier Taitung Bridge in 100 years return flood peak flow, on the downstream BeiNan River in East-Taiwan as case study. Further, the topic of this study is to evaluate location-oriented scour likely result in accelerated erosion of critical piers by apron setting designed sizes in case of excessive cost, thus, providing reliable information and references for bridge engineers.

Kelurahan Pandean Lamper merupakan salah satu daerah rawan banjir di Kota Semarang, karena terletak di DAS Sungai Banjir Kanal Timur. Penanganan terhadap banjir di wilayah tersebut telah dilakukan oleh pemerintah berupa normalisasi sungai dan saluran drainase. Banjir Kanal Timur (BKT) adalah satu sistem pengendali banjir Kota Semarang yang terletak di bagian timur Kota Semarang. Sungai ini memiliki panjang ± 14,50 km. Proyek normalisasi Sungai Banjir Kanal Timur membentang dari hulu di Bendungan Pucanggading hingga berakhir Muara Sungai di Laut Jawa. Dalam tahap I, normalisasi dilakukan sepanjang 6,7 kilometer, dari muara hingga Jembatan Majapahit. Untuk menjamin keberlanjutan pengelolaan normalisasi sungai dan saluran drainase, diperlukan keterlibatan banyak pihak, termasuk partisipasi masyarakat yang bertempat tinggal di dalamnya. Oleh sebab itu warga di kawasan tersebut perlu mendapatkan edukasi bagaimana menjaga keberlanjutan normalisasi sungai dan saluran drainase. Warga Kelurahan Pandean Lamper memerlukan edukasi agar dapat ikut berpartisipasi dalam pemeliharaan sungai dan saluran drainase. Edukasi yang diberikan meliputi pemahaman tentang penyebab dan dampak banjir, penanganan banjir serta pemeliharaan bangunan infrastruktur pengendali banjir. Warga Kelurahan Pandean Lamper masih banyak yang tidak memahami bangunan pengendali banjir yang ada di sekitar lingkungan mereka. Melalui edukasi yang diberikan dalam penyuluhan, diharapkan warga Pandean Lamper bisa memahami peran yang harus dilakukan dalam menjaga keberlangsungan bangunan pengendali banjir. Pandean Lamper Village is one of the flood-prone areas in Semarang City, because it is located in the East Flood Canal River Basin. The government has taken steps to deal with flooding in the area by normalizing rivers and drainage channels. The East Flood Canal (BKT) is a flood control system for the City of Semarang which is located in the eastern part of the City of Semarang. This river has a length of ± 14.50 km. The East Flood Canal River normalization project stretches from the upper reaches of the Pucanggading Dam to the end of the River Estuary in the Java Sea. In phase I, normalization is carried out along 6.7 kilometers, from the estuary to the Majapahit Bridge. To ensure the sustainability of the normalization of river and drainage channel management, it requires the involvement of many parties, including the participation of the people who live in them. Therefore, residents in the area need to receive education on how to maintain the sustainability of normalization of rivers and drainage channels. The residents of Pandean Lamper Village need education so that they can participate in the maintenance of rivers and drainage channels. The education provided includes an understanding of the causes and impacts of floods, flood management and maintenance of flood control infrastructure buildings. There are still many residents of Pandean Lamper Village who do not understand the flood control buildings in their surroundings. Through the education provided in the counseling, it is hoped that the residents of Pandean Lamper can understand the role that must be carried out in maintaining the sustainability of flood control buildings.

Mineralization at the Bralorne mesothermal gold vein deposit is closely related to a suite of early Late Cretaceous to early Tertiary dykes. Premineral albitite dykes (91.4 ± 1.4 Ma by U–Pb on zircons) and postmineral lamprophyre dykes (43.5 ± 1.5 Ma by K–Ar on biotite) set definite age limits on the mineralizing event. A late intra- to post-mineral green hornblende dyke set (85.7 ± 3.0 Ma by K–Ar on hornblende) that forms a transitional series to the albitites may further restrict the age. Thus, mineralization occurred long after emplacement of the host Bralorne intrusions, dated as Early Permian (minimum age of approximately 270 ± 5 Ma by U–Pb on zircons, 284 ± 20 Ma by K–Ar on hornblende, and 40Ar/39Ar plateau at 276 ± 31 Ma). Lithologically similar intrusions 20 km to the north near Gold Bridge are also Early Permian (287 ± 20 Ma by K–Ar on hornblende and 320 ± 80 Ma by a Rb–Sr whole-rock isochron). Geochronology, radiogenic and stable isotopes, and fluid-inclusion studies suggest that there were several pulses of mineralizing activity adjacent to and east of the Coast Plutonic Complex (CPC). Decreasing temperatures and younger age of mineralization with increasing distance from the CPC imply that plutons of the CPC were the main heat source responsible for mineralization. The main pulses were about 90 Ma for mesothermal Au–Ag–As ± W,Mo mineralization at Bralorne near the CPC, ranging outwards to 65 Ma for Ag–Au–Sb–As ± Hg mineralization at the Minto and Congress deposits, to 45 Ma for Ag–Au epithermal mineralization at Blackdome, 100 km east of the CPC.The Bralorne intrusions may have been emplaced below the sea floor in a spreading-ridge oceanic environment, as suggested by the petrology of the intrusive suite, which includes serpentinized ultramafite, hornblende diorite, and soda granite (trondhjemite), typical of an ophiolite association. The chemistry of volcanic rocks mapped as Cadwallader Group, which host these intrusive bodies, is transitional from mid-ocean-ridge basalts to island-arc tholeiite, suggesting a back-arc-basin setting. Gradational contact relations between the hornblende diorite and the volcanic rocks suggest that the diorite intruded its own volcanic products. Intrusive contacts of the diorite with adjacent elongate ultramafic bodies imply that the ultramafic rocks are of Permian or older age and had been structurally emplaced into crustal levels by the time of diorite intrusion. In the Bralorne fault block the Bralorne intrusions appear to cut the adjacent Cadwallader and Bridge River groups, implying an Early Permian or older age for at least parts of these groups. Thus, rocks mapped as Cadwallader Group in the Bralorne area could be distinct from and older than lithologic equivalents exposed elsewhere, although they are similar in terms of their petrology and major- and trace-element chemistry.

Skjern Castle – an archaeological investigation of a castle through the Middle Ages and RenaissanceIn the very middle of the river Nørreå’s extensive meadowlands, 15 km west of Randers, lies the striking castle mound of Gammel Skjern. During the Middle Ages and Renaissance period this site was the centre of a manorial complex which at times was one of the largest in Denmark and some of the country’s most influential noble families resided here. Its location, where the highway between Viborg and Randers crosses the river today, was one of the few good crossing points over Nørreå (fig. 1). A major transport junction such as this was of strategic interest; here it was possible to both display and exert power.Concentrated around this ford location we find two rune stones, the parish church, the significant fortification of Gammel Skjern itself and its successor, the manor Skjern Hovedgård. In addition, there was also settlement here during Viking times and the Middle Ages, as well as a mill. Skjern parish extends along both sides of Nørreå. This is unusual as watercourses often form boundaries, and it must be presumed to reflect the family’s strong position of power in the area during the Late Viking period and Early Middle Ages. The area’s cultural topography shows that very extensive changes took place in settlement structure during the course of Viking times and the Middle Ages.Skjern Church is a small Romanesque ashlar building from around AD 1200. Today, it stands alone, but metal detector finds and aerial reconnaissance show that there was a settlement here from the 8th to the 14th century (fig. 2). This settlement can presumably be linked to the high-ranking farming family which, in the Late Viking Age, permitted itself to be commemorated on two rune stones. These stones stand today by the church: a monumental and well-preserved stone bearing a mask (fig. 3) and a slightly smaller fragment on which only a few words can be deciphered. The large mask stone was found in 1843 at the castle mound and the fragment in the church’s foundation wall at the end of the 1830s. They probably originally stood by the ford. Here people passed by, here the stones were seen, the family remembered and the power demonstrated and consolidated.In connection with the turbulent times of the 14th century, the magnate farm moved for defensive reasons away from the church and out to a stronghold in the bog (fig. 4). In the 1840s, a large amount of earth was dug away from the fortification and on this occasion the east wing of the castle and a little of both the north and south wings were exposed. From Kruuse’s survey, carried out in 1843, we know that a four-winged structure stood on the platform (figs. 5-6). In the summers of 2001-4 and 2006, the Department of Medieval and Renaissance Archaeology at the University of Aarhus carried out a small archaeological investigation of the structure. As a significant proportion of the fortification is scheduled, the excavations took place by special permission and on the condition that fixed constructions were not removed. In parallel with this, a detailed contour survey was carried out of the area (fig. 7), as well as a geophysical/magnetometer survey of parts of the site and a number of dendrochronological dates were obtained from bridges and bank constructions (fig. 8). As the excavation only constituted a minor intervention, the extent of the finds and the building components located is very limited and these give only a small insight into the life and the activities which have taken place at the castle (figs. 22-29).On the basis of the archaeological investigations it is possible to sketch the development of the stronghold from a single platform to a striking defensive complex with several banks and ditches (fig. 30). The front and middle bank, and also the main platform, were. Many of the posts are still visible in the wet meadow, and the closely-spaced stakes show that the bridge piers were replaced as many as six or seven times. Samples were taken for dendrochronological dating from the posts in two bridge piers, one pier from each bridge. The earliest dendrochronological date is AD 1335 and the latest is after AD 1492. The fact that the earliest bridge phase is not represented in both of the bridge piers investigated, and that the castle’s 16-17th century phase is not represented at all, shows that the bays were moved somewhat through time. Accordingly, the dates do not, thereby, cover the total life of the castle.The stronghold was constructed in the meadows in AD 1335, or perhaps even earlier. Consequently, it is finally possible to link Lord High Steward Peder Vendelbo’s previously unknown ‘Karmark Castle’, as it is referred to in AD 1340, and the Skjern Castle, which are mentioned in the Lord High Steward’s estate in 1347 as being one and the same structure. The excavation provided a tiny glimpse of the surface of the oldest castle, almost 2 m below the courtyard of the Renaissance castle, the present-day surface of the main platform. The platform was in its first phase only about 1 m high. The magnetometer survey of the main platform revealed weak and deeper-lying deflections, presumably from an earlier structure of approximately the same extent as the familiar structure from the Late Middle Ages and Renaissance. The earliest castle appears merely to have consisted of this platform, linked to dry land and the farm buildings by a 60 m long wooden bridge and a 175 m long turf-built causeway in continuation of this.In 1392/93, Kristian Vendelbo extended the structure with a lateral bank to the east of the main bank. He was probably also responsible for a corresponding (undated) bank to the west as well as a bank to the north of here, the middle bank. He was loyal to Queen Margrethe at a time when the magnates of Jutland were against her, and he needed a strong castle. In the construction of the left lateral bank, use was made of a natural sand bank in the terrain. Only very few traces of activity were preserved here. The eastern lateral bank was constructed of turf. The inner side of the bank was partially reinforced with hammered-in posts which have been dated dendrochronologically to AD 1392 and AD 1392/93 (fig. 12). On the middle bank, which functioned as a paddock, foundations and floor layers relating to four buildings were recorded. One of the buildings could be identified as a gateway; another was probably a tower (figs. 9-11). Due to the limited extent of the excavation, it has not been possible to relate these buildings to Kruuse’s plan. This was also the case with the results of the magnetometer survey. The bank was built of turf and slightly raised in height using demolition material from brick-built buildings. A reinforcement of the edge comprising large field boulders was supplemented with a row of robust posts. Dendrochronological dating of these to AD 1461/62 shows that the middle bank was either established or reinforced at this time.In AD 1465/66, Lord High Steward Erik Ottesen Rosenkrantz carried out a further extensive reinforcement of the castle, this time with a cover bank to the east and west of the front bank in continuation of the causeway. Structures in the terrain suggest that a building stood in the eastern part of the front bank. To the west, the cover bank had a robust post construction, presumably a palisade. A corresponding construction is not seen at the eastern cover bank. Whether this is due to the posts having been removed, or whether the bank facing out towards the open bog was not as heavily fortified, is unknown. The eastern cover bank was built on to the eastern lateral bank, and the increased width provided sufficient space for a building (fig. 13). Dendrochronological dating of the constructional timbers to after AD 1465 shows that this could have been built immediately following the extension. Faint traces in the terrain to the south of the main bank indicate yet another cover bank.During this phase at the latest, the height of the main platform was raised to around 3 m above the surrounding terrain. The complex had four wings and two stair turrets towards the north around an enclosed castle courtyard. Towards the west, remains of standing walls can still be seen. It is not inconceivable that at least the core of the building complex can be attributed to Erik Ottesen. On the latter’s death, the value of the buildings was assessed at 7000 marks, a considerable sum. The archaeological investigations have only touched upon the east wing which was the part most exposed by the earth removal in the 19th century (fig. 14). A comparison between Kruuse’s elevation plan of the east wall and its present state reveals the degree of the destruction (figs. 15-16). The best preserved wall was that in towards the castle courtyard, with 12 courses. The building was built with a cellar covered by a flat barrel vault (fig. 17). The west wall had subsided very heavily, and this definitely contributed to or was the main reason that the cellar vault and possibly also parts of the wing at some time or other collapsed. The cellar was subsequently filled up with building materials. Pieces of the painted window panes and a terracotta base from a facade ornament from the final quarter of the 16th century show that the building may have been beautifully fitted out according to the latest fashion of the times (figs. 18-20). On top of the filled-in cellar, new light foundations were laid as the basis for joists for a floor or internal partition walls on the ground floor. After 1561, when Christoffer Nielsen died, the manor estate underwent a drastic process of division, and there appear not to have been obvious investors for new prestige building works. It is therefore interesting that several alterations could have been carried out during this period. The excavation also touched upon parts of foundations belonging to the castle’s NE stair turret (fig. 21). The tower proved to be secondary to the east wing, and its tile floor was laid on top of the existing cobbled pavement of the castle courtyard.During the second half of the 16th century, a hurried division of the manor began, and by the 17th century only three large farmsteads remained.Jan KockMette Svart KristiansenAfdeling for Middelalder- og Renæssancearkæologi Aarhus Universitet

A section of Liaohe River in east of Shuangan bridge, Yingzhou District, Tieling City was selected as the experimental site to study ecological slope protection technique of riverbank in an agricultural catchment. Four ecological slope protection techniques, including combined biostabilization, Live stakes, Vegetation planting and Live stakes+vegetation planting were conducted. Results showed that through six and sixteen months growing, the highest shoot length and root length were observed in live stakes technology, while the lowest shoot length and root length were appeared in Vegetation planting technology. It indicated that Salix suchowensis is more suitable for the Liaohe river initially.

Dong Nai river, the largest river system in the South East region, flows through five provinces in the South East area. Dong Nai river serves water for living, production, irrigation, aquaculture, navigation, and hydropower. It receives a huge impact from the natural and artificial elements, such as municipal wastewater from residential areas and urban centers; industrial wastewater from industrial zones, toxic wastewater from agricultural activities, etc [4, 5, 6]. Therefore, the prediction of water quality change and the capacity of receiving wastewater are very essential in environmental protection for Dong Nai river. The study results showed that the water quality of Dong Nai river is currently achieved to the standard requirement and the using purposes. However, there were some sections where had locally polluted signs and had not be used (such as Dong Nai river in the section 3). Predictably up to 2020, pollutant load will increases, however, the water quality of Dong Nai river is still achieving the fundamental purpose of water supply, except TSS which, water from the area below Tri An damp to Dong Nai bridge, is not reached the regulation permit in the beginning and ending of rainy season. To protect the water of Dong Nai River, the optimal solution is necessary to collect and treat all wastewater from industrial, domestic, livestock and medical activities to get the standard permission before discharged into Dong Nai river. At the same time, considering the capacity of receiving wastewater on the each section of Dong Nai river is conducted to allow new investment projects and license of wastewater dischargement.

Dong Nai river, the largest river system in the South East region, flows through five provinces in the South East area. Dong Nai river serves water for living, production, irrigation, aquaculture, navigation, and hydropower. It receives a huge impact from the natural and artificial elements, such as municipal wastewater from residential areas and urban centers; industrial wastewater from industrial zones, toxic wastewater from agricultural activities, etc [4, 6, 7, 12]. Therefore, the prediction of water quality change and the capacity of receiving wastewater are very essential in environmental protection for Dong Nai river. The study results showed that the water quality of Dong Nai river is currently achieved to the standard requirement and the using purposes. However, there were some sections where had locally polluted signs and had not be used (such as Dong Nai river in the section 3). Predictably up to 2020, pollutant load will increases, however, the water quality of Dong Nai river is still achieving the fundamental purpose of water supply, except TSS which, water from the area below Tri An damp to Dong Nai bridge, is not reached the regulation permit in the beginning and ending of rainy season. To protect the water of Dong Nai River, the optimal solution is necessary to collect and treat all wastewater from industrial, domestic, livestock and medical activities to get the standard permission before discharged into Dong Nai river. At the same time, considering the capacity of receiving wastewater on the each section of Dong Nai river is conducted to allow new investment projects and license of wastewater dischargement.

In order to reduce erosion impact around pier footings, the SMS-2D applied in this study to analysis stepped apron set in critical scour downstream and discuss its scour protection due to bow wave around the bridge pier on the main deep trough of new Taitung Bridge in 100 years return flood peak flow, on the downstream BeiNan River in East-Taiwan as case study. Further, the topic of this study is to compare the different dimensions of aprons for apron deflecting characteristics, making the beach effect and take preventive measures, and in case of excessive cost, suitable sizes and sets for stepped apron are provided for reliable information and references for bridge engineers.

As part of the Northern Hub project to improve rail travel in the North of England, Network Rail is building a new section of railway in Manchester. The Ordsall Chord will provide a direct link between the city's Piccadilly and Victoria stations, which will allow trains arriving from the east to reach Manchester Airport without congesting Piccadilly. The new link will require the construction of 330m of elevated railway viaduct. The viaduct will deviate from the mainline alongside Grade I and II listed structures, crossing the River Irwell and a dual carriageway to merge into existing lines. The challenges posed by designing such an ambitious project in a city location led to a myriad of structural options being considered. The selected option for the River Irwell span was an 89m single-span network arch bridge. On completion, the bridge will not only be the first network arch bridge in the UK, but also the second-longest in the world to carry twin heavy-rail tracks. This article gives an overview of the initial design processes that led to the proposition, recommendation and selection of the network arch-type bridge for this particular span within the overall system.

Uneven temperature distribution in a structural element constitutes one of its load factors. Temperature fields occurring in structural elements lead to stresses and strains. The values of internal stresses are directly related to temperature distribution and degree of freedom for element deformation. The best way to get information about temperature distribution in an element is to take measurements on a real object. Such measurements have been run or are still taken over decades in various parts of the world, e.g. in Western Europe, USA, China, South America. In a number of cases, such examinations were carried out for objects constructed in warm or hot climate. It is a lot harder to find the results of measurements made in the countries with moderate and transitional climate, like in the Central or East-Central Europe. This paper presents measurement methodology and results gained for a large steel bridge located in the East European Plain, about 52.5° N northern latitude. Permanently installed contact sensors, temporary sensors, as well as pyrometry and thermography were used. An attempt was made to determine temperature distribution in a steel box girder of a bridge using thermovision technique. Approximate temperature distribution patterns in the main span girder were determined from thermal photographs taken. The most important results of examinations are the images of temperature fields in the main span girder related to solar radiation that first and foremost directly affects the bridge deck.

This research was conducted in the waters of Malili River, East Luwu Regency, with 4 observation points in Malili River East Luwu Regency, namely: (a) Southeast Sulawesi Sub Das (Point 1) namely Pongkeru village bridge, Coordinate point 12126.69’8°” E; (b) Larona Sub Das Karebbe basin bridge (Point 2), Coordinate point 12115.09’9°” E; (c) The meeting point of Larona sub-dash and Pongkeru sub-dash (Point 3), coordinate point 12159.64’8°” E; (d) Upper Malili River, Malili village, Malili bridge (Point 4), Coordinate point 12147.20’5°” E. Metal concentration and distribution were analyzed descriptively with the help of images (maps), graphs, and tables. Differences in Pb, Cd, and Hg metal concentrations in sediments between point locations were tested using analysis of variance (ANOVA) through the SPSS version 22 program. The relation between grain size, organic matter, and Pb, Cd, and Hg metal concentrations was tested using linear correlation. The results showed that the sediment content of Pb and Cd metal concentrations at each point location did not exceed NOAA (1999) quality standards. In the sediment, Hg metal concentration exceeds the quality standards of NOAA (1999) at each point, namely point 1. Pongkeru 0.590 μg.g-1, point 2. Karebbe 0.229 μg.g-1, point 3. Kawasule 0.514 μg.g-1 and point 4. Malili 0.358 μg.g-1. The relation between sediment size and Pb, Cd, and Hg metal concentrations at each point location has a weak correlation. The relation does not significantly affect the content of heavy metals in the sediment. It may be due to other factors, such as the source of heavy metal pollutants in each different point location. The relation between organic matter and the concentration of Pb, Cd, and Hg metals at each point location has a weak correlation. The relation does not significantly affect the content of heavy metals in the sediment because it may be due to other factors, such as different sources of heavy metal pollutants in each point location.

The Loji Bridge in Pekalongan City is a cultural heritage building that was built in 1880, during the Dutch East Indies colonial period. The Loji Bridge is more than 150 years old and is still standing and is only used for bicycle and motorbike traffic. When it was built, it was an important bridge because it was a bridge on the north coast road. Until now, this has been the way of the economy. The condition of the bridge is currently unknown as to its structural feasibility. The Pekalongan city government will revitalize the bridge left over from the Dutch era so that it can be used again. If it is not possible for traffic to be used, it will be used as a place for MSME activities. So in the city of Pekalongan there are interesting places to attract visitors as culinary tourism spots and others.To determine the suitability of the bridge structure with a span of 50 meters, testing needs to be carried out. The test carried out is a load test. Why is a loading test carried out because there is no bridge building data, superstructure data or substructure/foundation data. So with a loading test you can immediately determine the amount of load the bridge can safely withstand.The loading method uses water loads, namely by creating a loading pool. The load is adjusted to the planned traffic load / live load. The equipment installed and recorded during the test is to determine and monitor the bridge settlement, either in the pillars or beams. Monitoring is carried out to maintain deflection / settlement. So that the decrease / deflection that occurs during testing is still within safe limits.The equipment used to monitor and record deflection is a Linear Variable Displacement Transducer (LVDT) which is connected to a data logger and computer. The LVDT is placed on wooden stakes / poles stuck into the river bed, so that the readings decrease relative to the river bed.Loji Bridge with a span of 50 meters consists of 4 pillars and 2 abutments. Upper structure with asphalt pavement, wooden plank floor. The abutments use river stone pairs and the pillars use 7 solid pipes with a diameter of 12 cm. Later, it is planned to replace the wooden floor with a reinforced concrete slab floor on the bridge.

Abstract In the past few years, the transport infrastructure of Sudan has radically changed. New roads, transport hubs, or means of transport have had a significant impact on the culture of travelling, and many of the older institutions connected with the phenomenon are things of the past now. One of those dying out phenomena is ferry crossing on the Nile. It was not long ago that a ferry was the basic means of transport throughout the riverine area of Sudan. It was the way of transporting people and goods, both along the river and across it. Today, because of the new era of modern motorways and bridges, its time is coming to an end. What can we learn about the Sudanese travel practices from the perspective of the Nile ferry? This is a fundamental question I will provide an answer to. In the paper I refer to the field observations made in the Northern Sudan in the village of ad Ghaddar in 2013.

Sei Kera river which is located in the district of Medan Perjuangan, Medan, North Sumatra accross the settlements with 10 villages namely Tegal Rejo, Sidorame West I, Waterquality status,Water quality standard, Storet method.Sidorame West II, Sidorame EastI, Sidorame East II, Sei Kera Hilir I, Sei Kera Hilir II, Sei Kera Hulu, Heroes and Pandau Hulu which is occupied 93.328 people. This study uses quantitative analysis is the quality of water in Sei Kerariver from the result of water quality parameters include parameters TotalofSuspended Solidsd (TSS), Chrome 6+, Chlorine, Nitrite, Fluoride, Phosphate, Sulfates, Sulfides, Nitrates, Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) and Detergents are made in 2 (two) points using purposive sampling method, the area of the river downstream at bridge on Mabar Street (point 1)and upstream bridge Cemara Street (point 2). Sampling is done within 3 (three) perod, and the data which has got is analyzed by spectrophotometry Method with approach criteria quality of water based on PP. 82 of 2001 on the Management of Water Quality and Water Pollution Control, the result is Sei Kera river from point 1 to point 2 can only meet Water Quality Standard Class III that the allocation can be used for fresh water cultivation for fish, animal husbandry, water to irrigate landscaping, and other uses that quality of water similar requirements to these purpioses.

In the present experiment, we took a section of Liaohe River in east of Shuangan bridge Yingzhou District, Tieling as an example to study ecological slope protection technique of riverbank in an agricultural catchment. In order to assess the potential of the slope protection project, the length of new taproot, height of new branches, and base diameter of shoot were determined. The results showed that the pioneer species such as Salix suchowensis and Amorpha fruticosa are growing very well with strong root system and flourished branches, which can help control soil erosion effectively. Furthermore, the growth indexes of Salix suchowensis were higher than those of Amorpha fruticosa after five months growing. Along with the riverbank being reinforced by soil bioengineering technique, native plants have been in rapid restoration and biodiversity increases.

The stability of slopes at bridge abutments across the Carrot River in east-central Saskatchewan was not influenced significantly by drawdown after flooding in the spring of 1995. Traditional methods of analysis for rapid drawdown predicted the factor of safety of slopes on highly plastic clays of proglacial Lake Agassiz would drop to 0.65 from an initial value of 1.0. Deformation along a well-defined slip plane has persisted at a more or less constant, slow rate since the bridge was constructed in 1975. The river rose approximately 10 m during a flood in the spring of 1995, yet there was only minimal response in piezometers and no measurable increase in the rate of deformation recorded by inclinometers. Pore-water pressures from a steady state seepage model, which was calibrated from piezometer measurements, were integrated into a stability analysis. Changes in pore-water pressures caused by flooding and subsequent drawdown were characterized from a transient seepage model using the flood hydrograph as a flux boundary. The stability analysis integrated with the transient seepage model estimated the factor of safety would drop from 1.0 to 0.91 after drawdown. Field measurements indicated the reduction in factor of safety was even less.

New data on Upper Triassic rocks in the eastern Coast Mountains show that it is Stikinia, not Wrangellia, that lies along the eastern margin of the Coast Plutonic Complex, at least as far south as latitude 51°N. These rocks constitute the upper Carnian–lower Norian Mt. Moore formation and the upper Norian Mosley formation. Clinopyroxene-phyric basaltic to andesitic breccia with lesser volcanic sandstone and rare carbonate compose the Mt. Moore formation. The Mosley formation comprises mafic volcaniclastic rocks and limestone. Correlation of these formations with Stikinia is based on similarities in age, stratigraphy, lithology, basalt geochemistry, and inferred tectonic setting.Recognition of Upper Triassic arc-related rocks of the Cadwallader terrane east of its previously known extent indicates that the Cadwallader terrane, rather than Stikinia, underlies much of the southern Intermontane Belt. The revised terrane distribution shows that Stikinia lay west of both the Cadwallader and Bridge River terranes prior to Cretaceous and Tertiary faulting. This configuration supports the idea that the Cadwallader and Stikine terranes represent fragments of a single early Mesozoic arc that was accreted during final closure of the Cache Creek – Bridge River ocean in Middle Jurassic time.

Paleontological exploration in the Green River Basin in the first half of the nineteenth century demonstrated the presence of vertebrate fossils there. Studies of potential wagon and railroad routes revealed additional information about the occurrence and distribution of fossiliferous rocks during the 1850s. Post Civil War government geologic and geographic surveys yielded large numbers of fossil mammals and created the setting for competition and controversy among Leidy, Cope and Marsh. Numerous publications resulted, as well as Leidy's departure from paleontology. Residents of Fort Bridger worked with all the Eastern scientists to provide information about fossil localities; many specimens also were sent east. Four Princeton expeditions in the 1870s and 1880s preceded the systematic work of the American Museum of Natural History in 1893 and 1903-1906. By 1909 the geological and vertebrate paleontologic framework of the basin was firmly established.

Gevninge – the gateway to LejreGevninge is one of many Danish villages characterised by having extensive modern housing estates built around a medieval core. The oldest part of the village, with a late Romanesque church, lies on the west side of a small river, Lejre Å, about 2 km from its mouth at Roskilde Fjord (fig. 1).Both in the 1880s and in the 1970s, remains of human skeletons were found in Grydehøj to the west of the old village core (fig. 2). These clearly originate from burials, but the finds are undated. In 1974, remains of an inhumation grave from Viking times were found a short distance from a sunken road which, up until the 18th century, was part of the main road between Kalundborg and Roskilde. In 1979, a gilded bronze strap-end mount from the 8th century AD was found less than 200 m south of the sunken road, but it was first in the winter of 1999-2000 that settlement remains from Viking times were discovered.The archaeological investigationsThe excavation in 2000 uncovered 3600 m2 of settlement remains; these had been heavily damaged by site development in the 1960s and 1970s (fig. 3). On the basis of the evidence available, it is impossible to determine whether these represent several phases of a single farmstead or a portion of a larger settlement. The absence of any traces of structures in the northern evaluation trenches indicates that the settlement did not extend to the north of the sunken road where the graves were found. The terrain falls relatively steeply away from the excavation to the east towards Gevninge Bygade and, although it is possible, it seems rather unlikely that the Viking Age settlement extended in this direction. Relative to the topography, an extension to the south and west seems most obvious.There is no doubt that the site should be assigned to the Viking period. House I is unlikely to be earlier than 10th century (fig. 4), whereas the rectangular pit-house belongs to the end of the same century or the subsequent one. House II (fig. 5) and the other pit-houses are – typologically – less useful for a precise dating of the site. The metal artefacts, including the strap-end mount and a handful of coins from the time of the Civil War, span the period from the 8th to the 14th century, but the majority belong in the 9th-10th centuries (figs. 9-13). Pottery is the most common artefact type and occurs as un-ornamented flat-bottomed settlement wares and Baltic ware (fig. 8). The former have typically inwardly curved rim sections, the sides of the vessels are un-ornamented and they are generally bucket-shaped (fig. 14). The Baltic ware pottery is characterised by more angular rims, which have often been finished off using a wooden shaping tool. Decoration is mostly in the form of encircling grooves, waved furrows and a series of slanting or circular impressions. Compared with the other finds from the structures, the Baltic ware from the excavation belongs in the latter part of the 10th century and up into the 11th century.Traces of crafts were not conspicuous. In one pit-house there were several un-fired clay loom weights, while two deep postholes in the bottom of another pit-house are interpreted as the base for a loom. The distaff whorls and – possibly – the few bone and antler needles also belong to textile production (fig. 7). Iron slag, which definitely was not one of the most conspicuous aspects, originates from “fire-based” crafts. Textile production and iron working are the crafts typically seen at agrarian sites, with the former occurring most frequently.On the basis of the buildings, the traces of crafts and the majority of the finds, the site must be categorised as an average farmstead from Viking times. The site did, however, include four unusual finds: a gold armring (figs. 12 and 13), part of a gilded bronze helmet (fig. 10), a bronze bucket and a winged spearhead. These finds give food for thought, nourished by Gevninge’s location in the landscape, combined with its proximity to the legendary Lejre.A main transport junctionThe area south of Gevninge is characterised by a series of branching streams which meet at Gammel Lejre and continue towards Roskilde Fjord in the form of Lejre Å. To the west and southwest there is an area of about 50 km2 with a more-or-less pronounced moraine landscape. Large parts of this have lain through historical times as rough ground, common and forest. This landscape type forms a very clear contrast to the area east of Lejre Å - a flat and fertile plain extending out to the Øresund and Køge Bugt. In landscape terms, this is a border area, running north-south, where crossing points had to be chosen with care. Gammel Lejre, which from the 5th to the 10th century was an important chieftain’s or royal farmstead with magnificent halls, huge long-houses and a cult site, is well-suited to the passage of east-westbound traffic (fig. 15). In the flat terrain to the east of Lejre Å, maps from the end of the 18th century and the beginning of the 19th century show no road network prior to the construction of two highways in the second half of the 18th century. These run in a straight line from Roskilde to Ringsted and Kalundborg, respectively. Between them, Ledreborg Allé can be seen; it was constructed at the same time and probably replaced a road running eastwards from Gammel Lejre. To the west of Lejre Å, the undulating landscape, with its numerous small, steep hills, small lakes, watercourses and wetlands, presented greater challenges. There was an alternative crossing point about 4 km to the northwest, close to the fjord. Today, this place is called Borrevejle, which means “the ford at the edge” (fig. 16). From Borrevejle, the road led to Gevninge and – via the sunken road to the north of the Viking Age settlement – down to Lejre Å. Here lay the ford Langvad, from where the road ran eastwards, south of Lyngbjerg Mose, towards Kattinge. The fact that the roads around 1800 led towards Kattinge is linked with the opportunity here to cross the system of watercourses and lakes which extended from Gammel Lejre and past Kor­nerup to a lake, Store Kattinge Sø, by Roskilde Fjord. At both ends of the lake there were lock bridges to allow passage. Store Kattinge Sø was originally a bay which was dammed in the High Middle Ages so that the water level today lies at +2.5 m. In Viking times the lock bridges at Store Kattinge Sø did not exist, the amount of water on the Kornerup Å drainage system was therefore less, and the possibilities for passage were decidedly different.The road eastwards from the ford in Gevninge could well have gone via Kattinge and crossed the watercourse between Lille Kattinge Sø and the bay. Around 1800, the road continued through Kongemarken, where a Viking Age inhumation grave, a Christian burial ground from the Late Viking and Early Medieval times, as well as remains of a settlement from the same time, have all been found. From here, the road swings northwards, across Gedevad and onwards to the east to the bishop’s thorp, Bistrup, and the village of Bjerget (St. Jørgensbjerg) with St. Clemens’ church on Roskilde Fjord. Neither of these two settlements can, with certainty, be traced back to before AD 1000. It is therefore an obvious possibility that eastward traffic from Kongemarken took a more southerly route, which – perhaps – is indicated by settlement remains and stray finds between Roskilde and Svogerslev Sø (see fig. 16). In this respect, it is worth mentioning that the two stray finds from Viking times from the Borrevejle area lie in association with the old road routes. Similarly, the small hoard of silver rings from Lyngbjerg Mose was found where the road from Gevninge to Kattinge ran from about 1800.From the above, it is apparent that there were two significant possibilities for the passage of east-west land traffic in the Gevninge-Lejre area. Both have topographic advantages and disadvantages, and identification of one as being more important than the other can be based on no more than a guess. However, inclusion of the waterways does contribute a new angle when addressing this question.The sea route to LejreThe Isefjord complex comprises a western and an eastern branch which both extend more than 35 km inland into Zealand. The western arm, Isefjord, is deep and wide and only has narrow passages around Orø (fig. 17). Despite the fact that Isefjord is the most accessible route from a seaward perspective, it is unlikely to have been the route taken by people travelling to Gammel Lejre. The distance over land to the Isefjord is almost three times as great as the shortest route between Gammel Lejre and Roskilde Fjord, and more than half of this distance comprises gently undulating rough ground with numerous ponds and wetlands.Roskilde Fjord is characterised by narrow navigation channels and variable water depth, but these naturally-determined sailing conditions would not have been a problem for people who knew the fjord. The bay, Lejre Vig, is the place closest to Gammel Lejre. The sea route leading to the bay is protected by a natural feature – a transverse bar, which extends from Bognæs in the south to Selsø in the north. The mouth of Lejre Å is, in topographical terms, a well-suited site for a landing place, but there is a lack of archaeological evidence for the existence of such a feature. Given the lack of a demonstrable landing place by the fjord, attention can be focussed on Lejre Å as being Gammel Lejre’s link with the sea.Streams and rivers as travel routesToday, very few watercourses in Denmark appear as being navigable. A very great proportion of them no longer have a natural appearance or water flow. This is primarily due to intensive efforts during the last 200 years to drain wet meadows and fields. Any evaluation of the navigability of a watercourse in Viking times is associated with a number of variable and, in part, unknown factors. Accordingly, any conclusions are vitiated by a degree of uncertainty, not least in the case of smaller watercourses. The width and depth of the stream or river is decisive in determining the size of vessel which can be navigated. The fall and natural course of a watercourse, which in places is sharply meandering with a variable water depth, will be limiting factors relative to the size of the vessel which is able to pass (fig. 18).The appearance of Lejre Å on maps from the 19th century can give some indication of the conditions prior to the time when drainage and water extraction were initiated. It seems that the course of the stream was relatively straight from its mouth up to Gevninge. However, at Gevninge Church there was a very sharp turn and this is still in existence. To the south of the village, the stream is considerably narrower and substantially more winding. Particularly from Kornerup and southwards towards Gammel Lejre, the course is, in places, strongly meandering. Overall, the stream has a fall from Gammel Lejre to its mouth of 7 m, which corresponds to a gradient of 1‰. The fall is not, however, evenly distributed. From Gammel Lejre, and about 1.5 km down its course, the stream falls 2.79‰, whereas the fall over the next 750 m is 1.31‰. From here to the ford in Gevninge, the fall is 0.5‰, with the last section to the mouth of the river having a fall of 0.34‰. Ole Crumlin-Pedersen has suggested that a watercourse is navigable – all things being equal – as long as the fall is less than 2‰. Alone on this basis, it is unlikely in the past that vessels sailed all the way to Gammel Lejre. It is therefore an obvious possibility that Gevninge was the place where the change was made from waterway to roadway.The distance from Gevninge to Gammel Lejre is 3.7 km by road, as shown on maps from around 1800. The road departs from an area where Viking Age settlement has been excavated and it follows the contours of the landscape in such a way that steep passages are avoided. The route taken by this road, rather than the river, constitutes the probable link between the two places.ConclusionGammel Lejre was not established at some random place in the landscape. With regard to resources, it was a border area between the hamlets of the Eastern Zealand plain and the Central Zealand forest settlements. In addition, it provided a satisfactory, potential crossing point east-west over the steam systems from the south. There is archaeological, legendary and historical evidence showing that Gammel Lejre was a very special place in the Late Iron Age and Viking times. This special position arose from its role as a cultic and power-political centre.The same situation was probably the case at the Tissø complex in Western Zealand, which was established at the beginning of the Late Germanic Iron Age. Tissø lies slightly more than 6 km from the coast, and both its name and finds from the lake demonstrate the cultic significance of the site. Almuth Schülke has pointed out that the Tissø complex lies virtually on an island, with the lake to one side and wetlands and watercourses to the other. Access to Tissø was made difficult by natural barriers in the landscape which conferred exclusiveness and – not least – the possibility of controlling traffic to the settlement.The topographically determined limitations on potential access to Gammel Lejre are not as clear as in the case of the Tissø complex. Watercourses and wetlands to the south and east form a natural border, and the rough ground of the common landscape to the west contains its own obstacles. None of these barriers was insurmountable but they could well have functioned as a border zone around Gammel Lejre. In the area of common from Borrevejle in the north to Ledreborg Castle in the south, a couple of settlements have been demonstrated along with three graves and a few stray finds from the Roman Iron Age. Similarly, in the Middle Ages there were at least five thorps here, which were later abandoned. For the central period relative to Gammel Lejre, the 5th-10th centuries AD, there are no finds from this area. It was not necessarily a conscious choice that the area lay abandoned. The same tendency to abandon poorer soils at the beginning of the Late Iron Age can be seen elsewhere, such as, for example, in Nordskoven at Jægerspris and on Halsnæs at the northernmost part of Roskilde Fjord. Neither is it unusual that areas such as these were then re-occupied for thorp settlement in the Early Middle Ages. This does not, however, change the fact that the area to the west of Gammel Lejre appears to have lain as a wilderness in Viking times. Apart from one artefact with no details of its exact find spot, there are no recorded finds from the Late Iron Age bet­ween the central site and Elverdamsåen, a watercourse lying about 10 km to the west.Access to Gammel Lejre was obviously regulated so that approved people could enter and intruders were held at a distance. Gevninge was a link in this invisible fence. Gevninge is located where roads running east-west meet to avoid Central Zealand’s areas of hilly rough ground, and where watercourses could be crossed relatively unproblematically. Furthermore, Gevninge was a landing place and offloading point for vessels that were able to enter the lower part of Lejre Å. Larger vessels could perhaps have lain at the mouth of the stream or innermost in Lejre Vig, but from here people would anyway have been directed to follow the road from Gevninge to Gammel Lejre.Seen in the light of this situation, Gevninge could have been the home of the Lejre King’s entrusted servant. He not only controlled the traffic through the area and access to Gammel Lejre, he also represented the Lejre king and, on his behalf, received distinguished personages and – who knows – perhaps escorted them to important meetings in the exclusivity of the magnificent hall. With this position in society, Lejre’s gatekeeper probably received gifts of golden rings, magnificent weapons and vessels from Lejre’s pugnacious king.Jens UlriksenRoskilde Museum

Leaf rust of wheat caused by Puccinia triticina (Pt) is one of the most common fungal diseases in the southwest and northwest of China, the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, and the southern part of the Huang-Huai-Hai river basin. Using 13 simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers, we systematically revealed the genotypic diversities, population differentiation and reproduction of Pt isolates in 15 wheat-producing areas in China. A total of 622 isolates were divided into 3 predominant populations, including the eastern Pt populations, consisting of Pt samples from 8 eastern provinces of Beijing, Hebei, Shanxi, Shaanxi, Anhui, Shandong, Henan, and Heilongjiang; the 4 western Pt populations from Gansu, Qinghai, Sichuan, and Inner Mongolia provinces; and the bridge Pt populations including Jiangsu, Hubei, and Yunnan, which communicated the other 2 populations as a “bridge”. The pathogen transmission of eastern Pt populations was more frequent than western Pt populations. The linkage disequilibrium test indicated that the whole Pt population was in a state of linkage disequilibrium. However, populations of Beijing, Hebei, Shaanxi, Jiangsu, Henan, and Heilongjiang provinces showed obvious linkage equilibrium, while the five provinces of Qinghai, Hubei, Anhui, Shandong, and Inner Mongolia supported clonal modes of reproduction.