Literatura académica sobre el tema "Blue Mountains (N.S.W.)"

Trace elements investigated by electron microprobe analysis (EMPA) have been combined with oxygen isotopic composition of pink, red and other colored spinels (blue, purple, brown, orange, lavender) hosted by marbles and found in placers from Luc Yen and An Phu deposits, Yen Bai province, North Vietnam. The deposits are those from Nuoc Ngap, Cong Troi, Bai Son and different placers from the An Phu area. Trace elements such as Fe-Zn-Cr-V in red and pink gem spinels permit to separate those from Cong Troi and those from the others deposits of the An Phu area. Spinels from Cong Troi have low to extremely low Zn (< 500 ppm) and high Fe contents (3,000 to 16,000 ppm) while those from An Phu area are Zn-rich (up to 11,000 ppm). Iron is the dominant element for the other colored spinels whereas Zn, Cr and V contents are extremely variable. The Bai Son blue spinel is Fe-rich (5,000 to 7,200 ppm) with some V (950 to 1,830 ppm), Cr (270 to 480 ppm), Co (240 to 400 ppm) and Ni (550 to 950 ppm). The O-isotope composition of the whole spinels ranges between 12.1 and 24.2‰ (n = 25). Within each deposit, the range of δ18O values for red, pink and colored spinels is usually similar. However, the red and pink spinels from An Phu present two distinct sets of δ18O values, respectively between 13.2 to 17.0‰ (n = 7) and 22.5< δ18O < 24.2 (n = 5). Those from Cong Troi are from 14.8 to 17.7‰ (n = 3) and their range overlaps that of An Phu. The use of O-isotopes is not useful for distinguishing between the deposits, but the low to extremely low Zn content of the Cong Trois spinels is a discriminant. The variation of δ18O values (12.1 <δ18O < 24.2‰) of the whole spinels indicates that the oxygen isotopic compositions of the metamorphic fluids were probably buffered by the local δ18O values of the impure host marbles.ReferencesChauviré B., Rondeau B., Fritsch E., Ressigeac Ph., Devidal J.-L., 2015. Blue spinel from the Luc Yen district of Vietnam. Gems & Gemology, 51, 2-17.D'Ippolito V., Andreozzi G.B., Hålenius H., Skogby H., Hametner K., Günther D., 2015. Colour mechanisms in spinel: cobalt and iron interplay for the blue colour. Physics and Chemistry of Minerals, 42, 431-439.Garnier V., 2003. Les gisements de rubis associés aux marbres de l’Asie Centrale et du Sud-est: genèse et caractérisation isotopique. PhD thesis INPL, Nancy, France, 373p.Garnier, V., Ohnenstetter, D., Giuliani, G., Maluski, H., Deloule, E., Phan Trong Trinh, Pham Van Long, Hoang Quang Vinh, 2005. Age and significance of ruby-bearing marbles from the Red River shear zone, northern Vietnam. The Canadian Mineralogist, 43, 1315-1329.Garnier V., Giuliani G., Ohnenstetter D., Fallick A.E., Dubessy J., Banks D., Hoang Quang Vinh, Lhomme Th., Maluski H., Pêcher A., Bakhsh K.A., Pham Van Long, Phan Trong Trinh, Schwarz D., 2008. Marble-hosted ruby deposits from central and Southeast Asia: towards a new genetic model. Ore Geology Reviews, 34, 169-191.Giuliani G., Fallick A.E., Garnier V., France-Lanord Ch., Ohnenstetter D., Schwarz D., 2005. Oxygen isotope composition as a tracer for the origins of rubies and sapphires. Geology, 33(4), 249-252.Giuliani G., Fallick A.E., Boyce A.J., Pardieu V., Pham Van Long, 2017. Pink and red spinels in marble: trace elements, oxygen isotopes, and sources. The Canadian Mineralogist, 55, 743-761.Hauzenberger C.A., Häeger T., Baumgartner L.P., Hofmeister W., 2001. High-grade metamorphism and stable isotope geochemistry of N-Vietnamese gem-bearing rocks. In: Proceedings of the Workshop on gems and minerals of Vietnam, Hanoi, 124-138.Hauzenberger C.A., Bagola C., Häeger T., Muellen C., Nguyen Ngoc Khoi, Le Thi Thu Huong, 2014. Mineralogy and petrology of the An Phu marble hosted spinel and corundum deposit, Luc Yen, N-Vietnam. In Proceedings of the 4th International Gem and Jewelry Conference, Chiang Mai, Thailand, 76-78.Kleišmantas A., Daukšyte A., 2016. The influence of Vietnam and Sri Lanka spinel mineral chemical elements on colour. Chemija, 27, 45-51.Kretz R., 1983. Symbols for rock-forming minerals. American Mineralogist, 68, 277-279.Le Thi Thu Huong, Häeger T., Hofmeister W., Hauzenberger C., Schwarz D., Pham Van Long, Wehmeister U., Nguyen Ngoc Khoi, Nguy Tuyet Nhung, 2012. Gemstones from Vietnam: An update. Gems & Gemology, 48, 158-176.Malsy A., Klemm L., 2010. Distinction of gem spinels from the Himalayan mountain belt. Chimia, 64(10), 741-746.Malsy A., Karampelas S., Schwarz D., Klemm L., Armbruster T., Tuan Do Anh, 2012. Orangey-red to orangey-pink gem spinels from a new deposit at Lang Chap (Tan Huong - Truc Lau), Vietnam. The Journal of Gemmology, 33, 19-27.Pham Van Long, Hoang Quang Vinh, Garnier V., Giuliani G., Ohnenstetter D., Lhomme,T., Schwarz D., Fallick A.E., Dubessy J., Phan Trong Trinh, 2004. Gem corundum deposits in Vietnam. Journal of Gemmology, 29, 129-147.Pham Van Long, Pardieu V., Giuliani G., Nguy Tuyet Nhung, Pham Thi Thanh Hien, Pham Duc Anh, Nguyen Ngoc Khoi, Hoang Quang Vinh, 2014. Gemmological characteristics of spinel from Luc Yen, Yen Bai. Journal of Geology, 340, 29-36.Pham Van Long, Pardieu V., Giuliani G., 2014. Update on gemstone mining in Luc Yen, Vietnam. Gems & Gemology, 49, 233-245.Pouchou J.L., Pichoir F., 1991. Quantitative analysis of homogeneous or stratified microvolumes applying "PAP" In Electron Probe Quantification (K.F.J. Heinrich & D.E. Newbury eds.). Plenum Press, New York, USA, 31-75.Valley J.W., 1986. Stable isotope geochemistry of metamorphic rocks. Reviews in Mineralogy, 16, 445-481.Yui T.F., Khin Zaw, Wu C.-M., 2008. A preliminary stable isotope study on Mogok ruby, Myanmar. Ore Geology Reviews, 34, 182-199.

Abstract Polyphase structural mapping and mineral age dating across the Salmon River suture zone in west-central Idaho (Riggins region; ∼45°30′N, ∼117°W–116°W) support a late Mesozoic history of penetrative deformation, dynamothermal metamorphism, and intermittent magmatism in response to right-oblique oceanic-continental plate convergence (Farallon–North America). High-strain linear-planar tectonite fabrics are recorded along an unbroken ∼48 km west-to-east transect extending from the Snake River (Wallowa intra-oceanic arc terrane; eastern Blue Mountains Province) over the northern Seven Devils Mountains into the lower Salmon River Canyon (ancestral North America; western Laurentia). Given the temporally overlapping nature (ca. 145–90 Ma) of east-west contraction in the Sevier fold-and-thrust belt (northern Utah–southeast Idaho–southwest Montana segment), we propose that long-term terrane accretion and margin-parallel northward translation in the Cordilleran hinterland (∼41°N–46°N latitude; modern coordinates) drove mid- to upper-crustal shortening &gt;250 km eastward into the foreland region (∼115°W–113°W). During accretion and translation, the progressive transfer of arc assemblages from subducting (Farallon) to structurally overriding (North American) plates was accommodated by displacement along a shallow westward-dipping basal décollement system underlying the Cordilleran orogen. In this context, large-magnitude horizontal shortening of passive continental margin strata was balanced by the addition of buoyant oceanic crust—late Paleozoic to Mesozoic Blue Mountains Province—to the leading edge of western Laurentia. Consistent with orogenic float modeling (mass conservation, balance, and displacement compatibility), diffuse dextral-transpressional deformation across the accretionary boundary (Salmon River suture: Cordilleran hinterland) was kinematically linked to eastward-propagating structures on the continental interior (Sevier thrust belt; Cordilleran foreland). As an alternative to noncollisional convergent margin orogenesis, we propose a collision-related tectonic origin and contractional evolution for central portions of the Sevier belt. Our timing of terrane accretion supports correlation of the Wallowa terrane with Wrangellia (composite arc/plateau assemblage) and implies diachronous south-to-north suturing and basin closure between Idaho and Alaska.

Two new species of anilline ground beetles are described from the Appalachian Mountains of eastern United States. The description of Serranillus septentrionis n. sp. is based on specimens collected in montane areas of western Virginia (37°25.33’N, 79°45.43’W). This species extends the range of the genus approximately 200 km north of its closest known congeners, S. dunavani (Jeannel) and S. jeanneli Barr, and differs from them mainly in characters of the male genitalia. A key is provided that will allow separation of these three species without dissection. The description of Anillinus cherokee n. sp. is based on specimens collected in Great Smoky Mountains National Park and nearby areas of Nantahala National Forest, western North Carolina (35°21.33’N, 83°56.05’W). The species is externally similar to A. loweae Sokolov and Carlton and A. steevesi Barr, and differs from those species in characters of the male genitalia.

International visitor surveys (IVS) are traditionally designed to provide destinations with marketing data and intelligence. The New Zealand Tourism Research Institute has been developing new approaches to IVS implementation and data collection in the Pacific Islands that can provide a much richer source of information [1]. The research outlined here is the first to utilise an IVS to explore the positioning of cuisine in the culinary identity of a destination – specifically, the cuisine of the Cook Islands. The Cook Islands is known primarily for its sun, sea and sand features, rather than its culinary attributes. Drawing on data mining of the Cook Islands IVS (2012–2016) and a web audit of destination websites and menus, this paper considers the positioning of food and food-related activities within the Pacific nation’s tourism experience. National tourism organisations are increasingly seeking competitive advantage by utilising their local cuisines as tourist attractions. Research suggests that distinctive local cuisines can act as both a tourism attraction, and as a means of shaping the identity of a destination [2, 3]. In addition to providing an important source of marketable images, local cuisine can also provide a unique experience for tourists. This reinforces the competitiveness and sustainability of the destination [2]. The cuisine of the Cook Islands has come up repeatedly in recommendations for how the country can grow its tourism revenue. Recommendations have been made to improve the food product on offer, develop a distinctive Cook Islands cuisine based on fresh, local produce, and to promote a Cook Islands cuisine experience [4, 5], and to use these to market the Cook Islands as a destination for local food tourism experiences [4]. Despite these recommendations, Cook Island cuisine features less prominently than stereotypical sun, sea, and sand marketing images, and little is known about tourists’ perceptions of and satisfaction with food and food-related activities [6]. Our research addresses this gap by mining IVS data to gain a deeper understanding of tourists’ experiences and perceptions of food in the Cook Islands and assessing whether local food can be positioned as means of creating a unique destination identity. Two methods were used to develop a picture of where food sits in the Cook Islands tourist experience: one focussed on tourist feedback; and the other focused on how food is portrayed in relevant online media. Analysis of all food-related data collected as part of the national IVS between 1 April 2012 and 30 June 2016 was conducted (N = 10,950). A web audit also focused on how food is positioned as part of the Cook Islands tourism product. After identifying the quantitative food-related questions in the IVS, satisfaction with these activities was analysed. Qualitative comments related to food experiences were also examined. The results suggest that participation in food-related activities is generally a positive feature of the visitor experience. The web-audit revealed, however, that food is not a salient feature in the majority of Cook Islands-related websites, and when food did feature, it tended to be oriented towards international cuisine with a ‘touch of the Pacific’ rather than specifically Cook Islands cuisine. This reinforced findings from the IVS data mining that Cook Islands food is presented as a generic tropical ‘seafood and fruit’ cuisine that, largely, lacks the defining and differentiating features of authentic Cook Island cuisine. High participation rates in food-related activities and overall positive evaluations by visitors emerged from the IVS data, yet a dearth of images and information on the country’s food suggests that the Cook Islands is not exploiting its cuisine and food experiences to their full potential. As a direct result of this secondary analysis of IVS data, which highlighted the importance of and potential for food-related activities, the Cook Islands Government is now actively addressing this gap by developing a range of food-related resources and information that can better link tourism to local cuisine. In addition to developing a greater presence of local food in online resources, the Cook Islands Tourism Corporation has also taken on board the messages from the IVS to drive the development of Takurua [7] – an initiative to develop and document local, traditional cuisine and share it with the world. This approach is part of a broader ongoing effort to differentiate the Cook Islands from other South Pacific destinations through its unique cultural attributes. Data mining and secondary analysis of IVS data has not been restricted to the identification of food-related opportunities. Secondary analysis of IVS data in the Pacific has also been used to investigate the impact of other niche markets such as events [8] and to gauge the impact of environmental incidents, for example Cyclone Pam in Vanuatu [9] and algal bloom in the Cook Islands [10], thus reinforcing that IVS data are a rich source of information and are indeed more than just numbers. Corresponding author Tracy Berno can be contacted at tracy.berno@aut.ac.nz References (1) New Zealand Tourism Research Institute (NZTRI). Cook Islands Resources and Outputs; NZTRI: Auckland. http://www.nztri.org.nz/cook-islands-resources (accessed Jun 10, 2019). (2) Lin, Y.; Pearson, T.; Cai, L. Food as a Form of Destination Identity: A Tourism Destination Brand Perspective. Tourism and Hospitality Research 2011, 11, 30–48. https://doi.org/10.1057/thr.2010.22 (3) Okumus, F.; Kock, G.; Scantlebury, M. M.; Okumus, B. Using Local Cuisines when Promoting Small Caribbean Island Destinations. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing 2013, 30 (4), 410–429. (4) Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO). Linking Farmers to Markets: Realizing Opportunities for Locally Produced Food on Domestic and Tourist Markets in Cook Islands. FAO Sub-regional Office of the Pacific Islands: Apia, Samoa, 2014. (5) United Nations. “Navigating Stormy Seas through Changing winds”: Developing an Economy whilst Preserving a National Identity and the Modern Challenges of a Small Island Developing State. The Cook Islands National Report for the 2014 Small Islands Developing States (SIDS) Conference and post 2015 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/content/documents/1074217Cook%20Is%20_%20Final%20NATIONAL%20SIDS%20Report.pdf (accessed Jun 10, 2019). (6) Boyera, S. Tourism-led Agribusiness in the South Pacific Countries; Technical Centre for Agriculture and Rural Cooperation (CTA): Brussels, 2016. (7) Cook Islands Tourism Corporation (CITC). Takurua: Food and Feasts of the Cook Islands; CITC: Avarua, Cook Islands, 2018. (8) Thorburn, E.; Milne, S.; Histen, S.; Sun, M.; Jonkers, I. Do Events Attract Higher Yield, Culturally Immersive Visitors to the Cook Islands? In CAUTHE 2016: The Changing Landscape of Tourism and Hospitality: The Impact of Emerging Markets and Emerging Destinations; Scerri, M., Ker Hui, L., Eds.; Blue Mountains International Hotel Management School: Sydney, 2016; pp 1065–1073. (9) Sun, M.; Milne, S. The Impact of Cyclones on Tourist Demand: Pam and Vanuatu. In CAUTHE 2017: Time for Big Ideas? Re-thinking the Field for Tomorrow; Lee, C., Filep, S., Albrecht, J. N., Coetzee, W. JL, Eds.; Department of Tourism, University of Otago: Dunedin, 2017; pp 731–734. (10) Thorburn, E.; Krause, C.; Milne, S. The Impacts of Algal Blooms on Visitor Experience: Muri Lagoon, Cook Islands. In CAUTHE 2017: Time for Big Ideas? Re-thinking the Field For Tomorrow; Lee, C., Filep, S., Albrecht, J. N., Coetzee, W. JL, Eds., Department of Tourism, University of Otago: Dunedin, 2017; pp 582–587.

Abstract Tectonic stress in the Pacific Northwest Washington is dominated by a N-S major compressive axis, σ1, and a minor compressive axis, σ3, which varies from E-W to near vertical. Some variations in this pattern occur in different parts of the region. In this study, we used 550 earthquakes in the central Washington Cascade Mountains to study, in detail, the uniformity of the stress tensor in this volcanic arc. Earthquakes from the Pacific Northwest Seismograph Network (PNSN) catalog were divided into several subsets based on epicentral and depth groupings, and stress-tensor inversions using the Gephart and Forsyth technique were computed for each group. As in previous similar studies, the maximum compressive stress axis, σ1, is nearly horizontal and trending N-S to NNE-SSW in all but one subset. Shallower events directly under Mount Rainier have a near-vertical σ1. For other subsets, the minimum compressive stress axis, σ3, deviates from vertical to horizontal for different groups of events. In particular, events in the depth range of 10 to 14 km in the western Rainier seismic zone (WRSZ) have near-vertical σ3 direction, whereas other depth ranges in this area show a near-horizontal, E-W σ3 orientation. We hypothesize that the change in orientation of σ3 in the 10 to 14 km depth range in the WRSZ may be due to the influence of the nearby Mount Rainier magmatic system. Independent evidence for magma at this depth comes in the form of a few deep long-period (LP) events.

Metallic impurity free solid carbon nanorod “Whiskers” (SCNR Whiskers), a derivative of carbon nanotubes, are explored in the fabrication of a Prussian Blue composite electrode and critically evaluated towards the mediated electroanalytical sensing of H2O2. The sensitivity and detection limits for H2O2on the paste electrodes containing 20% (w/w) Prussian Blue, mineral oil, and carbon nanorod whiskers were explored and found to be 120 mA/(M cm2) and 4.1 μM, respectively, over the concentration range 0.01 to 0.10 mM. Charge transfer constant for the 20% Prussian Blue containing SCNR Whiskers paste electrode was calculated, for the reduction of Prussian Blue to Prussian White, to reveal a value of1.8±0.2 1/s (α=0.43,N=3). Surprisingly, our studies indicate that these metallic impurity-free SCNR Whiskers, in this configuration, behave electrochemically similar to that of an electrode constructed from graphite.

Glaciological data collected at Patriot Hills, Antarctica (80°18'S, 81°22'W), are used to assess the local mass balance of the ice sheet. The data were collected during two field campaigns conducted by the Instituto Antartico Chileno in January and November 1995. Measurements included surveying of stakes, and ice thickness derived from discrete radar soundings with a ground-based high-frequency impulse system. Ablation occurred on the bare-ice field at the base of Patriot Hills, with a maximum value of 7g cm −2a−1. Net accumulation was detected away from the mountains, over the firn-covered area of the glacier, with a maximum rate of 10 g cm 2 a−1 Ice thickens rapidly away from the mountains, reaching a thickness of 383 m, the maximum range of the radar system, near the center of the blue-ice field. No significant difference in surface elevation of the ice was detected over the 305 d period, which indicates that the ice is in near-equilibrium at Patriot Hills.

The missing member of the series Tp*ME(S2CNEt2) (M = Mo, W; E = O, S), namely Tp*WO(S2CNEt2), has been synthesized by oxygen-atom transfer from pyridine N-oxide to Tp*W(S2CNEt2)(CO)2. The air-stable, blue-purple complex was characterized by microanalysis, mass spectrometry (m/z 645 (100%), [M]+), cyclic voltammetry, and IR and 1H NMR spectroscopy. Solutions of the complex are dichroic and solvatochromic. The X-ray crystal structure of the complex revealed a six-coordinate, distorted octahedral complex with axial oxo (W = O 1.680(5) Å), ‘equatorial’ dithiocarbamate (W—S 2.3962(17) and 2.4102(17) Å), and facial tridentate Tp* ligands. The synthesis and characterization of Tp*WCl3 are also reported.

In a greenhouse study, variation in plant and leaf transpiration efficiency(W, A/E)and carbon isotope discrimination (D) were assessed forQuercus douglasii Hook & Arn. (blue oak) from a‘wet’ (930 mm) and a ‘dry’ (500 mm) site. Plants weregrown at 75–100% (wet) and 50–75% (dry) of fieldcapacity. Family variation masked population level differences, and twocontrasting patterns emerged. The expected pattern was observed with drytreatment plants having lower leaf internal CO 2concentration (c i ) and D, andhigher W andA/E. For families with verylarge increases in plant size from dry to wet treatments, however, wettreatment plants had lower c i andD, and higher W andA/E, reflecting a greaterinfluence of the maximum assimilation rate (Amax ) compared with stomatal conductance(g s ) on ci . In addition, large within-population variation inplant size appears to have affected both n (the vapor pressure deficit) and&oslash; c (a measure of respiredcarbon). Lower n for large plants may be due to the higher rates of stomatalconductance and greater leaf cooling. Values of &oslash;c appear to have increased for plants below 2.5 g (drymatter, DM). Variation in these factors would directly affect the relationshipbetween W and D. This study illustrates a case where significant within-population variation can occur in the relative effect ofg s and Amax on c i .In addition this study indicates that &oslash;c may not be a constant for a species.

Abstract Background and aim In the past, increased latencies of the blue-on-yellow pattern visually evoked potentials (BY-VEP), which predominantly originate in the koniocellular pathway, have proven to be a sensitive biomarker for early glaucoma. However, a complex experimental setup based on an optical bench was necessary to obtain these measurements because computer screens lack sufficient temporal, spatial, spectral, and luminance resolution. Here, we evaluated the diagnostic value of a novel setup based on a commercially available video projector. Methods BY-VEPs were recorded in 126 participants (42 healthy control participants, 12 patients with ocular hypertension, 17 with “preperimetric” glaucoma, and 55 with perimetric glaucoma). Stimuli were created with a video projector (DLP technology) by rear projection of a blue checkerboard pattern (460 nm) for 200 ms (onset) superimposed on a bright yellow background (574 nm), followed by an offset interval where only the background was active. Thus, predominantly S-cones were stimulated while L- and M-cone responses were suppressed by light adaptation. Times of stimulus onset to VEP onset-trough (N-peak time) and offset-peak (P-peak time) were analyzed after age-correction based on linear regression in the normal participants. Results The resulting BY-VEPs were quite similar to those obtained in the past with the optical bench: pattern-onset generated a negative deflection of the VEP, whereas the offset-response was dominated by a positive component. N-peak times were significantly increased in glaucoma patients (preperimetric 136.1 ± 10 ms, p < 0.05; perimetric 153.1 ± 17.8 ms, p < 0.001) compared with normal participants (123.6 ± 7.7 ms). Furthermore, they were significantly correlated with disease severity as determined by visual field losses retinal nerve fiber thinning (Spearman R = –0.7, p < 0.001). Conclusions Video projectors can be used to create optical stimuli with high temporal and spatial resolution, thus potentially enabling sophisticated electrophysiological measurements in clinical practice. BY-VEPs based on such a projector had a high diagnostic value for detection of early glaucoma. Registration of study Registration site: www.clinicaltrials.gov Trial registration number: NCT00494923.

Thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy University of Western Sydney.
Title from electronic document (viewed 2/6/10) Interviews held with: "James' Dharug, Traditional Custodian; Dr. Rob Lesslie, conservation biologist, Dr. Val Plumwood, environmental philosopher, Virginia Young, Director WildCountry Project, Professor Mike Archer, Dr. Deborah Bird Rose, anthropologist, Ms. Penny Figgis, former Vice President of ACF, Dr. Tim Flannery, Director South Australian Museum, Mr. Dean Stewart, Aboriginal Education Officer, Melbourne Botanic Gardens, Dr. Rosemary Hill, ACF Northern Lands Project Officer, Professor Harry Recher.

ABSTRACT The rifted Precambrian margin of western Laurentia is hypothesized to have consisted of a series of ~330°-oriented rift segments and ~060°-oriented transform segments. One difficulty with this idea is that the 87Sr/86Sri = 0.706 isopleth, which is inferred to coincide with the trace of this rifted margin, is oriented approximately N-S along the western edge of the Idaho batholith and E-W in northern Idaho; the transition between the N-S– and E-W–oriented segments occurs near Orofino, Idaho. We present new paleomagnetic and geochronologic evidence that indicates that the area around Orofino, Idaho, has rotated ~30° clockwise since ca. 85 Ma. Consequently, we interpret the current N-S–oriented margin as originally oriented ~330°, consistent with a Precambrian rift segment, and the E-W margin as originally oriented ~060°, consistent with a transform segment. Independent geochemical and seismic evidence corroborates this interpretation of rotation of Blue Mountains terranes and adjacent Laurentian block. Left-lateral motion along the Lewis and Clark zone during Late Cretaceous–Paleogene time likely accommodated this rotation. The clockwise rotation partially explains the presence of the Columbia embayment, as Laurentian lithosphere was located further west. Restoration of the rotation results in a reconstructed Neoproterozoic margin with a distinct promontory and embayment, and it constrains the rifting direction as SW oriented. The rigid Precambrian rift-transform corner created a transpressional syntaxis during middle Cretaceous deformation associated with the western Idaho and Ahsahka shear zones. During the late Miocene to present, the Precambrian rift-transform corner has acted as a fulcrum, with the Blue Mountains terranes as the lever arm. This motion also explains the paired fan-shaped contractional deformation of the Yakima fold-and-thrust belt and fan-shaped extensional deformation in the Hells Canyon extensional province.

Nostalgia runs all through this society—fortunately, for it may be our only hope of salvation. My own version, which I probably share with a few million others, takes me back to walk in pristine natural places on this continent. I dream of traveling with our second native-born naturalist, William Bartram (his father John was the first), a slightly daft Pennsylvania Quaker who botanized from the Carolinas down into Florida in the early 1770s. I would travel with him, “seduced by ... sublime enchanting scenes of primitive nature,” through aromatic groves of magnolia, sweet gum, cabbage palmetto, loblolly pine, live oak, the roaring of alligators in our ears. I would gaze with Thomas Jefferson through his elegant white-framed windows at Monticello toward the Blue Ridge Mountains, speculating about the prodigious country stretching west. Best of all, I imagine entering that west with Lewis and Clark in 1804–5, standing beside them on Spirit Mound in present-day South Dakota, beholding, as Clark put it in his execrable spelling, “a most butifull landscape; Numerous herds of buffalow were Seen feeding in various directions; the Plain to North N. W. & N.E. extends without interuption as far as Can be seen.” And I think what it must have been like for them warping and poling up the muddy Missouri River, penetrating farther into the vast open country of the unplowed, unfenced prairies when wolves still howled in the night; of heading into “the great unknown,” panting over the unpainted, unmined, unskiied Rocky Mountains and rafting down the uncharted, undammed Columbia to the gray-green drizzly shore of the Pacific Ocean. How much has been lost in our short years as a nation, how much have we to be nostalgic about. In the beginning of white discovery North America must have been a glorious place, brimming with exquisite wild beauty, offering to agriculturists some of the earth's richest soils, incredible stands of trees, booty on booty of mineral wealth. Think for a moment of the infinitude of animals that once teemed but are now diminished or gone. In the most comprehensive, detailed analysis yet offered, Frank Gilbert Roe estimated that forty million bison roamed the continent as late as 1830.

Previous measurements in a n-i-p-i structure with InAs/GaAs superlattice quantum wells in the i regions seemed to indicate that the field-screening nonlinearity saturates at low intensities I ~ 5 W/cm2. We present evidence here that carriers that are "stuck" in the wells near this intensity can escape beyond I ~ 15 W/cm2 so that field screening turns on again. We used a sample grown by migration enhanced epitaxy and having 12 periods of n-i-p-i doped GaAs with three InAs/GaAs quantum wells in each i region. The quantum wells were periods of a superlattice grown to be (InAs)2(GaAs)5. The spectrum of the nonlinear transmission, ΔT/T, was measured by using 50-s pulses from a cw Ti-sapphire laser tuned near the exciton absorption peak at 970 nm. For I = 0.1 W/cm2 to I = 103 W/ cm2 the exciton absorption peak has a blue shift, compatible with photo-carrier field screening. The magnitude of ∆T/T increases with light intensity in a nonlinear way, with plateaus near I = 5 W/cm2 and I = 150 W/ cm2. We will show that this intensity dependence reflects the change in the ability of carriers to escape the wells as the built-in field decreases with increasing intensity.

Making the most of daylight in town planning is one of the important ingredients in the attempts for the sustainable city. Exactly 150 years ago Ildefons Cerdà presented his great work “Teoría General de la Urbanización” including methods for taking care of sunlight. However, with modern software, the possibilities to do comprehensive preparations are much better. This paper presents an urban typology considering daylight with basic geometric forms, shapes and patterns. Later this will be elaborated more in detail. The research includes three steps; choosing typical alternatives for settlements and designing some new principle urban solutions, calculations and evaluations of the alternatives considering especially energy saving. The quality and the quantity of daylight are dependent of the geometry of the urban spaces. That means the volumes for the buildings as well as the empty spaces in between. The accessibility for diffuse daylight from the sky and for direct rays from the sun is measurable by computer calculations where the sun angles and the skylight from the hemisphere are simulated. Relevant parameters are height, width and length. In a settlement with a high urban density it is more difficult to distribute daylight than in a settlement with low density. However the economy for exploitations is also worse with lower density. Therefore the comparisons between different settlements are with the same density. The orientation of the settlements according to the compass is of crucial importance looking to the direct sunlight and the shadows. How the local environment with parks, water, mountains and specific landmarks in the surroundings also affects the daylight distribution is included.References (100 words) Dubois, M.-C., Gentile, N., Amorim, C., Osterhaus, W., Stoffer, S.,Jakobiak, R., Geisler-Moroder, D., Matusiak, B., Onarheim, F. M., Tetri, E. (2016) Performance Evaluation of Lighting and Daylighting Retrofits: Results from IEA SHC Task 50. (Energy Procedia. vol. 91). Littefair, P. J. (2011) Site layout planning for daylight and sunlight: a guide to good practice (BRE, Building Research Establishment, IHS BRE Press, Watford). Rode, P., Keim, C., Robazza, G., Viejo, P. and Schofield, J. (2014) Cities and energy: urban morphology and heat energy demand (LSE, London School of Economics, Cities and EIFER, European Institute for Energy Research, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, London).