Artículos de revistas: "Botanica medievale"

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GREPPIN, John A. C. "A Medieval Armenian Botanical and Pharmaceutical Handbook". Le Muséon 114, n.º 3 (1 de julio de 2001): 327–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.2143/mus.114.3.313.

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Clark, Gillian, Lorenzo Costantini, Angelo Finetti, John Giorgi, Andrew Jones, David Reese, Sheila Sutherland y David Whitehouse. "The food refuse of an affluent urban household in the late fourteenth century: faunal and botanical remains from the Palazzo Vitelleschi, Tarquinia (Viterbo)". Papers of the British School at Rome 57 (noviembre de 1989): 200–321. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0068246200009144.

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RIFIUTI ALIMENTARI DI UNA RICCA FAMIGLIA CITTADINA NEL TARDO SECOLO QUATTORDICESIMO: RESTI FAUNISTICI E BOTANICI DAL PALAZZO VITELLESCHI, TARQUINIA (VITERBO)Gli scavi condotti dalla British School at Rome nel Palazzo Vitelleschi in Tarquinia hanno fornito una quantità considerevole di dati faunistici e botanici, molti dei quali relativi al “proto-palazzo” del tardo sec. XIV. Le analisi del materiale qui presentate permettono di ricostruire in maniera abbastanza dettagliata il regime alimentare di una ricca e privilegiata famiglia urbana: tale esempio non può dunque essere assunto come rappresentativo in generale del tenore di vita diffuso nell'Italia centrale in età medievale. Alcuni elementi testimoniano come gli abitanti del proto-palazzo siano stati colpiti da una malattia, forse peste. E' stato possibile estendere il quadro ottenuto da questo particolare contesto e mettere in relazione l'economia di questa famiglia con l'organizzazione della produzione agricola nella compagna circostante. Le conoscenze offerte dai dati faunistici e botanici sul tipo di vita condotta nel medioevo sono paragonati e messi a confronto con le testimonianze documentarie relative alia dieta ed alla agricoltura medievale in Italia, anch'esse relative in gran parte alle classi più alte della società.

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van der Veen, Marijke. "An Early Medieval Hilltop Settlement in Molise: The Plant Remains from D85". Papers of the British School at Rome 53 (noviembre de 1985): 211–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0068246200011545.

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UN INSEDIAMENTO COLLINARE ALTOMEDIEVALE IN MOLISE: I RESTI BOTANICI DA D85In questo articolo si tratta dei resti botanici raccolti durante gli scavi di D85, un insediamento collinare altomedievale nella valle del Biferno in Molise. Sono state raccolte grandi quantità di resti botanici carbonizzati. Sono stati trovate le seguenti piante: frumento, orzo, miglio, avena, ceci, fave, lino, fichi, uva e coriandolo. I risultati vengono messi a confronto con i dati etnografici sulle attività relative alla lavorazione dei raccolti. L'assenza di materiale di scarto della mietitura (pula e paglia) suggerisce che i cereali non venissero trasformati sul sito ma fossero portati da altri posti. Gli altri dati archeologici (ceramica, strutture, resti di fauna, ecc.), sebbene con qualche dubbio, suggeriscono anch'essi che il sito non fosse un normale villaggio agricolo.

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Meyer, Mary Hockenberry, Stan Hokanson, Susan Galatowitsch y James Luby. "Public Gardens: Fulfilling the University's Research Mission". HortTechnology 20, n.º 3 (junio de 2010): 522–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.20.3.522.

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Research at botanic gardens, from medieval times to the present day, has evolved to encompass a wide range of topics. The Minnesota Landscape Arboretum, part of the University of Minnesota, is an example of a diverse, successful research program within a public university garden setting. Collaboration, mission, organization, and publications are keys to a successful research program. Future research for public gardens, including putting collections to work for conservation, understanding global change, ecological genomics, restoration ecology, seed banking, and citizen science are collaborative ideas for all botanic gardens to consider. Research can strengthen the botanic garden's role by providing public value while improving ties to the university.

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Ermacora, Davide. "Plants Growing in and on Bodies in Folklore". Boletín de Literatura Oral 10 (15 de julio de 2020): 109–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.17561/blo.v10.5166.

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The aim of this paper is to provide evidence for three themes related to ‘botanical bosom serpents’, i.e. stories about plants growing in and on bodies. First, the sprouting of flowers from the body in medieval Christian tales, to be contrasted to ‘bottom flowers’ attested in Dutch profane paintings produced in the later Middle-Ages; second, the presence of botanical bosom serpent narratives in Japan; and, third, the topic of plants growing in, and on animals in oral traditions and works of natural history.

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van Rijn, Morvenna y Frits Vrede. "Van boerderij naar klooster naar weeshuis. De gebruiksplanten op het terrein van de Roode Weeshuisstraat, Groningen". Paleo-aktueel, n.º 30 (14 de diciembre de 2019): 85–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.21827/pa.30.85-91.

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From farm to monastery to orphanage. The use plants on the grounds of the Roode Weeshuisstraat, Groningen. This paper focuses on the analysis of plant remains that were recovered from the archaeological excavations at the Roode Weeshuisstraat, in the city of Groningen (province of Groningen), which took place in 1990 and 1991. The excavation results revealed three different phases of occupation: early medieval farms, a late medieval monastery and an early-modern orphanage. Botanical samples were taken from different contexts belonging to these different phases in order to examine the diet of the different types of inhabitants (farmers, nuns and orphans).

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Rabić, Nedim. "JEDNA PREDAJA O PADU SREBRENIKA POD OSMANSKU VLAST I HISTORIJSKA IMAGINACIJA SREDINE 19. STOLJEĆA". Historijska misao 7, n.º 7 (diciembre de 2022): 55–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.51558/2303-8543.2022.7.7.55.

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Abstract The subject of this paper are the diary no- tes of the Bavarian botanist Otto Sendtner published in the German magazine "Das Ausland" regarding the medieval fortress of Srebrenik and the tradition about its fall under the Ottoman rule, which were completely unknown in the literature. This Munich university professor stayed in the Bosnian ejalet/Province in 1847, and on that occasion, he visited a significant number of cities, starting with Split, Livno and Travnik as the main destination. From the vizier's city and the seat of Ejalet, he went to Bosanska Posavina due to his botanical research, and on that occasion he passed through Srebrenik. Sendtner wrote in detail about the fortress, inspired by its features, and also left a note of local folklore tradition regarding its fall under the Ottomans, which deserves special attention. Also, in Send- tner's exposition, romantic narratives and orientalism ele-ments can be observed in the descriptions of the Srebrenik fortress and the landscape surrounding it, which can be attributed to the features of the imagi- nation about the Middle Ages presented in the European intellectual circles during the middle of the 19th century. Keywords Srebrenik, Bosnia, Middle Ages, oral tradition, travelogue, Otto Sendtner

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Nelson, E. Charles y Roger A. Stalley. "Medieval Naturalism and the Botanical Carvings at Corcomroe Abbey (County Clare)". Gesta 28, n.º 2 (enero de 1989): 165–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/767066.

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DOĞAN, Hüseyin. "Ortaçağ Türk Şiirinde “Sünbül” İmgesi Üzerine Bir Değerlendirme". International Journal of Social Sciences 6, n.º 26 (17 de septiembre de 2022): 170–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.52096/usbd.6.26.11.

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In the literature of medieval Turkish civilization, the concept of "sünbül" has a very rich variety of usage. This diversity has manifested itself in the humanities as well as in the natural and applied sciences, especially in Turkish poetry, where the concept of sünbül is widely used. How does the concept of sünbül differ between texts of natural and applied sciences and literature? In literary texts, it is necessary to investigate what is meant by the use of sünbül. In this study, we discussed what is meant by the use of sünbül in poetry by comparing the works created using Turkish in the Middle Ages in natural and applied sciences with the medieval Turkish poetry. In the literature of medieval Turkish civilization, the concept of "sünbül" is a concept used in the disciplines of botany, astrology and semiotics, as well as its use as a poetic image. In our study, a general viewpoint has been created to cover the definition and usage areas of the use of sünbül in the works of the Old Anatolian Turkish period, and in the conclusion part, all these uses and the values that the concept expresses. According to our findings, the use of "sünbül" in Turkish poetry is related to its terminology in the three disciplines. As a botanical term, a relation was established between the sünbül and the ideal woman's hair, and the pleasant scents of the plants known as sünbül in the Middle Ages, the filamentous structures seen in the root systems of these plants or, possibly, the inflorescence. As the term of astronomy, sünbül is meant by establishing a visual similarity with the concept of sünbül, which is used as a botanical term, and the modern sign of Virgo, called "sünbüle". As a semiotic term, the sünbül was used to indicate the perfect hair of the ideal woman, as well as the scent of this hair, it has also been mentioned among the elements that complement the beauty of a unique and celestial garden from time to time. This study also argues that in addition to the aforementioned forms of use, the establishment of the relationship between “sünbül” and “zülüf” is an evolved manifestation of the feeling of gratitude towards the goddesses of agriculture in Antiquity. Keywords: History of plants, Medieval astronomy, Medieval botany, Medieval semiology, spikenard.

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Khudyakov, Yu S. "An iron spear and arrow tips in the collection of middle 19th century found in Western Siberia, Altai Mountains and Kazakhstan". Archaeology and Ethnography 17, n.º 5 (2018): 130–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.25205/1818-7919-2018-17-5-130-136.

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Purpose. We aimed to examine the materials of the collection of iron weapons including a tip of a spear and various arrow tips gathered in the course of a scientific expedition across the territory of Western Siberia, Altai Steppes and Eastern Kazakhstan performed in 1840–1843 by a famous scientist, botanist, officer of the St. Petersburg Botanical Garden – Alexander Gustav von Schrenk. Results. The archaeological findings discovered by the researcher are kept in the Peter the Great Museum of Anthropology and Ethnography in the city of St. Petersburg. The iron tip of a spear and different iron arrow tips in the composition of that collection were examined and classified on formal grounds. They were divided into certain groups and types depending on characteristics of the section and shape of the feather of every tip. We proposed our reasoning for the chronology and cultural identity of these diverse artifacts, identified types of iron tips of the spear and arrow tips among the studied objects of armament. They were produced and used during diverse chronological periods when medieval nomadic peoples inhabiting the territory of Western Siberia, Altai Steppes and Eastern Kazakhstan could apply iron spears and arrows in the course of hostilities. We identified that the spear and various types of arrows analyzed in the composition of that collection could belong to warriors of different medieval ethnic groups. As a result of our analysis, the findings of armament were related to various chronological periods and definite weapon complexes. Different types of arrows were related to the material culture of the medieval peoples, who inhabited the territory of studied regions of Inner Asia during historical periods of the Early and High Middle Ages. The German scientists who were in the service of the Russian state described the primary events of the history of studying various archaeological objects related to the cultures of ancient and medieval nomadic people on the territory of the steppe region of Western Siberia and contiguous territories of Altai Steppes and Eastern Kazakhstan. Using methodologies of scientific research, we managed to analyze formal indicators of the artifacts and classify them into certain groups and types of objects of armament, including the iron spear tip and iron arrow tips that constituted an important part of the collection of archaeological findings considered. Conclusion. As a result of our scientific analysis, we have widen and complemented formerly known data on long-range and close combat armament object sets of the territory of Western Siberia, Altai Steppes, Northern and Eastern Kazakhstan during the Early and High Middle Ages.

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Sture, Maria y Egil Lindhart Bauer. "Heilag graut, franske hagar og barn døypte i øl – Skrift, arkeologi og botanikk som kjelder til matkultur i mellomalderen". Primitive Tider, n.º 19 (1 de diciembre de 2017): 43–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.5617/pt.7208.

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This article explores food culture in medieval Oslo, c. 1200–1350, with the ongoing Follo Line Project as a backdrop. We combine archaeobotanical and osteolo- gical material, archaeological artefacts, and historical sources – many of which are orders and ideals issued by the Church – to see how the different sources complement each other, and whether they can contribute to new understandings of the medieval town. We discuss this in an effort to evoke new images of medieval meals, local ingredients, and overseas imports. We also provide examples of how both the influence of the Church and foreign cultural impulses have contributed to the development of medieval food culture in Norway. Furthermore, we see that combining written sources and archaeobotanical material sheds light on the character of the King’s garden at Øra, which possibly was inspired by the eighth-century document Capitulare de Villis, originating in Carolingian Francia.

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Kvavadze, Eliso, Luara Rukhadze, Vakhtang Nikolaishvili y Levan Mumladze. "Botanical and zoological remains from an early medieval grave at Tsitsamuri, Georgia". Vegetation History and Archaeobotany 17, S1 (2 de octubre de 2008): 217–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00334-008-0183-5.

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Lev, Efraim. "Botanical view of the use of plants in medieval medicine in the Eastern Mediterranean according to the Cairo Genizah". Israel Journal of Plant Sciences 62, n.º 1-2 (18 de mayo de 2015): 122–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07929978.2014.887380.

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This article presents the medicinal plants that were used by the inhabitants of the medieval Eastern Mediterranean (mainly tenth to thirteenth centuries AD) and analyzes their geographical/phyto-botanical origin and their frequency of use at the medieval time. It also discusses various issues such as their historical trade and the continuation of their use in present-day Middle Eastern traditional medicine.The Cairo Genizah is an historical source containing about 250,000 documents, found in a semi-archeological context (synagogue and graves). Since Cairo became the capital and consequently the economic and administrative center of the Muslim empire, the Jewish community had close connections with the Jewish communities of the Middle East, North Africa, Southern Europe, Sicily and India. Therefore, these highly valued documents record every aspect of life and reflect on the whole Mediterranean region and beyond.The inventory of the practicalmateria medicawas reconstructed thanks to hundreds of documents such as prescriptions, list of drugs, and medical letters. It consists of 278 drugs, 223 of which are of plant origin. Asian medicinal plants became highly used in medieval Mediterranean medicine; the vast majority of them are still sold in Middle Eastern markets, although not with the same importance. It is important to note that some of them are sold today mainly for their other uses as spices, perfumes, incense, etc.

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D'Aronco, Maria Amalia. "The botanical lexicon of the Old EnglishHerbarium". Anglo-Saxon England 17 (diciembre de 1988): 15–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263675100003999.

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Recent research has established beyond question that, in the study of medicine at least, Anglo-Saxon England was far from being ‘a backwater in which superstition flourished until the mainstream of more rational and advanced Salernitan practices flowed into the country in late medieval times’. On the contrary, Anglo-Saxon medicine was at least at the same level as that of contemporary European schools. In ninth-century England the medical works inherited by ‘post-classical Latin medical literature (which included translations and epitomes of Greek and Byzantine medical authorities)’ were not only well known, but served as the basis for original reworking and compilation, as the example of theLæcebocshows. More important, it was in pre-Conquest England that, for the first time in Europe, medical treatises were either compiled in or translated into a vernacular language rather than being composed in Latin or Greek. Ancient medicine made substantial use of drugs obtained from plants; and therefore, since the sources of Anglo-Saxon medical lore were in Latin (or in Greek: but invariably known through the medium of Latin), it is not surprising that most medicinal herbs used in the preparation of Old English prescriptions were not indigenous to England or even to continental Germany. And since such medicinal herbs were not indigenous to northern Europe, it is evident that, in using them, speakers of vernacular languages were obliged to create a vocabulary appropriate to denote them.

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VARDANYAN, S. "A Review of J.A.C. Greppin's Article, 'A Medieval Armenian Botanical and Pharmaceutical Handbook'". Revue des Études Arméniennes 29 (5 de octubre de 2005): 541–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.2143/rea.29.0.2002633.

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Salvador González, José María. ""Sicut lilium inter spinas". Floral Metaphors in Late Medieval Marian Iconography from Patristic and Theological Sources". Eikon / Imago 3, n.º 2 (20 de septiembre de 2014): 1–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.5209/eiko.73394.

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This paper proposes an interpretation of the flowers and other plant motifs present in some late medieval images of four Marian themes: the Virgin Enthroned with Child, the Virgin of Humility, the Sacra Conversazione and the Coronation of the Virgin. By supplementing certain unjustified conventions that, without any argument, see these flowers as natural symbols of Mary’s love or virginity, our iconographic proposal is based on multiple evidence by prestigious Church Fathers and medieval theologians. By commenting some significant passages of the Old Testament, all of them praise the Mother of the Savior in terms of flowers and plants as metaphors for her holiness and virtue. Thus, on the basis of a solid patristic and theological tradition, this paper attempts to interpret these botanic elements as symbolic figures of purity, humility, charity, sublimity of virtue and absolute holiness of Mary and, as the essential core, her perpetual virginity and virginal divine motherhood.

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Loni, Augusto, Stefano Vanin, Antonio Fornaciari, Paolo Emilio Tomei, Valentina Giuffra y Giovanni Benelli. "Back to the Middle Ages: Entomological and Botanical Elements Reveal New Aspects of the Burial of Saint Davino of Armenia". Insects 13, n.º 12 (1 de diciembre de 2022): 1113. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects13121113.

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The natural mummy of Saint Davino Armeno (11th century) is preserved in the church of Saint Michele in Foro in the city of Lucca (Tuscany, Central Italy). The body of Davino is one of the oldest Italian mummies of a Saint, and his paleopathological study was performed in 2018. In the present research, we investigated the arthropod fragments and botanical remains collected from the body, coffin, and fabrics of Saint Davino. Entomological analyses outlined the presence of 192 arthropod fragments. Among these, Diptera, Muscidae (Hydrotaea capensis and Muscina sp.), and Phoridae (Conicera sp.) puparia were the most abundant. Regarding Coleoptera, Ptinidae (Anobium punctatum) were the most frequent, followed by Cleridae (Necrobia sp.), Trogidae (Trox scaber), Curculionidae (Sitophilus granarius), and Histeridae (Gnathoncus). Cocoons of Tineidae and Pyralidae moths were found, along with a propodeum joined to the petiole and a mesopleuron of an Ichneumoninae parasitoid. Numerous metamera of Julida and three scorpion fragments were also found. Botanical samples indicated the presence of a quite broad botanical community, including gramineous species, olives, evergreen oaks, and grapevine. Overall, entomological data allow us to argue that Saint Davino was first buried into the soil, probably in a wooden coffin, thus supporting the historical-hagiographic tradition according to which he was buried sub divo in the cemetery of Saint Michele. The preservation of the body as a natural mummy may have been facilitated by burial in a coffin that prevented direct contact of the corpse with the earth. Botanical remains offer confirmation of a late medieval urban environment rich in horticultural areas and trees, giving us a landscape that is very different from the current Tuscan city.

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Hosseinkhani, Ayda, Ali Sahragard, Aida Namdari y Mohammad M. Zarshenas. "Botanical Sources for Alzheimer’s: A Review on Reports From Traditional Persian Medicine". American Journal of Alzheimer's Disease & Other Dementiasr 32, n.º 7 (6 de julio de 2017): 429–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1533317517717013.

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Herbal medicines for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) have attracted considerable attention nowadays. Alzheimer’s disease is described in traditional Persian medicine (TPM) by the term Nesyān. In this study, 5 main medicinal medieval Persian manuscripts were reviewed to filter plants reported for the treatment of Nesyān. Databases were searched for related possible mechanisms of action of these medicinal plants. Each herb was searched for along with these keywords: “acetyl and butyryl cholinesterase inhibition,” “antioxidant,” “anti-inflammatory,” and “anti-amyloidogenic.” In Total, 44 herbs were used for the treatment of Nesyān; 40 of those were authenticated. Also, 30 plants had at least one of the mechanisms of action that were searched for or related pharmacological functions known for the treatment of AD. In this work, we introduce promising candidates in TPM that could undergo further investigation for identification of their active compounds and clinical validation in the treatment of AD.

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Åsen, Per Arvid. "Medieval Monastery Gardens in Iceland and Norway". Religions 12, n.º 5 (29 de abril de 2021): 317. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rel12050317.

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Gardening was an important part of the daily duties within several of the religious orders in Europe during the Middle Ages. The rule of Saint Benedict specified that the monastery should, if possible, contain a garden within itself, and before and above all things, special care should be taken of the sick, so that they may be served in very deed, as Christ himself. The cultivation of medicinal and utility plants was important to meet the material needs of the monastic institutions, but no physical garden has yet been found and excavated in either Scandinavia or Iceland. The Cistercians were particularly well known for being pioneer gardeners, but other orders like the Benedictines and Augustinians also practised gardening. The monasteries and nunneries operating in Iceland during medieval times are assumed to have belonged to either the Augustinian or the Benedictine orders. In Norway, some of the orders were the Dominicans, Fransiscans, Premonstratensians and Knights Hospitallers. Based on botanical investigations at all the Icelandic and Norwegian monastery sites, it is concluded that many of the plants found may have a medieval past as medicinal and utility plants and, with all the evidence combined, they were most probably cultivated in monastery gardens.

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Ал, Тавил Солаф. "PLANT NAMES IN ANCIENT AND MODERN HEBREW". Bulletin of the Chuvash State Pedagogical University named after I Y Yakovlev, n.º 4(109) (26 de enero de 2021): 3–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.37972/chgpu.2020.109.4.001.

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В статье рассматриваются названия растений в древнееврейском языке (включая библейский, постбиблейский и средневековый) и в современном иврите. Цель данной статьи заключается в том, чтобы исследовать названия растений, упоминаемых в Библии, и их семантические изменения в постбиблейской и средневековой еврейской литературе и в современном иврите. Исследование ботанических терминов осуществлялось на материале текстовых корпусов на иврите разных эпох развития языка в контекстном, семантическом и сравнительном аспектах. Как известно, библейская лексика в части названий растений является динамичной, поскольку большинство фитонимов в библейском языке не имеет однозначной ботанической идентификации, и многие неясности остаются до сих пор. В современном иврите многие из библейских названий растений изменили свои значения с течением времени и сегодня отличаются от исходных. Кроме того, многие растения, упомянутые в Библии, не произрастают сегодня в ареале Ближнего Востока, или, наоборот, появились новые виды растений, которые не были известными ранее. Таким образом, исследование ботанических терминов в разные эпохи развития еврейского языка дает нам представление о развитии семантики данных терминов и о факторах, влияющих на него. The article discusses the names of plants in ancient Hebrew (biblical, post-biblical, and medieval) and modern Hebrew. The purpose of this article is to investigate the names of plants mentioned in the Bible and their semantic changes in post-biblical, in medieval Jewish literature, and in modern Hebrew. The study of botanical terms was carried out on the material of text corpora in Hebrew of different epochs of the language development in contextual, semantic and comparative aspects. It is a common fact that the biblical vocabulary of plant names is dynamic, since most plant names in the biblical language do not have a clear botanical identification, and many of them remain in question until now. In modern Hebrew, many of the biblical names of plants have changed their meanings over time and they differ today from the ancient language. In addition, many plants mentioned in the Bible do not exist today in the realities of the Middle East, or vice versa, new plant species have appeared that were not known before. Thus, the study of botanical terms in different epochs of the development of the Hebrew language gives the information on the semantic development of these terms and the factors that affect them.

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Larsson, Mikael y Brendan Foley. "The king’s spice cabinet–Plant remains from Gribshunden, a 15th century royal shipwreck in the Baltic Sea". PLOS ONE 18, n.º 1 (26 de enero de 2023): e0281010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0281010.

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Maritime archaeological investigations of the wreck of the medieval warship Gribshunden (1495), flagship of King Hans of Denmark and Norway, have revealed diverse artifacts including exotic spices imported from far distant origins: saffron, ginger, clove, peppercorns, and almond. The special circumstances of the vessel’s last voyage add unique context to the assemblage. Gribshunden and an accompanying squadron conveyed the king, courtiers, noblemen, and soldiers from Copenhagen to a political summit in Kalmar, Sweden. At that conference, Hans expected the Swedish Council to elect him king of Sweden, and thereby fulfill his ambition to reunify the Nordic region under a single crown. To achieve this, Hans assembled in his fleet and particularly aboard his flagship the people and elite cultural signifiers that would convince the Swedish delegation to accept his rule. Along the way, the ships anchored near Ronneby, Blekinge. Written sources record that an explosion and fire caused Gribshunden to sink off Stora Ekön (Great Oak Island). Exotic spices were status markers among the aristocracy in Scandinavia and around the Baltic Sea during the Middle Ages (1050–1550 CE). Until the Gribshunden finds, these extravagances have rarely or never been represented archaeologically. Evidence of their use and consumption in medieval Scandinavia has been limited to sparse written references. We present here the botanical remains from the Gribshunden shipwreck and compare them to previous archaeobotanical finds from the medieval Baltic region. These opulent status symbols traveled with a medieval king en route to a major historical event. The combination of textual and archaeological evidence allows a novel analytical view of the social environment in which these luxurious foods were consumed.

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Bulang, Tobias. "Wissensgenealogien der frühen Neuzeit im Vergleich". Daphnis 48, n.º 1-2 (19 de marzo de 2020): 38–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18796583-04801002.

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For Paracelsian texts, as well as for hermetic writing in general, genealogies that trace knowledge all the way back to Hermes Trismegistos or even to Adam are characteristic. However, in the 16th century, Paracelsians were by far not the only ones drafting such genealogies. Many sciences didn’t restrict themselves to the medieval practice of quoting ancient authorities (e.g. Plinius dixit …), but rather employed genealogies of knowledge to achieve legitimacy for their texts. Such genealogies of knowledge preceeded a modern history of science. Also, they aim towards a turning point in the very presence of their authors, a point from which truth is finally revealed again. This presentation will compare different genealogies of knowledge (in botanical, demonological, and alchemical writings) and investigate their social and institutional implications.

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23

Mueller-Bieniek, Aldona, Adam Walanus y Emil Zaitz. "Cultivated plants in medieval Kraków (Poland), with special reference to amaranth (Amaranthus lividus L. cf. var lividus) and ruderal communities". Acta Palaeobotanica 55, n.º 1 (1 de junio de 2015): 98–115. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/acpa-2015-0003.

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Abstract This paper summarises archaeobotanical studies of plant macroremains derived from medieval town deposits of Kraków, focusing on cultivated plants. Correspondence analysis was used in interpreting the botanical data and their archaeological context. Changes in cultivated plant composition were connected mainly with the chartering of the town under Magdeburg law in 1257, and are discussed in terms of their temporal relation to the chartering of Kraków and possible changes in the food preferences and wealth of the residents. Millet and wheat remains are rarer in specimens from after the establishment of the town; this seems connected mainly with the relocation of the mills outside the city walls. The number of cultivated plants generally increased in the late medieval samples, but hop and mallow were more frequent in the tribal period than later. Problems in the definition of cultivated plants are discussed. The probable escape of cultivated amaranth (Amaranthus lividus L. var. lividus) from gardens to ruderal communities is indicated in the samples. A comparison of archaeobotanical data from written sources shows the incompleteness of both types of source, including the clear underrepresentation of some cultivated plants in the archaeological deposits of the town (especially peas, Pisum sativum), a deficiency which should be considered in other archaeobotanical and palaeodietary studies.

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24

Arthur, Paul, Girolamo Fiorentino y Anna Maria Grasso. "Roads to recovery: an investigation of early medieval agrarian strategies in Byzantine Italy in and around the eighth century". Antiquity 86, n.º 332 (junio de 2012): 444–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x00062864.

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The cumulative power of botanical and chemical analysis is demonstrated here by our authors, who succeed in opening a window on Europe's most obscure period, in the south as in the north, the time after the Roman and then the Byzantine empire lost its hold. The emphasis here is on the rise in production and trade of cash crops in the eighth century as detected by survey, pollen, charcoal and residues. Taken together, the new data show a community well on the road to economic recovery after two centuries of recession and monetary failure.

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25

Shemesh, Abraham Ofir. "“And this Reason has a Justification”: Medieval Scientific Argument for the Custom against Eating Legumes on Passover". European Journal of Jewish Studies 9, n.º 2 (7 de octubre de 2015): 154–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1872471x-12341279.

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This article discusses a botanical-agricultural reason for the prohibition against eating legumes on Passover, one presented by Rabbeinu Manoah (Provence, thirteenth century). According to Rabbeinu Manoah, the basis of the prohibition is an ancient agricultural concept whereby through changes in climate and annual rainfall, wheat kernels become legumes. It seems that technical changes in agriculture in the Middle Ages affected the ban. The practice of using a three-field rotation of grains and legumes in European fields increased the mixture of aftergrowths of legumes from the previous years in the grain harvest of the present year. This phenomenon strengthened the ancient concept among contemporary agriculturists that grains had changed into legumes, when, in fact, the legumes were merely aftergrowths.

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26

van Geel, Bas, Otto Brinkkemper, Guido B. A. van Reenen, Nathalie N. L. Van der Putten, Jasmijn E. Sybenga, Carla Soonius, Annemieke M. Kooijman, Tom Hakbijl y William D. Gosling. "Multicore Study of Upper Holocene Mire Development in West-Frisia, Northern Netherlands: Ecological and Archaeological Aspects". Quaternary 3, n.º 2 (7 de mayo de 2020): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/quat3020012.

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We studied twelve late Holocene organic deposits in West-Frisia, The Netherlands. Pollen, spores, non-pollen palynomorphs, mosses, other botanical macrofossils and insect remains were recorded for reconstructions of changing environmental conditions. Eastern West-Frisia was a cultivated landscape during the Bronze Age, but it became a freshwater wetland in the Late Bronze Age. In most of our sites, radiocarbon dates show that time transgressive inundation of soils preceded the climate shift at 850 cal BC for several centuries. We suggest that solar forcing of climate change may have delivered the final push to the inundation and depopulation of West-Frisia, which had already commenced several centuries before, due to sealevel rise. We did not find evidence for significant Bronze Age tree growth in West-Frisia before the inundations. Vegetation successions in the new wetlands developed from shallow mineral-rich freshwater to rich-fen vegetation. Subsequently poor fen vegetation with birch and pine developed, and the natural succession led to ombrotrophic raised bog vegetation. Complete successions from shallow, mineral-rich lakes to raised bog lasted between 1000 and 1500 calendar years. We hypothesize that medieval drainage and reclamation became possible only when the mires of West-Frisia had reached the raised bog stage. Reclamation of raised bogs by medieval farmers (drainage, eutrophication, peat digging) caused compaction, oxidation and loss of the upper part of the peat deposit. Seeds of salt-tolerant and salt-demanding plant species indicate that the medieval sites were inundated during storm surges with brackish or salt water, which triggered the farmers to build artificial mounds and, later, dikes. Under mounds and dikes, peat deposits remained protected against further decay. With our data we deliver a long-term perspective on contemporary ecosystem dynamics of freshwater wetlands, relevant for nature conservation and future climate change.

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27

Ulyana Evgenievna, Vlasova. "Symbolism and iconography of the tapestry "The Adoration of the Magi" (1902) from the collection of the State Hermitage". Vestnik of Saint Petersburg State University of Culture, n.º 2 (51) (2022): 162–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.30725/2619-0303-2022-2-162-166.

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Annotation: tapestry made in the workshop of William Morris – Morris & Co shows the ideas that were carried away by the second wave Pre-Raphaelites. A thorough study of this unique experiment allows us to better understand the intention of the authors of the tapestry, and the study of the interpretations of the work allows us to significantly expand its semantic field. The text of the article contains an explanation of the composition and symbols of the tapestry, which was undertaken by foreign researchers of the work of Edward Burne-Jones. The works of these scientists were not published in Russian. This article analyzes in detail the iconography of the tapestry, uses the interpretation of the floral motifs of the composition in line with Christian floral symbolism. The botanical identification of all plants depicted on the tapestry is given, and their classification is given based on medieval flower symbolism.

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28

Harrison et al, R. M. "Amorium Excavations 1990: The Third Preliminary Report". Anatolian Studies 41 (diciembre de 1991): 215–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3642941.

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This was the third season of excavation at Amorium in east Phrygia, and the team worked for four weeks, from 1 August 1990. The archaeological aim was to study social change and development from the Hellenistic period to the Medieval, in particular the Late Roman period and so-called Dark Ages. We completed a detailed survey in the Upper Town, worked in three trenches (two of them initiated last year [L and AB] in the Upper and Lower Town, and one which was new [the Church] in the Lower Town), and further study was made of pottery and small finds. This is a new archaeological subject in this period in central Anatolia, and the first stage is to sort out the pottery, small finds, two or three buildings, levels, and chronology. The next stage will be to study the faunal, botanical, and other samples.In the Roman period the town lay at the eastern end of the province of Asia. It was probably fairly small, consisting of the Upper Town and part of the Lower (the area of the modern village). Nonetheless, Amorium was mentioned in classical texts and has produced Hellenistic and provincial-Roman coins, Phrygian marble sculpture and architecture, inscriptions, non-local pottery, and a Roman carnelian intaglio.

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29

Razzhigaeva, N. G., L. A. Ganzey, T. A. Grebennikova, T. A. Kopoteva, M. A. Klimin, A. M. Panichev, E. P. Kudryavtseva, Kh A. Arslanov, F. E. Maksimov y A. Yu Petrov. "Paleoflood records within Sikhote-Alin foothills during last 2.2 ka". Izvestiya Rossiiskoi akademii nauk. Seriya geograficheskaya, n.º 2 (13 de mayo de 2019): 85–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s2587-55662019285-99.

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The periods of intensification of the frequency of severe floods in Late Holocene were reconstructed on the basis of a multi-proxy study of the section of paleo-bend deposits in the lower reaches of the Bikin River, which includes a peat bog, buried by floodplain loam. The peat bog was formed on the place of flood lake and is represented by interlayering of the layers with a different contents of mineral components, which brought during heavy floods. The criteria for the allocation of phases of abundant river flow were defined. Peat ash content, biostratigraphic data (diatom, botanical analyzes) and radiocarbon dates of the peat bog showed that the flood activity in the foothills of the Sikhote-Alin changed significantly over the last 2.24 ka. The most severe floods occurred in the Medieval Warm Period and warm phases of the Little Ice Age. Duration of periods with strong floods varied from 70 to 200 years. Synoptic situations leading to heavy rainfall were probably similar to modern ones. Strong floods began last 210 yr in the conditions of a trend for warming. Reduction of flood activity, as a rule, occurred in cooling. The intensification of fires took place in drier periods. The response of swamp landscapes to the passage of severe floods and fires has been established.

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30

Bojanić Obad Šćitaroci, Bojana y Mladen Obad Šćitaroci. "Urban Morphology of Zagreb in the Second Half of the 19th Century—Landmarks Guiding the Reconstruction of the Town and the Preservation of Identity after the 2020 Earthquake". Heritage 4, n.º 4 (13 de octubre de 2021): 3349–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/heritage4040186.

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The research of the urban morphology of Zagreb in the second half of the 19th century was done with the intention of showing the importance of inherited urban morphology and the importance of urban identity factors at a time when preparations are being made for reconstruction after the 2020 earthquake. The research was performed on the basis of old maps and plans and previous research on urban development. The medieval town of Zagreb began to develop in a planned manner in the second half of the 19th century. The orthogonal street grid in the new town built in the 19th century and called the Lower Town—were the result of urban utopian times and the first written legislation on urban planning (1857), the first development plan (1864/1865), and a second development plan (1887/1889). The concept for the urban design of the Lower Town has three distinct themes: an orthogonal street grid, public parks and squares and public buildings. The series of public spaces, consisting of seven squares and the Botanical Gardens, became a landmark pattern in the urban morphology of Zagreb at the end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th century. This urban pattern, as a lasting value, remains the main landmark for any new architectural and urban interventions in the town historic part.

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Sagona, Antonio, Mustafa Erkmen, Claudia Sagona y Ian Thomas. "Excavations at Sos Höyük, 1995: Second Preliminary Report". Anatolian Studies 46 (diciembre de 1996): 27–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3642998.

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Archaeological investigations this year at Sos Höyük, carried out by the University of Melbourne and Erzurum Museum, took place in the summer, between 2 June and 3 August. The aims for the 1995 season included activities both on the mound and off-site. Among the former objectives, was the need to expose further the Medieval settlement on the summit of the mound, and the burnt building of the Hellenistic period in trenches L14 and L13. Excavation was also required in the lower northeast trenches to clarify the depositions of the late third to second millennium B.C. In addition to these largely horizontal operations, we commenced an independent vertical sounding in J14 to obtain a immediate guide to the sequence of Iron Age deposits.The intensive field survey of the site environs continued, as did the search for the obsidian source in the hilltops around Pasinler. A detailed palaeoecological study of the region was initiated this year. Information from promising pollen cores taken at various altitudes in the Kargapazarı Dağları, the mountain range immediately to the north of the site, will no doubt complement the faunal and botanical data from the excavations. We also conducted a magnetic survey of the ancient cemeteries surrounding the site to better define their boundaries, but human and animal disturbance often made it difficult to discriminate between burials, pits and burrows of comparable magnetic intensity. Finally, there was a concerted effort to organize and establish a new exhibition at Erzurum Museum covering the campaigns at both Büyüktepe Höyük and Sos Höyük.

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32

Lataowa, Ma?igorzata. "Botanical analysis of a bundle of flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) from an early medieval site in northern Poland; a contribution to the history of flax cultivation and its field weeds". Vegetation History and Archaeobotany 7, n.º 2 (junio de 1998): 97–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01373927.

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33

Retief, François y Louise Cilliers. "Medications and their use in the Graeco-Roman era". Suid-Afrikaanse Tydskrif vir Natuurwetenskap en Tegnologie 26, n.º 1 (21 de septiembre de 2007): 14–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/satnt.v26i1.120.

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As from the 6th century BC Graeco-Roman medical therapy comprised three components, viz. diet and healthy lifestyle (regimen), surgery and medicaments (pharmacotherapy), of which the latter was the oldest. Although the Corpus Hippocraticum (5th century BC), with minor Egyptian influence, contained no text of medicines as such, and seemed to prefer regimen to medicaments, it nevertheless laid the foundation for the empirical use of pharmacotherapy (free of superstition and magic) for the next millennium. The first Greek herbal was produced by Diocles in the 4th century BC, when the botanist Theophrastus also wrote his classic works on plants which contained a significant contribution on herbal medicines. The Alexandrian Medical School systematized and expanded Hippocratic medicine, and Herophilus introduced compound preparations. The concept that medicaments cure illness by restoring the bodily balance of humours and primary properties was largely perpetuated, but new views on physiology were gradually emerging. Unfortunately the bulk of original contributions from Hellenistic doctors are lost to posterity and only known to us through the writings of for example Celsus and Galen in Roman times. The interesting history of theriac, the so-called universal antidote, is reviewed. In the 1st century Dioscorides produced his Materia Medica which remained an authoritative pharmacopoeia up to modern times. Galen’s empiric views on pharmacotherapy (2nd century), still largely based on Hippocrates, became dogma in Medieval times, but mysticism and superstition gradually swept back into medicine. Retrospectively it is clear that with the exception of certain analgesics and narcotics like opium, Graeco-Roman medicaments were pharmacologically inert (even toxic) and obtained positive results largely through a placebo effect.

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34

Christiansen, Hans Guldager y Anna Maria Fosaa. "Færøernes ældste kulturplanter / Elstu røktarplantur í Føroyum". Fróðskaparrit - Faroese Scientific Journal 57 (26 de febrero de 2017): 128. http://dx.doi.org/10.18602/fsj.v57i0.78.

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Abstract: For ages people have brought plants with them, when they have settled in new areas. The characteristic ﬂora around villages is a proof of this. Around monasteries, churches and in the oldest parts of settlements, old gardens with cultural plants that have been used as spices, medical herbs, to dye clothes with, and as ornamental plants, are found. Many of these plants were introduced to the Nordic countries in the Medieval Age or before, and other indigenous plants have been collected and planted. In the Nordic countries, botanists have known about this characteristic ﬂora in settlements from the Medieval Age, for more than 200 years. In the Faroe Islands, botanical studies have shown that these gardens are also found here. In summer 2008 we visited 35 villages originating from the Medieval Age or before. Beforehand, we selected 25 species of vascular plants that most likely were used in these times. The investigated areas were around the oldest part of the villages, around churches in churchyards, and in areas of excavation. These plants were put into two categories, those who are indigenous and those who are introduced. In this paper a presentation of these plants are given as well as their distribution in the 35 selected villages.Resumé: Mennesker har gennem alle tider bragt planter med sig, når de bosatte sig i nye områder. Den karakteristiske ﬂora omkring bebyggelser er bevis på dette. Ved klostre, kirker, i gamle landsbyer osv. ﬁndes ofte gamle haver med kulturplanter, som tidligere har været brugt som krydderurter, lægeplanter, planter til at farve tøj med og prydplanter. Mange af arterne er indførte til Norden i middelalderen eller tidligere, og andre er hjemmehørende arter, som tidligere har været indsamlet og dyrket. I Norden har det i snart 200 år været kendt blandt botanikere, at der ﬁndes en særlig ﬂora ved middelalderlige bebyggelser. Botaniske undersøgelser viser, at sådanne haver også ﬁndes på Færøerne. I sommeren 2008 besøgte vi 35 bygder fra middelalderen eller tidligere. Vi havde på forhånd udvalgt 25 plantearter som sandsynligvis blev udnyttet på den tid. Vi undersøgte området omkring den ældste bydel, rundt om kirkegårde, og ved udgravninger. Disse planter blev delt i to kategorier, dem som er hjemmehørende og dem som var blevet indført. I denne artikel omtales disse planter samt deres udbredelse i de 35 udvalgte bygder.Úrtak: Fólk hava frá fyrndini tikið plantur við sær, tá ið tey ﬂuttu búgv. Tann sermerkti gróðurin uttan um búsetingar bera prógv um tað. Við kleystur, kirkjur, gamlar búsetingar o.s.fr. eru ofta gamlir urtagarðar við røktarplantum, sum áður hava verið nýttar sum kryddurtir, grøðiplantur, litingarplantur og prýðisplantur. Nógv av hesum plantusløgum eru komin til Norðurlond í miðøld ella fyrr, og onnur eru upprunasløg, sum hava verið hentað og síðan velt. Í Norðurlondum hava plantufrøðingar í sløk 200 ár havt kunnleika til, at ein serligur gróður er at ﬁnna við miðaldarbúsetingar. Plantufrøðiligar kanningar vísa, at slíkir urtagarðar eisini eru í Føroyum. Summarið 2008 vitjaðu vit í 35 bygdum, ið stava frá miðøld ella eru uppaftur eldri. Vit høvdu frammanundan valt 25 plantusløg, sum helst eru vorðin gagnnýtt tá á døgum. Vit kannaðu økið uttan um fyrndarbýlingin, uttan um kirkjugarðin, og har ið grevstur hevði verið. Hesar plantur vórðu skiftar í tveir bólkar, – tær, um eru upprunaplantur og tær, sum eru innsløðingar. Í hesi grein verða planturnar umrøddar og sagt verður frá útbreiðslu teirra í teimum 35 bygdunum.

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35

Bravina, R. I., E. N. Solovyova, D. M. Petrov y V. V. Syrovatskiy. "Birch bark in the funeral rite of the Yakuts: a case-study of the Uchugei-Yuryakh burial (15th–17th cc.)". VESTNIK ARHEOLOGII, ANTROPOLOGII I ETNOGRAFII, n.º 3(54) (27 de agosto de 2021): 95–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.20874/2071-0437-2021-54-3-8.

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The Uchugei-Yuryakh birch-bark burial, radiocarbon dated to 1480–1640 cal AD, was discovered in the southern part of the Tuymaada valley, located in the basin of the Middle Lena River, one of the largest rivers in North-Eastern Siberia. This region is traditionally regarded as the area where the most important events of the Yakut history were taking place over many centuries, and as the area associated with the formation of the Yakut ethnic culture. The purpose of this article is to introduce into scientific discourse the results of the study of the Uchugei-Yuryakh birch-bark burial and to analyze traditions of the burials using birch bark among the Yakuts in the 15th–19th centuries, according to archaeological, ethnographic, and folklore data. The research objectives are as follows: to determine the level of knowledge of the problem; to identify peculiarities of the grave goods and morphological features of the Uchugei-Yuryakh burial; to identify types of birch-bark burial chambers of the Ya-kuts on the basis of available data; to trace back their genesis and to determine their semantics, according to the sacral nature of birch bark in the ritual-worldview practice; and to correlate the features of the Yakut burials with archaeological materials from the regions adjacent to Yakutia. Descriptive and historical-comparative methods, as well as scientific methods such as radiocarbon dating of the bones of the deceased, chemical analysis of bead material, botanical analysis of plant material from the burial site were employed in the course of research. A cha-racteristic feature of this burial is the absence of a coffin and the use of birch-bark sheets to form the interior of the grave, which correlates with the legends about the Khoro tribe, who practiced burial in birch-bark sheaths. There are four types of burials identified on the basis of a detailed analysis of the combination of elements of the currently known birch-bark burial structures: 1) in a birch bark sheath consisting of birch-bark sheets placed above and below the buried body; 2) in a birch bark pouch, the sides of which were reinforced by wooden planks set on edge; 3) in a rectangular birch bark sheet, in which the body of the deceased was wrapped to form a case or a cylinder; 4) in a birch-bark sheath sewn in the form of a boat. Analysis of the features of the burial (atypical “face-down” position of the deceased, scanty set of items of the accompanying goods) revealed a special social status of the buried man. The birch-bark sheets laid above and below the deceased in the considered burial, apparently, imi-tate the shape of the birch-bark basket tyuktyuye. This suggests the ideas of purification of the soul of the deceased after their death and its rebirth. Birch bark was used in the funeral rites of the nomadic societies of South-Eastern and Western Siberia in the Middle Ages. It is suggested that the tradition of using birch bark in Yakut burials either corresponds with the Samoyed-Yenisei component, indirectly adopted from the medieval population of the Lake Baikal area, or emerged due to direct contacts with the Tungus-Samoyed tribes of the Lower Tunguska.

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36

Smith, David Horton. "A Review of Deviant Nonprofit Groups: Seeking Method in Their Alleged ‘Madness-Treason-Immorality’". Voluntaristics Review 3, n.º 5-6 (28 de febrero de 2019): 1–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/24054933-12340026.

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Abstract This long Voluntaristics Review2 (VR 3.5–6) article and book focuses on the deviant form of Nonprofit Groups (NPGs), mainly volunteer-based associations, but occasionally paid-staff-based nonprofit agencies. A Deviant Nonprofit Group (DNG) is defined as “a Nonprofit group that deviates significantly from certain moral norms of the society” (Smith, Stebbins, & Dover, 2006, p. 68). The aim is to develop and present an empirically grounded theory with eighty-three hypotheses about many of the key analytical features or operational characteristics of DNGs, usually voluntary associations with memberships and often run by volunteers, not nonprofit agencies without memberships and usually run by paid staff (Smith, 2017a). The total theory may be termed a Grounded General Theory of DNG Operation-Structure. The document is based on an extensive review and qualitative content analysis of about 260 published research documents representing twenty-five common-language purposive-goal types of DNGs (vs. analytical-theoretical types, which do not exist in detail). Moral norms are the broad, emotionally charged directives concerning what is customarily right and wrong, by which members of a community or society implement their institutionalized solutions to problems significantly affecting their valued normal way of life (see Stebbins, 1996, pp. 2–3). These norms indicate in a general way what the community (it may be local, regional, national, or international) expects by sociocultural custom of its members in particular areas of social life and what it considers rejections of those expectations. Thus, moral norms stand apart from other kinds of expectations such as ordinances, regulations, customs, and folkways in general. Deviating (near synonym: deviance) is defined as rule-breaking, and sometimes is a crime in a specific society at a specific time in its history, but not always. Such deviation, deviance, or rule-breaking of specific actions by a DNG (or any individual or group) is highly variable both through historical time in a given society and also across societies or nations at a given historical time (Smith, 2017b). Deviance or rule-breaking is present in the nonprofit sector (NPS), just as in all other sectors of human society (Smith, 2017a), although less frequently studied in the NPS than for other societal sectors (Smith, 2011). Essentially, this present document attempts to bring some systematic theoretical order to the disorder-chaos of a highly varied set of Deviant Nonprofit Groups/DNGs that heretofore has been seen as composed of disparate, unrelated types of groups—a jumble or chaos. All these DNGs are rather consistently alleged (at least initially) by many or even most people in their societies of origin, when known to non-members-outsiders, to be different, strange, deviant, crazy, insane, mad, dangerous, sick, selfish, cruel, stupid, weird, wild, evil, ungodly, sinful, unnatural, treacherous, subversive, seditious, criminal, bad, evil, immoral, and so on. Summarizing briefly the most stigmatizing epithets for nearly all DNG types studied here, DNGs and their leaders and members generally are often accused of madness-treason-immorality, because their perceived deviance is emotionally troubling to conventional adults in the society. As such, in the eyes of their own society, DNGs are often stigmatized and labeled very negatively by many, often most, people in a given society who are DNG outsiders-non-members at a given time (e.g., a period of at least ten years from the DNG’s de facto origin date, if the DNG existed for that long, sometimes for much longer). A wide range of negative terms (epithets) may be used to describe a DNG, summarized here as mad (crazy)-treacherous-immoral, as well as various other negative traits or factors being alleged regarding the DNG and its leaders and/or members. Yet there is often little systematic evidence for these stigmatizing epithets or negative traits alleged about DNGs, except for a few DNG types (e.g., Revolutionary DNGs, Terrorist DNGs, Guerrilla DNGs, Coup d’État DNGs). This common lack of concrete evidence for stigmatizing statements about any given DNG suggests that the allegations are mainly emotional statements, rather than factual statements, based mainly on fast-thinking (see Kahneman, 2011). By definition, DNGs and their leaders and members believe in and take actions that involve serious rule-breaking in their own society (i.e., violating current moral norms and rules). However, the stigmatizing of these beliefs and actions by non-members, including the general public and the government, is often much exaggerated, or even simply false. Over time, especially decades, the deviant actions may (and often do) tend to seem less and less serious in the given society, as societal-consensual definitions of social deviance can change and have done so markedly over historical time (e.g., Smith, 2018b; Winck, 1991). However, the foregoing should not be taken to mean that all DNGs are innocuous. As suggested above, some DNG types can be immensely harmful to people and property, such as the revolutionary DNGs, terrorist DNGs, guerrilla DNGs, and coup d’etat DNGs noted. Yet other types of DNGs also sometimes do substantial harm, such as the rest of the broader DNG analytical category, Deviant Political Resistance & Liberation Groups, including also WWII Underground Nazi-Resistance Groups, Vigilante Groups, Citizen Militias/Paramilitary Groups, and Political Parties (Deviant). Similarly, the broader DNG analytical category, Deviant Anger & Violence Groups, includes DNG types that often cause serious harm—Hate Groups, Motorcycle Outlaw Gangs, and Delinquent Youth Gangs. Even some DNGs in the broader DNG analytical category of Deviant Religion & Worldview Groups, can do substantial harm—obviously, Massacre/Mass Suicide Groups, but also medieval Heresy Groups (Christian) subject to the Catholic Church’s Inquisitions, as well as some Cults/New Religions (Deviant), Deviant Science DNGs, and some Sects (Deviant). The author is doing something analogous to what the first systematic, theoretical botanist did when s/he went into the jungle/forest and tried to see commonalities among the great variety of apparently different forms of plants present there. Here, the equivalents of plants are the many different DNG types, and the commonalities discovered are now expressed in the many empirically grounded hypotheses formulated by the author over the course of this research effort, with the first fifty-one hypotheses formulated much earlier, in 1994, but not investigated regarding empirical support by qualitative content analysis until done here (Smith, 1996b). These source documents were chosen as typical examples of a newly constructed set of twenty-five purposive or goal types of DNGs, described here. As the reader will see, the present grounded theory review and content analysis seeks the empirical operating methods and structures of these twenty-five DNG types—the method in their alleged madness-treason-immorality, or other stigmatizing epithets. The terms mad and madness are not meant as clinical or psychiatric terms; similarly, the terms treason and treachery are also used loosely, as with immorality or bad/evil. Instead, these are vague and imprecise, common language (vernacular) terms expressing negative emotion, bandied about carelessly and loosely when English-speakers really dislike and are disturbed by the beliefs and especially by the alleged or actual actions or a person or group. Such terms are ways that other people strongly disfavor and stigmatize certain beliefs, values, actions, or inactions by specific persons or groups. In this content analysis process of much published research on DNGs, the author is seeking two useful scholarly outcomes: Develop and derive meaningful generalizations as empirically grounded hypotheses for future more careful, systematic, and, if feasible, quantitative testing with a better sample of DNGs so as to build a body of valid grounded theory about DNGs. Assess whether each such grounded theory hypothesis finds any empirical support in a fairly comprehensive but haphazard sample of at least 100 specific DNGs of twenty-five common-language purposive or goal types. All of the grounded hypotheses developed and reported here in this review were supported by empirical evidence for at least one (often two) of the two or three specific DNGs of 25 DNG types studied, as described in source documents that were content analyzed. Indeed, all such hypotheses were supported by most of the twenty-five DNG types studied, giving significant qualitative validity to the author’s Grounded General Theory of DNG Operation-Structure. Such empirical support suggests that these hypotheses are valid at least sometimes for many DNG types and deserve further investigation, hopefully in more quantitative studies with better sampling of DNGs, countries, and historical time periods. Taken collectively, the many empirically grounded (supported) hypotheses of the present theory can be seen as a new theoretical paradigm for studying NPGs that helps bring analytical order to a previously chaotic realm of dark side or deviant NPS phenomena.

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37

Ives, Rachel. "Investigating Botanical Tributes in Post-Medieval British Burials: Archaeological Evidence from Three Burial Grounds". International Journal of Historical Archaeology, 8 de marzo de 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10761-021-00594-8.

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AbstractArchaeological evidence from Britain shows botanical inclusions formed part of the post-medieval funeral. Findings from the analysis of three burial grounds consider the extent of demographic, socioeconomic, and local variation in the manner of tributes. Twenty-six of 1431 excavated burials showed evidence for flowers placed inside or bouquets or wreaths placed on top of the coffins, and adults and children had received botanical tributes. The use of tributes increased during the later nineteenth century but local variation existed in the manner and extent of botanical tributes adopted but trends can be affected by biases introduced by preservation and survival between different sites.

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38

Thacker, Mark. "Modelling medieval masonry construction: taxa-specific and habitat-contingent Bayesian techniques for the interpretation of radiocarbon data from Mortar-Entrapped Relict Limekiln Fuels". Heritage Science 9, n.º 1 (16 de septiembre de 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s40494-021-00568-3.

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AbstractUsing data from simulated and actual case studies, this paper assesses the accuracy and precision of Bayesian estimates for the constructional date of medieval masonry buildings, generated from the radiocarbon evidence returned by different assemblages of wood-charcoal mortar-entrapped relict limekiln fuel (MERLF). The results from two theoretical studies demonstrate how Bayesian model specifications can be varied to generate a chronologically continuous spectrum of distributions from radiocarbon datasets subject Inbuilt Age (IA). Further analysis suggests that the potential for these distributions to contain the date of the constructional event depends largely upon the accuracy of the latest radiocarbon determination within each dataset, while precision is predicated on dataset age range, dataset size and model specification. These theoretical studies inform revised approaches to the radiocarbon evidence emerging from six culturally important Scottish medieval masonry buildings, each of which is associated with a wood-charcoal MERLF assemblage of different botanical character. The Bayesian estimates generated from these radiocarbon datasets are remarkably consistent with the historical and archaeological evidence currently associated with these sites, while age range distributions suggest the IA of each MERLF assemblage has been constrained by the taxa-specific and environmentally contingent lifespans and post-mortem durabilities of the limekiln fuel source. These studies provide further evidence that Bayesian techniques can generate consistently accurate chronological estimates for the construction of medieval masonry buildings from MERLF radiocarbon data, whatever the ecological provenance of the limekiln fuel source. Estimate precision is contingent upon source ecology and craft technique but can be increased by a more informed approach to materials analysis and interpretation.

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39

Richards, Stephen M., Leiting Li, James Breen, Nelli Hovhannisyan, Oscar Estrada, Boris Gasparyan, Matthew Gilliham, Alexia Smith, Alan Cooper y Heng Zhang. "Recovery of chloroplast genomes from medieval millet grains excavated from the Areni-1 cave in southern Armenia". Scientific Reports 12, n.º 1 (7 de septiembre de 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-17931-4.

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AbstractPanicum miliaceum L. was domesticated in northern China at least 7000 years ago and was subsequentially adopted in many areas throughout Eurasia. One such locale is Areni-1 an archaeological cave site in Southern Armenia, where vast quantities archaeobotanical material were well preserved via desiccation. The rich botanical material found at Areni-1 includes P. miliaceum grains that were identified morphologically and14C dated to the medieval period (873 ± 36 CE and 1118 ± 35 CE). To investigate the demographic and evolutionary history of the Areni-1 millet, we used ancient DNA extraction, hybridization capture enrichment, and high throughput sequencing to assemble three chloroplast genomes from the medieval grains and then compared these sequences to 50 modern P. miliaceum chloroplast genomes. Overall, the chloroplast genomes contained a low amount of diversity with domesticated accessions separated by a maximum of 5 SNPs and little inference on demography could be made. However, in phylogenies the chloroplast genomes separated into two clades, similar to what has been reported for nuclear DNA from P. miliaceum. The chloroplast genomes of two wild (undomesticated) accessions of P. miliaceum contained a relatively large number of variants, 11 SNPs, not found in the domesticated accessions. These results demonstrate that P. miliaceum grains from archaeological sites can preserve DNA for at least 1000 years and serve as a genetic resource to study the domestication of this cereal crop.

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40

Hasheminasab, Fatemeh Sadat, Fariba Sharififar, Seyed Mehdi Hashemi y Mohammad Setayesh. "An Evidence-Based Research on Botanical Sources for Oral Mucositis Treatment in Traditional Persian Medicine". Current Drug Discovery Technologies 17 (3 de febrero de 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1570163817666200203110803.

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Background: Cancer is one of the most prevalent diseases associated with heavy complications in treatment. Mucotoxic cancer therapies such as head and neck radiotherapy and some of the chemotherapy agents may lead to oral mucositis. In addition to its economic consequences, mucositis also affects patients' quality of life. In traditional Persian medicine (TPM) manuscripts, several medicaments have been suggested for treatment of mucositis. Objective: Considering the public welcome for herbal medicine, the current evidence-based review study is conducted to investigate the herbal remedies which have been proposed for oral mucositis in TPM. Methods: At first, a comprehensive survey was done on Qanon fi al-Teb which is the most important textbook of TPM; then the scientific name of the herbs was authenticated according to the botanical textbooks. At last, data banks including Scopus, Pubmed, Web of science and Science direct were investigated for possible relevant properties of each medicinal plant in the literature. Results: Totally 30 herbs are introduced in this study. According to the registered documents, 18 herbs are reported to have antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, anti-nociceptive and wound healing properties of which the therapeutic effect of only a few herbs including Glycyrrhiza glabra, Malva sylvestris, Morus nigra, Punica granatum, and Solanum nigrum were directly evaluated against oral mucositis on the literature. Conclusion: Despite the lack of human studies on mucositis for the other discussed herbs, their related pharmacological properties can be considered for new natural drug discovery supported by medieval and traditional experiments.

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41

Krug-MacLeod, Alana Michelle. "Winding Routes and Precarious Switchbacks". USURJ: University of Saskatchewan Undergraduate Research Journal 8, n.º 1 (26 de julio de 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.32396/usurj.v8i1.602.

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Silk Road developments increased interconnectivity through trade, but little is written about the resulting effect on food diversity. I used three methodologically, geographically and temporally diverse studies examining aspects of food during the Silk Road period to identify key factors affecting botanical and dietary food diversification in Central Asia during the first millennium. Archaeological and historical data from a study of Tashbulak (800-1100) revealed narrowing of genetic diversity accompanying cultivation, but also broadening of food options through trade and human interventions that created new plant varieties. A comparative study of the medieval period (500-1300) using human remains and published isotopic (δ13C and δ15N) records of urban and non-urban consumers in the Turkmenistan-Uzbekistan-Kazakhstan region showed the Silk Road fostered greater overall food diversity than occurred in the Iron Age and early first millennium (1300 BCE- 600 CE). It also showed that, although during the medieval period enhanced trade opportunities facilitated a food-diversity trend, the positive movement was eroded by urban, insular agricultural communities with reified social structures. Foodways analysis of recipe books revealed that during the Mongol period (1200-1400), multi-cultural interaction enhanced dietary diversity, whereas changing power dynamics, tradition, and sense of place countered the trend. The Silk Road was not a unilinear path toward dietary diversity, but rather, a series of winding routes beset with potentially precarious switchbacks. Travelling back along the first millennium Silk Road uncovers critical turning points that can inform global food diversity approaches in the 21st century.

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42

Deforce, Koen, Jan Bastiaens, Philippe Crombé, Ewoud Deschepper, Kristof Haneca, Pieter Laloo, Hans Van Calster, Gerben Verbrugghe y Wim De Clercq. "Dark Ages woodland recovery and the expansion of beech: a study of land use changes and related woodland dynamics during the Roman to Medieval transition period in northern Belgium". Netherlands Journal of Geosciences 99 (2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/njg.2020.11.

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Abstract The results from analyses of botanical remains (pollen, wood, charcoal, seeds) from several archaeological features excavated in Kluizen (northern Belgium) are presented. The region was largely uninhabited until the Iron Age and Roman period when a rural settlement was established, resulting in small-scale woodland clearance. The site was subsequently abandoned from c. AD 270 till the High Middle Ages. The results of the archaeological and archaeobotanical analyses provide information on changes in land use and resulting dynamics of woodland cover and composition between c.600 BC and AD 1200, with a spatial and temporal resolution unrivalled in northern Belgium. Especially the long period of woodland regeneration following abandonment of the site around AD 270, covering the Late Roman and Early Medieval period, could be reconstructed in detail. Abandoned fields were first covered with pioneer woodland (Salix, Corylus and Betula), then Quercus-dominated secondary forest and finally a late-successional forest with Fagus sylvatica, Carpinus betulus and Ilex aquifolium, an evolution that took over 300 years. The results also indicate that the observed increase of Fagus during the Early Middle Ages, which was never an important element in the woodland vegetation in northern Belgium before, was related to climatic changes rather than anthropogenic factors.

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43

Rahman, Mizanur, Cristina Cobo Castillo, Charlene Murphy, Sufi Mostafizur Rahman y Dorian Q. Fuller. "Agricultural systems in Bangladesh: the first archaeobotanical results from Early Historic Wari-Bateshwar and Early Medieval Vikrampura". Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences 12, n.º 1 (enero de 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12520-019-00991-5.

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Abstract The present paper reports the first systematic archaeobotanical evidence from Bangladesh together with direct AMS radiocarbon dates on crop remains. Macro-botanical remains were collected by flotation from two sites, Wari-Bateshwar (WB), an Early Historic archaeological site, dating mainly between 400 and 100 BC, with a later seventh century AD temple complex, and Raghurampura Vikrampura (RV), a Buddhist Monastery (vihara) located within the Vikrampura city site complex and dating to the eleventh and sixteenth centuries AD. Despite being a tropical country, with high rainfall and intensive soil processes, our work demonstrates that conventional archaeobotany, the collection of macro-remains through flotation, has much potential towards putting together a history of crops and agricultural systems in Bangladesh. The archaeobotanical assemblage collected from both sites indicates the predominance of rice agriculture, which would have been practiced in summer. Spikelet bases are of domesticated type rice, while grain metrics suggest the majority of rice was probably subspecies japonica. The presence of some wetland weeds suggests at least some of the rice was grown in wet (flooded) systems, but much of it may have been rainfed as inferred from the Southeast Asian weed Acmella paniculata. Other crops include winter cereals, barley and possible oat, and small numbers of summer millets (Pennisetum glaucum, Sorghum bicolor, Setaria italica), a wide diversity of summer and winter pulses (14 spp.), cotton, sesame and mustard seed. Pulse crops included many known from India. Thus, while most crops indicate diffusion of crops from India eastwards, the absence of indica rice could also indicate some diffusion from Southeast Asia. The later site RV also produced evidence of the rice bean (Vigna umbellata), a domesticate of mainland Southeast Asia. These data provide the first empirical evidence for reconstructing past agriculture in Bangladesh and for the role of connections to both India and mainland Southeast Asia in the development of crop diversity in the Ganges delta region.

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44

Maciejewska, Karolina, Monika Badura y Agnieszka M. Noryśkiewicz. "Botanical composition of meadows and pastures and their role in the functioning of early medieval semi-artificial lake islands in Ziemia Lubuska (Lubusz land), western Poland". Vegetation History and Archaeobotany, 20 de mayo de 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00334-022-00877-y.

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AbstractContinuation of archaeobotanical and palaeoecological research on three semi-artificial lake islands, Nowy Dworek, Chycina and Lubniewice, has provided new information on the history, development and use of grasslands in Ziemia Lubuska (Lubusz land) in western Poland during the early Middle Ages. Pollen analysis reveals that the reduction in woodland and opening up of the regional landscape and the appearance of grassland communities there began around the 7th century ad, which preceded the construction of the islands in the lakes. The analysis of plant macroremains collected from the settlement layers on these islands, of pollen from cores in the lakes and studies of the phytosociological plant communities of recent vegetation have helped to describe the botanical composition of these past meadows and pastures. The results show strong similarities between the three sites, which suggests that the local populations were using the same grassland types, which were on soils ranging from damp to rather dry and sandy. The main grassland in the vicinity of the islands included the Molinio-Arrhenatheretea syntaxonomical class of communities, although Festuco-Brometea grasslands were also present. The presence of plant remains associated with various other types of meadows and pastures shows the diversity of habitats represented by the plant remains.

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45

Shamir, Orit. "Garments and Shrouds of Egyptian and Nubian Pilgrims from Qasr el-Yahud, Ninth Century CE". BAF-Online: Proceedings of the Berner Altorientalisches Forum 1 (22 de marzo de 2017). http://dx.doi.org/10.22012/baf.2016.21.

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Qasr el-Yahud, situated on the west bank of the Jordan River nearby Jericho, features the Monastery of Saint John the Baptist, believed to be the traditional site of the Baptism of Jesus1 and has a centuries-long tradition of ‘washing of the lepers’. Byzantine and Medieval authors attributed the waters of the Jordan river a special power to heal lepers who bathed in them, especially at the spot where Jesus was baptized.After the site became sacred, traditions developed that were associated with the holy features of the water and its curative properties. When the emperor Constantius became ill, he asked to bath in the Jordan. In 1983 a rescue excavation at the site revealed thirty-four skeletons, probably representing a hospital population with cases of tuberculosis, leprosy and facial disfigurement. Such individuals travelled enormous distances, attracted to the site in the hope of washing away their illness. Anthropological evidence indicates that the individuals were probably Egyptian in origin, while structural analysis of the skulls proved that some were Nubian. They were buried in a Christian manner, lying on their backs, facing the rising sun. Some of the burial customs at this site, such as placing seeds from the Egyptian Balsam tree (Balanites Aegyptiaca) in the hands of the deceased, conform to Egyptian traditions.The arid climate of the Judean Desert helped to preserve 250 textiles, among them many examples comprising two different textiles or more sewn together or patched one on another. Radiocarbon dating of the textiles placed the date in the eighth to ninth centuries (787–877 CE). The textiles are made of linen and cotton, sometimes decorated with wool tapestry, brocade and selfbands. They include many cut-to-shape tunics except one which is woven-to-shape, head coverings, bandages and shrouds. This research combines historic sources, anthropological and botanic evidence, burial practices with the textiles. The material is of great importance because it gives us idea about the burial costumes used by Christians at the late Islamic period. In addition, those are the only textiles from this period found in Israel.

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