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Artículos de revistas sobre el tema "Bolton"

Autor: Grafiati

Publicado: 4 de junio de 2021

Última modificación: 9 de junio de 2025

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1

Tunca, Yasemin, Nihal Fahrzadeh, and Murat Tunca. "HOW RELIABLE IS THE AMOUNT OF INTERPROXIMAL REDUCTION CLINCHECK SOFTWARE RECOMMENDS?" Meandros Medical And Dental Journal 25, no. 4 (December 22, 2024): 481–91. https://doi.org/10.69601/meandrosmdj.1584202.

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Objective: This study was conducted to evaluate the reliability of Bolton analysis results obtained with ClinCheck software and the interproximal reduction (IPR) ratios the software recommends. Materials Methods: From the Invisalign® clear aligner system database, 120 individuals were divided into three groups according to Angle classification: dental class I (n=43), dental class II (n=49), and dental class III (n=28) malocclusions. The Bolton analysis data and the IPR amounts determined by Align Technology’s digital treatment planning interface, ClinCheck, were evaluated separately for the maxilla and mandible for each individual. A discrepancy was defined as the condition in which the Bolton ratio the software determined and the suggested IPR amount for the anterior ratio and the overall ratio exceeded 2 mm. The average anterior Bolton ratio and suggested anterior Bolton ratio, along with the total Bolton ratio and suggested total Bolton ratio for all individuals, were compared using Cronbach’s alpha. Results: It was determined that the average suggested anterior Bolton ratio for individuals with class I malocclusion was higher than that for individuals with other malocclusions (p=0.008). Cronbach’s alpha for the anterior Bolton ratio and the suggested anterior Bolton ratio was 0.131 whereas the overall ratio and the suggested overall Bolton ratio value were determined to be 0.41. Both values are defined as indicating weak reliability. Conclusion: A weak reliability relationship was detected between the Bolton values obtained with the ClinCheck software and the IPR suggestions provided in treatment planning.

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2

Musfira, S. H., M. Rafi, M. Gusti, D. H. Putri, and R. Satria. "New data on the genus Strumigenys (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) from Sumatra." Zoosystematica Rossica 31, no. 1 (June 3, 2022): 74–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.31610/zsr/2022.31.1.74.

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The hitherto unknown queen of the ant species Strumigenys datryx Bolton, 2000 is described. Five species of the ant genus Strumigenys F. Smith, 1860 are newly recorded from Sumatra and illustrated: S. dohertyi Emery, 1897, S. edaragona Bolton, 2000, S. panopla Bolton, 2000, S. rotogenys Bolton, 2000, and S. sydorata Bolton, 2000. A list of 36 species of Strumigenys recorded from Sumatra is provided.

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3

&, J. W. Walker; amp, and Sons. "Bolton Organ." Musical Times 128, no. 1727 (January 1987): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/964618.

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4

Hayes, Derren. "Bolton Council." Children and Young People Now 2024, no. 2 (February 2, 2024): 46–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/cypn.2024.2.46.

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5

Bromley, David. "Bolton Technology Exchange." Industry and Higher Education 3, no. 1 (March 1989): 44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/095042228900300110.

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Bolton Technology Exchange is one of the newest and smallest science parks in the UK. It is located in the centre of Bolton in Lancashire and is just five minutes walk from Bolton Institute of Higher Education, with which it is associated. This article reports on the impact of Bolton Technology Exchange in rejuvenating the local economy.

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6

Shorrocks, Graham. "Glottalization and Gemination In an English Urban Dialect." Canadian Journal of Linguistics/Revue canadienne de linguistique 33, no. 1 (March 1988): 59–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008413100012652.

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The following is an account of glottalization and gemination in the traditional vernacular of the Greater Bolton area. Bolton is a town situated 12 miles north-west of Manchester in northwestern England. The Greater Bolton area consists of the county borough of Bolton, Farnworth municipal borough, and the urban districts of Horwich, Turton, Little Lever and Kearsley. Its population is approximately 230,000.From a consideration of various historical, industrial, economic, social and administrative factors, the Greater Bolton area can be shown to be a relatively homogeneous cultural unit within the urban field of influence of Bolton. This cultural homogeneity is reflected in the speech of the area, which is also relatively homogeneous in character, and distinctive when compared to the speech of other parts of Greater Manchester County, South Lancashire and Merseyside (cf. Shorrocks 1980:1–27).

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7

Alam, Mahnoor, Sara Shujaat, Syed Raiq Shah, Muhammad Saood, and Tahira Asghar. "Analysis of Bolton Ratios in Skeletal Class I Malocclusion and Effects of Various Four-Premolar Extraction Combinations Before and After Treatment." Global Immunological & Infectious Diseases Review VIII, no. I (December 30, 2023): 6–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/giidr.2023(viii-i).02.

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This study was conducted to find whether different premolar extraction patterns lead to a change in the Overall Bolton ratio from 0.91 and the Posterior Bolton ratio from 1.05, among the Pakistani population in a skeletal class I malocclusion. This quasi-experimental study took place in Khyber College Of Dentistry, Peshawar. Dental plaster models of the patients with skeletal class 1 malocclusion were collected. A Digital Vernier Caliper was used to calculate the Bolton's ratios. The Bolton ratios were again calculated after hypothetical extractions of all the 1st premolars (4/4), all 5s, upper 4s and lower 5s, and upper 5s and lower 4s. The sample consisted of 12 males and 18 females. The change in Overall Bolton ratios was statistically significant for 4s extractions. For the Posterior Bolton ratio, the 4/4 and 4/5 extraction patterns were significant. Taking out the premolar teeth leads to a statistically significant but clinically insignificant reduction in the Posterior and Overall Bolton ratios in Skeletal class I malocclusion.

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8

Wadood, Sundas, Muhammad Saood, Aiman Mehmood Shah, Mahnoor Alam, Sara Shujaat, and Tahira Asghar. "COMPARISON OF OVERALL AND POSTERIOR BOLTON RATIOS OF SKELETAL CLASS II MALOCCLUSION BEFORE AND AFTER DIFFERENT COMBINATIONS OF FOUR PREMOLAR EXTRACTIONS IN A PAKISTANI POPULATION." Journal of Khyber College of Dentistry 13, no. 04 (December 31, 2023): 2–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.33279/jkcd.v13i04.621.

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Objectives: To fi nd whether diff erent premolar extraction patterns change the overall Bolton ratio from 91.30%, and the posterior Bolton ratio from 105.27% among the Pakistani population in a skeletal class II malocclusion.Materials and Methods: This Quasi Experimental study was conducted at at the Orthodontics Department of Khyber College of Dentistry, Peshawar on 30 dental models of skeletal class II patients. A Digital Vernier Caliper was used to measure the mesiodistal widths of the teeth me-sial to the second molar. Overall and posterior Bolton ratios were calculated before and after hypothetical extractions of the premolars. One-sample-t test was used to see if there was any significant diff erence between the overall and posterior Bolton ratios of the Bolton study and our study. Paired-samples-t test was used to fi nd the change in Bolton ratios before and after extractions. P value of ≤0.05 was considered signifi cant.Results: The mean overall and posterior Bolton ratios were 91.57±1.21% and 103.36±2.82%, respectively. Following premolars’ extractions in the pattern: all fi rst premolars, upper first with lower second premolars, upper second with lower fi rst premolars and all second premoalrs, the overall ratio decreased signifi cantly (p <0.05) to 90.29±1.54%, 90.55±1.61%, 89.47±1.62% and 89.72±1.59%, respectively, whereas the posterior ratio for all fi rst premolars and upper fi rst with lower second premolar extractions increased signifi cantly to 105.27±3.18% and 105.88±3.71% (p <0.05).Conclusion: Premolar extractions in skeletal class II malocclusion cause a signifi cant decrease in the overall Bolton ratio. The all fi rst premolars and upper fi rst with lower second premolar extractions pattern cause a signifi cant increase in the posterior Bolton ratio.

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9

Jo, Youmi, Hye-Min Oh, Yohan Yoon, Sun-Young Lee, Ji-Hyoung Ha, Won-Il Kim, Hwang-Yong Kim, Sanghyun Han, and Se-Ri Kim. "Enrichment Broth for the Detection of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli in Fresh Produce and Poultry." Journal of Food Protection 80, no. 11 (October 9, 2017): 1842–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-16-450.

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ABSTRACT Although campylobacteriosis caused by Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli has been increasingly reported worldwide owing to the consumption of contaminated poultry and fresh produce, the current detection protocols are not selective enough to inhibit unspecific microbes other than these pathogens. Five antibiotics were separately added to Bolton broth, and the survival rates of 18 Campylobacter spp. and 79 non-Campylobacter spp. were evaluated. The survival rate of the non-Campylobacter spp. was the lowest in Bolton broth with rifampin (6.3%), followed by cefsulodin (12.7%), novobiocin (16.5%), and potassium tellurite and sulfamethozaxole (both 17.7%). Also the most effective concentration of rifampin was found to be 12.5 mg/L, which markedly inhibited non-Campylobacter strains while not affecting the survival of Campylobacter strains. After the Campylobacter spp. were enriched in Bolton broth supplemented with 12.5 mg/L rifampin (R-Bolton broth), CampyFood Agar (CFA) was found to be better in selectively isolating the pathogens in the enrichment broth than the International Organization for Standardization method of using modified charcoal cefoperazone deoxycholate agar (mCCDA) for this step. When applied to natural food samples—here, romaine lettuce, pepper, cherry tomato, Korean leek, and chicken—the R-Bolton broth–CFA combination decreased the number of false-positive results by 50.0, 4.2, 20.8, 50.0, and 94.4%, respectively, compared with the International Organization for Standardization method (Bolton broth–mCCDA combination). These results demonstrate that the combination of R-Bolton broth and CFA is more efficient in detecting C. jejuni and C. coli in poultry and fresh produce and thus should replace the Bolton broth–mCCDA combination.

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10

Gandevia, Brian, and Max Whiteside. "John Henderson Bolton." Medical Journal of Australia 151, no. 9 (November 1989): 529. http://dx.doi.org/10.5694/j.1326-5377.1989.tb128501.x.

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11

Harp, Jerry. "On Joe Bolton." Iowa Review 30, no. 2 (October 2000): 165–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.17077/0021-065x.5299.

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12

Nelson, Roxanne. "Linda Burnes Bolton." AJN, American Journal of Nursing 119, no. 3 (March 2019): 68–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.naj.0000554044.91367.2b.

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13

Kellermann, Kenneth. "John Gatenby Bolton." Physics Today 47, no. 4 (April 1994): 73–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2808479.

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14

Whiteford, Rhona. "Bolton School Nursery." Practical Pre-School 2011, no. 121 (February 2011): 9–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/prps.2011.1.121.9.

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15

MUHAMMAD, HUSNAIN AKRAM, SHAHROZ ALI MUHAMMAD, and AZEEM MUHAMMAD. "Correlation between Bolton Ratios and Different Facial Types." Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences P J M H S Vol. 11, NO. 4, OCT – DEC 2017 (October 1, 2017): 1313. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4442441.

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Aim: To correlate the Bolton ratios with vertical facial types. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted at Department of Orthodontics, Faisalabad medical university and de’Montmorency College of dentistry; in which 90 lateral cephalograms and plaster casts of untreated patients were included. The patients were divided into three groups as per facial type; mesofacial, dolichofacial and brachy facial. Bolton ratios were calculated on model while SNMP, MMA, and Jaraback ratio were calculated on lateral cephalograms. The data was correlated and analyzed using SPSS version 20.0. Linear regression analysis was used to calculate Pearson’s correlation coefficient for determination of correlation between the two variables. Duration of this study was January 2017 to October 2017. Results: Statistically insignificant correlation exists between bolton ratio & facial types. Conclusion: It was concluded that Bolton ratios and vertical facial types are not correlated. Keywords: Bolton ratio; Vertical; Facial

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16

Rakhshan, Vahid, Fataneh Ghorbanyjavadpour, and Negin Ashoori. "Buccolingual and Mesiodistal Dimensions of the Permanent Teeth, Their Diagnostic Value for Sex Identification, and Bolton Indices." BioMed Research International 2022 (February 10, 2022): 1–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/8381436.

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Introduction. We aimed (1) to measure the mesiodistal and buccolingual widths of the permanent dentition in Iranian orthodontic patients, (2) to determine cut-off points for sex identification based on the mesiodistal and buccolingual diameters, and (3) to calculate Bolton indices. Methods. The mesiodistal and buccolingual dimensions of 28 maxillary and mandibular permanent teeth in 331 Iranian nonsyndromic orthodontic patients (dental casts and radiographs) aged 12 to 35 years old with fully erupted permanent dentitions (except the third molars and some sporadic cases of a few teeth missing or excluded) were measured. The anterior, posterior, and overall Bolton ratios were calculated in cases with no missing teeth in the 6-to-6 range. Potentially associated factors (the skeletal Angle classes, crowding, sex, jaws, sides, and age), as well as the value of these measurements for sex determination and cut-off points for sex identification based on these measurements were assessed using receiver-operator characteristic (ROC) curves, analysis of variance (ANOVA), Tukey, unpaired t -test, partial and Pearson correlation coefficients, and multiple linear regression ( α = 0.05 ). Results. Sex dimorphism was very frequent ( P ≤ 0.05 in 41 out of 56 measurements). Only the buccolingual widths of the maxillary lateral and the mandibular central and lateral differed across the Angle classes (ANOVA/Tukey, P < 0.05 ). Cut-off points were estimated for 38 dental measurements, which were proper for sex identification ( P < 0.05 ), with 8 (2 maxillary and 6 mandibular) measurements being highly appropriate (having areas under ROC curves ≥ 64 % , P < 0.05 ). Both the mandibular canines were the only teeth with all four measurements highly appropriate for this purpose. Controlling for the role of sex, aging was associated negatively with several crown dimensions (the buccolingual widths of the maxillary first and second premolar and mandibular second premolar and first molar; the mesiodistal diameters of the maxillary central, canine, first premolar, and first molar, mandibular central, lateral, first premolar, and first molar, P ≤ 0.05 , partial correlation coefficient). There were significant correlations among crown sizes. All the 28 (right/left-averaged) measurements were smaller in microdontia cases ( P ≤ 0.002 ). The anterior, posterior, and overall Bolton indices were 78.05, 105.42, and 91.87, respectively. There were correlations between the overall Bolton ratio with the other two Bolton ratios (Pearson R = 0.696 , R = 0.740 , P < 0.0005 ) but not between the anterior and posterior Bolton ratios ( R = 0.045 , P = 0.459 ). The skeletal Angle classes might not be associated with the overall and anterior Bolton ratios (ANOVA, regression, Pearson, P > 0.05 ). However, the posterior Bolton ratio was smaller in class II cases compared to classes I or III (Tukey, P ≤ 0.045 ). In the whole sample, there was no sex dimorphism in Bolton ratios ( t -test, P > 0.05 ). However, in Angle class II patients, the anterior Bolton ratio was greater in men than in women ( P = 0.014 ). Conclusions. Sex dimorphism might be very common in the dentition of Iranians, with aging significantly reducing some measurements. The buccolingual widths of some incisors might differ across the skeletal Angle classes. Mandibular canines are the most appropriate teeth for sex identification. The Angle classes might not be associated with the anterior and overall Bolton ratios; nevertheless, the posterior Bolton ratio might be smaller in class II cases compared to others. In general, sex might not affect Bolton ratios; however, in class II patients, the anterior Bolton ratios might be larger in men.

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17

Demmajannang, Taufiq, and Eka Erwansyah. "Gambaran indeks Bolton pada pasien yang dirawat dengan piranti ortodontik lepasan di Rumah Sakit Gigi Mulut Universitas Hasanuddin Overview of Bolton index on patients treated with removable orthodontic appliance in Dental Hospital of Hasanuddin University." Journal of Dentomaxillofacial Science 12, no. 3 (October 30, 2013): 175. http://dx.doi.org/10.15562/jdmfs.v12i3.374.

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Orthodontic treatment requires complete planning. Various analyzes is needed to determine the treatment plan; one ofthem is analysis of tooth size differences or Bolton analysis. Orthodontic treatments in Dental Hospital of HasanuddinUniversity do not apply Bolton analysis, so it is necessary to know the overview of Bolton index of the cases that have beentreated. This observational descriptive study was conducted in Department of Orthodontics, Dental Hospital ofHasanuddin University in March-May 2012. The samples were patients who completed treatment in 2010-2011. A total of156 samples consisting of 117 females and 39 males. The result showed that the non-intervention group Ideal AnteriorBolton Ratios and group Overall Bolton Ratio <93.21% have a tendency orthodontic treatment success rate, higher thanthe other groups. While the group Overall Bolton Ratio <89.39% showed the lowest successful rate of orthodontictreatment. The conclusion is the case with interventions of extraction, slicing, and expansion showed inconsistenciestendency of the three categories of orthodontic treatment outcome assessment, namely canine position, overjet, andoverbite.

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18

Lew, K. K. K., and S. B. Keng. "Anterior crown dimensions and relationship in an ethnic Chinese population with normal occlusions." Australasian Orthodontic Journal 12, no. 2 (October 1, 1991): 105–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/aoj-1991-0019.

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Abstract Odontometric measurements of anterior tooth crown sizes in a Chinese sample of 85 Class I occlusions were similar to those published in the white population except for larger upper lateral incisors and smaller upper central incisors in Chinese. Sex differences in tooth sizes were seen only in the maxillary and mandibular canines while differences between antimeres were not significant. The Bolton ratios of our Chinese sample revealed a Bolton ratio of 77.89±1.62 for the combined mesio-distal widths of the six mandibular anterior teeth as compared to the combined mesio-distal widths of the six maxillary anterior teeth. Surprisingly, the Bolton ratio in our sample compared favourably with those originally published by Bolton although the interfacial angles, overbite and overjet relationships were statistically different.

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19

Mcmanus, D. P., Diane J. Mclaren, N. W. T. Clark, and R. M. E. Parkhouse. "A comparison of two procedures for labelling the surface of the hydatid disease organism, Echinococcus granulosus, with 125I." Journal of Helminthology 61, no. 1 (March 1987): 47–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022149x00009718.

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ABSTRACTLiving, intact protoscoleces of the British horse and sheep strains of Echinococcus granulosus were subjected to surface radioiodination procedures using 125I and Iodogen and 125I-Bolton Hunter reagent. Subsequent combined electron microscopy and autoradiography revealed specific surface membrane labelling with the Iodogen procedure, but significant tegumental labelling with the Bolton-Hunter reagent. The two parasite strains yielded different profiles of electrophoretically separated labelled proteins; the Iodogen method, not surprisingly, resulted in a less complex pattern of labelled polypeptides than the Bolton and Hunter reagent.

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20

RICHARDSON, L. J., N. A. COX, J. S. BAILEY, M. E. BERRANG, J. M. COX, R. J. BUHR, P. J. FEDORKA-CRAY, and M. A. HARRISON. "Evaluation of TECRA Broth, Bolton Broth, and Direct Plating for Recovery of Campylobacter spp. from Broiler Carcass Rinsates from Commercial Processing Plants†." Journal of Food Protection 72, no. 5 (May 1, 2009): 972–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-72.5.972.

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The purpose of this study was to compare a conventional culture broth method (Bolton enrichment), a newly developed proprietary broth method (TECRA Campylobacter enrichment), and direct plating for recovery of Campylobacter spp. from chicken carcass rinsates. Whole carcass rinses were taken from 140 carcasses at rehang (immediately after defeathering but before evisceration) and from 140 carcasses at postchill from eight different processing plants in the United States. The rinsate samples were packed in ice and shipped overnight to the laboratory. Aliquots of the rinsate were transferred into Bolton and TECRA enrichment broths and were direct plated. Standard laboratory procedures with Campy-cefex plates were followed for recovery of Campylobacter spp. For rehang carcasses, 94% were positive for Campylobacter spp. with the TECRA enrichment broth and 74% were positive with the Bolton enrichment broth. For postchill carcasses, 74% were positive for Campylobacter spp. with the TECRA enrichment broth and 71% were positive with the Bolton enrichment broth. Compared with the Bolton enrichment broth, TECRA enrichment broth significantly suppressed non-Campylobacter microflora (P &lt; 0.05). Overall, TECRA enrichment broth yielded an 11% higher total number of Campylobacter-positive samples compared with the Bolton enrichment broth. Campylobacter spp. detection in postchill samples was significantly greater (P &lt; 0.05) by enrichment (84%) than by direct plating (19%). The high number of Campylobacter-positive samples obtained with all procedures indicated that 99% of the carcass rinsates obtained at rehang and 84% obtained at postchill contained Campylobacter spp.

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21

Abd, Rahman A. N. A., and S. A. Othman. "Comparison of Tooth Size Discrepancy of Three Main Ethnics in Malaysia with Bolton's Ratio." Sains Malaysiana 41, no. 2 (February 10, 2014): 271–75. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8319.

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The objective of this study was to investigate the applicability of Bolton's ratios in orthodontic population of Malaysian main ethnics; Malay, Chinese and Indians. Ninety convenient samples consisting of 30 pre-orthodontic study casts from each ethnic that fits the inclusion criteria were selected. The greatest mesiodistal widths of each tooth from six to six for overall ratio and three to three for anterior ratio were measured using a digital callipers linked to Hamilton Arch Tooth System software to the nearest 0.01mm. Means of the ratios were calculated using Bolton analysis. One sample t-test statistic analysis was carried out to compare the means with Bolton values of anterior ratio and overall ratio and one-way ANOVA was used to analyze comparison between ethnic groups of the anterior ratio and the overall ratio with the level of statistical significance set at p < 0.05. However, there were no significant differences when comparing Bolton values with Chinese and Indian anterior and overall ratios. The Bolton standards could be applied to Malaysian Chinese, Indians and Malay's female. Subsequently, a specific standard should be used for the Malays orthodontic population.  

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22

Morris, Andy. "Coming of age: the assistant practitioner role 21 years on." British Journal of Healthcare Assistants 18, no. 4 (April 2, 2024): 133–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/bjha.2024.18.4.133.

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In 2023, a milestone was reached, marking 21 years of education, training and development of the assistant practitioner (AP) role at the University of Bolton. This is the first of two articles looking at the development of the assistant practitioner (AP) role in the north-west of England and the involvement of the University of Bolton in it over the past 21 years. It looks at the history and background of the programme at Bolton, from the first cohort in 2002 to the present apprenticeship programme for assistant practitioners in health.

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23

Macintyre, Stuart. "Geoffrey Bolton 1931–2015." Australian Historical Studies 47, no. 2 (May 3, 2016): 314–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1031461x.2016.1157847.

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24

Davis, Daniel R. "NOTE ABOUT KINGSLEY BOLTON." World Englishes 30, no. 1 (February 20, 2011): 2–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-971x.2010.01695_2.x.

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25

Bolton, Kingsley R. "NOTE FROM KINGSLEY BOLTON." World Englishes 30, no. 1 (February 20, 2011): 3–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-971x.2010.01695_3.x.

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26

Fitzpatrick, Mark. "Iran and Mr Bolton." Survival 62, no. 4 (July 3, 2020): 39–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00396338.2020.1792098.

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27

Morris, M. A. "Harold Bolton 1918–2015." Journal of Hand Surgery (European Volume) 41, no. 7 (August 18, 2016): 782. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1753193416658815.

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28

Bolton, John. "Remarks by John Bolton." Proceedings of the ASIL Annual Meeting 86 (1992): 88–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0272503700094386.

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29

by Rachel Brown, Interview. "Interview with Lucy Bolton." Human Resource Management International Digest 16, no. 1 (January 25, 2008): 40–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09670730810848360.

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30

Bolton, John. "Remarks by John Bolton." Proceedings of the ASIL Annual Meeting 90 (1996): 129–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0272503700085967.

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31

Radhakrishnan, V. "John Bolton — astronomer extraordinary." Journal of Astrophysics and Astronomy 14, no. 3-4 (December 1993): 115–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02702360.

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32

Nethercot, David A., and Ted Ruffell. "Reebok Stadium, Bolton, UK." Structural Engineering International 9, no. 3 (August 1999): 193–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/101686699780481899.

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33

Baker, Norman. "Have They Forgotten Bolton?" Sports Historian 18, no. 1 (May 1998): 120–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17460269809444773.

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34

KRUG, SAMUEL E. "Reply to Brian Bolton." Journal of Counseling & Development 69, no. 3 (January 2, 1991): 274. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.1556-6676.1991.tb01503.x.

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35

Steward, Donald I. "CING 32. Bolton Museum." Geological Curator 4, no. 8 (June 1987): 521. http://dx.doi.org/10.55468/gc857.

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Geological public service: permanent display; access to reserve collections; one specialist curator; identification service; NSGSD record centre for Bolton Borough. Geological collections: 10,000+ specimens (c.20,000); good local and general coverage in rocks, minerals and fossils, also maps and photographs; condition 90% good; mostly systematically stored, most registered; major strength in local Coal Measure material; type, figured and cited fossil material. July 1986....

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36

RUBBIA, NAWAZ, AZEEM MUHAMMAD, ABBAS HASHMI ALI, SHAKER MAHMOOD HAFIZ, and HUSNAIN AKRAM MUHAMMAD. "Correlation between Bolton Ratio and Incisal Inclination." Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences P J M H S Vol. 12, NO. 3, JUL – SEP 2018 (July 1, 2018): 1038. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4442457.

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Aim: To investigate whether the bolton’s ratio are correlated to the inclination of anterior teeth. Setting: Orthodontic department-de’Montmorency College of Dentistry, Pakistan. Methods: The cross-sectional study was conducted at Orthodontic department-de’Montmorency College of Dentistry, Pakistan. In the present study 100 lateral cephalograms and plaster casts of untreated Class I malocclusion patients (18 boys, mean age:17.3±1.3 years; 12 girls, mean age: 17.0±1.7 years) were included.. Results: Statistically significant correlation existed between the Bolton ratios and incisal inclinations. Conclusion: Bolton’s ratios and inclinations of incisors are correlated.

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Fallis, Drew W. "Assessing the accuracy of two posterior tooth-size discrepancy prediction methods based on virtual occlusal setups." Angle Orthodontist 90, no. 2 (October 15, 2019): 239–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.2319/053019-371.1.

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ABSTRACT Objective: To assess accuracy of the Bolton and Johnson/Bailey (JB) analyses in identifying clinically significant posterior tooth-size discrepancies using virtually constructed occlusal setups. Materials and Methods: Virtual models and cone-beam computed tomography data sets from 30 patients were utilized to construct 60 (two per patient) virtual posterior occlusal setups. Observed discrepancies in cusp-embrasure relationships were compared to estimated posterior interarch tooth-size discrepancies (ITSDs) calculated via Bolton and JB posterior analyses. Clinical significance for discrepancies was established at &gt;1 mm from ideal cusp-embrasure relationships in accordance with current American Board of Orthodontics methodology. Data within groups were normally distributed, thus comparisons were completed via paired t-tests. Paired nominal data were analyzed utilizing McNemar's test, and simple linear regression was used to model the relationship of predicted to observed discrepancies. Results: McNemar's test revealed significant differences (P ≤ .05) between the Bolton and JB groups' frequencies in matching the virtual setups correctly. JB predictions matched 100% (right) and 97% (left) setups; whereas, Bolton predictions matched only 23% (right and left) setups. A positive correlation was observed between JB predictions and cusp-embrasure discrepancies, demonstrating that average posterior discrepancy values increased 0.28 mm for every 1 mm predicted via the JB analysis. Conclusions: The JB analysis correctly characterized, but overestimated, the degree of posterior ITSDs corresponding to a clinically significant discrepancy in the virtual setups. Algebraically calculated posterior ITSDs based on the Overall and Anterior Bolton ratios were not accurate predictors of discrepancies observed in the virtual setups. Both Bolton and JB demonstrated weaknesses that limit precise identification of clinically significant ITSDs.

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Mohammad, Moaza Ghuloom, Shazia Naser-ud Din, Amar Hassan Khamis, and Athanasios E. Athanasiou. "Overall and Anterior Tooth Size Ratios in a Group of Emiratis." Open Dentistry Journal 12, no. 1 (September 28, 2018): 655–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1745017901814010655.

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Objectives:The aims of this investigation in a group of Emiratis were (1) To study overall and anterior tooth size ratios in Class I normal occlusion, (2) To estimate overall and anterior tooth size ratios in different malocclusion groups, (3) To compare overall and anterior tooth size ratios in Class I normal occlusion with the Bolton standards, and (4) To determine the distribution of overall and anterior tooth size ratios ± 2 SD from Bolton mean values in all occlusion groups.Materials and Methods:In this cross-sectional investigation, consecutive patients’ files, including dental casts, were selected from the archives of orthodontic clinics of the Dubai Health Authority. The final sample was formed following the application of specific inclusion criteria. The sample consisted of 521 pairs of dental casts representing both sexes (males: 188; females: 333) and different malocclusion groups (Class I: 288; Class II: 110; Class III: 30) and Class I normal occlusion (93). The mean age of patients was 16.18y for Class I, 15.73y for Class II, 15.83y for Class III, and 16.55y for Class I normal occlusion. The dental casts were scanned and digitized by the first author using the Ortho Insight 3D laser scanner. Measurements were made regarding maxillary and mandibular sums of mesiodistal tooth dimension of the overall (6-6) and anterior (3-3) groups of teeth. Statistical analysis included descriptive statistics, pairedt-test and Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). The level of significance was set atp<0.05.Results:There were statistically significant differences among malocclusion groups with regard to overall and anterior tooth size ratios. However, the comparison between the Class I normal occlusion group and the Bolton standards showed no statistically significant differences. Only five cases in Class II malocclusion presented an anterior tooth size discrepancy outside plus 2 SD from Bolton mean values and one case in Class I malocclusion presented with an overall tooth size discrepancy outside plus 2 SD from Bolton mean values.Conclusion:This study of the different occlusion groups of the Emirati sample concluded that (a) Class I normal occlusion cases presented similar overall and anterior tooth size ratios to Bolton standards; (b) Overall and anterior tooth size ratios among different malocclusion groups exhibited statistically significant differences; (c) Five cases in Class II malocclusion presented an anterior tooth size discrepancy outside plus 2 SD from Bolton mean values, and (d) One case in Class I malocclusion presented an overall tooth size discrepancy outside plus 2 SD from Bolton mean values.

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Džemidžić, Vildana, Velida Nukić, and Alisa Tiro. "Tooth size discrepancy: Digital vs manual measurement." Balkan Journal of Dental Medicine 28, no. 2 (2024): 129–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/bjdm2402129d.

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Background/Aim: The aim of this study was to determine the accuracy of overall and anterior Bolton's ratio measurements obtained with an intraoral scanner compared to standard caliper measurements on plaster models. Material and Methods: This study included 33 subjects (18 female and 15 male), aged 12 to 18 years. All subjects were taken impression for the purpose of making study plaster models. In addition, all subjects underwent intraoral scanning for the purpose of creating digital models. Tooth width was measured with a caliper on plaster models, while digital models were analyzed using Cerec Ortho SW 2.0.2 software. The overall and anterior Bolton ratios were derived using both methods. Statistical data processing was performed using an independent t-test. Results: The results obtained using these two methods for measuring the anterior and overall Bolton ratio showed that there was no statistically significant difference in the measurements obtained on plaster models and the measurements obtained by intraoral scanning. For the overall Bolton ratio, T-test was 0.828 and is not statistically significant (p<0.05). The value of T-test for the anterior Bolton ratio was 0.001 and it was also not statistically significant (p<0.05). Conclusions: Determination the overall and anterior Bolton ratio using an intraoral scanner is an accurate and acceptable method for clinical work in orthodontics.

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Zhao, Xiao-Guang, Mark Guenther Hans, Juan Martin Palomo, and Jiu-Xiang Lin. "Comparison of Chinese and white Bolton standards at age 13." Angle Orthodontist 83, no. 5 (January 31, 2013): 809–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.2319/110412-849.1.

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ABSTRACT Objectives: To create a combined male-female Chinese Bolton standard for age 13 and to compare it to the combined Bolton standard for white 13 year olds. Materials and Methods: Thirty-two Chinese and 32 white subjects (16 adolescent boys and 16 adolescent girls aged 13 years in each ethnic group) who fulfilled the selection criteria used to create the original Bolton standards were enrolled. Their cephalograms were traced and then averaged two at a time following the Bolton method. In addition to creating the template from the 32 subjects in each group, 43 linear and angular variables were measured and compared between the two ethnic groups and between the two sexes in each ethnic group using independent t-tests. A P value of .05 was used to assign statistical significance. The male-female combined templates for 13 year olds were also compared superimposing either in the Bolton relation or by soft tissue. Results: No sexual dimorphism was found in the white subjects, whereas the Chinese girls had decreased upper face height (Na-ANS), more protrusive incisors (SNA-U1), and shorter cranial base (Ba-Na) and posterior cranial base (S-Ba) compared with the Chinese boys. In terms of ethnic comparison, the Chinese subjects presented shorter sagittal facial dimensions, a clockwise rotated mandible with a more acute gonial angle, and a convex facial profile with a less prominent nose and chin. However, overall vertical dimensions were similar. Conclusions: A 13-year-old combined male-female Chinese Bolton standard was created that demonstrated visually and with metric comparisons that Chinese and white clinically normal subjects have different craniofacial characteristics. These differences should be taken into consideration when an individualized orthodontic treatment plan is developed.

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Filipovic, Gordana, Mirjana Janosevic, and Maja Stosic. "Analysis of interjaw ratios in relation to permanent tooth size in subjects with class I malocclusion." Medical review 63, no. 5-6 (2010): 343–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/mpns1006343f.

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Introduction. A certain ratio of maxillary to mandibular tooth size is very important for the proper occlusion formation. In regular occlusion, the teeth must be proportional to size. A discrepancy in tooth size between the mandibular and maxillary arch is usually the cause of disharmonious occlusion ratios. One of the most widespread methods in determining of discrepancy in tooth size between the upper and lower jaw is the Bolton analysis of mesiodistal width of permanent teeth. Material and methods. The subjects of both sexes with the permanent dentition and occlusive ratio of Angle Class I classification had had the precise impressions taken on the basis of which the study models were obtained. 60 patients were selected for this investigation (30 males and 30 females) according to the following criteria: the presence of completely erupted teeth of permanent dentition from the first molar on one side to the first molar on the other side of the dental string; good quality of the study models; the absence of mesiodistal and occlusive abrasion, caries lesions, Class II fillings; the absence of prosthetic or composite restoration; the absence of anomalies in regard to shapes, structures and tooth development. We measured the mesiodistal width of each tooth from the first molar on one side to the first molar on the other side, from the mesial contact point to the distal contact point with the greatest interproximal distance. Results. The obtained results for mesiodistal tooth width of the right and left side do not show statistically significant differences. The mean values of the Bolton anterior ratio showed neither the sexual dimorphism nor did the mean values of the Bolton total ratio show any differences in sexes. The mean values of the Bolton anterior ratio in our examinees of both sexes are significantly higher compared to the values of Bolton norms. The mean values of the Bolton total ratios in our examinees of both sexes were not statistically different compared to the values of Bolton norms. Conclusion. Determining of intermaxillary ratios is an important diagnostic and prognostic value in orthodoncy since it offers a possibility to predict the outcome of orthodontic therapy applied on persons with tooth size discrepancy related to the upper and lower jaw.

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Hancock, Geoff. "Lost & Found: 150. William Henry Fitton F.R.S. (1780-1861) and 151 William Roby Barr F.G.S." Geological Curator 4, no. 3 (July 1985): 176–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.55468/gc764.

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Geoff Hancock (Department of Natural History, Glasgow Museums and Galleries, Kelvingrove, Glasgow; formerly of Bolton Museum and Art Gallery, Le Mans Crescent, Bolton BLl ISA), writes: 'To have a good run of the published organs of the Geological Society of London is an asset for any museum hut to have some of the earliest volumes which once belonged to WUliam Henry Fitton FRS (1780-1861) and possibly annotated by him adds considerable interest. Part of the set in Bolton Museum hears Fitton's bookplate (Fig.2) showing arms and crest in volumes one to five of the Journal. These are bound in exactly the same way as the twelve volumes of the Transactions (quarter hound in leather with...

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Pizzol, Karina Eiras Dela Coleta, João Roberto Gonçalves, Ary dos Santos-Pinto, and Adriano Porto Peixoto. "Análise de Bolton: uma proposta alternativa para a simplificação de seu uso." Dental Press Journal of Orthodontics 16, no. 6 (December 2011): 69–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s2176-94512011000600012.

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INTRODUÇÃO: as discrepâncias entre o tamanho mesiodistal dos dentes superiores e inferiores e seus efeitos sobre a oclusão têm sido relatados há muito tempo. O método proposto por Bolton para o diagnóstico de discrepância de tamanho dentário é, inegavelmente, um dos mais difundidos no meio ortodôntico, devido à sua relativa simplicidade. Entretanto, a aplicação desse método requer cálculos matemáticos e o uso de tabelas que, muitas vezes, inviabilizam a sua utilização durante a avaliação clínica. OBJETIVO: avaliar o método proposto por Wolford, que não requer o uso de tabelas, como alternativa ao método tradicional de Bolton. MÉTODOS: a amostra foi composta por 90 pares de modelos dentários iniciais de pacientes adultos, com diferentes más oclusões. A proporção entre os dentes inferiores e superiores foi calculada para cada paciente, resultando na obtenção de dois índices (a razão total e a razão anterior). Os índices foram obtidos por meio do método originalmente proposto por Bolton e por um método alternativo, composto por duas fórmulas (uma simplificada e a variação da mesma), que foram analisadas separadamente. RESULTADOS: comparadas ao método de Bolton, as fórmulas simplificadas mostraram uma tendência de superestimar as discrepâncias dentárias inferiores (total e anterior), embora em pequena proporção. CONCLUSÕES: ambas as fórmulas do método alternativo podem ser utilizadas em substituição ao método tradicional, uma vez que mostraram diferenças médias menores que 0,58mm quando comparadas ao método de Bolton, não apresentando, portanto, significância clínica.

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Sakur, Sheaaz G. J., Sarah L. Williamson, Anthony Pavic, Yuanshuo K. Gao, Taha Harris, Michael Kotiw, Wendy Isabelle Muir, and Peter John Groves. "Developing a selective culturing approach for Campylobacter hepaticus." PLOS ONE 19, no. 5 (May 31, 2024): e0302861. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0302861.

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Campylobacter hepaticus, the causative agent of Spotty Liver Disease (SLD) is an important disease in cage-free egg producing chickens causing mortality and production drops. C. hepaticus is a slow growing Campylobacter easily overgrown by fecal bacteria. It is currently only reliably isolatable from bile samples. A selective media for isolation from feces or environment would assist diagnosis and impact assessment. Growth of five Australian C. hepaticus isolates was studied using Horse blood agar (HBA), sheep blood agar (SBA), Bolton, Preston and Brain Heart Infusion (BHI) base media. Blood and/or bile were added to Bolton, Preston and BHI medias. C. jejuni was used as a positive control. Plates were incubated in duplicate under microaerophilic conditions at 42°C for 10 days and examined at days 3–5 and 7–10 of incubation. Each isolate was examined for sensitivity to 14 antimicrobials using HBA sensitivity plates. Growth was inhibited by BHI and by added bile, while blood improved growth. Further replicates using SBA, HBA, Bolton and Preston media showed best growth on Bolton agar with blood. All five C. hepaticus isolates were resistant to trimethoprim and vancomycin, while four were also resistant to rifampicin and bacitracin. Media based upon Bolton plus blood supplemented with vancomycin and trimethoprim might be used as the most appropriate media for selective growth of C. hepaticus. The addition of bile to media for C. hepaticus isolation and growth will inhibit growth and is not advised.

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Gale, S. J., and C. O. Hunt. "The Stratigraphy of Kirkhead Cave, an Upper Palaeolithic Site in Northern England: Discussion." Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 56 (1990): 51–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0079497x00005028.

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Volume 52 of the Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society contained two articles (Salisbury 1986; Tipping 1986) critical of our paper ‘The stratigraphy of Kirkhead Cave, an upper palaeolithic site in northern England’ (Gale and Hunt 1985). Here we reply.Before dealing with the criticisms made by Salisbury, we correct the factual errors in his paper.1. Bolton and Morris ‘… excavated through, and ultimately removed some 5 to 7 metres of cave earth…’ (Salisbury 1986, 321). In fact, the reports indicate a maximum depth of excavation of 7 ft (2.1 m) (Bolton 1864, cclii) or 8 ft (2.4 m) (Morris 1865–66, 360, 361; 1866, 169, 170; Bolton 1869, 167–68).2. Bolton and Morris's ‘… publications are of little value today, and both may be considered to have been “bone hunters” and collectors’ (Salisbury 1986, 321). The assertion that Bolton and Morris's excavation reports are of little value suggests that Salisbury is not familiar with the wealth of early literature on this site. The reports provide a picture of a rich and varied assemblage of artefacts and macrofauna in the unit overlying the stalagmite floor in the cave. Information is also provided on the lithology of that unit. Interpretation of these reports allows the reconstruction of the stratigraphic context of the finds: we direct Salisbury's attention to Gale and Hunt (1985, 296–97) for an indication of the stratigraphic reconstruction possible from the information given in these early publications.

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C., FERNANDO FERNÁNDEZ. "Revision of the myrmicine ants of the Adelomyrmex genus-group (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)." Zootaxa 361, no. 1 (November 19, 2003): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.361.1.1.

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A revision of the myrmicinae ants of the Adelomyrmex genus-group is made. This group is recognized in workers and females by a combination of: antennae of 12 segments with club of 2 segments, median portion of clypeus forming a longitudinal platform and the lamelliform setae in the internal border of the mandibles. This last trait, unknown in other ants, is proposed as autapomorphy for the Adelomyrmex genus-group. The group contains two genera, Adelomyrmex Emery , 1897 (Neotropics, New Guinea, Fiji, Samoa) and Baracidris Bolton, 1981 (Africa), with 26 species (12 described as new) as follows: Adelomyrmex betoi Fernández sp.n. (México); A. biroi Emery, 1897 (New Guinea), A. boltoni Fernández sp.n. (Brazil and Paraguay); A. brevispinosus Fernández, 2003 (México and Costa Rica); A. costatus Fernández sp.n. (Colombia); A. cristiani Fernández sp.n. (Colombia); A. foveolatus Fernández, 2003 (Costa Rica); A. grandis Fernández sp.n. (Colombia); A. hirsutus Mann, 1921 (Fiji Islands); A. laevigatus MacKay, 2003 (Costa Rica); A. longinodus Fernández & Brandão sp.n. (Brazil); A. longinoi Fernández sp.n. (México and Costa Rica); A. mackayi Fernández sp.n. (México); A. micans Fernández, 2003 (México); A. microps Fernández, 2003 (Costa Rica); A. minimus Fernández, 2003 (Costa Rica); A. myops (Wheeler, 1910) (Guatemala to Colombia); A. robustus Fernández sp.n. (México); A. samoanus Wilson & Taylor, 1967 (Samoa); A. silvestrii (Menozzi, 1931) (Mesoamerica); A. striatus Fernández sp.n. (Brazil); A. tristani (Menozzi, 1931) (México to Colombia); A. vaderi Fernández sp.n. (Colombia); Baracidris meketra Bolton, 1981 (Nigeria), B. pilosa Fernández sp.n. (Kenya and Gabon); B. sitra Bolton, 1981 (Gabon). A key to workers of genera and all species is provided, with illustrations of most of them. The first queen for American Adelomyrmex and the first male of Adelomyrmex are described. The distribution of the group suggests an ancestor that lived in Gondwana before the splitting off of Africa and also suggests that ants could have originated earlier than the known fossil record.

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Al-Nimri, Kazem, Imad Adwan, Tareq Gharaibeh, and Abdalla M. Hazza’a. "Tooth size discrepancies in female patients with palatally impacted canines." Australasian Orthodontic Journal 24, no. 2 (November 1, 2008): 129–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/aoj-2008-0019.

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Abstract Background Small upper lateral incisors in patients with palatally impacted canines may contribute to inter-arch tooth size discrepancies. Aim To compare the Bolton ratios in female patients with and without unilateral palatally impacted canines. Methods The pretreatment dental casts of 30 female patients with unilateral palatally impacted canines (Impaction group) and 30 female patients without palatally impacted canines (Control group) were used. The latter were matched for age and incisor malocclusion with the Impaction group. The anterior and overall Bolton ratios were calculated for each group. Results Although the total width of the upper anterior teeth in the Impaction group was significantly smaller than the total width of the upper anterior teeth in the Control group (p = 0.029), there was no significant difference between the mesio-distal widths of the lower anterior teeth in the two groups. Furthermore, there were no significant group differences in either the mean anterior Bolton ratio (p = 0.156) or the overall Bolton ratio (p = 0.652). Conclusion Females patients with palatally impacted canines may not have more inter-arch tooth size discrepancies than female patients without palatally impacted canines.

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Kaya, Demet, Tülin Taner, and Derya Germeç-Çakan. "Comparison of Effects of Tooth Extraction and Air-rotor Stripping Therapy on Tooth-size Discrepancy in Class I Borderline Patients." International Journal of Experimental Dental Science 3, no. 1 (2014): 8–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-10029-1060.

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ABSTRACT Aim The objectives of this study were to investigate the effects of tooth extraction and air-rotor stripping therapy on tooth-size discrepancy, and to compare the changes between two groups. Materials and methods The sample comprised the preand post-treatment dental models of 20 postadolescent class I borderline patients. First group was composed of dental models of 10 patients (mean age of 17.1 ± 2.5 years) treated with four first premolars extraction. Second group included dental models of 10 patients (mean age of 18.8 ± 2.7 years) treated with air-rotor stripping. Treatment effects on Bolton overall and anterior ratios/values were analyzed by paired sample t-test and independent sample t-test was used for intergroup comparisons. Results The change in Bolton overall ratio was found statistically significant for the extraction and insignificant for the air-rotor stripping group. A statistically significant decrease was observed in Bolton anterior ratio for the air-rotor stripping group. Neither four premolars extraction nor air-rotor stripping therapy created statistically significant changes in Bolton overall/anterior values. The changes in Bolton overall ratio/value did not show a statistically significant difference between the groups. Conclusion This study showed that tooth extraction or air-rotor stripping therapy did not have an unfavorable effect on toothsize discrepancy in class I borderline patients. How to cite this article Kaya D, Taner T, Germeç-Çakan D. Comparison of Effects of Tooth Extraction and Air-rotor Stripping Therapy on Tooth-size Discrepancy in Class I Borderline Patients. Int J Experiment Dent Sci 2014;3(1):8-13.

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Lo Giudice, Antonino, Simone Muraglie, Stefano Martina, Vincenzo Ronsivalle, and Rosalia Leonardi. "Accuracy and Reliability of Space Analysis Measurements in Digital Models with Different Degrees of Crowding." Open Dentistry Journal 13, no. 1 (December 31, 2019): 505–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874210601913010505.

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Background: With the introduction of digital systems in the orthodontic field, it is not still clear if such systems can accurately substitute analogical systems in the diagnosis and orthodontic treatment plane. Objective: The study compared the Arch Length Discrepancy (TALD) and Bolton ratio obtained from plaster dental casts (gold standard) and digital models and tested the null hypothesis that TALD and Bolton ratio measurements in digital models are affected by the degree of crowding. Methods: The sample included 40 dental models divided into five sub-groups, according to the American Board of Orthodontists (ABO) score of crowding. Plaster casts were scanned by a 3D laser scanner to obtain digital models. In digital and plaster models, the mesiodistal width of each tooth and arch lengths (maxillary and mandibular) were measured to calculate anterior and total Bolton ratios and TALD. Three operators performed measurements on plaster and digital models using a digital caliper and OrthoAnalyzerTM 3D software (3Shape A/S, Copenhagen, Denmark). Results: No statistically significant differences were obtained for intra and inter-examiner reliability (p > 0.05). When comparing plaster and digital findings, statistically significant differences were obtained for all measurements except for mandibular arch length and anterior Bolton ratio. In general, there was an overestimation of tooth size and arch length discrepancy in digital models. Moreover, the mean difference of measurements between both the methods increased in more crowded models. Conclusions: Crowding affects, the accuracy of Bolton ratio, and the arch length measurements. since the overestimation is relatively small, it should not be considered of clinical significance.

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Westfold, KC. "John Bolton ? Some Early Memories." Australian Journal of Physics 47, no. 5 (1994): 535. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ph940535.

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A review is given of a long collaborative association with J. G. Bolton and his colleagues, first in 1948 at the Dover Heights station of the CSIRO Division of Radiophysics, followed by joint visits to European astronomical institutions, and later in at the California Institute of Technology, to which Bolton had been appointed to institute a radio-astronomy program in the Department of Astrophysics.

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