Literatura académica sobre el tema "Bottleneck theory"
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Artículos de revistas sobre el tema "Bottleneck theory"
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Lei, Qi y Tong Li. "Identification approach for bottleneck clusters in a job shop based on theory of constraints and sensitivity analysis". Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part B: Journal of Engineering Manufacture 231, n.º 6 (1 de mayo de 2015): 1091–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954405415583884.
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Manufacturing systems are constrained by one or more bottlenecks. Reducing bottlenecks improves the entire system. Finding bottlenecks, however, is a difficult task. In this study, a new bottleneck detection method based on theory of constrains and sensitivity analysis is presented to overcome the disadvantages of existing bottleneck identification methods for a job shop. First, a bottleneck index matrix is obtained by examining the sensitivity of system production performance to the capacity of each machine. Technique for order preference by similarity to ideal solution is then employed to calculate the comprehensive bottleneck index of each machine. Based on the calculation result, bottleneck machine clusters under different hierarchies are obtained through hierarchical cluster analysis. The designed identification approach, as a prior-to-run method, can identify bottleneck machine clusters under different hierarchies before the overall system circulation, thereby providing good guidance for subsequent production optimization. Finally, a set of job-shop scheduling problem benchmarks with different scales is selected for comparison between the proposed approach and existing approaches, such as, the shifting bottleneck detection method, the bottleneck detection method based on orthogonal experiment, and the bottleneck cluster identification method. By comparison, the proposed approach is proven to be credible and superior.
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Su, Xuan, Jingyu Lu, Chen Chen, Junjie Yu y Weixi Ji. "Dynamic Bottleneck Identification of Manufacturing Resources in Complex Manufacturing System". Applied Sciences 12, n.º 9 (21 de abril de 2022): 4195. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12094195.
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Bottleneck identification is of great interest in discrete manufacturing fields, as they limit the system’s throughput. However, the bottlenecks are difficult to accurately identify due to the instability and complexity of discrete manufacturing systems. This paper proposes a dynamic bottleneck identification method (DBI-BS) that is based on effective buffers and fine-grained machine states to identify bottlenecks accurately. First, the complex manufacturing system (CMS) with strong coupling between elements is decoupled into several independent parts under the guidance of the effective buffer theory. Then, the machine activity duration method is improved through further fine-grained division, and the machine states are described by the timing flow model. The method to quantify the degree of bottleneck that restricts the system throughput (TH) is proposed on the basis of the turning point theory, and the one-to-one mapping relationship between the simulated and authentic complex manufacturing systems is also studied. Simulation results show that the DBI-BS can effectively identify dynamic bottlenecks in complex manufacturing processes, and the decoupling of complex systems can effectively improve the accuracy of dynamic bottleneck identification.
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Chakravorty, S. S. y J. Brian Atwater§. "Bottleneck management: theory and practice". Production Planning & Control 17, n.º 5 (julio de 2006): 441–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09537280600682752.
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Urban, Wieslaw y Patrycja Rogowska. "Methodology for bottleneck identification in a production system when implementing TOC". Engineering Management in Production and Services 12, n.º 2 (23 de julio de 2020): 74–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/emj-2020-0012.
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AbstractFor TOC (Theory of Constraints) implementation in a production system, the determination of the system's bottleneck is a crucial step. Effective bottleneck identification allows setting priorities for the improvement of a production system. The article deals with a significant problem for the manufacturing industry related to the location of a bottleneck. The article aims for a detailed analysis of methods for bottleneck identification based on a comprehensive literature review and the design of a generalised methodology for bottleneck identification in the production system. The article uses two research methods, first, the combination of a narrative and scoping literature review, and second, the logical design. Several methods for bottleneck identification are reviewed and compared, finding some being similar, and others giving new insights into the evaluated production system. A methodology for bottleneck identification is proposed. It contains several detailed methods arranged in coherent steps, which are suggested to be followed when aiming for the recognition of a production system's bottleneck. The proposed methodology is expected to be helpful in the practical TOC implementation. The presented methodology for the identification of bottlenecks in a production system is a practical tool for managers and experts dealing with TOC. However, it is still a conceptual proposal that needs to be tested empirically. The proposed methodology for bottleneck identification is an original concept based on the current literature output. It contributes to the production management theory as a practical managerial tool.
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Urban, Wieslaw y Patrycja Rogowska. "The Case Study of Bottlenecks Identification for Practical Implementation to the Theory of Constraints". Multidisciplinary Aspects of Production Engineering 1, n.º 1 (1 de septiembre de 2018): 399–405. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/mape-2018-0051.
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Abstract According to the Theory of Constraints by Goldratt system bottlenecks are key to improving productivity and profitability of the entire production system. An important issue in the practical application of this theory is to identify bottlenecks in the system. The aim of this paper is to develop practical steps to identify bottlenecks in the production system characterised by a homogeneous flow. The paper includes a case study which shows six steps that allowing to specify not only the first bottleneck of the system but to develop a comprehensive plan for removing bottlenecks.
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Zhou, Xichuan, Kui Liu, Cong Shi, Haijun Liu y Ji Liu. "Optimizing Information Theory Based Bitwise Bottlenecks for Efficient Mixed-Precision Activation Quantization". Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence 35, n.º 4 (18 de mayo de 2021): 3590–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v35i4.16474.
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Recent researches on information theory shed new light on the continuous attempts to open the black box of neural signal encoding. Inspired by the problem of lossy signal compression for wireless communication, this paper presents a Bitwise Bottleneck approach for quantizing and encoding neural network activations. Based on the rate-distortion theory, the Bitwise Bottleneck attempts to determine the most significant bits in activation representation by assigning and approximating the sparse coefficients associated with different bits. Given the constraint of a limited average code rate, the bottleneck minimizes the distortion for optimal activation quantization in a flexible layer-by-layer manner. Experiments over ImageNet and other datasets show that, by minimizing the quantization distortion of each layer, the neural network with bottlenecks achieves the state-of-the-art accuracy with low-precision activation. Meanwhile, by reducing the code rate, the proposed method can improve the memory and computational efficiency by over six times compared with the deep neural network with standard single-precision representation. The source code is available on GitHub: https://github.com/CQUlearningsystemgroup/BitwiseBottleneck.
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Alzubi, Emad, Anas M. Atieh, Khaleel Abu Shgair, John Damiani, Sima Sunna y Abdallah Madi. "Hybrid Integrations of Value Stream Mapping, Theory of Constraints and Simulation: Application to Wooden Furniture Industry". Processes 7, n.º 11 (5 de noviembre de 2019): 816. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr7110816.
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This paper studies manufacturing processes in a wooden furniture manufacturing company. The company suffers from long manufacturing lead times and an unbalanced production line. To identify sources of waste and delay value stream mapping (VSM) and a discrete event simulation model is implemented. VSM is used to visualize and analyze the major processes of the company and provide quantifiable KPIs; the manufacturing lead-time and then Overall Equipment Effectiveness (OEE) settings. A discrete event simulation model is then built to analyze the company on a wider scale and provide the data required to identify bottlenecks. Building on the data gathered from the production lines and the simulation model, two-bottleneck detection methods are used, the utilization method, and the waiting time method. Then based on the comparison of the two methods a third bottleneck detection is utilized; the scenario-based method, to identify the primary and secondary bottlenecks. After the bottlenecks are identified, changes are then evaluated using the simulation model and radar charts were built based on the improved simulation model, which evaluates the effect of changes in the utilization and OEE results. This work managed to neutralize the effect of one of the main bottlenecks and minimize the effect of the other. The manufacturing utilization was increased by 15.8% for the main bottleneck resources followed by 2.4% for the second one. However, it is hard to convince the traditional administration of this small size manufacturing plant to adopt a completely revolutionizing, costly, and risky (at such level) lean manufacturing approach. This paper studies and provides a much lower in cost and verified scheme of enhancement.
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LIU, YONGLI, YUANXIN OUYANG y ZHANG XIONG. "INCREMENTAL CLUSTERING USING INFORMATION BOTTLENECK THEORY". International Journal of Pattern Recognition and Artificial Intelligence 25, n.º 05 (agosto de 2011): 695–712. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218001411008622.
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Document clustering is one of the most effective techniques to organize documents in an unsupervised manner. In this paper, an Incremental method for document Clustering based on Information Bottleneck theory (ICIB) is presented. The ICIB is designed to improve the accuracy and efficiency of document clustering, and resolve the issue that an arbitrary choice of document similarity measure could produce an inaccurate clustering result. In our approach, document similarity is calculated using information bottleneck theory and documents are grouped incrementally. A first document is selected randomly and classified as one cluster, then each remaining document is processed incrementally according to the mutual information loss introduced by the merger of the document and each existing cluster. If the minimum value of mutual information loss is below a certain threshold, the document will be added to its closest cluster; otherwise it will be classified as a new cluster. The incremental clustering process is low-precision and order-dependent, which cannot guarantee accurate clustering results. Therefore, an improved sequential clustering algorithm (SIB) is proposed to adjust the intermediate clustering results. In order to test the effectiveness of ICIB method, ten independent document subsets are constructed based on the 20NewsGroup and Reuters-21578 corpora. Experimental results show that our ICIB method achieves higher accuracy and time performance than K-Means, AIB and SIB algorithms.
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Buddas, Henrietta. "A bottleneck analysis in the IFRC supply chain". Journal of Humanitarian Logistics and Supply Chain Management 4, n.º 2 (7 de octubre de 2014): 222–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jhlscm-10-2013-0036.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to further the understanding of bottlenecks occurring when preparing for humanitarian operations in the humanitarian supply chain. The focus in this paper is set on the activities of aid supply procurement and aid consolidation into standardised deliveries of humanitarian aid. Design/methodology/approach – The paper follows a qualitative case study and builds a theoretical bottleneck analysis framework, using, e.g. the theory of constraints as an important building block. The case study as such involves the IFRC supply chain. Findings – The findings in the empirical study show that there is a need for long-term planning (practical and strategic planning) of the supply procurement, as well as organisational commitment in order to remove bottlenecks in a humanitarian operation. Research limitations/implications – The research framework built for the case study is applicable in similar future analyses of humanitarian supply chain operations and projects, as well as modifiable to other types of project or operation analyses. Practical implications – This paper gives a wide perspective insight into constraining bottleneck areas as well as areas of improvement in disaster preparedness. Additionally the paper provides an applicable tool for humanitarian practitioners to use for analysing process bottlenecks, to decide on corrective actions. Originality/value – The paper constructs a bottleneck analysis framework, which can be utilised beyond the humanitarian setting. Bottleneck analyses have not previously been conducted within the humanitarian context.
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Nguyen, Thanh Tang y Jaesik Choi. "Markov Information Bottleneck to Improve Information Flow in Stochastic Neural Networks". Entropy 21, n.º 10 (6 de octubre de 2019): 976. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e21100976.
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While rate distortion theory compresses data under a distortion constraint, information bottleneck (IB) generalizes rate distortion theory to learning problems by replacing a distortion constraint with a constraint of relevant information. In this work, we further extend IB to multiple Markov bottlenecks (i.e., latent variables that form a Markov chain), namely Markov information bottleneck (MIB), which particularly fits better in the context of stochastic neural networks (SNNs) than the original IB. We show that Markov bottlenecks cannot simultaneously achieve their information optimality in a non-collapse MIB, and thus devise an optimality compromise. With MIB, we take the novel perspective that each layer of an SNN is a bottleneck whose learning goal is to encode relevant information in a compressed form from the data. The inference from a hidden layer to the output layer is then interpreted as a variational approximation to the layer’s decoding of relevant information in the MIB. As a consequence of this perspective, the maximum likelihood estimate (MLE) principle in the context of SNNs becomes a special case of the variational MIB. We show that, compared to MLE, the variational MIB can encourage better information flow in SNNs in both principle and practice, and empirically improve performance in classification, adversarial robustness, and multi-modal learning in MNIST.
Tesis sobre el tema "Bottleneck theory"
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Otsubo, Hironori. "Dynamic Volunteer's Dilemmas, Unique Bid Auctions, and Discrete Bottleneck Games: Theory and Experiments". Diss., The University of Arizona, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/194255.
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The main theme of my dissertation is the analysis of several interactive decision making situations with multiple decision makers whose interests do not fully coincide. Non-cooperative game theory is invoked to carry on this analysis.The first chapter describes an experimental study of volunteer's dilemmas that evolve over time. Only a single volunteer is required for the public good to be provided. Because volunteering is costly, each prefers that some other players bear the full costs of volunteering. Reflecting on the observation that in many naturally occurring social dilemmas it is beneficial to volunteer earlier than later, I assume that the payoff to the volunteer and the (higher) payoff to each of the non-volunteers decrease monotonically over time. I derive symmetric and asymmetric subgame perfect equilibria. The experimental results provide little support to asymmetric equilibria in which only a single subject volunteers immediately. In comparison to the symmetric subgame perfect equilibrium, they show that subjects volunteer, on average, earlier than predicted.The second chapter explores a new type of online auction, called the unique bid auction, that has recently emerged on the Internet and gained widespread popularity in many countries. In a sharp contrast to traditional auctions, the winner in this class of auctions is the bidder who submits the lowest (highest) unique bid; all ties are discarded. I propose an algorithm to numerically compute the symmetric mixed-strategy Nash equilibrium solution and then conduct a series of experiments to assess the predictive power of the equilibrium solution. The experimental results show that the solution accounts quite well for the subjects' bidding behavior on the aggregate level, but not on the individual level.The last chapter proposes a discrete version of William Vickrey's model of traffic congestion on a single road with a single bottleneck. In my model, both the strategy space and number of commuters are finite. An algorithm similar to the one used in the second chapter is proposed to numerically calculate the symmetric mixed-strategy Nash equilibrium. The discrete model is then compared with the original continuous model of Vickrey in terms of the equilibrium solution and its implications.
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Shinn, Tong-Wook. "Combining Shortest Paths, Bottleneck Paths and Matrix Multiplication". Thesis, University of Canterbury. Computer Science and Software Engineering, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/9740.
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We provide a formal mathematical definition of the Shortest Paths for All Flows (SP-AF) problem and provide many efficient algorithms. The SP-AF problem combines the well known Shortest Paths (SP) and Bottleneck Paths (BP) problems, and can be solved by utilising matrix multiplication. Thus in our research of the SP-AF problem, we also make a series of contributions to the underlying topics of the SP problem, the BP problem, and matrix multiplication.
For the topic of matrix multiplication we show that on an n-by-n two dimensional (2D) square mesh array, two n-by-n matrices can be multiplied in exactly 1.5n ‒ 1 communication steps. This halves the number of communication steps required by the well known Cannon’s algorithm that runs
on the same sized mesh array.
We provide two contributions for the SP problem. Firstly, we enhance the breakthrough algorithm by Alon, Galil and Margalit (AGM), which was the first algorithm to achieve a deeply sub-cubic time bound for solving the All Pairs Shortest Paths (APSP) problem on dense directed graphs. Our enhancement allows the algorithm by AGM to remain sub-cubic for larger upper bounds on integer edge costs. Secondly, we show that for graphs with n vertices, the APSP problem can be solved in exactly 3n ‒ 2 communication steps on an n-by-n 2D square mesh array. This improves on the previous result of 3.5n communication steps achieved by Takaoka and Umehara.
For the BP problem, we show that we can compute the bottleneck of the entire graph without solving the All Pairs Bottleneck Paths (APBP) problem, resulting in a much more efficient time bound.
Finally we define an algebraic structure called the distance/flow semi-ring to formally introduce the SP-AF problem, and we provide many algorithms for solving the Single Source SP-AF (SSSP-AF) problem and the All Pairs SP-AF (APSP-AF) problem. For the APSP-AF problem, algebraic algorithms are given that utilise faster matrix multiplication over a ring.
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Chen, Zhenyu. "Discrete-time queueing model for responsive network traffic and bottleneck queues". Thesis, Loughborough University, 2016. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/21314.
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The Internet has been more and more intensively used in recent years. Although network infrastructure has been regularly upgraded, and the ability to manage heavy traffic greatly increased, especially on the core networks, congestion never ceases to appear, as the amount of traffic that flow on the Internet seems to be increasing at an even faster rate. Thus, congestion control mechanisms play a vital role in the functioning of the Internet. Active Queue Management (AQM) is a popular type of congestion control mechanism that is implemented on gateways (most notably routers), which can predict and avoid the congestion before it happens. When properly configured, AQMs can effectively reduce the congestion, and alleviate some of the problems such as global synchronisation and unfairness to bursty traffic. However, there are still many problems regarding AQMs. Most of the AQM schemes are quite sensitive to their parameters setting, and these parameters may be heavily dependent on the network traffic profile, which the administrator may not have intensive knowledge of, and is likely to change over time. When poorly configured, many AQMs perform no better than the basic drop-tail queue. There is currently no effective method to compare the performance of these AQM algorithms, caused by the parameter configuration problem. In this research, the aim is to propose a new analytical model, which mainly uses discrete-time queueing theory. A novel transient modification to the conventional equilibrium-based method is proposed, and it is utilised to further develop a dynamic interactive model of responsive traffic and bottleneck queues. Using step-by-step analysis, it represents the bursty traffic and oscillating queue length behaviour in practical network more accurately. It also provides an effective way of predicting the behaviour of a TCP-AQM system, allowing easier parameter optimisation for AQM schemes. Numerical solution using MATLAB and software simulation using NS-2 are used to extensively validate the proposed models, theories and conclusions.
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Tůmová, Romana. "Implementace technik lean managementu na základě analýzy úzkých míst ve vybrané společnosti". Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2015. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-206274.
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The aim of thesis is implemention the chosen techniques of lean management in the company named European Trailer Systems Ltd. based on the identification of bottlenecks. The theoretical part provides basic definitions of bottleneck, Theory of Constraints, Lean management and selected methods of lean management. The practical part begins with the company's European Trailer Systems s.r.o characteristic while describe the current situation. Furthermore, the practical part will focus on the identification of bottlenecks that occur in company European Trailer Systems Ltd. in the production process of sliding roofs, will be followed by a proposal to eliminate found bottlenecks with using methods of lean management and possibly their implementation.
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Ogle, Curtis Taylor. "Theoretical Investigation of Biological Networks Coupled via Bottlenecks in Enzymatic Processing". Diss., Virginia Tech, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/71319.
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Cell biology is a branch of science with a seemingly infinite abundance of interesting phenomena which are essential to our understanding of life and which may potentially drive the development of technology that improves our lives. Among the open ended questions within the field, an understanding of how gene networks are affected by limited cellular components is both broad and rich with interest. Common to all cellular systems are enzymes which perform many tasks within cells without which organisms could not remain healthy. Here are presented several explorations of enzymatic processing as well as a tool constructed for this purpose. More specifically, these works consider the effect of coupling of gene networks via competition for enzymes found within the cell. It is shown that a limitation on the number of available enzymes permits the formation of bottlenecks which drastically affect molecular dynamics within cells. These effects potentially afford cell behaviors that in part explain the impressive robustness of life to constantly fluctuating environments.Ph. D.
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Krause, Thomas. "Dynamische Straßenbenutzungsgebühren zur Reduzierung von Staus /". Frankfurt am Main [u.a.] : Lang, 2003. http://www.gbv.de/dms/zbw/36772944X.pdf.
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Wojahn, Oliver W. "Airline networks /". Frankfurt am Main [u.a.] : Lang, 2001. http://www.gbv.de/dms/goettingen/330622722.pdf.
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Králik, Miroslav. "Improvement of digital support process using ITIL best practices, Kanban and TOC in multicultural environment". Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2013. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-193644.
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Many companies today have to deal with business processes optimization, ongoing removal of system obstacles and identifying any bottlenecks laying on the way which are preventing us to reach our goals. I would like to show how we have dealt with similar problems in our case applied in the department of web application maintenance. In the first chapter I will introduce the basic information about the history, environment the company operate in and maintenance activities which are part of the process. Following with description all of the system obstacles and bottlenecks identified in the process and possible solutions or improvements for their elimination. In the last chapter I will present the achieved results after my executing of the proposed improvements and if the expectations have been met or not and what positive or negative influence it has brought.
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Lagreca, Fabio Rezende. "Aplicação da Teoria das Restrições (TDR) na gestão da cadeia produtiva de uma indústria farmacêutica". reponame:Repositório Institucional da FIOCRUZ, 2012. http://beta.arca.fiocruz.br/handle/icict/14549.
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Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto de Tecnologia em Fármacos/Farmanguinhos. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil.
A busca por técnicas de gestão que possibilitem um melhor aproveitamento da capacidade instalada de plantas produtivas é o desafio constante de todos os gestores. A utilização da Teoria das Restrições (TDR) como ferramenta de gestão no ambiente produtivo deste estudo possibilitou evidenciar o uso racional dos equipamentos do parque fabril a partir da identificação dos gargalos dos processos produtivos dos produtos mapeados. O dimensionamento dos pulmões de proteção da restrição e de espaço demonstrou como é possível manter o fluxo constante de produção sem a necessidade de elevados estoques em processo entre os centros de trabalho que compõem os sistemas produtivos. A análise da capacidade global do sistema pode evidenciar os centros de trabalho com restrição de capacidade frente à demanda posta.
The quest for management techniques that enable a better utilization of productive capacity of plants is the constant challenge for all managers. Using the Theory of Constraints (TOC) as a management tool in the production environment of this study highlight the possible rational use of the equipment of the industrial park from the identification of “bottlenecks” of the production processes of products mapped. The sizing of the lungs to protect the space restriction and demonstrated how you can keep a steady flow of production without the need for high in-process inventories between the work centers that compose the productive systems. The analysis of the overall capacity of the system can highlight the work centers capacity constraint put forward the demand.
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Guevara, Sánchez Edwar Paul y Guardamino Rosa Albina Zegarra. "Aplicación de un modelo integrado de gestión de la producción para mejorar la productividad de la línea de fabricación de llaves de cerradura". Bachelor's thesis, Universidad Ricardo Palma, 2015. http://cybertesis.urp.edu.pe/handle/urp/1294.
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La investigación está orientada al diseño e implementación de un Modelo Integrado de Gestión de la Producción para la fabricación de llaves de cerradura, este modelo integra la teoría de restricciones para resolver los cuellos de botella y utiliza algunas herramientas de Lean Manufacturing para eliminar los desperdicios que se generan en los procesos que generan los cuellos de botella. El objetivo de la aplicación del modelo es el mejorar la productividad de la línea de fabricación de llaves de cerradura, la reducción de costos mediante la mejora de la eficiencia de sus procesos que permitan a la empresa ser más competitiva en el mercado.
The research is focused on the design and implementation of an integrated management of production for the manufacture of keys lock model, this model integrates the theory of constraints to solve bottlenecks and used some tools of lean manufacturing to eliminate waste that is generated in the processes that create bottlenecks. The purpose of applying the model is to improve the productivity of the manufacturing line lock keys, reducing costs by improving the efficiency of their processes that enable the company to be more competitive in the market.
Libros sobre el tema "Bottleneck theory"
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Ronen, Boaz, Joseph S. Pliskin y Shimeon Pass. Constraint Management in a Bottleneck Environment (DRAFT). Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190843458.003.0005.
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This chapter introduces steps 4 through 7 of the theory of constraints—that, respectively, decide how to exploit and utilize the constraint, subordinate the system to the constraint, elevate and break the constraint, and do not let inertia become the system constraint. The chapter shows how to achieve more using the existing resources by focusing on the bottleneck. For example, reducing waste (“garbage time”) of the bottleneck can quite quickly increase the system’s throughput. The subordination of the rest of the system to the bottleneck is then discussed. For this purpose, the scheduling mechanism of drum–buffer–rope can be implemented in some areas of healthcare systems, like operating rooms, leading to increased throughput and reduction of waiting times as well as improved clinical quality.
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Bottlenecks: A New Theory of Equal Opportunity. Oxford University Press, 2014.
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Fishkin, Joseph. Bottlenecks: A New Theory of Equal Opportunity. Oxford University Press, Incorporated, 2013.
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Fishkin, Joseph. Bottlenecks: A New Theory of Equal Opportunity. Oxford University Press, Incorporated, 2016.
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Ronen, Boaz, Joseph S. Pliskin y Shimeon Pass. Constraint Management under a Market Constraint (DRAFT). Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190843458.003.0006.
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Having a market constraint means that the system has excess capacity. For such cases, this chapter shows how the seven steps of the theory of constraints (TOC) can help in increasing demand for healthcare organizations’ services. The chapter adds two other important issues: peak management and the three strategic questions for constraint management. Peak management provides tools for managing systems that are characterized by peaks and dips in demand. The three strategic questions determine whether we should design the healthcare organization with excess capacity or with a bottleneck. In the latter case, the chapter analyzes where the constraint should be located in the long run.
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Petit, Nicolas. Big Tech and the Digital Economy. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198837701.001.0001.
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To date, world antitrust and regulatory agencies have invariably described large technology companies—such as Google, Amazon, Microsoft, Apple, and Facebook—as dominant, bottleneck or gatekeeping companies comparable to the textbook monopolists of the early twentieth century. They have proceeded on this basis to discipline their business activities with unprecedented financial penalties and other regulatory obligations. This “techlash” is the subject of this book. Proceeding from the observation that big tech firms engage in both monopoly and oligopoly competition across digital markets, the book introduces a theory of moligopoly competition. It suggests that rivalry-spirited antitrust and regulatory laws are both conceptually and methodologically impervious to the competitive pressure that bears on big tech firms, resulting in a risk of well-intended but irrelevant policy intervention. The book proposes a refocusing of competition policy towards certain types of tipped markets where digital firms extract monopoly rents, and careful adoption of regulation toward other social harms generated by big tech’s business models.
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Mole, Christopher. Attention. Editado por Eric Margolis, Richard Samuels y Stephen P. Stich. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195309799.013.0009.
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The article focuses on Broadbent's approach to the explanation of attention. Broadbent shows that one's information-processing resources have sufficient capacity to encode the simple physical properties of all the stimuli that one is presented with, but have only a limited capacity for the encoding of the semantic properties of those stimuli. The resulting model depicts perceptual processing as proceeding in two stages. The first stage entails that a large capacity sensory system processes the physical features of all stimuli in parallel. A subset of the representations generated by the large capacity system are selected to be passed on to a second perceptual system, which has a smaller processing capacity, and which has the job of processing the stimuli's semantic properties. Broadbent's theory would explain that pre-bottleneck processing is responsible for the detection of simple physical features, and also for own-name detection. The phenomenology of one's shifting awareness in conditions of binocular rivalry is naturally described as the manifestation of a competition, and perhaps of a biased competition.
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Ronen, Boaz, Joseph S. Pliskin y Shimeon Pass. The Seven Focusing Steps of the Theory of Constraints (DRAFT). Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190843458.003.0004.
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The theory of constraints has the potential to increase throughput significantly, using existing resources. It consists of seven focusing steps that, when applied, can create extra capacity in operating rooms, emergency departments, imaging services, labs, and so on. The seven steps are simple, intuitive, and easy to implement. This chapter discusses the first three steps of the theory of constraints: determining the system’s goal, establishing global performance measures, and identifying the system constraint. Tools are provided for identifying bottlenecks and determining measures of performance for the system. It also introduces the cost-utilization diagram that provides managers with a full-system view.
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Mehta, Vaishali, Dolly Sharma, Monika Mangla, Anita Gehlot, Rajesh Singh y Sergio Márquez Sánchez, eds. Challenges and Opportunities for Deep Learning Applications in Industry 4.0. BENTHAM SCIENCE PUBLISHERS, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/97898150360601220101.
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The competence of deep learning for the automation and manufacturing sector has received astonishing attention in recent times. The manufacturing industry has recently experienced a revolutionary advancement despite several issues. One of the limitations for technical progress is the bottleneck encountered due to the enormous increase in data volume for processing, comprising various formats, semantics, qualities and features. Deep learning enables detection of meaningful features that are difficult to perform using traditional methods. The book takes the reader on a technological voyage of the industry 4.0 space. Chapters highlight recent applications of deep learning and the associated challenges and opportunities it presents for automating industrial processes and smart applications. Chapters introduce the reader to a broad range of topics in deep learning and machine learning. Several deep learning techniques used by industrial professionals are covered, including deep feedforward networks, regularization, optimization algorithms, convolutional networks, sequence modeling, and practical project methodology. Readers will find information on the value of deep learning in applications such as natural language processing, speech recognition, computer vision, online recommendation systems, bioinformatics, and videogames. The book also discusses prospective research directions that focus on the theory and practical applications of deep learning in industrial automation. Therefore, the book aims to serve as a comprehensive reference guide for industrial consultants interested in industry 4.0, and as a handbook for beginners in data science and advanced computer science courses.
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Goodin, Robert E. y Kai Spiekermann. Institutional Hindrances to Epistemic Success. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198823452.003.0017.
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The chapter explores features of institutional design that hamper epistemic performance, especially ‘epistemic bottlenecks’. The first section looks at the influence of strong leaders. The epistemic losses can be severe, especially if the leaders are influential and their number small. The second section shows how legislative committees and smaller upper chambers can act as bottlenecks. Quality deliberation may mitigate the effect. The third section analyses the epistemic outcome when party whips or small pivotal parties are in control. Finally, bottlenecks can also be created by supermajority rules, presidential vetoes, or by ‘cooling-off periods’.
Capítulos de libros sobre el tema "Bottleneck theory"
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Messerschmitt, David G. "Breaking the Recursive Bottleneck". En Performance Limits in Communication Theory and Practice, 3–19. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-2794-0_1.
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Lim, Andrew y Zhou Xu. "The Bottleneck Problem with Minimum Quantity Commitments". En Algorithm Theory - SWAT 2004, 285–97. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-27810-8_25.
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Kannan, Rajgopal y Costas Busch. "Bottleneck Congestion Games with Logarithmic Price of Anarchy". En Algorithmic Game Theory, 222–33. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-16170-4_20.
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Kerner, Boris S. "Nature of Traffic Breakdown at Bottleneck". En Introduction to Modern Traffic Flow Theory and Control, 41–72. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-02605-8_3.
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de Keijzer, Bart, Guido Schäfer y Orestis A. Telelis. "On the Inefficiency of Equilibria in Linear Bottleneck Congestion Games". En Algorithmic Game Theory, 335–46. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-16170-4_29.
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Fotakis, Dimitris, Alexis C. Kaporis, Thanasis Lianeas y Paul G. Spirakis. "On the Hardness of Network Design for Bottleneck Routing Games". En Algorithmic Game Theory, 156–67. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-33996-7_14.
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Kerner, Boris S. "Infinite Number of Highway Capacities of Free Flow at Bottleneck". En Introduction to Modern Traffic Flow Theory and Control, 73–79. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-02605-8_4.
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Hu, Chunping, Jianfeng Liu, Yilin Ma y Jing Wang. "An Analysis on the Park-and-Ride Travel Selection from the Perspective of Bottleneck Theory". En Communications in Computer and Information Science, 241–49. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-22418-8_34.
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Lass, Roger. "Language universals and evolutionary bottlenecks". En Current Issues in Linguistic Theory, 191. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/cilt.138.16las.
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Kerner, Boris S. "Congested Patterns at Freeway Bottlenecks in Three-Phase Traffic Theory". En The Physics of Traffic, 179–215. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-40986-1_7.
Texto completoActas de conferencias sobre el tema "Bottleneck theory"
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Hsu, Hsiang, Shahab Asoodeh, Salman Salamatian y Flavio P. Calmon. "Generalizing Bottleneck Problems". En 2018 IEEE International Symposium on Information Theory (ISIT). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/isit.2018.8437632.
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Vera, Matias, Leonardo Rey Vega y Pablo Piantanida. "Distributed cooperative information bottleneck". En 2017 IEEE International Symposium on Information Theory (ISIT). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/isit.2017.8006620.
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Yang, Qianqian, Pablo Piantanida y Deniz Gunduz. "The multi-layer information bottleneck problem". En 2017 IEEE Information Theory Workshop (ITW). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/itw.2017.8278006.
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Dikshtein, Michael, Nir Weinberger y Shlomo Shamai Shitz. "On Information Bottleneck for Gaussian Processes". En 2022 IEEE Information Theory Workshop (ITW). IEEE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/itw54588.2022.9965939.
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Mahvari, Mohammad Mahdi, Mari Kobayashi y Abdellatif Zaidi. "Scalable Vector Gaussian Information Bottleneck". En 2021 IEEE International Symposium on Information Theory (ISIT). IEEE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/isit45174.2021.9517720.
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Pichler, Georg y Gunther Koliander. "Information Bottleneck on General Alphabets". En 2018 IEEE International Symposium on Information Theory (ISIT). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/isit.2018.8437714.
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Dikshtein, Michael, Nir Weinberger y Shlomo Shamai Shitz. "The Compound Information Bottleneck Program". En 2022 IEEE International Symposium on Information Theory (ISIT). IEEE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/isit50566.2022.9834812.
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Tishby, Naftali y Noga Zaslavsky. "Deep learning and the information bottleneck principle". En 2015 IEEE Information Theory Workshop (ITW). IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/itw.2015.7133169.
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Huang, Teng-Hui, Aly El Gamal y Hesham El Gamal. "On The Multi-View Information Bottleneck Representation". En 2022 IEEE Information Theory Workshop (ITW). IEEE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/itw54588.2022.9965818.
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Dikshtein, Michael, Or Ordentlich y Shlomo Shamai Shitz. "The Double-Sided Information-Bottleneck Function". En 2021 IEEE International Symposium on Information Theory (ISIT). IEEE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/isit45174.2021.9517899.
Texto completoInformes sobre el tema "Bottleneck theory"
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Leopold, Mardik F. Seabirds? : what seabirds? : An exploratory study into the origin of seabirds visiting the SE North Sea and their survival bottlenecks. Den Helder: Wageningen Marine Research, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.18174/416194.
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Bauer, Andrew. In situ and time. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), diciembre de 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/46162.
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Large-scale HPC simulations with their inherent I/O bottleneck have made in situ visualization an essential approach for data analysis, although the idea of in situ visualization dates back to the era of coprocessing in the 1990s. In situ coupling of analysis and visualization to a live simulation circumvents writing raw data to disk for post-mortem analysis -- an approach that is already inefficient for today's very large simulation codes. Instead, with in situ visualization, data abstracts are generated that provide a much higher level of expressiveness per byte. Therefore, more details can be computed and stored for later analysis, providing more insight than traditional methods. This workshop encouraged talks on methods and workflows that have been used for large-scale parallel visualization, with a particular focus on the in situ case.
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Khan Mohmand, Shandana y Miguel Loureiro. Key Considerations: Supporting Better Governance of Flood Relief Efforts in Pakistan. SSHAP, octubre de 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/sshap.2022.036.
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Relief, rehabilitation, and recovery from climate emergencies require getting the governance of disaster and crisis management right. In Pakistan, there are five actions where response actors can either contribute directly, or facilitate action to enable effective interventions: Support the collection, coordination, and dissemination of data relating to the crisis; Help regenerate multi-sectoral cooperation and partnerships; Assist the vertical integration of institutions at the sub-national level; Urge coordinated resources across response actors: donors, government officials, and civil society; Strengthen social protection systems in the longer term. Most of these are familiar to those that work on humanitarian crises in Pakistan, but they represent unresolved bottlenecks in responding effectively to a crisis. Getting these areas of action right is critical for the current crisis and to prepare for other expected and accelerating climate emergencies. To expand on these five elements, this brief draws on the authors' experiences of national and international responses to previous disasters and their aftermaths in Pakistan. It was written by Shandana Khan Mohmand and Miguel Loureiro at the Institute of Development Studies, and was reviewed by Saba Aslam (Institute of Business Administration, Karachi), Luqman Hakeem, (UNICEF), Hayley MacGregor (IDS), Annie Wilkinson (IDS) and Olivia Tulloch (Anthrologica), and edited by Victoria Haldane (Anthrologica). This brief was commissioned by and remains the responsibility of SSHAP.
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Kim, Jinwon y Jucheol Moon. Congestion Costs and Scheduling Preferences of Car Commuters in California: Estimates Using Big Data. Mineta Transportation Institute, marzo de 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.31979/mti.2022.2031.
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On average, California car commuters waste 4–5 minutes per morning commute due to congestion. Multiplied across all California car commuters, those few minutes entail a yearly total of approximately 2.3 billion hours of time wasted, costing 6 billion dollars. The objective of this study is to quantify congestion costs and determine how commuters adapt to the level of congestion they face (i.e., commuters’ scheduling utility functions). To that end, this research developed a model of trip scheduling under congestion to construct California commuters’ travel-time profiles, i.e., the menu of travel times that each individual would likely face according to alternate trip timing choices. The results show that commuters facing higher levels of congestion tend to avoid delays by arriving at an inconvenient edge time rather than commuting during the peak. Further, commuters are willing to accept about 0.5 additional minutes of schedule delay to reduce travel time by 1 minute. We found that for most commuters in our data, the travel time profile is much flatter than the estimated schedule utility, which implies that commuters tend to arrive around their own ideal arrival times, although the estimated utility function exhibits a moderate schedule inflexibility. This finding ultimately calls into question the existing bottleneck model’s quantification of the economic cost of congestion as well as the optimal toll to ameliorate congestion.
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Sadot, Einat, Christopher Staiger y Zvi Kam Weizmann. functional genomic screen for new plant cytoskeletal proteins and the determination of their role in actin mediated functions and guard cells regulation. United States Department of Agriculture, enero de 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2003.7587725.bard.
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The original objectives of the approved proposal were: 1. To construct a YFP fused Arabidopsis cDNA library in a mammalian expression vector. 2. To infect the library into a host fibroblast cell line and to screen for new cytoskeletal associated proteins using an automated microscope. 3. Isolate the new genes. 4. Characterize their role in plants. The project was approved as a feasibility study to allow proof of concept that would entail building the YFP library and picking up a couple of positive clones using the fluorescent screen. We report here on the construction of the YFP library, the development of the automatic microscope, the establishment of the screen and the isolation of positive clones that are plant cDNAs encoding cytoskeleton associated proteins. The rational underling a screen of plant library in fibroblasts is based on the high conservation of the cytoskeleton building blocks, actin and tubulin, between the two kingdoms (80-90% homology at the level of amino acids sequence). In addition, several publications demonstrated the recognition of mammalian cytoskeleton by plant cytoskeletal binding proteins and vice versa. The major achievements described here are: 1. The development of an automated microscope equipped with fast laser auto-focusing for high magnification and a software controlling 6 dimensions; X, Y position, auto focus, time, color, and the distribution and density of the fields acquired. This system is essential for the high throughput screen. 2. The construction of an extremely competent YFP library efficiently cloned (tens of thousands of clones collected, no empty vectors detected) with all inserts oriented 5't03'. These parameters render it well representative of the whole transcriptome and efficient in "in-frame" fusion to YFP. 3. The strategy developed for the screen allowing the isolation of individual positive cDNA clones following three rounds of microscopic scans. The major conclusion accomplished from the work described here is that the concept of using mammalian host cells for fishing new plant cytoskeletal proteins is feasible and that screening system developed is complete for addressing one of the major bottlenecks of the plant cytoskeleton field: the need for high throughput identification of functionally active cytoskeletal proteins. The new identified plant cytoskeletal proteins isolated in the pilot screen and additional new proteins which will be isolated in a comprehensive screen will shed light on cytoskeletal mediated processes playing a major role in cellular activities such as cell division, morphogenesis, and functioning such as chloroplast positioning, pollen tube and root hair elongation and the movement of guard cells. Therefore, in the long run the screen described here has clear agricultural implications.
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Putriastuti, Massita Ayu Cindy, Vivi Fitriyanti, Vivid Amalia Khusna y Inka B. Yusgiantoro. Crowdfunding Potential: Willingness to Invest and Donate for Green Project in Indonesia. Purnomo Yusgiantoro Center, agosto de 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.33116/pycrr-1.
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Highlights • Individual investors prefer to have an investment with high ROI rather than a low-profit investment with environmental and social benefits. • Males invest and donate more money than females in terms of quantity and frequency. • People with a level of education above an associate degree (D3) have a significantly higher level of willingness to invest and donate to green project, compared to people with a lower level of education. • In general, people with a higher income level have a higher willingness to invest. However, there is no proof on the relationship between level of income and willingness to donate. • The age increases have a positive correlation with the willingness to invest in green project. Nevertheless, people >44 years old are more interested in donating than investing. • The younger generation (<44 years) tends to pick higher returns and short payback periods compared to the older generations (>44 years). • The respondents tend to invest and donate to the project located in the frontier, outermost, and least developed region (3T) even though the majority of the respondents are from Java, Madura, and Bali. • A social project such as health and education are preferable projects chosen by the respondents to invest and donate to, followed by the conservation, climate crisis, region’s welfare, and clean energy access. • Clean energy has not been seen as one of the preferred targets for green project investors and donors due to the poor knowledge of its direct impact on the environment and people’s welfare. • The average willingness to invest and donate is IDR 10,527,004 and IDR 2,893,079/person/annum with desired return on investment (ROI) and payback period (PP) of 5–8% 24 months, respectively. • Respondents prefer to donate more money to reward donations than donations without reward. • There is an enormous potential of crowdfunding as green project alternative financing, including renewable energy. The total investment could reach up to IDR 192 trillion (USD 13.4 billion)/annum and up to IDR 46 trillion (USD 3.2 billion)/annum for donation. • The main bottlenecks are poor financial literacy and the lack of platforms to facilitate public participation. • COVID-19 has decreased willingness to pay and invest due to income reduction and the uncertain economic recovery situation. However, it makes people pay more attention to the sustainability factor (shifting paradigm in investment).
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Tanksley, Steven D. y Dani Zamir. Development and Testing of a Method for the Systematic Discovery and Utilization of Novel QTLs in the Production of Improved Crop Varieties: Tomato as a Model System. United States Department of Agriculture, junio de 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1995.7570570.bard.
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Modern cultivated varieties carry only a small fraction of the variation present in the gene pool. The narrow genetic basis of modern crop plants is a result of genetic bottlenecks imposed during early domestication and modern plant breeding. The wild ancestors of most crop plants can still be found in their natural habitats and Germplasm Centers have been established to collect and maintain this material. These wild and unadapted resources can potentially fuel crop plant improvement efforts for many years into the future (Tanksley and McCouch 1997). Unfortunately, scientists have been unable to exploit the majority of the genetic potential warehoused in germplasm repositories. This is especially true as regards to the improvement of quantitative traits like yield and quality. One of the major problems is that much of the wild germplasm is inferior to modern cultivars for many of the quantitative traits that breeders would like to improve. Our research, focusing on the tomato as a model system, has shown that despite their inferior phenotypes, wild species are likely to contain QTLs that can substantially increase the yield and quality of elite cultivars (de Vicente and Tanksley 1992, Eshed and Zamir 1994, Eshed et al. 1996). Using novel population structures of introgression lines (ILs; Eshed and Zamir 1995) and advanced backcross lines (AB; Tanksley et al. 1996) we identified and introduced valuable QTLs from unadapted germplasm into elite processing tomato varieties. Populations involving crosses with five Lycopersicon species (L. pennellii (Eshed and Zamir 1994; Eshed et al. 1996; Eshed and Zamir 1996), L. hirsutum (Bernacchi et al. 1998), L. pimpinellifolium (Tanksley et al. 1996), L. parviflorum (unpub.), L. peruvianum (Fulton et al. 1997) have been field and laboratory tested in a number of locations around the world. QTLs from the wild parent were identified that improve one or more of the key quantitative traits for processing tomatoes (yield, brix, sugar and acid composition and earliness) by as much as 10-30%. Nearly isogenic lines (QTL-NILs) have been generated for a subset of these QTLs. Each QTL-NIL contains the entire genome of the elite cultivated parent except for a segment (5-40 cM) of the wild species genome corresponding to a specific QTL. The genetic material and information that was developed in this program is presently used by American and Israeli seed companies for the breeding of superior varieties. We expect that in the next few years these varieties will make a difference in the marketplace.
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Dudoit, Alain, Molivann Panot y Thierry Warin. Towards a multi-stakeholder Intermodal Trade-Transportation Data-Sharing and Knowledge Exchange Network. CIRANO, diciembre de 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.54932/mvne7282.
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The performance of supply chains used to be mainly the concern of academics and professionals who studied the potential efficiencies and risks associated with this aspect of globalisation. In 2021, major disruptions in this critical sector of our economies are making headlines and attracting the attention of policy makers around the world. Supply chain bottlenecks create shortages, fuel inflation, and undermine economic recovery. This report provides a transversal and multidisciplinary analysis of the challenges and opportunities regarding data interoperability and data sharing as they relate to the ‘Great Lakes - St. Lawrence Seaway Trade Corridor’ (GLSLTC)’s intermodal transportation and trade data strategy. The size and scope of this trade corridor are only matched by the complexity of its multimodal freight transportation systems and growing urbanization on both sides of the Canada-US border. This complexity is exacerbated by the lack of data interoperability and effective collaborations between the different stakeholders within the various jurisdictions and amongst them. Our analytical work relies on : 1) A review of the relevant documentation on the latest challenges to supply chains (SC), intermodal freight transport and international trade, identifying any databases that are to be used.; 2) A comparative review of selected relevant initiatives to give insights into the best practices in digital supply chains implemented in Canada, the United States, and the European Union.; 3) Interviews and discussions with experts from Transport Canada, Statistics Canada, the Canadian Centre on Transportation Data (CCTD) and Global Affairs Canada, as well as with CIRANO’s research community and four partner institutions to identify databases and data that they use in their research related to transportation and trade relevant data availabilities and methodologies as well as joint research opportunities. Its main findings can be summarized as follow: GLSLTC is characterized by its critical scale, complexity, and strategic impact as North America’s most vital trade corridor in the foreseeable further intensification of continental trade. 4% of Canadian GDP is attributed to the Transportation and Logistics sector (2018): $1 trillion of goods moved every year: Goods and services imports are equivalent to 33% of Canada’s GDP and goods and services exports equivalent to 32%. The transportation sector is a key contributor to the achievement of net-zero emissions commitment by 2050. All sectors of the Canadian economy are affected by global supply chain disruptions. Uncertainty and threats extend well beyond the COVID-19 Pandemic. “De-globalization” and increasing supply chains regionalization pressures are mounting. Innovation and thus economic performance—increasingly hinges on the quantity and quality of data. Data is transforming Canada’s economy/society and is now at the center of global trade “Transport data is becoming less available: Canada needs to make data a priority for a national transportation strategy.” * “How the Government of Canada collects, manages, and governs data—and how it accesses and shares data with other governments, sectors, and Canadians—must change.”
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Wilson, Thomas E., Avraham A. Levy y Tzvi Tzfira. Controlling Early Stages of DNA Repair for Gene-targeting Enhancement in Plants. United States Department of Agriculture, marzo de 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2012.7697124.bard.
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Gene targeting (GT) is a much needed technology as a tool for plant research and for the precise engineering of crop species. Recent advances in this field have shown that the presence of a DNA double-strand break (DSB) in a genomic locus is critical for the integration of an exogenous DNA molecule introduced into this locus. This integration can occur via either non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) into the break or homologous recombination (HR) between the broken genomic DNA and the introduced vector. A bottleneck for DNA integration via HR is the machinery responsible for homology search and strand invasion. Important proteins in this pathway are Rad51, Rad52 and Rad54. We proposed to combine our respective expertise: on the US side, in the design of zincfinger nucleases (ZFNs) for the induction of DNA DSBs at any desired genomic locus and in the integration of DNA molecules via NHEJ; and on the Israeli side in the HR events, downstream of the DSB, that lead to homology search and strand invasion. We sought to test three major pathways of targeted DNA integration: (i) integration by NHEJ into DSBs induced at desired sites by specially designed ZFNs; (ii) integration into DSBs induced at desired sites combined with the use of Rad51, Rad52 and Rad54 proteins to maximize the chances for efficient and precise HR-mediated vector insertion; (iii) stimulation of HR by Rad51, Rad52 and Rad54 in the absence of DSB induction. We also proposed to study the formation of dsT-DNA molecules during the transformation of plant cells. dsT-DNA molecules are an important substrate for HR and NHEJ-mediatedGT, yet the mode of their formation from single stranded T-DNA molecules is still obscure. In addition we sought to develop a system for assembly of multi-transgene binary vectors by using ZFNs. The latter may facilitate the production of binary vectors that may be ready for genome editing in transgenic plants. ZFNs were proposed for the induction of DSBs in genomic targets, namely, the FtsH2 gene whose loss of function can easily be identified in somatic tissues as white sectors, and the Cruciferin locus whose targeting by a GFP or RFP reporter vectors can give rise to fluorescent seeds. ZFNs were also proposed for the induction of DSBs in artificial targets and for assembly of multi-gene vectors. We finally sought to address two important cell types in terms of relevance to plant transformation, namely GT of germinal (egg) cells by floral dipping, and GT in somatic cells by root and leave transformation. To be successful, we made use of novel optimized expression cassettes that enable coexpression of all of the genes of interest (ZFNs and Rad genes) in the right tissues (egg or root cells) at the right time, namely when the GT vector is delivered into the cells. Methods were proposed for investigating the complementation of T-strands to dsDNA molecules in living plant cells. During the course of this research, we (i) designed, assembled and tested, in vitro, a pair of new ZFNs capable of targeting the Cruciferin gene, (ii) produced transgenic plants which expresses for ZFN monomers for targeting of the FtsH2 gene. Expression of these enzymes is controlled by constitutive or heat shock induced promoters, (iii) produced a large population of transgenic Arabidopsis lines in which mutated mGUS gene was incorporated into different genomic locations, (iv) designed a system for egg-cell-specific expression of ZFNs and RAD genes and initiate GT experiments, (v) demonstrated that we can achieve NHEJ-mediated gene replacement in plant cells (vi) developed a system for ZFN and homing endonuclease-mediated assembly of multigene plant transformation vectors and (vii) explored the mechanism of dsTDNA formation in plant cells. This work has substantially advanced our understanding of the mechanisms of DNA integration into plants and furthered the development of important new tools for GT in plants.
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Shpigel, Muki, Allen Place, William Koven, Oded (Odi) Zmora, Sheenan Harpaz y Mordechai Harel. Development of Sodium Alginate Encapsulation of Diatom Concentrates as a Nutrient Delivery System to Enhance Growth and Survival of Post-Larvae Abalone. United States Department of Agriculture, septiembre de 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2001.7586480.bard.
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The major bottlenecks in rearing the highly priced gastropod abalone (Haliotis spp.) are the slow growth rate and the high mortality during the first 8 to 12 weeks following metamorphosis and settling. The most likely reason flor these problems is related to nutritional deficiencies in the diatom diet on which the post larvae (PL) feed almost exclusively in captivity. Higher survival and improved growth rate will reduce the considerable expense of hatchery-nursery resisdence time and thereflore the production costs. BARD supported our research for one year only and the support was given to us in order to prove that "(1) Abalone PL feed on encapsulated diatoms, and (2) heterotrophic diatoms can be mass produced." In the course of this year we have developed a novel nutrient delivery system specifically designed to enhance growth and survival of post-larval abalone. This approach is based on the sodium-alginate encapsulation of heterotrophically grown diatoms or diatom extracts, including appetite-stimulating factors. Diatom species that attract the PL and promote the highest growth and survival have been identified. These were also tested by incorporating them (either intact cells or as cell extracts) into a sodium-alginate matrix while comparing the growth to that achieved when using diatoms (singel sp. or as a mixture). A number of potential chemoattractants to act as appetite-stimulating factors for abalone PL have been tested. Preliminary results show that the incorporation of the amino acid methionine at a level of 10-3M to the sodim alginate matrix leads to a marked enhancement of growth. The results ol these studies provided basic knowledge on the growth of abalone and showed that it is possible to obtain, on a regular basis, survival rates exceeding 10% for this stage. Prior to this study the survival rates ranged between 2-4%, less than half of the values achieved today. Several diatom species originated from the National Center for Mariculture (Nitzchia laevis, Navicula lenzi, Amphora T3, and Navicula tennerima) and Cylindrotheca fusiformis (2083, 2084, 2085, 2086 and 2087 UTEX strains, Austin TX) were tested for heterotrophic growth. Axenic colonies were initially obtained and following intensive selection cycles and mutagenesis treatments, Amphora T3, Navicula tennerima and Cylindrotheca fusiformis (2083 UTEX strain) were capable of growing under heterotrophic conditions and to sustain highly enriched mediums. A highly efficient selection procedure as well as cost effective matrix of media components were developed and optimized. Glucose was identified as the best carbon source for all diatom strains. Doubling times ranging from 20-40 h were observed, and stable heterotroph cultures at a densities range of 103-104 were achieved. Although current growth rates are not yet sufficient for full economical fermentation, we estimate that further selections and mutagenesis treatments cycles should result in much faster growing colonies suitable for a fermentor scale-up. As rightfully pointed out by one of the reviewers, "There would be no point in assessing the optimum levels of dietary inclusions into micro-capsules, if the post-larvae cannot be induced to consume those capsules in the first place." We believe that the results of the first year of research provide a foundationfor the continuation of this research following the objectives put forth in the original proposal. Future work should concentrate on the optimization of incorporation of intact cells and cell extracts of the developed heterotrophic strains in the alginate matrix, as well as improving this delivery system by including liposomes and chemoattractants to ensure food consumption and enhanced growth.