Tesis sobre el tema "Bond property"

Within this work the effects of metal identity are investigated on the magnetic properties of a range of materials, in which different transition metals are shown to produce significantly different calculated magnetic coupling values when incorporated into the same structure. The model structures composed of transition metals mediated by hydrogen halide ligands of the form FHF-, ClHCl- and FHCl- enable the calculation of magnetic coupling values via hydrogen bonds (HBs), providing insight into a scarcely studied topic. The employment of the well known HF=35% functional, provides results anticipated to represent potential experimental trends. Interesting results are also reported which indicate a relationship between the binding energy of the atom and the level of coupling displayed. The quantum nature of the H atom, often difficult to localise, are also accounted for by use of a shooting algorithm in order to solve the one dimensional Schrödinger equation in relation to the hydrogen positions within the isotropic lattice. Hydrogen positions were fixed during geometry optimisations in order to obtain the E(x) potential energy curve required to allow this to be achieved. Both the in which proton motion is incorporated and J coupling values from the optimised ground state structures, in which the atomic positions including the H positions underwent a full geometry optimisation, are presented. The electronic effects of incorporating different group one and group two metals into the related Prussian Blue (PB), Prussian Yellow (PY) and Prussian White (PW) model lattices are also presented. More specifically band gaps within these complexes are calculated from projected density of state (DOS) plots of the electrons within the atomic orbitals from a converged calculation in which the B3LYP functional (HF=20%) is employed. This functional has previously been shown to provide band gap energies in good agreement with experimental values. The results obtained confirm that the value of ~3eV, associated with an absorption in the yellow region, lies within the PY band gap range, indicated by the HOMO and LUMO orbitals within the DOS plot. Band gaps calculated directly from SCF energy differences do not agree well with experimental values or trends for the various group one PB complexes. A number of related metal containing bromanilic acid (BA) and chloranilic acid (CA) complexes are synthesised, crystallised and their structures, as determined by X-ray single crystal diffraction, reported. The structural packing of the molecules is analysed by defining a number or recurring unit within the structures in order to obtain key similarities. The structures are also broken down in to lower dimensional units composed of the individual components within the asymmetric unit and built up into higher dimensional units such as clusters, chains and planes that all intersect with one another in order to produce the overall three dimensional structures. In most cases the point of intersection is on a key symmetry element such as an inversion centre. Particularly short M-M contact distances are observed in a number of the complexes. This proves interesting within the related isomorphous complexes in which the main effect of incorporating a larger metal cation into the same structure is in the ionic repulsions between the metals. This is particularly interesting in more extended structures in which the metals exist in chains or planes that run along a particular direction of the unit cell. The specific increase in cell parameter can in most cases be explained as a consequence of the repulsion between the shortest M-M contacts. The effect is also observed in structures in which the metals exist as isolated clusters, and also displays some interesting consequential effects on other interactions. A variable pressure neutron single crystal diffraction experiment on a short asymmetric HB is also reported, in which one lattice is compressed significantly more than the other two, an effect that is explained by the change in contact distances with pressure.

Thesis (MBA)--Stellenbosch University, 2002.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Owners of directly held, large commercial properties mostly face problems regarding liquidity and sometimes higher-risk exposure due to large properties dominating their property portfolio. • Exit vehicles in the listed property sector on the JSE are gaining momentum but are, however, still facing the negative impact of overall bear market conditions. • An exit vehicle in the bond market can serve as an alternative, where a Limited Purpose Company/Special Purpose Vehicle (SPV) acquires a rental income stream from a portfolio of properties and issues bonds. The funds raised from bond investors, who focus on the credit rating of the income stream and not the properties, are then used to acquire the property assets. • Current market conditions, favour an asset-backed securitisation of property leases. Low interest rates and other factors in the current market, as discussed in this document, ensure lower costs of debt and easier access to capital when funds are raised on the bond market, relative to the equity markets, with highly geared structures not necessarily causing a negative impact on the credit rating (80% - 90% gearing possible with A - AA local credit rating). • Usually a promoter, a Merchant Bank and a few institutions/ pension funds are involved. Example: Institution X will be requested to take up an equity stake in the fund by selling some properties or stakes therein (Institution X buildings) and receiving payment in a combination of cash, junior bonds and equity. The benefits to Institution X are discussed on page 39.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Eienaars van groot kommersiële eiendomme wat direk besit word, ondervind normaalweg probleme rakende likiditeit en verhoogde risiko a.g.v. die groot eiendomme wat hulle portefeulje domineer. • JEB (Johannesburgse Aandelebeurs) genoteerde maatskappye, as uitgangstrategie vir die verkoop van eiendom, is 'n oplossing, maar beer mark toestande verlaag die moontlikheid. • 'n Maatskappy genoteer op BESA (Effektemark) kan as uitgang- strategie dien, waar die voormelde maatskappy met beperkte aanspreeklikheid die huurinkomstestroom van 'n portefeulje van eiendom aankoop en effekte uitgee vir die finansiering van die transaksie. Die beleggers wie die effekte koop, fokus op die kredietgradering van die effekte en nie die eiendom as onderliggende bate nie. • Huidige mark omstandighede verbeter die moontlikheid van 'n bategesekureerde sekuritusasie van eiendomshuurkontrakte. Lae rentekoerse en ander faktore wat in hierdie dokument bespreek word, verseker laer koste van kapitaal en makliker toegang tot fondse relatief tot die aandelemarkte. Hoë hefboom-finansiering is moontlik sonder te groot impak op die kredietgradering. (A-AA kredietgradering moontlik met 80%-90% skuld) • Normaalweg is 'n promoter, 'n beleggingsbank en 'n paar institusies/ pensioenfondse betrokke. Bv. Institusie X word versoek om aandeelhouding op te neem in 'n maatskappy deur eiendomme te verkoop aan die voormelde maatskappy en betaling te ontvang in die vorm van 'n kombinasie van kontant, junior effekte en aandele. Die voordele vir Institusie X word bepreek op bl. 39

In the first part of the article, a development for the concepts of provisional remedies and real or personal property bond and covering loss and damage, is proposed, under the Constitutional Court and our national doctrine view; as well as the scope of the first as a fundamental right, and second as a condition of execution. On the following part of the paper, the inclusion and the subsequent amendments to the article 159° of Tax Code is exposed, also its scopes and reasons. Finally, a possible modification of the article, that respect state´s raising goals and due process citizens’ right, is proposed.
El presente artículo desarrolla los conceptos de medida cautelar y contracautela, a la luz de lo resuelto por el Tribunal Constitucional y lo establecido por nuestra doctrina, así como los alcances del primero como derecho fundamental y del segundo como requisito de ejecución. De la misma forma, se analiza los alcances de la incorporación del artículo 159° del Código Tributario, mediante Decreto Legislativo N° 1121, y su modificatoria a través de la Ley N° 30230. Finalmente, se propone una posible modificación al mencionado artículo, de conformidad con los fines recaudatorios del Estado y el derecho a la tutela jurisdiccional efectiva de los administrados.

Nous decrivons les progres recents de la spectrometrie de masse dans l'etude structurale des proteines. Nos etudes associent la degradation chimique d'edman, les hydrolyses enzymatiques et les analyses par esims pour resoudre des problemes specifiques a la caracterisation de la structure primaire des proteines. Ainsi nous montrons qu'il est possible de preparer des sels d'ammonium quaternaires d'isothiocyanates par synthese chimique et de les utiliser dans les conditions de la degradation d'edman. La detection des produits resultants est realisee par esims afin d'ameliorer la sensibilite et d'assurer la caracterisation de certains residus. La connaissance de la structure primaire des proteines nous a conduit a l'etude de la localisation des ponts disulfures, responsables en partie du maintien de la structure tridimensionnelle des proteines. Une approche nouvelle utilisant la tris-(2-carboxyethyl) phosphine pour la reduction des ponts disulfures et le n-hydroxymethyl benzamide comme methode d'alkylation des cysteines libres en milieu acide est presentee. Apres avoir realise une etude comparative de peptides lies a l'aide d'un pont disulfure par sm avec divers modes d'ionisation, nous avons identifie ceux des puroindolines a et b de ble. Enfin, par esims, nous avons obtenu des renseignements sur la stabilite et la conformation des cytochromes c#2 et c#5#5#3 sauvages et mutes. Nous avons mis en evidence la presence de plusieurs conformeres de proteines par observation de la distribution des etats de charges et par la mesure des echanges isotopiques (h/d). Nous avons ainsi classe en fonction de leur stabilite, les mutants des deux cytochromes par rapport aux types sauvages. De plus, nous avons mis au point et realise l'etude des sites de deuteriation des hydrogenes amidiques du squelette polypeptidique. Celle-ci utilise les echanges isotopiques suivis d'une digestion rapide par la pepsine permettant d'obtenir des informations locales sur la penetration du solvant deuterie dans la proteine

La contractualisation est une tendance contemporaine qui traverse de nombreuses branches du droit. Elle est un procédé de régulation impliquant la participation des acteurs privés à l'élaboration et à l'évolution du droit. Cette thèse a pour objet d'en vérifier la pertinence et d'en déterminer la portée en droit de la propriété intellectuelle, domaine dominé par l'ordre public, mais sujet à une perte profonde de légitimité. Traduisant aussi bien un recul de l'ordre public qu'une véritable dynamique de normativité, la contractualisation s'illustre sur deux niveaux. D'abord, dans le rapport contractuel, la contractualisation permet au titulaire d'un droit subjectif de négocier l'exercice de ses prérogatives individuelles et de conférer, au mieux offrant, une certaine liberté, une faculté ou un pouvoir d'agir qu'il pourra exercer en lieu et place de son cocontractant. Elle est alors un vecteur renouvelé des droits subjectifs. Ensuite, à l'échelon supérieur, la contractualisation apparaît comme un nouveau mode de régulation. Les acteurs des milieux professionnels sont associés à l'élaboration de la règle de droit, soit par délégation, soit par incitation. Cette contractualisation complémentaire s'inscrivant au cœur du droit objectif se destine à produire des normes autorégulées reposant tout à la fois sur l'idée de flexibilité et d'adhésion volontaire. Ces normes privées seront enfin réceptionnées dans l'ordre juridique à la condition qu'elles réalisent un équilibre entre l'utilité économique de l'aménagement proposé et la valeur sociale portée par la règle du droit imposé
The contractualization is a contemporary trend which crosses numerous branches of the law. As a process of regulation, it implies the participation of the stakeholders in the elaboration and the evolution of the law. This thesis aims at verifying its relevance and determining its impact in intellectual property law, domain dominated by the law and order, but subject to a deep loss of legitimacy. Reflecting a withdrawal of the law and order and a real dynamics of rule-making, the contractualization covers two levels. First of all, in the contractual relationship, the contractualization allows the holder of a subjective right to negotiate the exercise of its individual prerogatives and to confer a certain freedom and power to act that he can practice instead of his cocontracting party. In this case, the contractualization is presented as a vector of subjective rights. Then, in the upper level, the contractualization appears as a new mode of regulation. The stakeholders are associated to the elaboration of the law, either by delegation, or by incentive. This additional contractualization intends to produce private standards basing quite at the same time on the idea of flexibility and voluntary consent. These private standards will finally be received in the legal order assuming that they realize a balance between the economic utility of the proposed arrangement and the social value carried by compulsory rule. In this second prospect, the contractual standard appears as a legal model which should be encouraged, halfway between the spontaneous legal rule and the negotiated legal rule

Cette thèse présente une modélisation du comportement mécanique de certains matériaux composites élastiques ou viscoélastiques, par des techniques d'homogénéisation appliquées à la structure osseuse. On s'intéresse à la structure fibreuse de l'os compact et à la structure poreuse de l'os spongieux. La première partie du mémoire étudie l'homogénéisation de plusieurs structures fibreuses périodiques à comportement élastique, présentant différents types d'arrangement et d'orientation et plusieurs échelles en 3D. La seconde partie étend l'étude précédente au comportement viscoélastique des mêmes structures en 2D. La troisième partie applique les résultats théoriques précédents à la structure osseuse elle même. L’os compact est modélisé par un matériau fibreux multi-échelles. À l'échelle la plus fine, la structure fibreuse considérée est représentée par des lamelles simulant la paroi des ostéons. L’échelle la plus grossière est constituée par l'os lui même, dont les ostéons sont les fibres. Les résultats numériques de ces diverses modélisations sont représentés dans le cadre élastique. Des résultats numériques concernant le cadre viscoélastique en 2D sont également présentés.

Dans le Pacifique sud-ouest, le cheminement des eaux depuis la gyre subtropicale vers l'équateur est réalisé via les courants de bord ouest (WBCs), associés à des changements de température ou de quantité d'eau à di?érentes échelles de temps. La mer des Salomon située au sud de la Pa- pouasie Nouvelle-Guinée est considérée comme une région clé pour étudier les WBCs juste avant qu'ils rejoignent l'équateur. Dans le cadre d'une collaboration internationale, deux campagnes en mer ont été réalisées en mer des Salomon pendant deux périodes contrastées de la saison des alizés (Juillet-Août 2012 et Mars 2014). En Juillet-Août 2012, pendant la saison de forts alizés, les WBCs transportent 36 ± 3 Sv à travers l'entrée sud de la mer des Salomon depuis la surface jusqu'à 1000 m de profondeur, mais seulement 11 ± 3 Sv en Mars 2014 (réduction de 70%) quand les alizés faiblissent. Les WBCs sont associés à des propriétés de masses d'eau distinctes qui subissent d'importantes modifications au cours de leur passage en mer des Salomon. En dessous de 2000 m de profondeur, l'Upper Circumpolar Deep Water (UCDW) est tracée depuis le bassin de Fidji et la fosse de la Nouvelle-Calédonie avant d'entrer en mer des Salomon, asso- ciée à un transport de masse de 2 à 3 ± 2 Sv. L'étude préliminaire des mouillages au niveau des détroits de sortie a permis d'identifier une modulation de l'intensité et de la structure ver- ticale des WBCs en relation avec la variabilité saisonnière des alizés. Les eaux de thermocline entre les différents mouillages varient généralement de manière cohérente et en phase à l'échelle intra-saisonnière et saisonnière
The Low Latitude Western Boundary Currents (LLWBCs) of the Southwest Pacific establish a major connection between the subtropics and the equator. They are believed to play a key role in heat and mass budgets of the equatorial Pacific and cross, as a final passage, the Solomon Sea southeast of Papua New Guinea. As part of a France-U.S. collaboration, two oceanographic multidisciplinary cruises were conducted in the Solomon Sea during contrasting trade wind sea- sons, in July-August 2012 and March 2014 to characterize currents, water properties and their modifications. During July-August 2012, the season of strong southeasterly trade winds, an in- tense flow of 36 ± 3 Sv from the surface down to 1000 m is entering the Solomon Sea, that falls by 70% to 11 ± 3 Sv in March 2014 when the winds over the sea are weaker. The LLWBCs are associated with distinct water mass properties across the Solomon Sea that can be tracked along their pathways, and undergo significant modifications between the southern entrance and the northern exits of the sea. Below 2000 m, the Upper Circumpolar Deep Water (UCDW) has been traced from the New Caledonia Trench and the South Fiji Basin into the Solomon Sea, associ- ated with a volume transport of 2-3 ± 2 Sv. Preliminary analyses of the mooring array in each major exit channel indicate large time variability of the LLWBCs in both =intensity and vertical extent, where thermocline pathways vary in most cases, coherently and in phase at intraseasonal to seasonal time scales

Tissue healing is in general a complex process, which involves both local and systemic responses, and bone regeneration in particular is much slower than repair in any other human tissue. Thus, it exhibits a great challenge in clinical practice and in the field of research. Bone regeneration is comprised of a series of biological events, involving a number of cell types and intracellular and extracellular molecular- signaling pathways, with a definable temporal and spatial sequence, in an effort to optimize the skeletal repair and restore its functionality. Photobiomodulation (PBM) therapy has been shown to be effective in modulating both local and systemic responses, by enhancing cellular activities resulting in an increase in function, especially in injured tissues, leading to optimization of tissue repair and regeneration. In bone tissue, application of the photonic energy leads to bone healing by the activation of osteoblasts, leading to proliferation and differentiation, as well as osteoclast inhibition and, consequently, neoformation of bone matrix. The process of the in vitro pre-osteoblasts maturation, mimicking their in vivo behavior, passes through three distinct stages of development: proliferation, early differentiation (maturation) and late differentiation (mineralization). Despite the extensive research on the effects of photobiomodulation (PBM) light on bone regeneration, the current outcomes ranging from positive to negative effect remain controversial. These contradictory data are thought to be due to; incomplete knowledge and understanding of the mechanistic effects of laser light on cells, lack of standardized laser dosimetry, inefficient laser beam profile, improper study design and varied methods of investigation. The literature is hindered by a considerable heterogeneity of the irradiation parameters of PBM, as well as, the methods utilized to evaluate the results and the type of osteoblast-like cells irradiated. This has led to a need of standardization. Moreover, heterogeneity of the current studies and their limitations could be due to study designs and inefficient beam profile, resulting in undesirable effects and accounting for negative and inconclusive outcomes. Ultimately, lack of intimate knowledge and understanding of the PBM light behavior impinging on the target tissue, as well as the optical tissue properties, can compromise optimization of the therapeutic outcomes. Thus, an evidence-based decision for definite therapeutic application of PBM in bone regeneration is required. In this thesis, we addressed the above issues and challenges via two elements, the electromagnetic (EM) modeling experiments and the molecular and cellular impact of PBM on bone regeneration (In vitro studies). The Electromagnetic models In my PhD proposal, I intended to both create an EM model, for the first time, and examine the mechanism of interaction of the electromagnetic fields (EMFs) with cells/tissues and establish the link that can be utilized in my cellular experiments. As the project evolved, it became clear this work was breaking new grounds and was significantly more complex than initially envisaged. As it is a small part of a much larger exciting project undertaken by University of Genoa, it has meant that I need to coordinate my work with the overall timetable of this larger project. As a result, I decided to defer, the interaction of the EMF with cells of interest part, to my Post doctorate study. We developed, for the first time, a set of simple models to examine the behavior of the local electromagnetic field (EMF), determining the PBM effects on mitochondria. This set of models was tested and crosschecked for its validity by evaluating various variables in terms of, polarization, absorption and scattering coefficient, dissipated energy density and irradiance, as well as the refractive index. Ultimately, our model and preliminary data are the first stepping-stone for further experiments, in order to understand the mechanism of interaction between electromagnetic fields and cells or tissues. Our conclusions showed that when these set of models are utilized, for the phenomenon of interest, the incident field polarization had small effects on the electromagnetic field and negligible consequences on the average energy, as well as, on the dissipated power densities. The same was shown to hold true for different orientations that the mitochondria can assume. The analogous conclusions were obtained by taking into account the possible changes in the dimensions or of the real part of the refractive index of the considered organelles. The variations of the absorption coefficient were shown to have significant effects on the average dissipated power density in the mitochondria but these effects can be predicted in a surprisingly simple way. It was proved that the numerical analysis, of the problems of interest, could be computed by using three-dimensional models, involving only a few mitochondria in the plane, which was transverse to the direction of propagation of the illuminating light that generated a uniform distribution of the energy over 1cm2 area. The one- dimensional models provided significant information on the EMF, utilized to stimulate the mitochondria. Mitochondria behaved like weak scatterers. Therefore, it was not necessary to analyze large extension of such organelles to understand what happen inside one of them. The molecular and cellular impact of 980nm PBM on osteoblast maturation: in vitro studies Our pilot study data, on the bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs), strongly suggested that the high fluence concept (over 60J/cm2 in continuous emission mode (CW)) delivered by flattop beam profile device (FT) can promote BMSCs differentiation towards osteogenesis. Moreover, the results showed an increase in cytokines synthesis with potent anti-inflammatory properties and a decrease in the release of proinflammatory mediators. This provided me with a platform, demonstrating the validity of high fluence in facilitating osteoblasts differentiation through BMSCs. Based on this; I formulated three PBM protocols for 980nm to be tested on pre- osteoblast cell line in my definitive in vitro studies. The first phase of in vitro studies aimed to evaluate the 980nm bio-stimulatory effects on osteoblasts maturation, optimise the PBM effects on bone healing with various beam profiles delivery devices, and establish protocol/protocols of 980nm PBM in bone regeneration. The primary objective was to determine the optimal 980nm dosimetry, which exerts bio- stimulatory effects to accelerate and enhance the bone regenerative process. The secondary objective was to evaluate the intra-cellular pathways of the photon-cell interaction across the metabolic proliferative and differentiation changes, which ultimately lead to bone healing and repair. The results of this study validated the contribution of PBM in bone regeneration and elucidated the biochemical effects at a cellular level. Moreover, the role of different dosages of 980nm PBM irradiation delivered by FT; in comparison to the Gaussian beam profiles (Standard (ST)) on bone regeneration were highlighted. The setup of the power outputs on the laser device was 1.1Watt (W) for the ST and 1W for the FT. However, the real (the threshold) power output reaching the target, measured by power meter, was as ∼0.9 W, (Irradiance ∼ 0.9W/cm2, Exposure time 60 seconds, energy ∼55 J (Joule), fluence ∼55 J/cm2) delivered with the FT beam profile in CW in comparison to the ST, on MC3T3-E1 pre-osteoblast maturation. The protocol was based on 60 seconds exposure time for two consecutive weeks, which employed for all the groups. The laser grouping and their associated irriadtied energies were as follows: Group 1- Irradiation once per week (Total enrgy 110J). Group 2- Irradiation three times per week (Alternate day) (Total energy 330J). Group 3 - irradiation five- times per week (Total energy 550 J). The control cultures were processed in identical conditions except that the laser device was kept off all the time. The total energy was 0J.
The metabolic activity and the osteoblasts maturation were analyzed by alkaline phosphatase assay, alizarin red S histological staining, immunoblot and/or double immunolabeling analysis for Bcl2, Bax, Runx-2, Osx, Dlx5, osteocalcin, and collagen Type 1. Our data, for the first time, prove that laser irradiation of 980 nm wavelength with flattop beam profile delivery system, compared to standard-Gaussian profile, has improved photobiomodulatory efficacy on pre-osteoblastic cells differentiation. Mechanistically, the irradiation enhances the pre-osteoblast differentiation through activation of Wnt signaling as well as the Smads 2/3-βcatenin pathway. Our results indicated and valued the intra-cellular pathways of the photon-cell interaction across the metabolic, proliferative and differentiation changes in the cells. Additionally, our data showed that the cells irradiated THREE times a week (Total energy of 330 J) and ONCE a week (Total energy of 110 J) for two consecutive weeks protocols have increased the proliferation and differentiation of the osteoblasts in both ST & FT hand-pieces but the data showed increasingly statistical significant in the FT group. The only Runx2 was detected when the cells were irradiated with the ST hand-piece. Therefore, total energy of 110 J when either of the hand-pieces utilized, has influenced early differentiation markers. Interestingly, when the process was carried out, until the mineralization and maturation (Late osteogenesis), the ST hand-piece irradiation failed to induce an effective process, and did not lead to matrix deposition, while the FT profile showed a significant effect. In conclusion, our data, for the first time, prove that laser irradiation of 980 nm wavelength with the FT beam profile delivery system in comparison to the ST profile has a great photobiomodulatory efficacy on pre-osteoblastic cells differentiation, which would assist in accelerating bone regeneration, due to its homogeneous energy distribution at each point of its cross-section. Moreover, the irradiation protocols of three times a week and once a week for two consecutive weeks were able to increase the pre-osteoblasts and osteoblasts transcription factors, which were strongly and statistically significantly increased when the FT hand-piece was utilized. Therefore, the 980 nm laser irradiation protocol was able to promote the MC3T3-E1 cell differentiation. Researchers have demonstrated that the major barrier for an effective biological healing is insufficient laser photonic energy delivered to the injured site. PBM can modify the cell metabolism by increasing the mitochondria's ATP production. Currently, the challenge is to understand the target tissues optical properties and its cellular pathway when irradiated with laser phonic energy. In this way, modification of various energy exposure values can influence clinical outcomes predictability. Therefore, in the second phase of my in vitro study, we evaluated the effect of 980nm irradiation delivered with ST and FT beam profile hand-pieces on monolayer cell, at various power outputs; 0.8W, 0.5W and 0.25W. However, the exact power output values reaching the target, measured by power meter, were as follows: 0.75W, 0.45W, and 0.20W respectively. The MC3T3-E1 cells irradiated for two consecutive weeks, according to the following protocols: once a week (Total energy 90, 54, 24 J), respectively); three times a week (total energy 270, 162, 72J, respectively); five times a week (total energy 450, 270, 120 J, respectively). Metabolic activity of viable cells evaluated as follows: Hoechst staining; Western blotting for Runx-2, Bcl2, Bax, Osx, Dlx5, β-catenin, Smads 2/3, TGFβ, p.PI3K, PI3K, p.AKt, AKt, and p.ERK. Our data, for the first time, prove that the 980 nm irradiation at power output setting at 0.75W (0.75W/cm2) for 60 seconds in CW stimulated the MC3T3-E1 pre- osteoblasts viability, by affecting the critical pre-survival markers such as p.PI3K, p.Akt, Bcl2 and Bclxl. Moreover, we concluded that 980nm PBM delivered with FT at 0.75W power output was comparable to results with the ST. However, 0.45W and 0.20W did not modulate the cell metabolic features. Additionally, none of the laser protocols delivered with FT or ST had any influence on the cell differentiation process. In summary, our in vitro studies data, for the first time, have demonstrated the potential of utilizing the FT beam profile with our established protocols in bone regeneration, as a therapeutic tool for future pre-clinical and clinical applications. Moreover, these studies have shown the mechanistic effects of the PBM light on intracellular pathway across the metabolic and differentiation of the osteoblasts towards bone regeneration.

La FAK est une tyrosine kinase cytoplasmique qui régule divers processus cellulaires, dont la survie, la prolifération, la différenciation et la motilité. Bien que diverses études aient démontré l'importance du FAK dans la pathogenèse du SMD et de la LAM, le rôle de cette molécule dans le microenvironnement des tumeurs du SMD et de la LAM reste à déterminer davantage. En examinant les CSM de la moelle osseuse qui dérivent de patients atteints de SMD et de LAM, nous avons observé une augmentation continue de l'expression et de l'activation de la FAK pendant la progression du SMD vers de la LAM, semblable à celle observée chez les patients hémopoïétiques. Dans le SMD à faible risque, on a constaté que les CSM se caractérisaient par une faible expression et une faible activation du FAK. Ils présentaient une morphologie modifiée, un immunophénotype, une différenciation et l'expression de facteurs favorables à l'hématopoïèse. Il convient de noter que ces caractéristiques pourraient être largement reproduites dans les CSM saines par inhibition FAK. De plus, l'appauvrissement en FAK dans la lignée cellulaire stromale pourrait induire une expansion massive et l'apoptose des CSH normaux. Nos résultats mettent en évidence le rôle crucial du FAK dans le maintien des fonctions des CSM et fournissent la preuve que la dysrégulation du FAK dans les CSM contribue à la perturbation de l'hématopoïèse et éventuellement à la progression des tumeurs malignes myéloïdes. Une meilleure compréhension du rôle que joue le microenvironnement du SMD et de la LAM permettra de mieux reconnaître les patients à faible risque et de mettre au point des traitements ciblant les CSM défectueuses, améliorant ainsi le résultat clinique
FAK is a cytoplasmic tyrosine kinase that regulates diverse cellular processes, including survival, proliferation, differentiation, and motility. Though various studies have demonstrated the importance of FAK in MDS and AML pathogenesis, the role of this molecule in MDS and AML tumor microenvironment remained to be further determined. By examining BM MSCs derived from MDS and AML patients, we have observed a continues increase of FAK expression and activation during MDS progression to AML, similar to those detected in hemopoietic counterparts. In LR-MDS, MSCs were found to be characterized by low FAK expression and activation. They exhibited altered morphology, immunophenotype, differentiation, and expression of hematopoiesis-supporting factors. Of note, these features could be largely reproduced in normal MSCs by FAK inhibition. Furthermore, FAK depletion in BM stromal cell line could induce massive expansion and apoptosis of normal HSPCs. Our results highlight a critical role of FAK in maintaining the functions of BM MSCs and provide evidence that dysregulation of FAK in MSCs contribute to the disturbed hematopoiesis and possibly the progression of myeloid malignancies. A greater understanding of the role that BM microenvironment plays in MDS and AML will enable an increased recognition of poor-risk patients and the development of therapies that target the defected MSCs, thereby improving the clinical outcome

La modélisation tridimensionnelle est devenue plus accessible et plus rapide en orthopédie et en particulier en chirurgie de l’épaule. L’analyse morphométrique qui en est issue est utilisée pour permettre une meilleure compréhension de l’omarthrose. L’objectif global de cette thèse était de valider l’application d’un logiciel de segmentation automatisée tridimensionnelle dans les étapes de prise en charge du patient. Huit études ont permis de valider les mesures automatiques calculées par le logiciel, d’améliorer la classification des omarthroses primaires puis de décrire la géométrie 3D normale et pathologique de l’épaule. Des seuils numériques précis ont pu être établis entre les différents types. Le logiciel a permis de développer et valider l’utilisation d’un angle (RSA-angle) permettant de mieux positionner l’implant glénoïdien dans les prothèses inversées d’épaule. L’utilisation des mobilités simulées en 3D démontrait l’intérêt du logiciel dans la compréhension des conflits osseux après prothèse et des faiblesses de design d’implant. Enfin, le positionnement de l’implant glénoïdien en peropératoire avec un guide patient-spécifique imprimé en 3D correspondait fidèlement à sa planification préopératoire, cependant, la planification à elle seule améliorait déjà considérablement ce positionnement. Ce travail de thèse a permis de valider les performances et l’utilisation d’un logiciel de segmentation tridimensionnel et de planification préopératoire. Son application se retrouve dans plusieurs étapes de la prise en charge d’un patient atteint d’omarthrose et devrait progressivement s’intégrer dans la pratique quotidienne des chirurgiens
Three-dimensional modelling has become more accessible and faster in orthopedics and especially in shoulder surgery. The subsequent morphometric analysis is used to provide a better understanding of shoulder arthritis.The overall objective of this Thesis was to validate the use of a 3D-automated segmentation software in the various steps of patients management.Eight studies allowed validating the automatic measurements calculated by the software, improving the classification of primary shoulder arthritis and then describing the normal and pathological 3D geometry of the shoulder. Accurate numerical thresholds could be established between the different types. The software developed and validated the use of an angle (RSAangle) to better position the glenoid implant in reverse shoulder arthroplasty. The use of simulated range of motion in 3D demonstrated the software’s interest in understanding bone impingements after prosthesis and implant design weaknesses.Finally, the positioning of the glenoid implant intraoperatively with a patient specific guide printed in 3D corresponded faithfully to its preoperative planning. However, planning alone already greatly improved this positioning. This Thesis made it possible to validate the performance and use of a software of three-dimensional segmentation and pre-operative planning. Its application is found in several steps of the management of a patient with shoulder arthritis and should gradually be integrated into the daily practice of surgeons

Le régime de cession des droits sociaux applicable des entre les membres d’une même famille est certes privilégié. Mais le législateur ne prend en compte que certains d’entre eux, à savoir, les ascendants, les descendants et certains collatéraux. Pourtant, les parts sociales ou actions font parties des biens patrimoniaux de la famille. Cette mise en société sert de prétexte à une meilleure gestion du patrimoine familial, mais aussi à sa cession au sein de la famille. L’objectif souvent non avoué est la pérennisation de l’entreprise familiale au sein de la famille. Toutefois, législateur ne reconnait toujours pas tous les types de schémas familiaux contemporains. Et pour cause, la notion de famille n’est pas définie en droit. Pourtant cette définition serait bien utile pour soumettre les cessions entre proches à un régime bien spécifique. La conséquence est que la pratique des affaires a développée quantité de règles pour permettre aux associés familiaux soit de rester ensemble au sein de la société ou d’en sortir. En effet, les aléas de la vie familiale commandent les cessions. Ce sont souvent des pactes extra-statutaires qui servent de support à la cession des titres. Le problème est qu’ils n’engagent que leurs signataires. Autrement dit, les associés familiaux non signataires de ces pactes ne sont pas concernés par ceux-ci. Pourtant, ils font partie de la même société et de la même famille. Peuvent-ils pour autant élever contestation en justice ? Car à bien des égards, ces pactes sont souvent à la frontière de l’illégalité notamment celle de l’interdiction des pactes sur succession future. Alors, la liberté de cession du cédant serait-elle empêchée dans le cadre d’une société familiale ? L’élément de réponse se trouve sans doute dans la consécration du pacte de famille, un nouvel outil juridique autonome destiné à compléter efficacement les statuts de la société
The system of transfer of the corporate holdings of the company applicable between members of the same family is certainly privileged. But the legislator only takes into account some of them namely, ascendants, descendants and some collaterals. However, shares or stocks are part of the family's patrimonial assets. This incorporation serves as a pretext for better management of the family patrimony, but also for its transfer within the family. The often unstated aim is the sustainability of the family business within the family. However, legislator still does not recognize all types of contemporary family patterns. And for good reason, the notion of family is not defined in law. Yet this definition would be very useful to submit the transfers between relatives to a specific regime. The consequence is that business practice has developed a lot of rules to allow family partners to either stay together in society or get out of it. Indeed, the vagaries of family life command shares disposal. These are often extra-statutory pacts that serve as a support for the sale of securities. The problem is that they only commit their signatories. In other words, non-signatory family members of these pacts are not affected by them. Yet they are part of the same company and the same family. Can they raise a challenge in court? Because in many ways, these pacts are often on the borderline of illegality, including the prohibition of pacts respecting a future succession. Could the transferor's freedom of assignment be prevented in the context of a family company? The element of response is undoubtedly in the consecration of the family pact, a new independent legal tool designed to effectively supplement the company statutes

碩士
雲林科技大學
科技法律研究所
98
Taiwan''s construction bonds of public works procurement projects is not an uncommon question, but scholars hardly talk about bid bond, which is paid before the construction contract signed, unlike any other construction bond. Although its legal nature had been explained by several inconsistent cases, the main view considered it as liquidated damage or deed of civil Law not be returned to meet the early construction practice. The background in terms of public law are still not mature at the time, but that conclusion seems "private law fled to the public law". AS we all know, public construction contracts always involve public interests, the view of civil law scholars mentioned above may be inappropriate. Sense the bid bond payable only before the signing of it''s original agreement, mainstream view said that the nature of government procurement law adopted two-stage theory, so the bid bond for payment and no reimbursement may be necessary to classify into public law. This study references historical background of bid bond system and relevant institutions of other countries to confirm whether "no reimbursement" of the bid bond belong to assurance status of public law or administrative penalty.

The thesis entitled “Local structure-property relationship in some selected Solid State Materials” mainly focuses on two fundamental topics: (a) evaluation of some standard global structural concepts in terms of local structure to provide a unique description of the crystal structure, and (b) the role of the crystal structure at different length-scales in controlling the properties in some selected materials.

A real security right improves a creditor’s chances of recovering a debt owed to him by the debtor. In the case of an ordinary pledge, the pledgor delivers physical control of his movable property to his creditor to serve as security for the repayment of the principal debt. The increasing value and use of movable property as an object of security coupled with technological advancement have resulted in many countries calling for legal reform of real security rights over movable property. In South Africa this led to the introduction of the Security by Means of Movable Property Act 57 of 1993 which makes provision for a pledge without possession. The Act regulates only special notarial bonds and does not apply to general notarial bonds. The real security right vests in the bondholder upon registration of the bond, provided that the movable property encumbered is described in a notarial bond in a way that makes it readily recognisable. The Act has substituted delivery with registration in the Deeds Registry. Registration of the notarial bond in the Deeds Registry is questioned as to whether it complies with the publicity principle. This is because movable property can be shifted from one place to another without any knowledge on the part of the creditor due to the inaccessible and costly registration system. The third party then receives the property subject to the real security right of the creditor. The substitution of delivery with registration is the controversial feature in this study. Linked to the legal problems regarding compliance with the publicity principle, is the description and identification requirement as provided for under the Act, the exclusion of general notarial bonds from the application of the Act, and the question of whether it is appropriate to regard special notarial bonds as pledges without possession. This study questions whether the current land registry system should be used for the registration of notarial bonds and suggests that a new system designed specifically for the registration of real security rights over movables be considered. I compare the position in the Belgian legal system as regards developments in real security rights over movables to identify possible solutions and recommendations for the South African approach.
Private Law
LL. M.

I recenti terremoti, che hanno colpito l'Italia, hanno evidenziato l'alto livello di vulnerabilità sismica del patrimonio costruito italiano. Interventi di rinforzo sulle strutture esistenti si rendono necessari al fine di garantire un loro adeguato livello di sicurezza sismica rispetto agli eventi futuri. A partire dagli anni Novanta, i materiali compositi fibrorinforzati a fibra lunga si sono affermati nell’ambito del rinforzo strutturale. Tali materiali permettono, grazie alle loro elevate caratteristiche meccaniche, di ottenere incrementi significativi delle prestazioni strutturali mediante un provvedimento di facile esecuzione e con un impatto limitato in riferimento sia al peso sia all’ingombro dell’intervento. Negli ultimi anni, i più sperimentati compositi FRP sono stati affiancati da nuovi materiali compositi caratterizzati dall’unione di reti di fibra secca con una matrice di tipo inorganico: i compositi FRCM – Fiber Reinforced Cementitious Matrix. Ad oggi la conoscenza di tali materiali risulta limitata ed incompleta, come dimostrato dall’assenza di raccomandazioni o linee guida relative ai metodi di prova ed ai criteri di progettazione, di installazione e di controllo. In particolare, in letteratura è stato dimostrato come il limite degli FRCM sia rappresentato dall’adesione tra i due materiali costituenti, la quale determina una crisi fragile per delaminazione all’interfaccia fibra-matrice. Il presente lavoro si è posto l’obiettivo di indagare il fenomeno dell’adesione interlaminare dei compositi FRCM mediante un approccio sperimentale ed analitico. In particolare, attraverso l’esecuzione di quattro tipologie di prova di adesione sono state studiate le proprietà di adesione di quattro differenti compositi FRCM e come le proprietà meccaniche dei materiali costituenti (fibra e matrice) influiscano su di esse. Inoltre, il confronto tra i risultati ottenuti ha permesso di valutare le diverse tipologie di prova in termini sia di procedura che di risultati ottenuti, individuando tra di esse la più idonea allo studio del comportamento di adesione dei compositi FRCM. Infine, è stata applicata una procedura analitica basata sulla meccanica della frattura, adottando cinque differenti legami locali del comportamento di interfaccia calibrati attraverso i risultati globali sperimentali. Il confronto tra risultati analitici e sperimentali ha permesso di determinare il legame locale in grado di descrivere il comportamento di adesione per ogni tipologia di prova. Il confronto ha permesso, altresì, di individuare la presenza di una relazione tra risultati sperimentali ed il legame locale risultato più attendibile, dimostrando la possibilità di definire quest’ultimo a priori disponendo solamente dei dati in corrispondenza di alcuni punti significativi della curva carico-scorrimento globale sperimentale. Recent earthquakes showed the high vulnerability of existing masonry buildings and, for this reason, scientific community is interested in evaluating new materials and techniques for reducing their seismic vulnerability. In this context, composite materials reinforced with long fibers represent a new technology, increasingly suitable for strengthening masonry structures in seismic area. Among them, Fiber Reinforced Cementitious Matrix (FRCM) composites are becoming a valid alternative to Fiber Reinforced Polymers (FRPs), especially for the strengthening of historical and monumental buildings, thanks to their high compatibility with the masonry substrate, low weight, rapidity and ease of application. FRP and FRCM composites present different mechanical behavior and failure mode. Main failure mechanism of FRCM composites is due to a delamination phenomenon at the matrix-fiber interface, while the FRP composites failure is due to a delamination at matrix–support interface. The correct evaluation of the bond performance of such materials plays a crucial role for properly designing a strengthening intervention by using FRCM composites. The bond behavior of four types of FRCM composites applied on bricks substrate was investigated through different bond tests. The FRCM composites were made of a basalt fabric embedded in four different mortar matrices: the first matrix was a commercial mortar produced by Kerakoll S.p.A., while the other three matrices were prepared in laboratory. The experimental investigation allowed to point out the differences between the four composites in terms of bond behavior and load capacity. Furthermore, results obtained from the different bond tests were compared and discussed in order to identify the most suitable test for the correct investigation of the FRCM’s bond performances. Moreover, in the framework of type-II fracture mechanics, analytical modelling of the tested behavior of the commercial mortar matrix was carried out exploiting five different cohesive laws fine-tuned on experimental evidence.

Text in Afrikaans
Die doel van saaklike sekerheidstelling is om 'n saak as eksekusievoorwerp tot die beskikking van die kredietgewer te stel. Vorderingsregte as sekerheidsobjekte voldoen hieraan en moet daarom as deel van die saakbegrip beskou word. Vorderingsregte word in die praktyk as sekerheidsobjekte aangewend of by wyse van sekerheidsessies of deur middel van die registrasie van 'n notariele verband daaroor. Alhoewel die regspraak by sekerheidsessies voorkeur gee aan 'n verpandingskonstruksie, is Scott van mening dat 'n algehele sekerheidsessie nog moontlik is. Die toepassing van die verpandingskonstruksie lewer aanvaarbare resultate en voldoen meestal aan die kontrakterende partye se behoeftes. Die vereiste van publisiteit by pandreg sal egter in sekere gevalle nie vir die partye aanvaarbaar wees nie en kan algehele sekerheidsessies hier 'n oplossing bied. By notariele verbande is die bestaande posisie ingevolge waarvan 'n onderskeid gemaak word tussen liggaamlike en onliggaamlike sake as sekerheidsobjekte, onuithoudbaar en is wetgewing in die verband nodig. The aim of real security is to have objects available to a creditor for execution. Personal rights may be used for this purpose and should therefore be included in the definition of property. In practise claims (personal rights) are used as security objects by way of a security cession or through the registration of a notarial bond over the claims. Although the courts give preference to personal rights in security by way of pledge, Scott is of the opinion that these decisions do not exclude out-and-out security cessions. The results that application of the law of pledge causes, are acceptable and will mostly fulfil the need of the parties. In certain situations the requirement of publicity will however be unacceptable in which instance out-and-out security cessions may be the solution. The current position where a distinction is made between corporeal and incorporeal property as security objects, is unacceptable and legislation is needed in this regard.
Private Law
LL.M.

Text in Afrikaans
In hierdie verhandeling ontleed ek die oproeping van ʼn verband op ʼn onroerende saak in die Suid-Afrikaanse reg. Indien ʼn verbandskuldenaar wanpresteer, kan die verbandskuldeiser sy beperkte saaklike reg afdwing deur die verband op te roep ten einde die uitstaande skuld te delg. Om dit te bereik, word die sekerheidsobjek op ʼn eksekusieverkoping te gelde gemaak, nadat die regte prosedure gevolg is. Die oproepingsproses is in die laaste dekade ingrypend verander, grotendeels as gevolg van artikel 26 van die Grondwet, 1996, en artikels 129 en 130 van die National Credit Act 34 van 2005. Die volgende stadiums in die oproepingsproses word onderskei: die voorverhoorprosedure; jurisdiksiebepaling; die hofprosedure; beslaglegging en die eksekusieverkoping. Wetgewing en regspraak het onlangs ingrypende veranderings ten aansien van die voorverhoorprosedure en die hofprosedure teweeggebring. Alhoewel die oproepingsproses tans bevredigend deur wetgewing en in die regspraak gereël word, is daar nog verontrustende aspekte van eksekusieverkopings wat die wetgewer se aandag verdien.
In this dissertation I analyse the calling up of a mortgage bond over immovable property under South-African law. If a mortgagor defaults, the mortgagee can enforce his limited real right by calling up the mortgage bond to satisfy the outstanding debt. To accomplish this, the secured property will be sold at an execution sale, after the correct procedure has been followed. Over the past decade, foreclosure proceedings have undergone significant changes, largely owing to section 26 of the Constitution, 1996, and sections 129 and 130 of the National Credit Act 34 of 2005. The following stages in the foreclosure process are identified: pre-trial debt enforcement procedure; determination of jurisdiction; court procedure; attachment and execution sale. Both the pre-trial debt enforcement procedure and the court procedure have recently been substantially amended by legislation and case law. Although legislation and case law currently regulate the foreclosure process satisfactorily, some disturbing aspects of execution sales remain and these deserve the legislator’s attention.
Private Law
LL.M.

by Pang Sai Yau.
Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1994.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves [87-90]).
Chapter chapter one： --- introduction
Chapter 1.1 --- General Introduction --- p.1
Chapter 1.2 --- biology of cancellous bone grafts --- p.2
Chapter 1.2.1 --- Biology of bone graft incorporation --- p.2
Chapter 1.2.1.1 --- Osteogenesis --- p.2
Chapter 1.2.1.2 --- Vascularization --- p.3
Chapter 1.2.1.3 --- Osteoinduction --- p.3
Chapter 1.2.1.4 --- Osteoconduction --- p.4
Chapter 1.2.2 --- Histological changes of bone grafts after bone transplantation --- p.4
Chapter 1.2.2.1 --- Histologic pictures of cancellous autograft --- p.4
Chapter 1.2.2.2 --- Histologic pictures of cancellous bone allograft --- p.5
Chapter 1.2.2.3 --- Summary of the histologic changes of bone grafts --- p.5
Chapter 1.3 --- application of cancellous bone grafts --- p.6
Chapter 1.3.1 --- Principles of graft incorporation --- p.6
Chapter 1.3.1.1 --- Operative site --- p.6
Chapter 1.3.1.2 --- Graft material --- p.7
Chapter 1.3.1.2.1 --- Autogenic cancellous bone --- p.8
Chapter 1.3.1.2.2 --- Autogenic cortical bone --- p.9
Chapter 1.3.2.2.3 --- Vascularized autogenic bone grafts --- p.9
Chapter 1.3.2.2.4 --- Bone allografts --- p.10
Chapter 1.3.2.2.5 --- Graft adjuncts and substitutes --- p.11
Chapter 1.3.2.3 --- Systemic factors influencing gaft incorporation --- p.13
Chapter 1.3.2.4 --- Local factors influencing graft incorporation --- p.13
Chapter 1.3.3 --- Bone graft complications --- p.13
Chapter 1.3.4 --- Placement of a graft --- p.14
Chapter 1.3.5 --- Bone graft harvesting --- p.15
Chapter 1.3.5.1 --- Iliac bone graft --- p.15
Chapter 1.3.5.2 --- Femoral head bone allograft --- p.16
Chapter 1.4 --- Application of flow conductance concept in a cancellous bone graft --- p.17
Chapter 1.4.1 --- Physical structure of cancellous bone --- p.17
Chapter 1.4.2 --- Porosity of cancellous bone --- p.17
Chapter 1.4.3 --- Flow conductance concept --- p.18
Chapter chapter two： --- material and method
Chapter 2.1 --- Transplantation of cancellous bone graft - Rabbit model --- p.19
Chapter 2.1.1 --- Preparation of porcine cancellous bone graft --- p.19
Chapter 2.1.1.1 --- Bone drilling --- p.19
Chapter 2.1.1.2 --- Defat and freeze-dry --- p.20
Chapter 2.1.2 --- Flow conductance measurement --- p.21
Chapter 2.1.2.1 --- Porosity measurement --- p.21
Chapter 2.1.2.2 --- Conductance measurement --- p.24
Chapter 2.1.3 --- Rabbit model --- p.26
Chapter 2.1.4 --- Methods of assessment --- p.29
Chapter 2.1.4.1 --- Intraosseous pressure measurement --- p.29
Chapter 2.1.4.2 --- Histologic study --- p.30
Chapter 2.1.4.3 --- Blood flow study - use of tracer microspheres --- p.30
Chapter 2.2 --- Flow conductance measurement of human cancellous bone --- p.34
Chapter chapter three： --- results
Chapter 3.1 --- Results of the effects of various conductance of the grafts on bone healing in animal model --- p.38
Chapter 3.1.1 --- Intraosseous pressure measurement --- p.38
Chapter 3.1.2 --- Histological study --- p.40
Chapter 3.1.3 --- Blood flow study of cancellous bone grafts --- p.52
Chapter 3.2 --- Human specimens study --- p.62
Chapter chapter four： --- discussion
Chapter 4.1 --- Discussion of the results in vivo study --- p.66
Chapter 4.1.1 --- Intraosseous pressure measurement - a baseline study --- p.66
Chapter 4.1.2 --- Effects of flow conductance of porcine cancellous grafts on bone regeneration --- p.67
Chapter 4.1.2.1. --- Threshold conductance --- p.67
Chapter 4.1.2.2. --- Histological score --- p.68
Chapter 4.1.3 --- Discussion of graft healing from the blood flow study --- p.70
Chapter 4.1.3.1 --- Tibia blood supply in relation to bone healing --- p.70
Chapter 4.1.3.2 --- Effect of different flow conductance on blood flow changes in the tibia-graft structure --- p.72
Chapter 4.1.4 --- "Comparison of length, porosity and conductance as the parameter on graft healing" --- p.74
Chapter 4.2 --- Discussion on human bone specimens study --- p.76
Chapter 4.3 --- General discussion --- p.78
Chapter 4.3.1 --- The limitation of the animal model --- p.78
Chapter 4.3.2 --- Some problems related to the clinical aspects --- p.79
Chapter chapter five： --- conclusion --- p.81

Money lenders frequently use sale and lease back agreements as an alternative to other more conventional forms of security. These agreements are popular because they are simple and inexpensive to put in place. Unfortunately, South African courts give legal effect to the true intention of contracting parties. Sale and lease back agreements are often held to be simulated contracts and as such they are enforced as disguised pledges. One of the few alternative security options available to money lenders, is a notarial bond registered in terms of the Security By Means of Movable Property Act 57 of 1993. This act has been criticised for creating an ineffective form of security that is costly and cumbersome to put in place. It is suggested that the current security options available to money lenders are supplemented with the creation of a more user friendly public register for the registration of security interests.
Private Law
LL.M.

碩士
中國文化大學
法律學研究所
92
Abstract The purpose of this thesis is to research the regulation of bona-fide transferand study the properness of the related amendment drafts.By using traditional legal research method, combining the observation from legal-sociology, and analyzing the related cases, I try to reason out the standing of bona-fide transfer. Beside that, Taiwan’s present Civil Code which regulated bona-fide trnasfer has been effected for more than 70 years. Its standing is from the basic idea that private proverty shoud be protected which is broad recognized under capitalism. On the contrary, PRC do not have the same idea because PRC did not adopt captialism. That is also the reason why PRC is lacking of Civil Code. Now, PRC’s government, scholars have proposed some drafts to establish a new regulation. By introducing and comparing these drafts, I try to give my suggestions. My thesis has 6 chapters as following: Chapter 1 introduction I point out the motivation of my thesis, introduce the existing problems, and examine the above problems by analyzing related cases. Chapter 2 the historical development of bona-fide trransfer At the first of this chapter, I try to back to the historic resources of bona-fidetransfer. At the second, I compare with the different legislations which included Germany, France, Japan, PRC, and Taiwa, trying to reason out the different legal bases. At the third, I discribe the definition of “bona fides” which is necessary to bona-fide transfer. At the end, I dicuss the different patterns of “occupancy ”, and conclude that only simple occupancy can fit the requirement of bona-fide transfer. Chapter 3 the standing of bona-fide transfer. Even though PRC trying to adopt the regulation of bona-fide transfer seems following Taiwan’s rule apparently. The legal basis of bona-fide transfer is different from Taiwan and PRC. In fact, the basic different originate from the differences between capitalism and communism. Chapter 4 & 5 the different drafts of Taiwan and PRC I try to compare the regulation of bona-fide transfer between Taiwan and PRC’s drafts. Except that, I focus on how the get the ownership of pilfered proverty throug the regulation of bona-fide transfer . Furthermore, I discuss the different drafts which proposed by PRC’s scholars and government, and comment which one is proper. Chapter 6 conclusion Combining the above discussions, I propose my suggestions and list the different drafts of Taiwan and PRC with figures for others’ further research.

碩士
逢甲大學
纖維與複合材料學系
103
Human bones are subjected to cracks and defects in the presence of an impact force or being aging. Although bones can self-heal the impaired site, the excessive size of the damage may prevent the bone from recovering completely. In order to cope with this difficulty, an implant for the injured part is thus required, and enables the osteocytes to grow bone tissues via the bone scaffolds that can decompose in one day, and ultimately leads to a full recovery. Bone scaffolds are typically made of porous degradable materials that provide the mechanical support during repair and regeneration of damaged or diseased bone. This study aims to create Core-Shel Structured Artificial Bone Scaffolds with biocompatibility, biodegradation, and heal-promotion. Polyvinyl alchol (PVA) fibers are fabricated into hollow PVA braids by using a braiding machine, and a hydroxyapatite (HA)/gelatin)/PVA mixture is infused into the braids in order to form Core-Shel Structured Artificial Bone Scaffolds. The braids are prepared with different combinations of crosslinking parameters, heat treatment conditions, and HA contents, after which the resulting bone scaffolds are then evaluated for their applications by using surface observation, a porosity test, a compressive strength test, a degradation test, a swelling test, an MTT assay, and an in vivio study. The compressive strength of PVA braids that are crosslinked with glutaraldehyde can be increased by at least 20MPa. A ten-minute heat treatment results in an increase in the compressive strength of PVA braids that is from 23.38MPa to 285.92MPa. However, when being heat-treated for fifteen minutes, the compressive strength is decreased to 142.33MPa. The bone scaffolds have a compressive strength that is increased to 51.7MPa with the addition of 0.4% HA, and it is then decreased to 25.13MPa with the addition of 0.6% HA. The bone scaffolds are proven to have biocompatibility according to the results of cell viability and alkaline phosphatase activity.

by Mei Long.
Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2003.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 93-98).
Abstracts in English and Chinese.
Table of Contents --- p.v
Abstract --- p.viii
Acknowledgements --- p.x
Chapter 1 --- Introduction --- p.1
Chapter 1.1 --- Satisfiability Problem --- p.1
Chapter 1.2 --- Motivation of the Research --- p.1
Chapter 1.3 --- Overview of the Thesis --- p.2
Chapter 2 --- Satisfiability Problem --- p.4
Chapter 2.1 --- Satisfiability Problem --- p.5
Chapter 2.1.1 --- Basic Definition --- p.5
Chapter 2.1.2 --- Phase Transitions --- p.5
Chapter 2.2 --- History --- p.6
Chapter 2.3 --- The Basic Search Algorithm --- p.8
Chapter 2.4 --- Some Improvements to the Basic Algorithm --- p.9
Chapter 2.4.1 --- Satz by Chu-Min Li --- p.9
Chapter 2.4.2 --- Heuristics and Local Search --- p.12
Chapter 2.4.3 --- Relaxation --- p.13
Chapter 2.5 --- Benchmarks --- p.14
Chapter 2.5.1 --- Specific Problems --- p.14
Chapter 2.5.2 --- Randomly Generated Problems --- p.14
Chapter 2.6 --- Software and Internet Information for SAT solving --- p.16
Chapter 2.6.1 --- Stochastic Local Search Algorithms (incomplete) --- p.16
Chapter 2.6.2 --- Systematic Search Algorithms (complete) --- p.16
Chapter 2.6.3 --- Some useful Links to SAT Related Sites --- p.17
Chapter 3 --- Integer Programming Formulation for Logic Problem --- p.18
Chapter 3.1 --- SAT Problem --- p.19
Chapter 3.2 --- MAXSAT Problem --- p.19
Chapter 3.3 --- Logical Inference Problem --- p.19
Chapter 3.4 --- Weighted Exact Satisfiability Problem --- p.20
Chapter 4 --- Integer Programming Formulation for SAT Problem --- p.22
Chapter 4.1 --- From 3-CNF SAT Clauses to Zero-One IP Constraints --- p.22
Chapter 4.2 --- Integer Programming Model for 3-SAT --- p.23
Chapter 4.3 --- The Equivalence of the SAT and the IP --- p.23
Chapter 4.4 --- Example --- p.24
Chapter 5 --- Integer Solvability of Linear Programs --- p.27
Chapter 5.1 --- Unimodularity --- p.27
Chapter 5.2 --- Totally Unimodularity --- p.28
Chapter 5.3 --- Some Results on Recognition of Linear Solvability of IP --- p.32
Chapter 6 --- TU Based Matrix Research Results --- p.33
Chapter 6.1 --- 2x2 Matrix's TU Property --- p.33
Chapter 6.2 --- Extended Integer Programming Model for SAT --- p.34
Chapter 6.3 --- 3x3 Matrix's TU Property --- p.35
Chapter 7 --- Totally Unimodularity Based Branching-and-Bound Algorithm --- p.38
Chapter 7.1 --- Introduction --- p.38
Chapter 7.1.1 --- Enumeration Trees --- p.39
Chapter 7.1.2 --- The Concept of Branch and Bound --- p.42
Chapter 7.2 --- TU Based Branching Rule --- p.43
Chapter 7.2.1 --- How to sort variables based on 2x2 submatrices --- p.43
Chapter 7.2.2 --- How to sort the rest variables --- p.45
Chapter 7.3 --- TU Based Bounding Rule --- p.46
Chapter 7.4 --- TU Based Branch-and-Bound Algorithm --- p.47
Chapter 7.5 --- Example --- p.49
Chapter 8 --- Numerical Result --- p.57
Chapter 8.1 --- Experimental Result --- p.57
Chapter 8.2 --- Statistical Results of ILOG CPLEX --- p.59
Chapter 9 --- Conclusions --- p.61
Chapter 9.1 --- Contributions --- p.61
Chapter 9.2 --- Future Work --- p.62
Chapter A --- The Coefficient Matrix A for Example in Chapter 7 --- p.64
Chapter B --- The Detailed Numerical Information of Solution Process for Exam- ple in Chapter 7 --- p.66
Chapter C --- Experimental Result --- p.67
Chapter C.1 --- "# of variables: 20, # of clauses: 91" --- p.67
Chapter C.2 --- "# of variables: 50, # of clauses: 218" --- p.70
Chapter C.3 --- # of variables: 75，# of clauses: 325 --- p.73
Chapter C.4 --- "# of variables: 100, # of clauses: 430" --- p.76
Chapter D --- Experimental Result of ILOG CPLEX --- p.80
Chapter D.1 --- # of variables: 20´ة # of clauses: 91 --- p.80
Chapter D.2 --- # of variables: 50，#of clauses: 218 --- p.83
Chapter D.3 --- # of variables: 75，# of clauses: 325 --- p.86
Chapter D.4 --- "# of variables: 100, # of clauses: 430" --- p.89
Bibliography --- p.93

碩士
國立臺灣海洋大學
河海工程學系
102
Steel corrosion, especially in high chloride environments, has become the prime factor affecting concrete durability. In extreme corrosive environment (like in an oceanic climate or high humidity environment) for 5 to 15 years, steel is highly suseptible to becoming corroded, cracked by expansion, and finally broken if not repaired in time. To solve the problem, researchers have developed a series of protecting and repairing methods, one of them is the steel rust transformer. This study seeks to understand the effect rust coated steel has on different environments once it has been covered by concrete by steel rust transformers. There are several types of steel used in the test: non corroded steel, evenly corroded steel, evenly corroded steel covered with different amounts of layers of rust transformers (1 to 3 degrees while 1 degree stands for 100μm of its layer). All these types of steel are placed into 2 specimens separately during the test: water cement ratio 0.4 specimen and specimen with NaCl (5% cement weight). Tests that were taken are as follows: pullout test, corrosion potential test, corrosion rate test, resistance test, Concrete's Resistivity test, and a test measuring corrosion using direct-current induced polarization method on steel without protection of concrete in 3.5% sodium chloride solution. After chemical character analysis, the result shows that rust transformers have positive anti-corrosion in every test environment, but when the density of chlorine ions increase, they become less effective. In addition, rust transformers create rough surfaces between steel and concrete, increasing the striction and bond strength slightly. Steel covered with 3 degrees of rust transformer are considered to be most protective in every test environment.

Osteoporosis is a disease characterized by reduced bone mass and reduced bone quality. This deterioration manifests itself in osteoporotic fractures at skeletal sites containing large proportions of cancellous bone (ie. forearm, hip, spine). Given the costs associated with these fractures, improvements in our ability to model and predict the behaviour of cancellous bone would be of great financial and social benefit to society. This thesis makes contributions in three areas within the much larger goal of developing a comprehensive model for describing the mechanical behaviour of cancellous bone. Since the accuracy of model predictions can only be as good as the test data against which it is compared, the effect of experimental artifacts introduced by specimen geometry is examined for cored samples. The apparent elastic modulus of cancellous bone is found to be relatively insensitive to specimen (or gauge) length, such that it can be reduced below the recommended 2:1 aspect ratio without introducing detectable artifact. Conversely, apparent modulus is found to be much more sensitive to specimen diameter. The role of water is also examined. Dehydration at room temperature was found to increase the apparent elastic modulus by roughly 14%. This net increase results from the competing effects of an increased tissue modulus and a decreased bone volume fraction due to shrinkage. Finally, preliminary work is presented which attempts to relate micro-CT voxel intensity and locally measured nanoindentation moduli, in order to provide an experimental basis for assigning heterogeneous material properties to finite element method (FEM) models.
Thesis (Ph.D, Mechanical and Materials Engineering) -- Queen's University, 2009-04-24 14:28:17.772

碩士
東吳大學
法律學系
100
This essay aims to discuss the legal protection of Bona Fide purchaser of personal property in Civil Law. Although legal protection of Bona Fide purchaser of personal property is to ensure the safety and convenience of the transaction, it obeys the respect to safety of ownership of personal property, which is the major spirit of legal system. Therefore, how to balance the benefit between transaction safety and ownership of personal property safety is the purpose of this essay. Besides, the academia has been discussing for many years about the debate on the application of Bona Fide purchaser, one of the important issue practically. Has all the related debate been solved appropriately after the legislative amendment in 2010? We expect to give examples to compare the pros and cons before and after the legislative amendment through the research and analysis of the legislation system in different countries while bringing up questions and suggestions.

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI)
Dicalcium phosphate dihydrate (DCPD) cements have been used for bone repair due to its excellent biocompatibility and resorbability. However, DCPD cements are typically weak and brittle. To overcome these limitations, the sodium citrate used as a setting regulator and the coating of poly-L-lactide acid (PLLA) technique have been proposed in this study. The first purpose of this thesis is to develop composite PLLA/DCPD scaffolds with enhanced toughness by PLLA coating. The second purpose is to examine the biocompatibility of the scaffolds. The final purpose is to investigate the degradation behaviors of DCPD and PLLA/DCPD scaffolds. In this experiment, DCPD cements were synthesized from monocalcium phosphate monohydrate (MCPM) and 𝛽-tricalcium phosphate (𝛽 –TCP) by using deionized water and sodium citrate as liquid components. The samples were prepared with powder to liquid ratio (P/L) at 1.00, 1.25 and 1.50. To fabricate the PLLA/DCPD composite samples, DCPD samples were coated with 5 % PLLA. The samples were characterized mechanical properties, such as porosity, diametral tensile strength, and fracture energy. The mechanical properties of DCPD scaffolds with and without PLLA coating after the in vitro static degradation (day 1, week1, 4, and 6) and in vitro dynamic degradation (day 1, week 1, 2, 4, 6, and 8) were investigated by measuring their weight loss, fracture energy, and pH of phosphate buffer solution. In addition, the dog bone marrow stromal stem cells (dBMSCs) adhesion on DCPD and PLLA/DCPD composite samples were examined by scanning electron microscopy. The cell proliferation and differentiation in the medium conditioned with DCPD and PLLA/DCPD composite samples were studied by XTT (2,3-Bis(2-methoxy-4- nitro-5-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium-5-carboxanilide inner salt), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) assay, respectively. The addition of sodium citrate and PLLA coating played a crucial role in improving the mechanical properties of the samples by increasing the diametral tensile strength from 0.50 ± 0.15 MPa to 2.70 ± 0.54 MPa and increasing the fracture energy from 0.76 ± 0.18 N-mm to 12.67 ± 4.97 N-mm. The DCPD and PLLA/DCPD composite samples were compatible with dBMSCs and the cells were able to proliferate and differentiate in the conditioned medium. The degradation rate of DCPD and PLLA/DCPD samples were not significant different (p > 0.05). However, the DCPD and PLLA/DCPD composite samples those used sodium citrate as a liquid component was found to degrade faster than the groups that use deionized water as liquid component

No
Infection is the major reason of GTR/GBR membrane failure in clinical application. In this work, we developed GTR/GBR nanofiber membranes with localized drug delivery function to prevent infection. Metronidazole (MNA), an antibiotic, was successfully incorporated into electrospun polycaprolactone (PCL) nanofibers at different concentrations (0, 1, 5, 10, 20, 30, and 40 wt% polymer). To obtain the optimum anti-infection membrane, we systematically investigated the physical-chemical and mechanical properties of the nanofiber membranes with different drug contents. The interaction between PCL and MNA was identified by molecular dynamics simulation. MNA released in a controlled, sustained manner over 2 weeks and the antibacterial activity of the released MNA remained. The incorporation of MNA improved the hydrophilicity and in vitro biodegradation rate of PCL nanofibers. The nanofiber membranes allowed cells to adhere to and proliferate on them and showed excellent barrier function. The membrane loaded with 30% MNA had the best comprehensive properties. Analysis of subcutaneous implants demonstrated that MNA-loaded nanofibers evoked a less severe inflammatory response than pure PCL nanofibers. These results demonstrate the potential of MNA-loaded nanofiber membranes as GTR/GBR membrane with antibacterial and anti-inflammatory function for extensive biomedical applications.

碩士
國立臺北科技大學
建築與都市設計研究所
92
Because of the diversified demand in the functions of city space, and the limited space resources can't satisfy the need of people with different social classes. Thus, confrontations between the environment and the land usage piled up one after another. Especially in Taipei County, it congests the intermixture of residential, commercial and industrial area almost everywhere. This raises many potential and growing problems toward space conflict. The research consists of three portions. One of them is the introduction of related review of the state of art in game theory, especially aiming at its definition and characteristics. So as to verify and discuss the provenance of the illegal buildings space conflict based on the analysis. Then, explore the connection between illegal buildings and human behavior and examine their effects according to space behavior theory. As far as the practical case experience is concerned, the thesis looks into the illegal buildings case in Bali Village of Taipei County. The research emphasizes the standpoints from the government and the citizens respectively. Depend upon the structure of game theory, hopefully to set up a fair strategy for both sides and achieve a win-win policy. It is hoped that they can be helpful for the government to deal with similar cases of resistance from civilians.

This thesis describes a history of Bedřich Reich's mechanical weaving - which was established on the turn of 19th and 20th century in Česká Skalice, a textile region in East Bohemia, by his father Karel Reich. From the historical sources of East Bohemia's archive are in the work mentioned technical proposals related to the factory construction, financial statistics and documents relating to the production of textile. In a separate section is presented the story of a Jewish family of Bedřich Reich, describing an idyllic life between two wars, however, at the time of the protectorate tragically touched by factory aryanization and transport to Terezín and Auschwitz. The main period occurs after the war, when the daughter of Bedřich Reich, Eva, returned as the only one home to Česká Skalice. In years 1945-1989, the factory became part of the national corporation Lina Jaroměř and later Mileta Hořice. The final part covers the beginning of the 90s, when the factory was returned in restitution to the descendants of Mrs. Reichová - Zelená.