Literatura académica sobre el tema "Brick Kiln labourers"

Background: Brick kiln workers are unskilled labourers and keep migrating from one place to another leading to non/partial immunization of their children. The study was conducted to estimate the prevalence of full immunisation among the children of mother living in brick kiln and to assess the factors associated with incomplete or non-immunisation. Methods: The study was conducted using stratified cluster sampling technique in different brick kilns of four districts of Bihar. Results: Out of 332 children the prevalence of full immunization was 55.43% and partial immunization was 37.65% while 6.92 % children were not immunized at all. The most common reason for non/partial immunization was lack of awareness about importance of immunization (37.2%) followed by no information of nearest place of vaccination (33.1%). Conclusion: The routine immunization coverage has increased but it is still low among migrant brick kiln workers.

This article discusses the working and living conditions of unskilled labourers in South Tehran, and pays particular attention to the workers of the brick-kiln factories of Khatunabad. The brick-kiln workers, mostly transient rural workers, were among the poorest of the Iranian labour class. At the same time, in terms of sheer numbers they represented 5 per cent of the population of Tehran in 1960. They lived and worked under appalling conditions but, nevertheless, they only seldom went on strike. The brickworkers' main concern was not so much their working conditions, but rather to get and hold a job. This was difficult, because (1) they were seasonal labour; (2) they had no representative workers' organization to speak for them; (3) the way their industry was organized left them with little power; and (4) there was strong competition from other unskilled and unemployed labourers. Finally, the six known strikes by the brick-kiln workers will be highlighted, and used to discuss the context in which all Iranian workers had to operate.

The key argument of this paper is that the changing nature of women’s involvement in non-agricultural labor force has added a critical dimension in the development process of Nepal. This relationship between involvement and development has been affected by nature of women’s employment, education, family responsibility and state policy. The major objective of this paper is to analyze critical issues, condition, tribulations and options associated with the livelihoods of women labourers working in brick kiln. For meeting the objectives, qualitative and quantitative data from both primary and secondary sources were used. Primary data were collected via self administered questionnaire, interview, observation and case study. The study findings reveal that due to poverty, low education and skills, many rural women are concentrated in low-skilled and low-paid employment in urban brick kilns where they suffer from gender discriminations, exploitations and male chauvinism in salary, working hours, promotion and facilities. Gender relation has been foremost in determining control over and access to labour, resources, institutions and services. Hence, understanding the different role of women and men is critical to understanding how that system affects women labour, reward, punishment, productivity and sustainability in brick kilns. Policies should consider women labourers easy access to education and information on their rights, as well as supportive institutions and legal measures to ensure their safety, gender rights and encourage private sector development in rural areas that can increase job opportunities for rural women hence reducing their brisk migration to urban areas for job.Janapriya Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies, Vol. 5 (December 2016), page:56-74

Clay fired bricks are commonly encountered in the construction sector as infill between structural frames. This system has been favoured by builders due to familiarity, ease of manufacture, and they also do not require skilled labourers to erect. Produced from moulded clay and hardened by firing in a kiln, brick production is both energy intensive and high in CO2 emission. Fired bricks are typically held together by cement mortar at the bed and perpend joints which provide very minimal resistance against shearing or flexure. This meant brick walls often require additional wind posts or stiffeners to provide stability. Compressed earth masonry offers an alternative to the conventional brick walling system in that, besides having the advantages of conventional bricks, they also confer higher compressive strengths due to the high-pressure compaction manufacturing process. The high strength allows the system to be adapted into load-bearing masonry system for use in low-rise buildings as an alternative to the more expensive reinforced concrete or steel framing system. The high-pressure compaction process along with high quality moulds also give fair-faced finished to the bricks, allowing them to be used as facing bricks and eliminating the need for surface finishing such as plastering. Additionally, compressed bricks featuring interlocking key holes along the bed joints allows for simplified and faster wall erection process. This review paper aims to document the research progress thus far in adopting the compressed interlocking bricks as a sustainable alternative to current building materials.

As a result of acute landlessness and high unemployment, young people especially in rural India are compelled to take money in advance from kiln owners for their daily sustenance by selling their labour. This arrangement limits their mobility to look for other locations to work in. It also hinders their negotiating power regarding minimum wages and forces them to work in appalling conditions. A vicious debt trap sucks in these powerless workers, creating a situation known as neo-bondage. This article looks at the conditions that lead to a state of neo-bondage among brick kiln workers of rural Bihar. The study is based on a field survey of 345 brick kiln labourers working in 36 sites in Rohtas district of Bihar. The findings of the survey suggest that despite the Bonded Labour System (Abolition) Act, 1976, debt bondage is a common phenomenon in this industry. Although the Act prohibits any advance transactions, in cash or kind, made by a creditor to a debtor, the law has not been implemented effectively essentially because of poor socio-economic development, chronic underemployment and a lack of awareness found particularly in rural India.

Purpose This paper aims to analyse the factors influencing migration, the labour migration process and the status of migrant laborers in the informal sector, particularly those working in brick kiln factories. It will shed light on the precarious nature of their work, often characterized by informal and verbal contracts. The paper examines occupational and environmental health hazards affecting the labourers and their impact on their well-being, the vulnerability of women in the precarious work environment and the associated health risks in brick kiln factories in India. Design/methodology/approach The study relies primarily on primary data collection, supplemented by secondary literature and documents. Balangir district was chosen as the research region due to its historical deprivation, underdevelopment and the historical prevalence of environmental distress, leading to distress-driven migration. To gather primary data, 40 respondents were selected from five selected blocks in Balangir district, resulting in a total of 200 respondents. In addition, in-depth interviews were conducted with 35 individuals across the selected blocks, with approximately seven participants from each block. In addition, interviews of 10 kids were taken and around 10 key informants including the trade union leaders, intellectuals and civil society activists. Findings Migrant labourers, including men, women and children, face significant health issues and are exposed to similar occupational health hazards. Internal migrant women workers are more vulnerable as they face critical health risks during pregnancy in host areas due to unfavourable working conditions and limited access to health-care services. Factors such as strenuous work, long working hours, poor nutrition and inadequate maternal care contribute to adverse outcomes such as spontaneous abortion, premature delivery and abnormal postnatal development. Research limitations/implications The brick kiln industry presents a distressing reality for men who are highly vulnerable to occupational accidents, and women workers are exposed to sexual abuse, exploitation and violence. The prevalence of physical harassment, ranging from leering to rape, is alarmingly high among women. These incidents not only inflict physical harm but also cause severe psychological trauma and increase the risk of sexually transmitted diseases. Despite the existence of laws aimed at protecting women’s rights and addressing sexual offences, the workers often remain unaware of their rights. This lack of awareness further compounds the vulnerability of women workers and perpetuates their exploitation in the workplace. Practical implications To address health issues comprehensively, interventions should encompass the entire migrant population, including men and children. Strategies should focus on improving access to health-care services, promoting occupational health and safety measures, ensuring proper immunization and nutrition for children and addressing the broader social determinants of health. Empowering women with knowledge about reproductive health and rights, raising awareness about available health-care services and strengthening health-care providers’ capacity to cater to migrant populations are crucial steps towards addressing health disparities. Social implications Urgent interventions and policies are needed to address the health vulnerabilities of internal migrant workers and women workers. It is required to ensure health-care accessibility, improving working conditions, ensuring access to maternal care and essential supplements and providing health-care services for both pregnant women and their children, regardless of migration status. Originality/value The study focused on precarious health and occupational hazards and accidents faced by migrant workers. It highlights women migrant labourer’s and children’s vulnerability in the Brick Klin sector, which is a value addition to the existing knowledge in social science.

Drawing on fieldwork in two villages of Muzaffarnagar district of Western Uttar Pradesh, through case studies of brick kiln workers and cane cutters, this article attempts to show how bonded labour is continued in contemporary times. These two groups of brick kiln workers and cane-cutters belong to the Scheduled caste, and their marginalization is manufactured through social exclusion. Debt is used as a tool to sustain and build upon their marginalization by capitalist forces. Through studying the elements of neo-bondage, this article aims to show how Dalits who are at the lowest rung of India’s informal economy are tied down to exploitative and harsh working conditions that reduce their possibility of exit from those conditions. Not undermining debt as a tool of exploitation, it is also argued that bonded labour is often seen as a protective safety net that not only promises the Dalit labourers fixed employment for a stipulated time but also shows them the escape route from financial dependence on the upper caste moneylenders who play havoc in their lives through usury.

Drawing on fieldwork in two villages of Muzaffarnagar district of Western Uttar Pradesh, through case studies of brick kiln workers and cane cutters, this article attempts to show how bonded labour is continued in contemporary times. These two groups of brick kiln workers and cane-cutters belong to the Scheduled caste, and their marginalization is manufactured through social exclusion. Debt is used as a tool to sustain and build upon their marginalization by capitalist forces. Through studying the elements of neo-bondage, this article aims to show how Dalits who are at the lowest rung of India’s informal economy are tied down to exploitative and harsh working conditions that reduce their possibility of exit from those conditions. Not undermining debt as a tool of exploitation, it is also argued that bonded labour is often seen as a protective safety net that not only promises the Dalit labourers fixed employment for a stipulated time but also shows them the escape route from financial dependence on the upper caste moneylenders who play havoc in their lives through usury.

The current cross-sectional study is on the pathetic and excruciating conditions of employees in the brick industry conducted using a mixed-method approach in selected kilns from the four Districts of Karnataka State, South India. India is the country producing the highest number of bricks after China. Economic coercion is pushing the massive poor, especially the women labourers to engage in hard physical labour to survive. This study has explored that labourers in the brick industry are being exploited and excluded in voluminous ways. Caste plays a predominant role while hiring, wage fixation, and assigning the job at kilns. Women labour is being devalued in the name of the traditional and irrational social construction of gender. Sexual exploitations, low payment, restless work, harassment, absence of labour laws, are common here. It is found that rigid intergenerational occupational mobility into unorganised sectors among lower-caste people, as well as intra/intra-community social networks, among brick workers, are being called into question. We conclude that this is the time to think about the ‘National Register of Interstate Migrants’ and ‘National Mission to the Brick Industry’ in the context of the post-economic situation of COVID-19.

The distinct traditional knowledge and culture of Myinkaba (ancient Anuradha) village at Bagan is closely linked to its port location and ecology on the Ayeyarwaddy River. Myinkaba has smelting and production evidence from the first millennium CE in seven glass/glaze kilns, with beads traded along the river. Beads, potsherds and finger-marked bricks suggest it may be one of the earliest villages of Bagan. Its historical architecture includes the rare Nanphaya sandstone temple with images of Brahma. Other significant traits of Myinkaba include the large seasonal lake or inn gyi, silica-rich sand deposits and bamboo. Particular bamboo species are used in Myinkaba’s lacquer industry with bamboo also essential for making mats, house sidings and baskets. The traditional knowledge of the lacquer arts, bamboo crafts, crop and water management, and paper puppet making and cultivation are passed on through apprenticeship informed by knowledge of the local environment. While the absence of tourists during the Covid-19 period has brought much lacquer production to a standstill, making vessels for local religious and domestic uses has continued. The bamboo products and trade market has stayed stable with local workshop owners providing free food and half-wages to the labours. Active pagodas have been secure with the donation from pilgrims and online gifting. As part of the UNESCO World Heritage site, the ancient remains are preserved by the Department of Archaeology but as this paper describes, this works together with community protection of traditional knowledge. The social identity as Myinkaba natives, the unique local and natural resources, have supported local pride and resilience for more than a thousand years.