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1
Sharma, Davinder Kumar. "Toxin production by Clostridium botulinum". Thesis, University of East Anglia, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.301991.
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The endopeptidase activity assay developed for measurement of purified botulinum neurotoxin type A (BoNT/A) in clinical therapeutic preparations has been adopted to provide a specific measure of BoNT/A activity in culture supernatants of proteolytic C. botulinum type A. Electrophoretic studies and inhibition of BoNT/A activity by anti-A antibody confirmed the specificity of the assay. The minimum detection limit was 0.2 MLD50/ml indicating the assay as more sensitive than the standard mouse bioassay or any other in vitro assay available to date. Whilst the assay did not exhibit any cross reactions with non-proteolytic (saccharolytic) clostridia, proteolytic C. botulinum types B and F and C. sporogenes showed some cross reactions. The endopeptidase assay was used to investigate physiological aspects of BoNT/A production by proteolytic C. botulinum type A strain NCTC 7272. Growth studies at 15°C, 25°C and 37°C with strain NCTC 7272 demonstrated that the first appearance of BoNT/A (0.1-1.0 MLD50 ml) occurred during mid-late exponential or early stationary phase of growth. Extracellular BoNT/A formation was not proportional to viable count. Slightly more BoNT/A was detected at 25°C than 37° or 15°C. The results of BoNT/A formation by one of the growth curves at 25°C measured by the endopeptidase assay and mouse bioassays were very similar confirming the specificity of the assay. A simple method was developed to lyre the cells so that BoNT/A formation could be subsequently measured in the endopeptidase assay. The data obtained following lysis of cells and measurement of intracellular BoNT/A showed that both intracellular BoNT/A and total BoNT/A formation is not constitutive but are more closely proportional to viable count than extracellular BoNT/A. Release of BoNT/A from cells was not associated with autolysis. The conversion of BoNT/A from the single-chain to dichain form during growth has been measured. The use of the endopeptidase assay has been also exploited to study BoNT/A formation by this strain within the population of cells. There was only a four-fold difference in BoNT/A production by cells of strain NCTC 7272, and further work in this area is warranted. Attempts were made to use MAPs for the production of monoclonal antibodies to SNAP-25 following cleavage by BoNT/E. Whilst the outcome was unsuccessful, the soundness of the principle was demonstrated
2
Rystedt, Alma. "Botulinum Toxin : Formulation, Concentration and Treatment". Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Neurologi, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-181667.
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Botulinum toxin (BTX) is used in various fields of medicine, including the treatment of hyperhidrosis and cervical dystonia. Botox®, Dysport®, Xeomin® and NeuroBloc® are commercially available BTX products, which are formulated differently and their dosing units are unique. Dosage and concentration of the prepared solution for injection varies considerably among studies comparing the products. Improved guidelines on concentration and dosing when changing from one product to another are warranted. This would ensure the use of the lowest effective doses for good effect, minimal risk of antibody formation and side-effects as well as reduced costs. The aim of the present work was to find the most appropriate BTX concentration for each of the four products to achieve the highest sweat reducing effect and to investigate dose conversion ratios between Botox and Dysport in the treatment of cervical dystonia when the products are diluted to the same concentration, 100 U/ml. Paper I and II clearly confirm that it is crucial to consider the BTX concentration in a treatment regimen, especially when changing between different products. The optimal concentration to reduce sweating varies among the products and was found to be 25 U/ml for Botox and Xeomin, approximately 100 U/ml for Dysport and 50 U/ml for NeuroBloc. However, for NeuroBloc the optimal concentration might be even lower. In Paper III, which is a retrospective study using casebook notes from 75 patients with cervical dystonia, it was found that the most appropriate dose conversion ratio to use when switching from Botox to Dysport was 1:1.7. In Paper IV, Botox and Dysport were prospectively compared in a double-blind, randomized clinical trial in two different dose conversion ratios (1:3 and 1:1.7) when diluted to the same concentration (100 U/ml). No statistically significant difference was seen between Botox (1:3) and Dysport nor between Botox (1:1.7) and Dysport four weeks after treatment. Some of the secondary outcome observations, however, did indicate that the ratio 1:3 resulted in suboptimal efficacy of Botox but this must be further validated in a larger patient material.
3
Costantin, Laura. "Anti-epileptic effect of Botulinum Toxin E". Doctoral thesis, Scuola Normale Superiore, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/11384/85973.
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Davis, Tom Owen. "Regulation of botulinum toxin complex formation in Clostridium botulinum : type A NCTC 2916". Thesis, Open University, 1998. http://oro.open.ac.uk/57744/.
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Genomic DNA fragments encoding the silent type B neurotoxin gene from Clostridium botulinum NCTC 2916 have been cloned and the complete nucleotide sequence determined. The translated sequence revealed that the gene encoded a neurotoxin which was closely related to type B neurotoxin genes from Group I Clostridium botulinum. However among the nucleotide sequence differences, aG to T transition has interrupted the coding sequence with the formation of a stop codon. In addition the deletion of an adenine residue has resulted in a frame-shift mutation. Analysis of the DNA sequence contiguous with the silent type B neurotoxin gene revealed the presence of a gene encoding a Nontoxic-Nonhaemagglutinin protein which appears to share a bicistronic mRNA transcript with the type B neurotoxin gene. In the reverse orientation, the partial sequence of a gene encoding a haemagglutinin protein was found, typical of type A and B botulinal neurotoxin complexes. Separating the genes encoding the 'components of the neurotoxin complex was a gene of 178 amino acids which possessed features commonly associated with transcriptional factors. To facilitate the in vivo study of botulinal neurotoxin complex regulation, a gene transfer system using clostridial components has been developed. The minimal replicon of the cryptic plasmid pCB 102 from Clostridium butyricum NCIB 7423 was located to 1.6 kb DNA fragment by deletion analysis, enabling the identification of hitherto undiscovered putative ORFs and secondary structures, consistent with a replicative function. The replicon has been incorporated in to a number of Escherichia coli vectors resulting in a versatile series of shuttle vectors which have demonstrated high structural and segregational stabilities in a heterologous host Clostridium beyerinckii NCI NIB 8052. Gene transfer of a Group I Clostridium botulinum type A strain was demonstrated with a representative pCB 102-derived shuttle vector, pMTL540E. In addition, a 5.9 kb plasmid indigenous to C. hotulimun NCTC 2916 was cloned and the complete nucleotide sequence determined. Eight putative ORFs have been identified, including a putative replication protein and recombinase.
5
Lee, John. "Botulinum toxin in the management of ocular motility disorders". Thesis, University of Oxford, 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.432577.
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Cosgrove, Aidan Patrick. "Botulinum toxin A in the management of cerebral palsy". Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 1992. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.317529.
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Wilhelm, Christina Marie. "ORAL LD50 OF BOTULINUM TOXIN SEROTYPE A IN GUINEA PIGS". Wright State University / OhioLINK, 2007. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=wright1196964577.
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Veronezi, Luciane Orbem. "Aspectos epidemiológicos, clínicos, patológicos e laboratoriais do botulismo em bovinos no estado de Santa Catarina". Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina, 2009. http://tede.udesc.br/handle/handle/909.
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Previous issue date: 2009-11-11The study was carried out through the epidemiological, clinical, pathological and laboratory findings of botulism in cattle in the state of Santa Catarina, during the period from 1987 to 2008. The data were obtained through information from the files of the Department of Animal Pathology CAV/UDESC and in the properties which the disease continued to occur. In properties with the botulism associated phosphorus deficiency cattle, the animals were kept on native pastures, in most cases, located in the Planalto Serrano. The disease occurred mainly in the summer months, when cows with calf without mineral supplementation and that were not vaccinated against botulism. In the farms visited, there were several bones of corpses scattered in the pastures. Eight outbreaks of botulism were studied from 2006 to 2008, including seven cases related to phosphorus deficiency and osteophagia, and one case associated with oat pasture fertilized with incomplete decomposed carcasses of pigs and poultry. In all outbreaks clinical signs consisted of paresis, progressive paralysis and recumbency followed by death. At necropsy there were no lesions, but bone fragments were found mixed with the contents of the reticulum of two cattle. On histological examination, significant lesions were not observed. In the microbiological analisys performed in the samples collected from seven outbreaks C. botulinum was isolated. In the botulism associated phosphorus deficiency, botulinum toxin type C was detected from the intestinal contents of cattle and type D on samples collected from bone and soil. In the botulism associated with contamineted feed, was detected spores of C.botulinum type D isolated from samples of compost, soil and bones of carcasses scattered in the pasture. The diagnosis of botulism was established through the analysis of epidemiological, clinical and pathological findings associated with the detection of toxin present in outbreaks studied
O trabalho foi realizado através de estudo dos aspectos epidemiológicos, clínicos, patológicos e laboratoriais do botulismo em bovinos no Estado de Santa Catarina, durante os anos de 1987 a 2008. Os dados foram adquiridos através de informações obtidas dos arquivos do Setor de Patologia Animal CAV/UDESC e nas propriedades em que a enfermidade continuou a ocorrer. Nas propriedades com botulismo associado à deficiência de fósforo, os bovinos eram mantidos em campos nativos, na maioria dos casos, localizados na região do Planalto Serrano. A doença manifestou-se principalmente nos meses de verão, em vacas com terneiro ao pé, sem suplementação mineral e que não eram vacinados contra botulismo. Nas propriedades visitadas foram observados inúmeros ossos de cadáveres espalhados nas pastagens. Oito surtos de botulismo foram acompanhados no período de 2006 a 2008, sendo sete deles relacionados à carência de fósforo e osteofagia e um associado à pastagem de aveia adubada com compostagem incompleta de carcaças de suínos e aves. Em todos os surtos os sinais clínicos consistiam em paresia, paralisia progressiva, decúbito seguido de morte. Á necropsia não foram evidenciadas lesões, porém fragmentos de ossos foram encontrados misturados ao conteúdo do retículo de dois bovinos. No exame histológico não foi observado lesões significativas. Na análise microbiológica das amostras coletadas de sete surtos foi isolado C. botulinum. No botulismo associado a deficiência de fósforo foi detectada toxina botulínica tipo C em conteúdo intestinal de um bovino e tipo D a partir de ossos e amostras de solo coletado. No botulismo associado a alimentos contaminados, foi detectados esporos do Clostridium botulinum tipo D nas amostras da compostagem, de solo e ossos das carcaças espalhadas na pastagem. O diagnóstico de botulismo foi estabelecido através da análise dos aspectos epidemiológicos, clínicos e patológicos associado à detecção da toxina botulínica presente nos surtos acompanhados
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Adam-Castrillo, David. "Local Administration of Botulinum Toxin Type-B in the External Anal Sphincter of Horses Produces Transient Reduction of Peak Anal Pressure". Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/33927.
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Toxins produced by the Gram-positive bacteria Clostridium botulinum cause transient chemodenervation of mammalian muscle. The toxin binds to specific proteins within cholinergic presynaptic nerve terminals which regulate the release of acetylcholine in the synaptic space resulting is loss of muscle activation and function.
Local injections with botulinum toxins are currently used in humans for the treatment of disorders that benefit from prolonged neuromuscular blockade such as strabismus, blepharospasm, focal dystonias, spasticity, tremors, and anal fissures. Injections with botulinum toxin type A into the internal or external anal sphincter cause relaxation of the anal canal and allow healing of chronic anal fissures.
Perineal lacerations in mares, which occur during foaling often dehisce after surgical repair due to the high pressure across the incision resulting from accumulation of feces in the rectum. We hypothesized local injections of Clostridium botulinum type B toxin into the external anal sphincter could cause a decrease in anal pressures, thus reducing the incidence of dehiscence if used before surgical repair of perineal laceration in mares.
The purpose of this project was to determine the effects of BTB injection in the external anal sphincter in normal horses. Our hypothesis was that local injection of BTB would result in transient reduction of anal tone without causing clinical side effects. Peak and resting anal sphincter pressures of horses were measured with a custom made rectal probe connected to a pressure transducer. Pressures were measured before treatment and after injection with Clostridium botulinum type B toxin (BTB) or saline. Dose titration with 500, 1000, 1500 and 2500 units of BTB was completed. The horses' physical changes, behavior, and anal pressure were recorded. Injection of 1000 units of BTB produced significant reduction in peak anal pressure from days 2 to 84 when compared to control animals (P<0.05). Maximal effect of the toxin was observed within the first 15 days after injections followed by a slow return to baseline over 168 days. Injection in the anal sphincter with 2500 units of BTB in one horse produced signs of depression, generalized weakness, and dysphagia for 14 days. Clinical side effects were not observed in horses after injections with 500, 1000, or 1500 units of BTB.
In summary, local injections of botulinum toxin type-B in the external anal sphincter of horses caused transient relaxation of the anus and reduction of peak anal pressures. Systemic side effects were observed in one horse, which suggested a narrow dosage range to avoid toxicity. Further research to test the effects of botulinum toxin in clinical cases is needed to determine the full potential of this treatment modality.Master of Science
10
Cadieux, Brigitte. "Development of a novel, rapid, in vitro assay for the detection of Clostridium botulinum neurotoxin type E". Thesis, McGill University, 2001. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=32836.
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Botulism is a foodborne intoxication caused by ingestion of Clostridium botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT). Preliminary studies focussed on the production of polyclonal antisera against BoNT/E by immunizing a rabbit with botulinal toxoid type E. The antiserum was subsequently used to detect BoNT/E using the slot blot immunoassay where samples were applied to a slot blot filtration manifold and drawn by vacuum through a membrane. The membrane was then immunologically processed before chemiluminescent detection. However, the antisera lacked specificity and cross-reacted with closely related clostridia strains.The specificity of the antisera was increased by adsorbing cross-reactive antibodies from whole antisera with affinity columns made with total proteins from culture supernatants of closely related clostridia. Alternatively, specific antibodies were isolated with an affinity column prepared with C. botulinum type E toxoid.
Different methods of concentrating BoNT/E in each sample prior to testing them were evaluated to increase the sensitivity of the assay.
The slot blot immunoassay was then evaluated for detection of BoNT/E in mixed cultures and in food samples. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)
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Gollmitzer, Iris. "Das Frey-Syndrom eine prospektive randomisierte Therapiestudie mit Botulinum-Toxin A /". [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2004. http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=970685076.
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Kangas, Pia. "Botulinum toxin för behandling av migrän : Kunskapsläget idag - Effekt och biverkningar". Thesis, Umeå universitet, Farmakologi, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-136682.
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Yap, Rita. "Determinants of responsiveness to botulinum A toxin in children with cerebral palsy". Thesis, McGill University, 2005. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=98524.
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Botulinum A toxin (BTX) has become increasingly recognized as a treatment option in the management of spasticity in children with cerebral palsy (CP). Preliminary evidence suggests that certain baseline characteristics of the child may affect responsiveness to BTX. However, the contribution of these factors has not been fully elucidated.The primary objective of the study was to examine whether specific intrinsic and extrinsic characteristics of the child were associated with responsiveness to BTX. The results indicate that age, number of treatments, parenting stress and child's motivation were associated with the degree of change in gait pattern, level of ambulation, gross motor function and functional independence. The findings suggest that the contribution of contextual factors (personal and environmental) on responsiveness to BTX is underappreciated in children with mild CP. Identification of potential factors contributing to responsiveness to BTX will assist clinicians in identifying children who would benefit most from this procedure.
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Sharkey, Freddie. "Toxin gene expression in Clostridium botulinum type E under different growth conditions". Thesis, University of Ulster, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.274025.
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McGrath, Susan. "The development of an RNA assay for Clostridium botulinum toxin gene expression". Thesis, University of Ulster, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.326309.
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Pimentel, Leonardo Halley Carvalho. "Different doses of botulinum toxin in spastic equinus foot of poststroke patients". Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2013. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=11077.
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nÃo hÃBackground: Botulinum toxin type A (BTX-A), one of the most potent biological toxins, acts by blocking neuromuscular transmission via inhibiting acetylcholine release and is a well-known treatment for poststroke spasticity, despite some variations among dose protocols. Spasticity is one of the factors that affect the functional rehabilitation process in stroke. Spasticity arises from the loss of myotatic reflex inhibition, resulting from upper motor neuron lesion. Equinus foot is common in lower limb spasticity after stroke worsening gait pattern and functional independence. The objective of this study is to evaluate the effects of BTX-A different doses on spastic foot in stroke patients in rehabilitation programme and on gait velocity and functional independence of these patients. Methods: This study was a randomized, prospective and double blind trial. Patients were recruited if they had diagnosis of stroke (ischemic or hemorrhagic) with a poststroke period of at least six months and hemiparesis with spastic equinus foot (Ashworth score 3 or 4 in a range from 0 to 5). Twenty-one hemiparetic stroke patients enrolled in a rehabilitation programme were divided into two groups. The first group (n=11) received BTX-A 300UI in spastic foot and the second group (n=10) received BTX-A 100UI. All patients were assessed at baseline and 2, 4, 8 and 12 weeks after injection for passive range of motion for ankle joint, Modified Ashworth Score, time walking 10 meters, clonus score and motor score of Functional Independence Measure (mFIM). Results: Higher dose group had significant improvement in range of motion on week 12 (p=0,021) and in Ashworth score on weeks 8 (p=0,012) and 12 (p < 0,0001) compared with lower dose group. There was slight improvement in clonus score in higher dose group on week 12 without statistical significance. Both groups had improvement in time walking 10 meters and mFIM without significant difference between them in the analyzed sample. There was no significant adverse effect. Conclusions: BTX-A is an important tool in poststroke rehabilitation for spasticity parameters improvement, but there was no significant difference between high and low doses of BTX-A for gait velocity neither for functional independence in the analyzed sample. Future studies with larger number of patients and evaluation of response to BTX-A reapplications are necessary to confirm these findings.
IntroduÃÃo: A toxina botulÃnica tipo A (TbA), uma das mais potentes toxinas biolÃgicas, age atravÃs do bloqueio da transmissÃo neuromuscular via inibiÃÃo da liberaÃÃo de acetilcolina e à um tratamento bem-estabelecido para espasticidade pÃs-AVE, apesar de variaÃÃes entre os protocolos de doses em diferentes centros. Espasticidade à um dos fatores que interferem no processo de reabilitaÃÃo funcional apÃs acidente vascular encefÃlico (AVE). Ela surge por causa da perda da inibiÃÃo do reflexo miotÃtico, resultante de lesÃo do neurÃnio motor superior. O pà equino à comum na espasticidade de membro inferior depois do AVE e sua instalaÃÃo piora o padrÃo de marcha e a independÃncia funcional. O objetivo desse estudo à avaliar os efeitos da TbA em diferentes doses sobre o pà espÃstico de pacientes com sequela de AVE inseridos em programa de reabilitaÃÃo e sobre a velocidade de marcha e independÃncia funcional desses pacientes. Metodologia: Este estudo foi realizado atravÃs de ensaio randomizado, prospectivo e duplo cego. Foram recrutados pacientes com diagnÃstico de AVE (isquÃmico ou hemorrÃgico) com perÃodo pÃs-AVE de pelo menos seis meses e hemiparesia com pà equino espÃstico (escore Ashworth 3 ou 4 em uma escala de 0 a 5). Vinte e um pacientes hemiparÃticos pÃs-AVE inseridos em programa de reabilitaÃÃo foram divididos em dois grupos. O primeiro grupo (n=11) recebeu aplicaÃÃo de 300UI de TbA no pà espÃstico e o segundo grupo (n=10) recebeu 100UI de TbA. Todos os pacientes foram avaliados no tempo zero e 2, 4, 8 e 12 semanas apÃs a injeÃÃo quanto aos seguintes parÃmetros: amplitude de movimento passivo da articulaÃÃo do tornozelo, escala de Ashworth modificada, tempo para andar 10 metros, escore clÃnus de aquileu e escore motor da Medida de IndependÃncia Funcional (MIFm). Resultados: O grupo 300UI TbA teve melhora significativa da amplitude de movimento na 12 semana (p=0,021) e da escala de Ashworth nas 8 (p=0,012) e 12 (p < 0,0001) semanas em comparaÃÃo ao grupo 100UI TbA. Houve tendÃncia à melhora do escore clÃnus na 12 semana no grupo 300UI TbA. Ambos os grupos apresentaram melhora durante o estudo no tempo para andar 10 metros e da MIFm sem diferenÃa significativa entre eles. NÃo foram observados efeitos adversos significativos no decorrer do estudo. ConclusÃes: TbA à uma importante ferramenta na reabilitaÃÃo pÃs-AVE para melhora dos parÃmetros de espasticidade, mas nÃo houve diferenÃa significativa entre dose alta e baixa de TbA para parÃmetros funcionais (velocidade de marcha e independÃncia funcional), na amostra analisada. Estudos futuros com um nÃmero maior de pacientes e avaliaÃÃo de resposta a reaplicaÃÃes de TbA sÃo necessÃrios para confirmaÃÃo desses achados.
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Maple, Laura. "Botulinum Toxin for NON-Surgical Lateral Release in Subjects with Patellofemoral Pain". VCU Scholars Compass, 2009. http://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/1923.
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Previous studies for treating Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome (PFPS) are controversial regarding the effectiveness in alleviating anterior knee pain (AKP). The muscular imbalance between the vastus medialis oblique/vastus lateralis (VMO/VL) may be the underlying mechanical issue causing PFPS. It is hypothesized that Botox can decrease the force production capability of the lateral musculature mechanically similar to surgery. Strengthening the VMO while using Botox treatment can alleviating the muscular imbalance that occurs with subjects with PFPS. A double blind study, having all participants blinded and uninformed of the injection contents, was implemented to test this hypothesis testing three female subjects. Four knees were treated. One subject received the Botox treatment and serially a placebo injection in the other limb. Two other subjects received placebo injections. EMG was executed to evaluate functional testing and the performance of the injections during extension exercises. Electromyography (EMG) data were collected from the muscle groups while the subjects performed forceful knee extension activities on an isokinetic dynamometer. In addition, kinetic jump data and self-reports of pain and activity were collected. Data were collected four times during a 12-week period. The subject who received Botox injections expressed a significant decrease in reported PFP and an increase in daily activities. Botox was safe and effective in eliminating anterior knee pain. The VMO and VL resulted in similar fatigue indices at the completion of the 12- week study. The VMO and VL both resisted fatigue during at week 12.
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Rheinhart, Courtney Elizabeth. "Clostridium botulinum toxin development in refrigerated reduced oxygen packaged Atlantic croaker (Micropogonias undulatus)". Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/32440.
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The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of storage temperature and film oxygen transmission rate (OTR) on toxin development by Clostridium botulinum in refrigerated raw vacuum packaged croaker fillets, and to determine if toxin development precedes microbiological and/or organoleptic spoilage. Raw croaker fillets were vacuum packaged in oxygen-permeable films (OTR of 10,000 cc/m2/24hr or 3,000 cc/m2/24hr) and stored at either 4ºC or 10ºC. Type 83F, 17 Type B, Beluga, Minnesota, and Alaska nonproteolytic strains of C. botulinum were used to inoculate fish prior to vacuum packaging. At both temperatures, microbial spoilage preceded toxin production in fillets vacuum packaged in both film types. At 4ºC microbial spoilage occurred after approximately 7 days for fillets vacuum packaged in the 10,000 cc/m2/24hr OTR film and after 8 days for fillets vacuum packaged in the 3,000 cc/m2/24hr OTR film. However, toxin was not detected until day 8. At 10ºC microbial spoilage occurred after approximately 3 days for fillets vacuum packaged in the 10,000 cc/m2/24hr OTR film, while toxin production occurred on day 5. For fillets vacuum packaged in the 3,000 cc/m2/24hr OTR film microbial spoilage occurred after 4 days. However toxin production did not occur until day 6. In contrast, at both temperatures toxin production preceded or coincided with organoleptic spoilage in fillets vacuum packaged in both film types. At 4ºC organoleptic spoilage occurred after 10 days for fillets packaged in the 10,000 cc/m2/24hr OTR film and after 9 days in the 3,000 cc/m2/24hr OTR film, while toxin production occurred on day 8. At 10ºC organoleptic spoilage occurred after 6 days for fillets packaged in the 10,000 cc/m2/24hr OTR film, and toxin was detected on day 5. For fillets packaged in the 3,000 cc/m2/24hr OTR film and stored at 10ºC, organoleptic spoilage occurred after 6 days, while toxin production occurred on day 6. Although toxin production preceded or coincided with organoleptic spoilage in both film types, this may have been because samples were presented on ice, which could have masked potential odors. This study shows that there are not significant differences between these film types when it comes to microbial and organoleptic spoilage. Therefore lower OTR films, such as 3,000 cc/m2/24hr film, may be used to vacuum package Atlantic croaker.Master of Science in Life Sciences
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Croes, Scott A. "Development and maturation of the chick extraocular muscles and their response to treatment with Botulinum neurotoxin". abstract and full text PDF (free order & download UNR users only), 2007. http://0-gateway.proquest.com.innopac.library.unr.edu/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:3258841.
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DâAlmeida, Josà Artur Costa. "Estudo da AÃÃo da Toxina BotulÃnica do tipo âAâ na profilaxia da MigrÃnea Sem Aura". Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2004. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=283.
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CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel SuperiorEstuda atravÃs de ensaio duplo cego, controlado, randomizado o efeito da Toxina BotulÃnica do tipo A na profilaxia de crises de migrÃnea sem aura. A migrÃnea à um tipo comum de cefalÃia primÃria, benigna, episÃdica, e recorrente que se caracteriza por dor geralmente hemicrÃnica e pulsÃtil, e que à agravada pela atividade fÃsica. Existem outros sintomas associados como nÃuseas, fotofobia, fonofobia, ou irritabilidade. Na migrÃnea com aura podem tambÃm ocorrer alteraÃÃes neurolÃgicas motoras, sensitivas, ou visuais denominadas de aura. A migrÃnea, cuja fisiopatologia ainda nÃo à perfeitamente compreendida, seria o resultado de um processo patolÃgico complexo que envolveria o tronco cerebral e levaria à inflamaÃÃo local de vasos sangÃÃneos cranianos atravÃs da liberaÃÃo de neuropeptÃdeos vasoativos como SubstÃncia P (SP), Neurocinina A (NA), e PeptÃdio Relacionado ao Gene da Calcitonina (PRGC). Apesar das vÃrias opÃÃes terapÃuticas (analgÃsicos simples, antiinflamatÃrios hormonais e nÃo hormonais, triptanos, antipsicÃticos, derivados ergotamÃnicos, e opiÃides) para tratamento da crise ou para tratamento preventivo, somente cerca de um terÃo dos pacientes fica satisfeito com o tratamento. Foi observado que pacientes utilizando toxina botulÃnica para tratamento estÃtico de rugas da face ou distonias apresentavam uma reduÃÃo na quantidade de crises de migrÃnea. A toxina botulÃnica à uma potente neurotoxina produzida pela bactÃria Clostridium botulinum. A aÃÃo da toxina à impedir a liberaÃÃo de acetilcolina nos terminais nervosos. Ela tambÃm age inibindo a liberaÃÃo de neuropeptÃdeos vasoativos. O uso da toxina botulÃnica nos faria agir exatamente no cerne do processo fisiopatolÃgico da doenÃa. Com o objetivo de testar esse possÃvel efeito analgÃsico nos pacientes portadores de migrÃnea sem aura, realizou-se um estudo duplo-cego, controlado, e randomizado. Mediu-se o nÃvel de dor atravÃs de escalas para quantificar a intensidade e o nÃmero de dias com dor na semana antes e apÃs a injeÃÃo de Toxina BotulÃnica em mÃsculos da face. O grupo controle recebeu SF como placebo. Os pacientes foram seguidos durante trÃs meses. Ao final concluiu-se que nÃo houve diferenÃa estatÃstica na intensidade nem na freqÃÃncia da dor de cabeÃa nos pacientes que usaram a toxina botulÃnica em relaÃÃo aos que usaram placebo (SF)
A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of the use of botulinum toxin type A in the prophylactic treatment of Migraine is presented. Migraine is a common type of primary, benign, episodic headache. It is characterized by pain usually unilateral and throbbing. Other associated symptoms are nausea, sensitivity to light and sound, or irritability. The pain is usually worsened by physical activity. There are also motor, sensitive, or visual neurological alterations, denominated aura. The physiopathology of migraine is not still perfectly understood but it could involve liberation of vasoactive neuropeptides as Substance P, Neurokinine A, and Calcitonin gene-related peptide, promoting an inflammation. Migraine, then, would be the result of a complex process that would involve the brainstem and induce local inflammation of cranial blood vessels. In spite of the therapeutic options (analgesics, steroidal and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory, triptans, neuroleptics, ergot derivatives, and opioids) only about one third of patients is satisfied with the treatment. The preventive treatment is appropriate for those that have frequent crises. It was observed that the patients using botulinum toxin for aesthetic treatment of wrinkles of the face, or dystonia presented a reduction in the amount of migraine crises. The botulinum toxin is a potent neurotoxin produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum. The action of the toxin is to inhibit the acetylcholin liberation from the nerve terminal. It acts also inhibiting the liberation of vasoactive neuropeptides. Therefore, Botulinum Toxin would act exactly in the core of the physiopathologic process of the disease. With the objective of testing possible analgesic effects of botulinum toxin in migraine without aura bearers, we performed a double-blind, controlled, and randomized study. The pain level was measured by scales and by the amount, and number of days of pain in a week, before and after botulinum toxinâs injection in muscles of the face. The placebo group received saline injection. The patients were followed for three months. At the end it was concluded that there was not statistic difference in intensity nor in frequency of the headache of the patients that used botulinum toxin in relation to the people that used placebo (saline)
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Gómez, Ramírez Ana María. "Estudio de la supervivencia de las motoneuronas del núcleo del VI par craneal de la rata tras la administración de toxina botulínica y doxorrubicina en el músculo recto lateral". Doctoral thesis, Universidad de Murcia, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/95936.
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Objetivo:Investigar "in vivo" la supervivencia de las motoneuronas del núcleo del VI par craneal tras la inyección intramuscular de toxina botulínica tipo A (TxBA) y doxorrubicina (DXR).
Método: En el músculo recto lateral de las ratas se inyectó fluorogold(FG) y se determinó el número de motoneuronas del núcleo del VI par craneal. Tras el marcaje con FG de dichas motoneuronas se realizó la inyección intramuscular de diferentes dosis de TxBA y de DXR.
Resultados: El número de motoneuronas marcadas con FG en los animales que fueron inyectados con TxBA fue similar al encontrado en los animales control. Sin embargo, era menor el número de motoneuronas marcadas en los animales inyectados con DXR.
Conclusiones: La inyección intramuscular de TxBA no induce muerte de motoneuronas. La inyección intramuscular de DXR induce una muerte neuronal dosis dependiente en las motoneuronas del núcleo del VI par craneal.Purpose: To investigate "in vivo" the survival of abducens motoneurons (AMNs) after a single intramuscular injection of the botulinum toxin A (BTxA) or doxorubicin (DXR). Methods: In rats, the AMNs were labeled with fluorogold (FG), which was applied intramuscularly in the lateral rectus muscle. The number of labeled neurons were determined in control animals; in animals that had received intramuscular injections of BTxA; and in rats that had received DXR. Result: The numbers of FG-labeled neurons in the animals that had been injected with BTxA were similar to those found in control animals. However, there were fewer FG-labeled neurons in the animals injected with DXR. Conclusion: The intramuscular injection of BTxA does not induce significant motoneuron death. Doxorubicin injected intramuscularly causes variable amounts of motoneuron death that is related to the amount of DXR injected.
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Torrisi, Barbara Maria. "Liquid loaded microneedles for the intradermal delivery of botulinum toxin for Primary Focal Hyperhidrosis". Thesis, Cardiff University, 2012. http://orca.cf.ac.uk/39693/.
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Primary focal hyperhidrosis (PFHH) is a medical condition characterised by overactivity of the eccrine sweat glands, primarily occurring on palmar, plantar and axillary regions. PFHH can have a significant adverse impact on a patient’s quality of life. Multiple intradermal injections of a commercial formulation of botulinum toxin A (BTX A) (Botox®) is the most effective non-surgical treatment currently licensed in the UK for cases of severe PFHH. Although effective, intradermal BTX A injections are associated with considerable pain and discomfort for the patient and are time-consuming for the administering clinician. This study aims to evaluate the potential of using pocketed microneedle devices for minimally invasive intradermal delivery of BTX A, as a liquid formulation, into human skin. Pocketed microneedles, metallic 700 μm-long needles containing a cavity within the needle shaft, were selected as an appropriate and relatively untested intradermal delivery device. Pocketed microneedle devices (PMDs) were liquid loaded by immersion into a ‘Botox® like’ formulation that mimicked the composition of the commercial Botox® formulation, with the exception of BTX A, which was replaced by the model macromolecular protein β-galactosidase (~465 kDa). A water-soluble dye was also included to enable visualisation. Microneedles were assessed for loading uniformity by light microscopy and the formulation residency time was evaluated by monitoring evaporation using a digital camera. The microneedle loading capacity was determined using an established quantitative assay for β-galactosidase. Studies using excised human breast skin, maintained in organ culture, examined delivery of the model β-galactosidase from liquid loaded PMDs and the time-dependent diffusion of the protein within the dermal tissue. A more clinically representative model of BTX A, formaldehyde inactivated BTX A, i.e., botulinum toxoid, was used to determine the deposition pattern of the therapeutic within the skin. Following skin delivery the toxoid was detected by immnohistochemical staining and fluorescence imaging, following its conjugation to an appropriate fluorophore. Immersion of the PMD into a ‘Botox® like’ formulation resulted in successful uptake and retention of the model protein solution. Quantitative studies indicated that nanogram quantities (~100 ng/microneedle array) of the β-galactosidase model can be loaded and retained on individual microneedles, in a liquid state. These results suggest that the loading capacity of the microneedle device is appropriate for therapeutic botulinum toxin formulations, although loading uniformity will need to be addressed. Histological analysis revealed effective delivery of the model β-galactosidase from a PMD to the epidermal and the dermal layers of the skin. Rapid and extensive diffusion of the protein within the deeper dermis was also demonstrated. Further, immunohistochemical and fluorescence studies indicated effective PMD loading and successful delivery of botulinum toxoid to the dermis of human skin. These data suggest that it should be possible for BTX A to access its therapeutic target (the eccrine sweat glands) following delivery via PMDs. This study has demonstrated for the first time that pocketed microneedles represent a viable, minimally invasive alternative, for the intradermal delivery of botulinum toxin A (Botox®). Future pre-clinical and clinical studies are now required to test and optimize a microneedle-based delivery system that is most suited to clinical practice.
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Maisey, Elizabeth Anne. "Botulinum toxin types A and B : isolation and biological characterisation of their polypeptide chains". Thesis, Imperial College London, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/46426.
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Ismaiel, Adnan A. "The inhibition of Clostridium botulinum growth and toxin production by essential oils of spices". Diss., Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/77803.
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The essential oils of clove, thyme, black pepper, pimenta, origanum, garlic, onion, and cinnamon were evaluated for their effect on germination, outgrowth, growth, and toxin production of C. botulinum strains in microbiological media. The oils of clove, thyme, origanum, and cinnamon were studied for their mechanism of inhibition of C. botulinum 67B. The most effective oil, in combination with sodium nitrite at different levels was further tested against the growth and toxin production of C. botulinum (mixed types) in a meat model system.
Among all the spice oils, origanum and pimenta were the most effective in inhibiting six strains of types A, B, and E of C. botulinum in prereduced PY medium. These oils at a concentration of 200 ppm completely inhibited C. botulinum growth. Garlic, onion and black pepper exhibited the lowest inhibitory activity towards the growth of C. botulinum strains. Strains of type A were more sensitive to the inhibitory action of the oils than those of types B and E.
The inhibition of germination of C. botulinum by the eight spice oils indicated that garlic oil was the most potent inhibitor. Oils of pimenta, and clove were the least effective in inhibiting germination. The inhibitory effect of the oils was shown to be reversible. The oils appeared to have no significant effect on the outgrowth of the germinated spores. Nevertheless, the oils were highly active in inhibiting vegetative growth (cell division). Black pepper, clove, cinnamon, and origanum were the strongest inhibitors of vegetative growth. Yet, the oils had no direct effect on toxin production. The delay in toxin production caused by the oils was attributed to the effect of the oils on growth rather than on toxin production. Origanum oil acted synergistically with sodium nitrite in inhibiting the growth. of C. botulinum in a microbiological medium. In vacuum-packaged comminuted pork, origanum oil at 400 ppm, in combination with 50-100 ppm of sodium nitrite, significantly delayed the growth and toxin production of C.botulinum (mixed types). The probability of growth and toxin production of C. botulinum (p) in the vacuum packaged comminuted pork was calculated with Hauschild 's formula. The results showed that sodium nitrite significantly lowered p values, whereas origanum oil had very low effect on p values.Ph. D.
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Vermillion, Rebecca Marie. "Synthesis of Multivalent Glycoconjugates for the Detection of Pathogens". University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2006. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1153855510.
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Baricich, Alessio. "Clinical and instrumental evaluation of Botulinum Toxin type A safety profile in post stroke spasticity rehabilitation treatment". Doctoral thesis, Università del Piemonte Orientale, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11579/97207.
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Post stroke spasticity (PSS) occurs approximately in 30% of stroke survivors. Spasticity varies from a subtle neurological sign to a gross increase in tone causing immobility of joints. PSS is associated with several complications, increasing care needs and utilisation of healthcare resources. Botulinum toxin type A (BoNT-A) has been considered as an effective and safe treatment for focal spasticity in stroke survivors, with low prevalence of complications, reversibility of effect, and efficacy in reducing spastic hypertonia. Recent studies estimated that a significant percentage of patients affected by PSS could benefit from higher doses than those permitted by current country directives. However, at present time, there is no general consensus on the maximum dose of BoNT-A in terms of safety and clinical interchangeability among the three commercially approved products (abobotulinumtoxinA, onabotulinumtoxinA, incobotulinumtoxinA).
In light of these considerations, the aim of this thesis is to investigate the safety profile of BoNT-A high doses in the treatment of post stroke spasticity.
In our research activity we investigated the clinical effect of this treatment in severely affected patients, focusing on both clinical and instrumental assessment of systemic effects of BoNT-A.
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Barbosa, Pedro Melo. "Avaliação da eficácia e efeitos colaterais de duas apresentações de toxina botulínica tipo A no tratamento da distonia cervical idiopática". Universidade de São Paulo, 2014. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/17/17140/tde-26112014-162015/.
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Introdução: A Distonia Cervical (DC) é o tipo mais comum de distonia focal primária e atualmente o tratamento padrão ouro consiste na aplicação periódica de toxina botulínica nos músculos afetados. Considerando que cada formulação de toxina botulínica é farmacologicamente distinta, nesta pesquisa foi realizada a comparação de dois tipos de toxina botulínica tipo A (TBA) disponíveis no Brasil: Dysport® (Abobotulinumtoxin A) e Prosigne® (Lanzhou botulinum toxin type A). Metodologia: Foi conduzido um estudo prospectivo, randomizado e duplo cego com dois braços em uso de substância ativa, Dysport® e Prosigne®. Foram recrutados 34 pacientes do ambulatório de toxina botulínica (ATXB) do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto da Universidade de São Paulo (HCFMRP) de maio de 2010 a junho de 2011, foram incluídos apenas pacientes com diagnóstico de distonia cervical idiopática. Cada indivíduo foi acompanhado por um período de 13 meses, sendo que nesse período foram submetidos a 5 aplicações de TBA com intervalo de 3 meses entre cada procedimento. Como instrumento para aferir a melhora dos movimentos involuntários, aplicamos a Toronto Western Spasmodic Torticollis Rating Scale (TWSTRS), escala completa com subescalas de gravidade, incapacidade e dor, antes da primeira aplicação e um mês após, e antes da última aplicação e um mês após. Após cada aplicação os pacientes foram submetidos à entrevista estruturada para aplicação da escala de melhora global Clinician Interview-Based Impression of Change (CIBIC) e colher dados sobre tempo de duração do efeito benéfico da toxina e efeitos colaterais apresentados. Para análise estatística foram utilizados o teste t para amostras pareadas, o teste não-paramétrico de Mann-Whitnney, o teste não paramétrico de Friedman e o teste do qui quadrado. Resultados: Foram recrutados 14 indivíduos para o grupo Dysport® e 20 indivíduos para o grupo Prosigne®, a média de idade foi de 57,21 anos no primeiro grupo e 51,95 no segundo (p = 0,239). Após a primeira aplicação houve uma redução média nos valores da TWSTRS de 12,78 pontos no grupo sendo tratado com Dysport® e 9,98 pontos no grupo sendo tratado com Prosigne® (p = 0,38). Após a última aplicação a redução desses valores foi de 11,87 pontos no primeiro grupo e 11,35 no segundo (p = 0,86). Em relação à escala CIBIC a grande maioria dos pacientes referiu algum grau de melhora após as aplicações, sem diferença estatística entre os dois braços do estudo. Também não houve diferença estatística entre os grupos em relação ao tempo de duração da melhora após aplicações. Disfagia foi o efeito colateral mais comum, ocorrendo em 27,27 % das aplicações, seguido por dor local e fraqueza muscular. Não houve diferença significativa entre os grupos em relação à incidência de efeitos colaterais. Conclusão: Nossos dados mostram que as toxinas botulínicas Dysport® e Prosigne® tem perfil de eficácia similar para o tratamento da distonia cervical idiopática. Além disso, ambas as toxinas são equivalentes em relação à segurança e tolerabilidade.Introduction: Cervical dystonia (CD) is the most frequent type of primary focal dystonia and treatment with botulinum toxin is currently the gold standard. Considering that each botulinum toxin brand is pharmacologically distinct, in this paper we compared two botulinum toxins available in Brazil: Abobotulinumtoxin A (Dysport®) and Lanzhou botulinum toxin type A (Prosigne®). Methodology: We conducted a prospective, randomized, double blind trial with one group being treated with Dysport® and the other Prosigne®. We recruited 34 patientes from Ribeirao Preto Medical Schools (HCFMRP) botulinum toxin clinic (ATXB) from may 2010 to june 2011, only patients with idiopathic CD were included in the trial. Each individual was followed during a 13 month period, during which 5 TBA injection sessions were conducted with 3 month intervals between them. To assess objective improvement we used the Toronto Western Spasmodic Torticollis Rating Scale (TWSTRS), full scale and severity, disability and pain subscales, before and after the first and fifth treatment sessions. After each treatment session we assessed improvement with the Clinician Interview Based Impression of Change (CIBIC) scale and asked about side effects and duration of improvement. For statistical analysis we used the following tests: t test for paired samples, Mann-Whitneys non parametrical test, Friedmans non parametrical test and qui square test. Results: Fourteen patients were randomized to receive Dysport® and twenty to receive Prosigne®. Mean age in Dysport® group was 57.21 years and in Prosigne® group was 51.95 (p = 0.23). After first injection, mean TWSTRS values reduced 12.78 points in Dysport® group and 9.98 in Prosigne® group (p = 0.38). After last injection the reduction in TWSTRS values was 11.87 points for Dysport® and 11.35 points for Prosigne® (p = 0.86). CIBIC scores showed that the majority of patients reported some level of improvement after injections without statistical differences between groups. Dysphagia was the commonest adverse effect, occurring after 27.27 % of all injections, followed by local pain and muscle weakness. Once again there were no statistical difference between groups regarding adverse effects. Conclusion: Our data showed similar efficacy and safety profiles when comparing both toxins, Dysport® and Prosigne®.
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Pinto, Diana Couto. "A toxina botulínica: passado, presente e futuro". Master's thesis, [s.n.], 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10284/4868.
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Projeto de Pós-Graduação/Dissertação apresentado à Universidade Fernando Pessoa como parte dos requisitos para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Ciências FarmacêuticasA toxina botulinica, é um dos venenos mais potentes conhecidos e é o agente responsável pelo botulismo, doença rara mas que pode ser fatal. É produzida pelo Clostridium botulinum e atua primeiramente no bloqueio da libertação da acetilcolina, bloqueando deste modo a transmissão sináptica excitatória nas junções neuromusculares. Os sintomas começam com náuseas, vómitos, diarreias, visão dupla, fraqueza muscular, incapacidade de deglutir, dificuldade na fala, podendo levar à morte por falência respiratória. O botulismo pode ser de quatro tipos: a intoxicação alimentar, botulismo de feridas, botulismo infantil e o botulismo causado por colonização intestinal. A toxina foi usada pela primeira vez com sucesso na prática clínica em 1978 pelo oftamologista Dr. Alan Scott em pacientes com estrabismo. A partir daí numerosos estudos e indicações terapêuticas se seguiram. Hoje em dia existem várias preparações comerciais, sendo o Botox®, a mais conhecida. A toxina é usada atualmente em áreas como a cosmética, dermatologia, ortopedia, otorrinolaringologia, dor, pediatria, reabilitação e urologia. Com todo o interesse que há em torno da toxina botulinica, os estudos sobre novas aplicações e usos para a toxina continuam, abrangendo cada vez mais diferentes áreas, muito devido às propriedades químicas únicas da toxina, que com certeza nas próximas décadas continuará a surpreender com novas aplicações na área de saúde. The botulinum toxin is one of the most potent poisons known and is the agent responsible for botulism, a rare but fatal disease. It is produced by Clostridium botulinum and acts primarily in blocking the release of acetylcholine, thereby blocking the excitatory synaptic transmission at the neuromuscular junctions. The symptoms begin with nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, double vision, muscle weakness, inability to swallow, speech difficulty, and may lead to death by respiratory failure. There are four types of botulism: food poisoning, wound botulism, infant botulism and the botulism caused by intestinal colonization. The toxin was first successfully used in clinical practice in 1978 by ophthalmologist Dr. Alan Scott in patients with strabismus. Thereafter numerous studies and indications followed. Nowadays there are several commercial preparations being Botox®, the most known. The toxin is currently used in areas such as cosmetic, dermatology, orthopedics, otolaryngology, pain, pediatrics, rehabilitation and urology. With all the interest around the botulinum toxin, studies on new applications and uses for the toxin continue to increase in different areas, largely due to the unique chemical properties of the toxin, which for sure will continue to surprise us in the coming decades with new applications in healthcare.
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Corry, Ian S. "Use of motion analysis laboratory in assessing the effects of botulinum toxin in cerebral palsy". Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.295345.
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Polak, Frances. "Comparison of two doses of botulinum toxin in the treatment of children with cerebral palsy". Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.289068.
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Yusof, Farida Zuraina Md. "The distribution of toxin genes among isolates of Clostridium botulinum Group II from different environments". Thesis, University of Ulster, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.274549.
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Whitney, Patrick F. "Patient Reported Efficacy of Botulinum Toxin Type A in the Treatment of Chronic Migraine Headaches". Scholar Commons, 2010. https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/1806.
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Objective: To assess patient reported efficacy of Botulinum toxin type-A for the prophylaxis of migraine headaches in patients with frequent migraine headaches prior to initiation of treatment with Botulinum toxin type-A compared to post treatment. Questions addressed include is there a difference in frequency of migraine headaches following treatment with Botulinum toxin type-A, is there a difference in cost of conventional treatment versus Botulinum toxin type-A and is there a difference in quality of life.
Research Plan: Questions addressed patient status prior to the initiation of treatment as well as post treatment. Patient quality of life change, duration and frequency headache improvement are the primary focus. Other considerations included the cost difference between the previous use of other treatment and the periodic treatment with Botulinum toxin type-A.
Methodology: A Cross Sectional study utilizing a questionnaire consisting of a modified Migraine Disability Assessment (MIDAS) questionnaire will be given to patients who had received more than one series of injections. Patients who reported chronic migraine headaches and were refractory to previous treatment methods were screened and placed in programs utilizing intramuscular injection of Botulinum toxin type-A at standard points on the face, Temporalis muscle and paracervical muscles. Clinical Relevance: This assessment is relevant to occupational issues due to the increasing number of patients applying for disability due to uncontrolled migraine headaches as well as lost productivity and reduction in functional capacity for activities of daily living.
Impact and Significance: Patients that are debilitated by recurrent chronic migraine headaches suffer loss of productive time at work and home. Treatment with Botulinum toxin type-A may results in significant relief allowing fewer days lost at work and improved quality of life. There may be significant cost saving if treatment results in discontinuation of other medications previously used for treatment of migraine headaches.
Findings: According to the patients' responses to this survey, it appears that there was an overall improvement in the patients' ability to do work, for those who were employed, as well as their ability to do activities of daily living post treatment with Botulinum toxin-A. Though there were occasionally conflicting data seen in individual cases regarding responses to some of the answers, there appeared to be an overall statistically significant reduction in the mean of responses to the questions. The general implication is consistent with studies that indicate Botulinum toxin-A may be a useful adjunct in the prophylactic treatment of refractory migraine headaches.
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CORAZZA, ANGELO. "Shear wave elastography to assess the effect of botulinum toxin in muscle hypertonia following stroke". Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Genova, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/11567/1008765.
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Introduction
Sonoelastography is a method capable of evaluating the mechanical properties of soft tissues by ultrasound (US). A further development of this technique is shear wave elastography (SWE), which provides a quantitative evaluation of the elastic properties - in terms of tissutal stiffness - by measuring the propagation velocities of the directional shear waves, produced by an ultrasound pulse.
Spasticity often appears in stroke patients in the affected limbs. It corresponds to velocity-dependent muscle hypertonia in relation to the hyperexcitability of the stretch reflex. Over time, the paretic muscles develop intrinsic alterations with consequent muscle shortening and increased fibrosis related to reduced use and immobilization.
Intramuscular injections of botulinum toxin A (BoNT-A) is an effective treatment which reduces muscle activity by inhibiting the release of acetylcholine at the neuromuscular junction level and is therefore able to reduce neuromediated muscle hypertonicity.
The study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of SWE to appreciate changes in stiffness in spastic muscles after treatment with BoNT-A and possibly detect differences between affected muscles and unaffected contralateral ones related to fibrous-fatty remodeling.
Materials & Methods
14 adult patients (5F; age: 58,4±14,1 years, m±SD; range:46-78) affected by spasticity were recruited after ischemic or hemorrhagic stroke diagnosed for at least 3 months and with a time interval from the last injection of at least 4 months, if already treated with BoNT-A. They patients underwent a physical examination in which muscle hypertonia was assessed using the modified Ashworth scale (MAS). The assessments were carried out on a sample muscle among the spastic ones favoring the greater volume and better accessibility to the ultrasound probe. SWE was also performed on the homologue non-paretic contralateral muscle. Spasticity was measured as the average electromyographic activity recorded during stretching (reflex by stretching) of the selected muscle at a reproducible speed, according to a previously validated methodology. The SWE evaluation was carried out with US scans across and along the direction of muscular fibers - as assessed by conventional US - covering the entire belly of the selected muscle to obtain a comprehensive estimate of the muscle stiffness both with the maximum shortened and elongated muscle position. Muscle fibrosis was also estimated on conventional B-mode US using the modified Heckmatt scale. All evaluations were performed shortly before botulinum toxin infiltration (T0) and one month later (T1). Clinical, electromyographic and ultrasound evaluation were performed by three different blinded examiners. Depending on data distribution, non-parametric statistical tests for paired data were performed for comparison; Spearman’s r was calculated to assess data correlations.
Results
A total of 224 SWE values resulted considering both time points. Overall, SWE measurements on paretic muscles assessed with a longitudinal positioning of the probe showed statistically significant reduction at T1 versus T0 both in non stretched conditions (p=0.001) and in stretched conditions (p=0.0029).
After BoNT-A injection, a significant reduction in MAS (p=0.009), spastic dystonia (p=0.0043), spasticity (p=0.0019) and longitudinal SWE measurements, both in non stretched conditions (p=0.001) and in stretched conditions (p=0.0029), was observed. No significant changes in SWE parameters were observed on non-paretic versus contralateral muscle . All SWE measurements were higher in the paretic limb than in the contralateral one (p<0.01); higher SWE measurements resulted along the direction of muscular fibers versus across them (p<0.01). Cohen’s d estimate a larger effect on EMG values than longitudinal SWE ones (either in non stretched and in stretched condition), with narrower 95%CI for SWE measurements. No changes resulted by the modified Heckmatt scale US assessments; there was a positive correlation (r: 0.46-0.84) between MHS scores and SWE values.
Conclusion
This is the first study evaluating the effect of BoNT-A on muscle hypertonia following stroke, assessed by mean of SWE and compared with the stretch reflex. The treatment resulted in a reduction of MAS, stretch reflex and muscular stiffness, in relation to the reduction of the neuro-mediated hypertonia. We have therefore shown that SWE is able to appreciate a reduction in neuro-mediated stiffness. Abolishing the neuro-mediated contribution by keeping the limb in a shortened position and moreover after BoNT-A injection, the SWE values resulted higher in the paretic muscle than in the healthy muscle in the same position. Hence, SWE-driven comparison between the spastic muscle and the contralateral unaffected homologous one is able to disclose the amount of stiffness due only to intrinsic muscular involutive remodeling. Alongside sEMG, SWE could therefore constitute an added-value to clinicians who manage spasticity for the assessment of responses to treatments and monitoring therapeutic interventions.
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Will, Matthias. "Entwicklung und Reliabilitätskontrolle eines videogestützten Beurteilungsbogens bei Kindern mit spastischen Spitzfüssen unter der Therapie mit Botulinum-Toxin A". [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2002. http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=967305756.
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Selvenytė, Edita. "Botulino toksino ir kineziterapijos poveikis 4-7 metų vaikams, sergantiems cerebriniu paralyžiumi". Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2007. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2007~D_20070816_145659-93974.
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Raktiniai žodžiai: spazminė diplegija, spazmiškumas, botulino toksinas, kineziterapija.
Tyrimo objektas: botulino toksino ir kineziterapijos dažnumo efektyvumas 4-7 metų vaikams, sergantiems cerebriniu paralyžiumi.
Tyrimo problema: Cerebrinis paralyžius – dažniausia vaikų judesių raidos problema, kuri sutrikdo individo santykį su aplinka ir apriboja jo dalyvumą. Apie 70-80% vaikų, sergančių cerebriniu paralyžiu, pasitaiko spazminės formos. Pastaruoju metu pasaulyje botulino toksinas plačiausiai taikomas spazmiškumui slopinti. Nors Lietuvoje šis preparatas taikomas jau šešeri metai, tačiau nėra nustatyta, kaip kineziterapijos dažnumas įtakoja vaikų su spazmine diplegija ir hemiplegija motorinių funkcijų pokyčius po botulino toksino panaudojimo.
Darbo tikslas: Nustatyti kineziterapijos ir Botulino toksino (BTX-A) poveikį 4-7 metų vaikams, sergantiems cerebriniu paralyžiumi.
Tiriamieji klausimai: Darbe palyginami vaikų su spazmine diplegija ir hemiplegija pasyvios dorzalinės fleksijos, selektyvių p�����dos judesių skalės, pusiausvyros skalės ir bendrosios motorikos funkcijų vertinimo skalės pokyčiai po botulino toksino panaudojimo, kineziterapiją taikant 5 kartus ir 2 kartus per savaitę. Darbe pateikiama gautų rezultatų analizė ir interpretacija.
Išvados:
1. Nustatyta, kad čiurnos sąnario pasyvios dorzalinės fleksijos amplitudės padidėjo po BTX-A ir dažnos (5 kartai per savaitę) bei nedažnos (2 kartai per savaitę) kineziterapijos taikymo, tačiau skirtumas... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]Keywords: spastic diplegia, spasticity, botulinum toxin, physiotherapy. Object: the effectiveness of intensive (5 times/week) and regular (2 times/week) physiotherapy for children with cerebral palsy after the use of botulinum toxin. Problem: Cerebral palsy is a frequent cause of children‘s motor disorder. It affects person‘s relationship with environment and limits his participation. Spasticity predominate for 70-80% of children with cerebral palsy. Botulinum toxin type A (BTX-A) is a relatively new and widely used method of spasticity management in children with cerebral palsy. Despite, that in Lithuania BTX-A has been used for 6 years for spasticity management, there is no evidence how intensivity of physiotherapy influence motor functions for children with cerebral palsy after botulinum toxin A injections. Purpose: to assess the effectiveness of intensive (5 times/week) and regular (2 times/week) physiotherapy for children with cerebral palsy after botulinum toxin A injections. Tasks: to evaluate the effectiveness of intensive and regular physiotherapy for passive ankle range of motions, for selective ankle movements, for balance and gross motor functions for children with cerebral palsy after botulinum toxin A injections. Investigative questions: the purpose of this study to compare the effifacy of botulinum toxin and intensive and regular physiotherapy by assessing changes in passive range of motions, selective movement scale, pediatric balance scale and gross motor... [to full text]
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Poirier, Gudrun. "Standardisierte und validierte Messinstrumente zur Evaluation der Therapie mit Botulinum-Toxin A bei Kindern mit Zerebralparese". [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2004. http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=970413807.
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Haug, Gerd. "Clostridium-botulinum-C2-Toxin Interaktion der Toxinkomponenten und Translokation der Enzymkomponente in das Zytosol von Zielzellen /". [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2005. http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=974136484.
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Hasse, Anette. "Stellenwert der Gross Motor Function Measure(Russell et al.1989) in der Botulinum-Toxin-A Therapieevaluation". Diss., lmu, 2009. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:19-111387.
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Galen, Sujay Saphire. "A combination of Botulinum toxin A therapy and functional electrical stimulation in children with cerebral palsy". Thesis, University of Strathclyde, 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.435110.
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Carpusca, Irina. "The ADP-ribosylating mosquitocidal toxin (MTX) from bacillus Sphaericus : Role of its ricin-like domain in autoinhibition and translocation". Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005STR13003.
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Alves, Leda Maria Tavares. "Estudo da deglutição em pacientes com distonia laríngea antes e após o tratamento com toxina botulínica". Universidade de São Paulo, 2013. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/17/17151/tde-10122013-140755/.
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A distonia é uma síndrome que consiste de contrações musculares involuntárias que resultam em movimentos distorcidos e repetitivos e/ou posturas anormais. O tratamento pode ser por farmacoterapia, com drogas anticolinérgicas ou com a injeção de toxina botulínica no grupo de músculos afetados. O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar a deglutição nos pacientes com distonia laríngea, antes e após o tratamento com a toxina botulínica. Nossa hipótese foi que a toxina botulínica modificaria a deglutição dos pacientes com distonia laríngea. Foram avaliados 17 indivíduos adultos, acima de 18 anos de idade, com diagnóstico clínico de distonia laríngea antes e após o tratamento com o uso de toxina botulínica do tipo A, e 20 indivíduos adultos saudáveis como controles. Os participantes foram submetidos à anamnese fonoaudiológica e avaliação videofluoroscópica da deglutição. Os pacientes com distonia foram avaliados antes e 30 dias após a injeção de toxina botulínica, guiada por eletromiografia. Na videofluoroscopia foram avaliadas 6 deglutições de 5mL, sendo 3 na consistência líquida (sulfato de bário 100%, e 3 na consistência pastosa (3g do espessante alimentar ThickenUp Clear, em 50 mL de sulfato de bário (100%) oferecidas em uma colher. A ordem das deglutições foi aleatória. Foram estudadas as fases oral e faríngea da deglutição, com registro de 30 quadros por segundo. Os pacientes com distonia laríngea apresentaram aumento de resíduos na região oral e em valécula e maior número de deglutições. Os pacientes apresentaram tempo de trânsito faríngeo (TTF) menor do que os controles (p<0,01), para os bolos nas consistências líquida e pastosa. O TTF foi menor após aplicação do que antes da aplicação da toxina botulínica, quando da deglutição do bolo pastoso. Portanto, concluiu-se que os pacientes com distonia laríngea, comparado a controles, têm trânsito mais rápido pela faringe, aumento de resíduos na região oral e em valécula e maior número de deglutições para o mesmo volume.Trinta dias após a aplicação da toxina botulínica foi observado diminuição da duração do trânsito pela faringe, com o bolo pastoso, e resposta tardia do movimento do osso hióide em relação à chegada do bolo na faringe.Dystonia is a syndrome consisting of involuntary muscle contractions that result in distorted and repetitive movements and/or abnormal postures. Treatment may be by pharmacotherapy with anticholinergic drugs or with the injection of botulinum toxin in the affected muscle group. The aim of this study was to evaluate swallowing in patients with dystonia before and after treatment with botulinum toxin. Our hypothesis was that botulinum toxin modify the swallowing of patients with spastic dystonia. Seventeen adult subjects over the age of 18 years with clinically diagnosed dystonia were evaluated before and after treatment with botulinum toxin type A and compared to 20 healthy adults as controls. Participants underwent phonologic anamnesis and videofluoroscopy assessment of swallowing. Patients with dystonia were assessed before and 30 days after injection of botulinum toxin, guided by electromyography. In fluoroscopy, 6 swallows were evaluated of 5ml: 3 in a liquid consistency (100% barium sulfate) and 3 in a pasty consistency (3g of food thickener, ThickenUp Clear) in 50 mL of 100% barium sulfate, offered on a spoon. The oral and pharyngeal phases of swallowing were studied from swallows of random order, with registration of 30 frames per second. Patients with dystonia showed an increase of residue in the oral region and vallecula and greater number of multiple swallows. Patients had less pharyngeal transit time (PTT) than controls (p<0.01) for boluses of liquid and pasty consistencies. PTT was lower after the application of botulinum toxin than before with the swallowing of a pasty bolus. It was concluded that patients with dystonia, compared to controls, have more rapid transit through the pharynx, increased residues in the oral region and vallecula and a greater number of swallows for the same volume. Thirty days after the botulinum toxin, it was observed a shorter pharyngeal transit time with paste bolus, and delayed hyoid movement response to bolus presence in pharynx.
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Seifart, Anja. "The impact of functional electrical stimulation to the lower leg after a single botulinum toxin injection in children with a spastic equinus gait due to cerebral palsy". Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/2860.
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Thesis (MScPhysio (Physiotherapy))--Stellenbosch University, 2008.Cerebral palsy (CP) is a common neurological condition seen in children which results in childhood disability. Damage to the developing brain results in abnormal muscle tone and decreased force generation, which leads to loss of independent function. Previous studies investigating interventions targeting the typical equinus gait pattern seen in spastic CP have reported inconclusive and widespread outcomes. Objectives The objectives of the study were to determine (1) the effect of functional electrical stimulation (FES) after a single botulinum toxin injection into the triceps surae muscle as a functional orthosis on various gait parameters and economy of movement; (2) caregivers’ perceptions of the impact of the intervention on their child’s function and participation, and (3) optimal timing intervals for introducing FES after a botulinum toxin injection. Method Single-subject research with a multiple baseline approach was conducted on five ambulant subjects (average age 5.1 years, SD=1.4) in the Cape Metropole with a dynamic equinus gait due to hemiplegic CP. Two-dimensional gait analysis, isometric dynamometry, Energy Expenditure Index (EEI), and a caregiver questionnaire were used to gather data on walking speed, ankle angles at initial contact of gait, isometric plantarand dorsiflexior muscle strength, energy expenditure during gait, as well as caregiver perception on participation changes. Statistical analysis was conducted by means of ANOVA tests and graphic data illustrations. Results A statistically significant pre- to post intervention (FES after botulinum toxin) change was found for plantarflexor muscle strength. This effect was partially maintained over the withdrawal phase. Caregivers felt the intervention to have a positive influence on their children’s walking speeds, as well as on age-appropriate function and participation. Selfselected walking speed, dorsiflexor muscle strength, and ankle angles at initial contact did not change significantly. A 32-day interval between between botulinum toxin and the FES programme resulted in the most pronounced improvements in terms of walking speed, EEI scores, and plantarflexor muscle strength. Conclusion FES to the lower limb, 32 days after botulinum toxin into the triceps surae, applied for 30 minutes per day, five times a week over a total of four weeks, seemed to improve selected gait parameters as well as caregiver perception of impact on function and activities of daily living. However, further research is needed.
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Stone, Katharine Ann. "Dynamic Elastomeric Fabric Orthoses (DEFO) and physiotherapy after Botulinum toxin (BT) in adults with focal spasticity : a feasibility study using mixed methods". Thesis, University of Exeter, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10871/18036.
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Aim: A study to investigate the potential feasibility (including estimated effect-size), acceptability and health benefits of DEFO and physiotherapy in treatment of spasticity following intramuscular injection of BT. Participants: Adults living in the community with focal spasticity of the upper or lower limb (Modified Ashworth Scale 2-3) recruited at a regional Spasticity Clinic. Intervention: provision of an individually fitted DEFO (worn daily up to 8 hours) usual care and physiotherapy (as required) for 6 weeks. Methods: Mixed methods embedded design feasibility study: Quantitative: Feasibility single-blind RCT: Intervention Group: DEFO intervention protocol, usual care and physiotherapy, Control Group: usual care and physiotherapy. Qualitative: Topic guided interviews of the intervention group and clinicians. Measures: Goal Attainment Scale (GAS) primary measure and secondary measures for function and care benefit; Arm Activity measure (ArmA), Leeds Arm Impact Score (LASIS), VAS for pain, European Quality of Life-5 Dimensions (EQ-5D), gait velocity (10MTT). Variance and fidelity was captured with: DEFO wearing record, Activity Log, clinical records and Physiotherapy modalities. Analysis: ANCOVA adjusted means and statistical comparison for significance of measures (at baseline, after six weeks and twelve weeks) between groups and to inform power calculations. Thematic Analysis of clinician and participant transcribed interviews. Quantitative and qualitative findings were integrated and triangulated to inform a larger study. Results: Participants (n=25) recruited over twelve months, (n=22) completed study. Statistical analysis showed improvements in both groups with greater health benefit in the intervention group with mean difference in the GAS of 12.17 (95% CI: 3.16 to 21.18; p = 0.014) but no statistical significance in the secondary measures. Effect-size was estimated from the GAS findings for 200 per group for a larger study. Physiotherapy modalities for spasticity were linked to 'passive' and 'active' function. Feasibility and acceptability was established with Thematic Analysis providing valuable insight into patient and clinician perspectives on disability. Conclusions: Findings indicated potential added health benefits including carer benefit. Feasibility, acceptability and clinical application of DEFO as a potential new intervention were established. This has implications for future spasticity management with patient benefit for passive and active function. Further research is indicated with a fully powered study (based on the GAS sample results) to evaluate DEFO efficacy in people with spasticity following BT.
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Fohler, Svenja [Verfasser]. "Occurrence of Clostridium botulinum neurotoxin genes and toxin-genotypes of Clostridium perfringens in dairy cattle / Svenja Fohler". Hannover : Bibliothek der Tierärztlichen Hochschule Hannover, 2016. http://d-nb.info/1104403897/34.
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O'Sullivan, Gregory Adrianus. "Rescue of exocytosis after botulinum toxin poisoning of neuroendocrine cells : insights into the molecular mechanisms of recovery". Thesis, Imperial College London, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.341925.
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Lindsay, Cameron. "The early use of botulinum toxin in post stroke spasticity : developing a new approach to contracture management". Thesis, Keele University, 2018. http://eprints.keele.ac.uk/5173/.
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Introduction: Patients surviving a severe stroke are at risk of developing contractures. Evidence suggests that spasticity may be a cause of contractures, particularly in patients who have not recovered functional movement. The relationship and the time course of spasticity and contractures remain unclear. This thesis aims to identify when spasticity can be identified and investigate whether treating spasticity at onset using botulinum-toxin, might slow contracture development. Methods: A double blind randomised placebo-controlled trial with an initial six-week screening phase was conducted in an acute NHS hospital. Patients with no arm function (Action Research Arm Test grasp-score < 2) within six-weeks of stroke were eligible for screening. Screening for spasticity was carried out using a neurophysiological method. Patients who developed spasticity were randomly assigned to receive intra-muscular injections of 0.9%sodium chloride solution or onabotulinumtoxinA. Measures of spasticity and contracture development (reduced passive range of motion (PROM) and increased stiffness) were taken at the wrist and elbow at baseline, weeks-two, four, six and twelve post injection and six-months post stroke. Results: Over a 23-month period, 1143 patients were admitted with stroke and 120 consented to study participation. Of these, 100 developed spasticity without functional recovery 84%(95% confidence interval(95%CI):76%-89%). Mean time of spasticity onset was 13.5-days(SD:8.5). Of the 100 eligible for randomisation 93 were included in intention to treat analysis. At six-weeks, treatment results in a reduction in wrist spasticity (mean difference(MD):4.8μV;95%CI:1.2to8.4;p=0.009), stiffness (MD=4.2mN/deg;95%CI:0.7to7.7;p=0.02) and PROM (MD=13.8o;95%CI:6.1to21.6;p=0.01). At the elbow; four-weeks spasticity (MD=9.8μV;95%CI:4.3to15.4;p=0.001), four-week stiffness (MD=4.8mN/deg;95%CI:-0.1to9.6;p=0.056) and twelve-weeks PROM–(MD=6.5o;95%CI:0.6to12.3;p=0.03). These changes were not maintained at the six-month follow-up assessment. Conclusion: Spasticity occurs earlier and is more common than previously reported. Treating spasticity early with onabotulinumtoxinA can reduce the rate of contracture formation. Further work is required to elucidate who is at greatest risk of contractures and to explore if these treatment effects can be sustained with adjunct therapies.
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Caron, Guillaume. "Etude de l'altération et de la récupération de la réponse des différents éléments de la boucle sensori-motrice". Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015AIXM4071/document.
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Le travail de cette thèse a permis de comparer les adaptations mises en place par le système nerveux après différentes méthodes d’altération et de récupération. Nos deux premières études portaient sur l’altérations de la réponse des afférences musculaires suite à une injection de toxine botulique. La troisième étude analysait la relation entre le phénotype musculaire et la réponse des afférences métabosensibles. Les deux dernières études analysaient si le vieillissement et l’activité physique altéraient la boucle sensori-motrice et la réponse des afférences métabosensibles. Les résultats de ce travail de thèse indiquent que la réponse des afférences mécano- et métabosensibles ont des profils de récupération qui diffèrent et que la réponse des afférences métabosensibles est dépendante en partie du phénotype musculaire. Enfin, le vieillissement induit une altération la boucle sensori-motrice, et l’entrainement permet de récupérer selon les muscles. L’activité des afférences métabosensibles est aussi altéré par les vieillissement mais l’entrainement ne permet pas de récupérationThis thesis work compared nervous system adaptations after different methods of alteration and recovery. The two first studies were about muscle afferents response alterations following botulinum toxin injections. The third study analyzed the relation between muscle phenotype and metabosensitive response. The two last studies analyzed whether aging and physical activity could alter the metabosensitive response and the sensory-motor loop. Results indicate that mechano- and metabosensitive afferents response have different recovery pattern and that metabosensitive afferents response is in part dependent on the muscle phenotype. Aging results indicate an alteration of the sensory-motor loop and depending on the muscle, training allows a recovery. Metabosensitive afferents response is also altered but training does not induce a recovery
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Arritt, Fletcher M. III. "The Effects of Modified Atmosphere Packaging on Toxin Production by Clostridium botulinum in Raw Aquacultured Flounder Fillets and Fully Cooked Breaded and Battered Pollock Portions". Diss., Virginia Tech, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/28790.
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Fish products under vacuum (VAC) and/or modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) conditions can have a significantly extended shelf life. Prevention of toxin production by Clostridium botulinum is essential for processors of VAC and MAP refrigerated fishery products. The objective of this study was to determine if C. botulinum toxin development precedes microbiological spoilage and sensory rejection in fully cooked breaded and battered Alaskan Pollock or raw aquacultured flounder fillets.
Aquacultured summer flounder (Paralichthys dentatus) fillets and fully cooked breaded and battered Alaskan pollock (Theragra chalcogramma) were either aerobically packed (Oxygen Transmission Rate (OTR) of 3,000 cc/m2/24h@70°F for flounder and 6,000 cc/m2/24h@70°F for Pollock), vacuum packed or MAP packaged in a 100% CO2 atmosphere (OTR of 7.3 cc/m2/24h@70°F). Flounder fillets were stored at either 4 or 10°C while pollock portions were stored at 8 and 12°C. Based on the time to spoilage (counts >107 CFU/g), additional samples were inoculated with five strains of nonproteolytic C. botulinum and analyzed qualitatively for botulinum toxin using a mouse bioassay.
For flounder at 4°C, toxin formation did not occur after 35 days in aerobically packed fillets. Vacuum packed and 100% CO2 fillets produced toxin before spoilage at days 20 and 25, respectively. In the aerobic packages at 10°C, toxin production occurred after spoilage at day 8, but before spoilage in the vacuum and 100% CO2 packages at day 9. Sensory evaluation of toxic vacuum and 100% CO2 packages at 4°C revealed toxin production proceeded spoilage and absolute sensory rejection. However, at 10°C toxin production was evident only after absolute sensory rejection and microbiological spoilage for aerobically packed fillets. Vacuum packages and 100% CO2 packages were toxic during spoilage but before absolute sensory rejection.
Toxin was not present in the aerobically and 100% CO2 packed pollock samples at 8°C and the 100% CO2 packed samples at 12°C after 35 days. Aerobically packed portions stored at 12°C first produced toxin at day 25; toxicity occurred after absolute sensory rejection and before spoilage. The vacuum packed portions first formed toxin at day 25 for 8 and 12°C storage before spoilage and absolute sensory rejection.Ph. D.
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Nicácio, Gabriel Montoro. "Toxina Botulínica Tipo A Intra-Articular como Adjuvante no Controle da Dor em Cães com Displasia Coxofemoral". Universidade do Oeste Paulista, 2015. http://bdtd.unoeste.br:8080/tede/handle/tede/735.
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Previous issue date: 2015-11-25This study aims to determine the efficacy of intra-articular (IA) administration of botulinum toxin type A (BoNT/A) in dogs with signs of chronic pain associated with hip dysplasia. In a double-blind design fourteen dogs were randomized and distributed into two groups: BoNT (n=7): IA injection with 25U (0,5 mL) of botulium toxin; Control (n=7): IA injection with saline solution (0.5 mL). All dogs received conventional treatment with oral and carprofen (2.2 mg/kg, every 12 h, 15 days), and chondroitin sulfate (750-1000 mg, every 12 h, 90 days). The clinical signs of HD were evaluated prior to treatment (baseline), 15, 30, 60, and 90 days after the IA injection by the veterinary using a score system and by the owners with a questionnaire about their dog s condition using the Canine Brief Pain Inventory (CBPI) and Helsinki Chronic Pain Index (HCPI). The data were analyzed using test unpaired-t, ANOVA, Tukey test (P < 0.05). There was no difference between groups in the scores measured by the veterinary and by the owners (CBPI and HCPI). In comparison over time lower scores were observed in both groups during 90 days from baseline in the researcher evaluation and in the HCPI. The same result was obtained by the CBPI evaluation to the control group whereas for the BoNT group the difference was only observed in the first 60 days after IA injection. Analgesic intervention was not necessary during the evaluation period. Both treatments reduced the clinical signs associated with hip dysplasia, however adjunctive administration of BoNT didn t potentialize the results.
Objetivou-se avaliar a administração intra-articular (IA) da toxina botulínica tipo A (BoNT/A) como adjuvante do controle da dor crônica em cães com displasia coxofemoral (DCF). Em delineamento duplo-cego, 14 cães foram distribuídos aleatoriamente em dois grupos: BoNT (n=7): administração IA de 25U (0,5 mL) de toxina botulínica; Controle (n=7): administração IA de 0,5 mL de solução salina. Para todos os animais foi prescrito tratamento convencional com carprofeno (15 dias) e sulfato de condroitina (90 dias). Os sinais clínicos da DCF foram avaliados, antes do tratamento (basal), 15, 30, 60 e 90 dias após a injeção IA, por sistema de escore pelo pesquisador e mediante questionários respondidos pelos proprietários dos cães, empregando-se o Breve Inventário de Dor Canina (BIDC) e o Indicador de Dor Crônica de Helsinque (IDCH). Intervenção analgésica foi permitida se o somatório dos escores do BIDC e/ou IDCH excedesse 50%. Os resultados foram analisados pelo teste t não-pareado, ANOVA, teste de Tukey (P < 0,05). Não houve diferença entre os grupos nos escores avaliados pelo médico veterinário ou pelos proprietários (BIDC e IDCH). Na comparação ao longo tempo, escores inferiores foram observados em ambos os grupos durante 90 dias em relação ao basal na avaliação do pesquisador e no IDCH. O mesmo resultado foi obtido na avaliação pelo BIDC para o grupo controle, enquanto no grupo BoNT a diferença só foi observada nos primeiros 60 dias após a injeção IA. Intervenção analgésica não foi necessária durante o período de avaliação. Ambos os tratamentos reduziram os sinais clínicos associados à DCF, porém a administração adjuvante de toxina botulínica não potencializou os resultados.
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Duarte, Gonçalo Nuno da Silva 1990. "Botulinum toxin type A versus botulinum toxin type B for cervical dystonia". Master's thesis, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10451/29586.
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Trabalho Final do Curso de Mestrado Integrado em Medicina, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 2016Background This is an update of a Cochrane review first published in 2003, and previously updated in 2009 (no change in conclusions). Cervical dystonia is the most common form of focal dystonia and is a disabling disorder characterized by painful involuntary head posturing. Botulinum toxin type A (BtA) is usually considered the first line therapy for this condition, although botulinum toxin type B (BtB) is an alternative option, with no compelling theoretical reason as to why it might not be as, or even more effective, than BtA. Objectives To compare the efficacy, safety, and tolerability of botulinum toxin type A versus botulinum toxin type B in cervical dystonia. Search methods We identified studies for inclusion in the review using the Cochrane Movement Disorders Group trials register, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, MEDLINE, EMBASE, reference lists of articles and conference proceedings, last run in October 2015. Search was unrestricted by language. Selection criteria Double-blind, parallel, randomised, placebo-controlled trials (RCTs) of BtA versus BtB in adult patients with cervical dystonia. Data collection and analysis Two independent authors assessed records, selected included studies, extracted data using a paper pro forma and evaluated the risk of bias. Disagreements were solved by consensus or by a third author. We performed one meta-analysis for the comparison BtA versus BtB. We used random-effects models in the presence of considerable heterogeneity and fixed-effect models when there was no heterogeneity. We performed no subgroup analyses. The primary efficacy outcome was overall improvement on any validated symptomatic rating scale. The primary safety outcome was the proportion of participants with any adverse event.Main results Three RCTs of low-to-moderate overall methodological quality including 270 participants with cervical dystonia were included. Two studies exclusively enrolled patients known to have a positive response to BtA treatment, therefore including an enriched population with higher probability of benefit from BtA treatment. None of the trials were independently funded. All RCTs evaluated the effect of a single Bt treatment session using doses between 100 and 250U of BtA and 5000 to 10000U of BtB. We found no difference between the two types of botulinum toxin in terms of overall efficacy and safety, as assessed by the Toronto Western Spasmodic Torticollis Rating Scale (TWSTRS) and the number of adverse events, respectively. However, when compared to BtA, treatment with BtB was associated with an improvement of 0.99 points (95% CI: 0.12 to 1.85; I2=0%) on the TWSTRS pain sub-scale at weeks 2-4 after injection, as well as with an increased risk of treatment-related dysphagia with a risk ratio (RR) of 0.49, favouring the BtA group (95% CI: 0.32 to 0.75, I2=27%) and sore throat/dry mouth, with a RR of 0.42 favouring the BtA group (95% CI: 0.31 to 0.57, I2=77%). The two types of botulinum toxin were otherwise shown to be clinically non-distinguishable in all the remaining outcomes. Authors' conclusions A single treatment session of BtA and a single treatment session of BtB are equally effective and well tolerated in the treatment of adults with certain types of cervical dystonia. Treatment with BtB causes a greater decrease disease-associated pain whilst also increasing the rate of dysphagia and sore throat/dry mouth when compared to treatment with BtA. Overall, there is no clinical evidence to support or not support the preferential use of one form of botulinum toxin over another. There is no evidence from RCTs neither regarding comparative development of secondary non-responsiveness to botulinum toxin nor regarding quality of life domains with either treatment.
A distonia cervical compreende uma patologia neurológica pouco frequente com impacto negativo na qualidade de vida dos doentes. O tratamento de primeira linha é com efetuado com recuro a injecções intramusculares de toxina botulínica, que está disponível comercialmente em dois tipos: a toxina botulínica tipo A e a toxina botulínica tipo B. Esta revisão sistemática Cochrane visa comparar estes dois compostos em relação à sua eficácia e segurança no tratamento da distonia cervical. Após um processo de pesquisa sistemática para ensaios aleatorizados sobre o tema, extração de dados e combinação dos mesmos com recurso a técnicas de combinação por meta-análise, demonstrou-se que não existem diferenças nos perfis de eficácia e segurança entre ambas as formulações de toxina botulínica, com as exepções de uma subescala de doença (avaliador dor) e a proporção de doentes com efeitos adversos específicos.