Artículos de revistas: "Bloody Brook"

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Kopp, Radovan, Štěpán Lang, Tomáš Brabec y Jan Mareš. "The influence of physicochemical properties of water on plasma indices in brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis, Mitchill) reared under conditions of intensive aquaculture". Acta Veterinaria Brno 82, n.º 4 (2013): 427–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.2754/avb201382040427.

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The breeding of salmonids in intensive aquaculture has increasing importance in terms of high quality fish crude. The aim of our study was to figure out if the physicochemical properties of water can influence the physiological condition of fish organism. Blood samples were taken from the heart of 86 healthy, randomly selected brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) with the standard length of 242.3 ± 10.8 mm and body mass of 261.10 ± 29.81 g. Sampling was done on three trout farms in the Czech Republic in the period between autumn 2009 and summer 2011. Blood plasma was analysed for the presence of 23 plasma indices by automated blood plasma analyser. Chemical properties of water had a significant (P < 0.001) influence on the content of alkaline phosphatase, cholinesterase, amylase, lipase, total protein, albumin, P, Ca and K in plasma of the brook trout. Plasma indices were influenced especially by water temperature, oxygen saturation, and the content of ammonium ions, total nitrogen, iron and conductivity. This is the first complex study focusing on the influence of chemical and physical composition of water on blood plasma indices of brook trout.

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ZUO, X. y P. T. K. WOO. "Natural anti-proteases in rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss and brook charr, Salvelinus fontinalis and the in vitro neutralization of fish α2-macroglobulin by the metalloprotease from the pathogenic haemoflagellate, Cryptobia salmositica". Parasitology 114, n.º 4 (abril de 1997): 375–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182096008578.

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Natural anti-proteases (α1-protease inhibitor (α1-PI; α1-antitrypsin) and α2-macroglobulin (α2-M)) were found in the blood of rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss and brook charr, Salvelinus fontinalis. The α2-M inhibited Cryptobia salmositica proteases and was significantly higher in brook charr than in rainbow trout. Under in vitro conditions it took longer for the same number of parasites to neutralize the α2-M in charr than in trout blood. The haemolysis which occurred when C. salmositica was incubated in the blood of rainbow trout was due to neutralization of α2-M. This in vitro study also showed that it was the metalloprotease of C. salmositica that lysed red blood cells and the plasma of the two species of fishes initially prevented haemolysis by inhibiting the proteolytic activity. We suggest that the natural plasma α2-M plays an important role in defence against cryptobiosis in fishes.

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Własow, T., H. Kuzminski, P. Woznicki y E. Ziomek. "Blood Cell Alteration in Triploid Brook Trout Salvelinus fontinalis (Mitchill)". Acta Veterinaria Brno 73, n.º 1 (2004): 115–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2754/avb200473010115.

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Byrne, P., HW Ferguson, JS Lumsden y VE Ostland. "Blood chemistry of bacterial gill disease in brook trout Salvelinus fontinalis". Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 10 (1991): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/dao010001.

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Zachmann, A., S. C. M. Knijff, M. A. Ali y M. Anctil. "Effects of photoperiod and different intensities of light exposure on melatonin levels in the blood, pineal organ, and retina of the brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis Mitchill)". Canadian Journal of Zoology 70, n.º 1 (1 de enero de 1992): 25–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z92-004.

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Daily variations in the melatonin concentration in the blood, pineal organ, and retina of the brook trout, Salvelinus fontinalis, were investigated in July under constant photoperiod (16 h L: 8 h D) and temperature (12 °C). Diel variations in melatonin levels in the blood and pineal organ showed similar patterns, with higher values during the night, whereas melatonin concentrations in the retina increased slightly in the first half of the light period. Light exposure of 1 h duration at mid-dark decreased melatonin levels in the blood and pineal organ in an intensity-dependent manner, whereas retinal melatonin levels increased with increasing light intensities. The minimum light intensity causing significant effects on the melatonin concentrations was 2 lx for the serum and 20 lx for the pineal organ and the retina. The parallelism between pineal and circulating melatonin patterns suggests that the lateral eyes of the trout have no significant endocrine function as far as the melatonin rhythm in the blood is concerned. Supporting evidence comes from the reversed response of retinal melatonin to light exposure at mid-dark, and from the low retinal melatonin concentrations found in this study. Thus, the serum melatonin rhythm of the brook trout seems to be mainly the result of rhythmic melatonin secretion from the pineal organ.

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Řehulka, Jiří y Bohumil Minařík. "Blood parameters in brook trout Salvelinus fontinalis (Mitchill, 1815), affected by columnaris disease". Aquaculture Research 38, n.º 11 (agosto de 2007): 1182–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2109.2007.01786.x.

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Veenstra, Ronald S., Eugene K. Balon y Christine Flegler-Balon. "Propanidid, a useful anaesthetic for studying blood circulation in early development of fish". Canadian Journal of Zoology 65, n.º 5 (1 de mayo de 1987): 1286–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z87-202.

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The effectiveness of propanidid was tested by comparing it with cocaine hydrochloride, urethane, and traicaine methanesulfonate, anaesthetics already established for studies of early ontogeny in fishes. Free embryos of the brook charr, Salvelinus fontinalis, and 7-day-old amargosa pupfish, Cyprinodon nevadensis amargosae, were anaesthetized with dilute solutions of these drugs. The times taken until the blood elements ceased moving through the capillary loops of the developing caudal fin were compared. Propanidid was found to be superior to the other drugs tested in maintaining the longest duration of unaltered blood flow.

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8

Marshall, William S. "Sperm duct epithelium of brook trout: Na+ transport and seminal plasma composition". Canadian Journal of Zoology 64, n.º 9 (1 de septiembre de 1986): 1827–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z86-272.

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The transport of Na+ by the brook trout sperm duct (ductus deferens) was examined in vitro. Active Na+ uptake (averaging 0.6 μequiv.∙cm−2∙h−1) was not significantly different from transepithelial short-circuit current, indicating that the short-circuit current may be a measure of Na+ net transport. Transepithelial conductance was 4.1 ± 0.2 mS∙cm−2; an initially high short-circuit current and transepithelial potential (4–7 mV, serosa positive) dropped to near zero in the 1st hour in vitro. Short-circuit current and net Na+ transport were stimulated by cyclic adenosine monophosphate and 3-isobuty-1-methylxanthine; transient stimulations of short-circuit current were elicited using epinephrine (lumenally) and by acetylcholine. Brook trout seminal plasma contained high K+ (25 mM) and low Na+ (119 mM), relative to blood plasma, in part a result of ion transport by the sperm duct epithelium. Seminal plasma composition in turn ensures quiescence of maturing spermatozoa stored in the sperm duct for several weeks prior to spawning.

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9

Diouf, B., P. Rioux, P. U. Blier y D. Rajotte. "Use of brook char (Salvelinus fontinalis) physiological responses to stress as a teaching exercise." Advances in Physiology Education 23, n.º 1 (junio de 2000): S18–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/advances.2000.23.1.s18.

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Fish hematological changes during osmotic and cold stress are used to introduce the physiological reactions of the animal to an acute stress. Brook char (Salvelinus fontinalis) were subjected to 1 h of stress before being anesthetized and having blood taken from their caudal vein. Glucose, hemoglobin, hematocrit, and osmolarity were determined in the blood samples. Analyses showed that glucose concentration tends to increase and hematocrit tends to decrease in stressed fish. Changes in hemoglobin concentration occurred only in cold-stressed fish. A rise in blood glucose concentration is the result of cortisol secreted by the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. The glucose produced is used as an osmolyte or energy source to resist or combat the stress. In stressed fish, changes in hematocrit could be the result of the osmoconcentration of the blood plasma, as shown by the increase in osmolarity for the same group. In cold-stressed fish, a decrease in hemoglobin concentration could be the result of hemodilution by body cell water.

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Zaremba, Urszula, Zbigniew Kasprzykowski y Elżbieta Kondera. "The Influence of Biological Factors on Haematological Values in Wild Marsh Harrier (Circus aeruginosus) Nestlings". Animals 11, n.º 9 (29 de agosto de 2021): 2539. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11092539.

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Marsh harrier (Circus aeruginosus) is a species with obligatory cainism, in which hatching asynchrony creates a pronounced size hierarchy in nestlings. The size-related competitive advantage of older nestlings means that they tend to dominate the younger ones, and brood reduction occurs in most nests. The aim of the study was to reference values and carry out a haematological examination in order to evaluate the physiological status and health of nestlings with respect to hatching order, brood size, and nest initiation date. To do so, we examined 19 nests with a total of 58 nestlings from a free-living population of this species located in fishpond complexes in the agricultural landscape of eastern Poland. Repeated blood samples (118 in all) were collected from nestlings. The following parameters were measured using fresh full blood: red blood cell count (RBC), haemoglobin level (Hb), white blood cell count (WBC), and plasma glucose level (Glu). The data were analysed using generalized linear mixed models and linear mixed models ((G)LMM). The study revealed that hatching order, but not brood size or nest initiation date, affected the physical condition of marsh harrier nestlings. Hb levels and RBC counts gradually decreased, whereas Glu levels and WBC counts increased from the first- to the last-hatched nestlings. This result points to the generally poorer condition of the youngest nestlings compared with their older siblings. The poor physiological condition of the youngest nestlings may consequently increase the likelihood of their perishing, and hence, of brood reduction.

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11

Lund, Susan G., Mervyn E. A. Lund y Bruce L. Tufts. "Red blood cell Hsp 70 mRNA and protein as bio-indicators of temperature stress in the brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis)". Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 60, n.º 4 (1 de abril de 2003): 460–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f03-039.

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The purpose of this study was to examine the heat shock protein (Hsp) 70 mRNA and protein response in several tissues of Miramichi brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) under both acute and extended heat stress conditions to determine the utility of the red blood cell (rbc) heat shock response as a biomarker of sublethal temperature stress. Red blood cells consistently produced one of the highest responses of all of the tissues examined. Recovery of Hsp 70 mRNA following acute temperature increase required between 24 h and 48 h. In contrast, Hsp 70 protein levels remained significantly elevated for more than 48 h after the heat stress was terminated. During a 6-day extended (23°C) heat stress, rbc Hsp 70 mRNA returned to control levels between 72 and 144 h, whereas Hsp 70 protein was still significantly elevated after 6 days. Thus, although Hsp 70 mRNA proved to be a more sensitive indicator of heat stress in all tissues examined, Hsp 70 protein levels were more sustained. This study confirms the utility of rbcs as a biomarker tissue of thermal stress in fish and indicates that water temperatures presently being reached in brook trout habitats in Canada are capable of inducing a significant heat shock response in this species.

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Christe, Philippe, Olivier Glaizot, Nicole Strepparava, Godefroy Devevey y Luca Fumagalli. "Twofold cost of reproduction: an increase in parental effort leads to higher malarial parasitaemia and to a decrease in resistance to oxidative stress". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 279, n.º 1731 (14 de septiembre de 2011): 1142–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2011.1546.

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Parental effort is usually associated with high metabolism that could lead to an increase in the production of reactive oxidative species giving rise to oxidative stress. Since many antioxidants involved in the resistance to oxidative stress can also enhance immune function, an increase in parental effort may diminish the level of antioxidants otherwise involved in parasite resistance. In the present study, we performed brood size manipulation in a population of great tits ( Parus major ) to create different levels of parental effort. We measured resistance to oxidative stress and used a newly developed quantitative PCR assay to quantify malarial parasitaemia. We found that males with an enlarged brood had significantly higher level of malarial parasites and lower red blood cell resistance to free radicals than males rearing control and reduced broods. Brood size manipulation did not affect female parasitaemia, although females with an enlarged brood had lower red blood cell resistance than females with control and reduced broods. However, for both sexes, there was no relationship between the level of parasitaemia and resistance to oxidative stress, suggesting a twofold cost of reproduction. Our results thus suggest the presence of two proximate and independent mechanisms for the well-documented trade-off between current reproductive effort and parental survival.

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Wipfli, Mark S., Richard W. Merritt y William W. Taylor. "Low Toxicity of the Black Fly LarvicideBacillus thuringiensisvar.israelensisto Early Stages of Brook Trout (Salvelinus fontinalis), Brown Trout (Salmo trutta), and Steelhead Trout (Oncorhynchus my kiss) following Direct and Indirect Exposure". Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 51, n.º 6 (1 de junio de 1994): 1451–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f94-145.

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Mortality of brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis), brown trout (Salmo trutta), and steelhead trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) from eyed embryo to 82 mm fork length, exposed to Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis (B.t.i.) in the laboratory increased when dosages exceeded recommended rates by 12 000× or more. There was generally no toxicity difference between denatured (autoclaved) and nondenatured B.t.i. for all three trout species at all B.t.i. concentrations tested, indicating that mortality was due to formulation components and not B.t.i. toxin. The 48-h LC50values for brown and brook trout alevins ranged from 1561 to 2321 ppm for both denatured and nondenatured B.t.i. Scanning electron micrographs showed particle and mucus accumulation on gill surfaces from fish exposed to 2000 ppm B.t.i. for 4 h. Oxygen and carbon dioxide levels in blood from exposed (4000 ppm B.t.i. for 4 h) and unexposed fish were similar. Brown trout of 43 mm fork length fed excess B.t.i.-killed or live black flies (Cnephia dacotensis) ate similar quantities of each larval type, and both groups experienced similar mortalities and growth rates at 30-d postexposure.

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14

Tietge, J. E., R. D. Johnson y H. L. Bergman. "Morphometric Changes in Gill Secondary Lamellae of Brook Trou (Salvelinus fontinalis) After Long-Term Exposure to Acid and Aluminum". Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 45, n.º 9 (1 de septiembre de 1988): 1643–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f88-194.

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Adult brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) were exposed for 147 d to three different combinations of acid and Al in soft water (2 mg Ca/L). Samples of gill tissue from each of the three exposure conditions (pH 6.64 + 0 μg Al/L, pH 4.91 + 4.3 μg Al/L, and pH 4.45 + 393 μg Al/L) were examined by light microscopy using high-resolution techniques and morphometric analysis. As compared with fish in control conditions (pH 6.64 + 0 μg Al/L), exposure to pH 4.91 without Al significantly increased volume density of lamellar chloride cells. Low pH and elevated Al (pH 4.45 + 393 μg Al/L) resulted in increased diffusion distance, white blood cell infiltration of the lymphatic space of the gill tissue (an indicator of tissue damage), and a dramatic increase in lamellar dense cells. These results are consistent with the physiological data that show ionoregulatory stress and decreased respiratory efficiency as typical responses of brook trout exposed to low pH and combinations of low pH and elevated Al.

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Marshall, William S. y Sharon E. Bryson. "Evidence for Cl−-dependent K+ secretion by the blood–testis barrier of brook trout". Canadian Journal of Zoology 66, n.º 7 (1 de julio de 1988): 1603–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z88-234.

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The transepithelial transport of 86Rb+, a tracer for K+, was examined in the isolated sperm duct of brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis). Fluxes of 86Rb+ at 1.0 mM Rb+ in voltage-clamped ducts bathed with Ringer's solution on both sides revealed net secretion of Rb+ averaging 31–58 nequiv.∙cm−2∙h−1 after stimulation by 1.0 mM dibutyryl-cAMP. Unstimulated tissues had no net Rb+ transport. The stimulated Rb+ transport was reduced 70% by bilateral replacement of Cl− with gluconate, indicating that Rb+ secretion is dependent on Cl−. Ba2+ (2.0 mM) added to the luminal (mucosal) side had no effect on Rb+ secretion rate, suggesting that apical Ba2+-sensitive K+ channels are not involved. When added on the blood side (serosal), Ba2+ stimulated Rb+ net flux by 68%, possibly as a result of blockade of basal K+ channels and increased intracellular [K+]. Injection of the antiandrogen cyproterone acetate (3 × 0.4 mg∙kg−1 over 7 days in vivo) significantly reduced stimulated Rb+ secretion (in vitro), suggesting that androgens may maintain the active transport characteristics of the blood – testis barrier. The active K+ secretion by the sperm duct accounts for the high concentration of K+ in seminal plasma which in turn is important in maintaining quiescence of developing spermatozoa.

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Shepherd, Simon. "Blood, Thunder and Theory: The Arrival of English Melodrama". Theatre Research International 24, n.º 2 (1999): 145–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0307883300020769.

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One of the surest ways of registering disapproval of a play or a performance is to dismiss it as ‘melodramatic’, thus invoking a whole network of mistaken dramatic values and improper practice. In arts reviews, classrooms and text books, ‘melodrama’ recurs as the ‘other’ of ‘proper’ realist drama. In English Drama: A Cultural History, we describe the critical history of melodrama as ‘The Unacceptable Face of Theatre's importance and seriousness. One of the most influential interventions came from Peter Brooks, whose Melodramatic Imagination propounds two arguments in favour of melodrama'scultural centrality: first, Brooks shows how Diderot and Rousseau anticipated the French form of melodrama, then he makes connections between melodramatic gesture or sign and the work of Saussure or Barthes. My aim here is to develop the case further by suggesting that, in the case of English melodrama, the practice of the form as it emerged was very far from being non-intellectual, out of control or stupid. Indeed the dramatists themselves were well conscious of what they were doing formally: not only intelligence but also self-reflection were there from the start.

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Darmawan, J., E. Tahapari y W. Pamungkas. "Effectiveness of anesthesia solution (2-Phenoxyethanol) in the transportation of brood stock of Perkasa Striped Catfish (Pangasianodon hypophthalmus Sauvage, 1878)". IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1137, n.º 1 (1 de enero de 2023): 012034. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1137/1/012034.

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Abstract This study aimed to obtain the optimal concentration of 2-phenoxy ethanol in the transportation medium for the brood stock candidate of the Perkasa Striped catfish. To determine the optimal concentration of 2-phenoxy ethanol in the transportation medium for the Perkasa Striped catfish brood stock candidate, the study used a completely randomized design with three replications consisting of five levels of treatment with a concentration of 2-phenoxy ethanol, namely 0 (control), 100, 150, 200, and 250 ppm. The test fish were Perkasa Striped catfish brood stock candidates weighing an average of 1,000 grams. A plastic bag of 80 x 40 cm was filled with 15 liters of water, 45 liters of oxygen, and 5 fish, and the transport test was carried out in a closed and static way for 12 hours. Parameters observed included survival rate at the end of transportation and on day 7 after transportation, the quality of the media water (dissolved oxygen, pH, temperature), and cortisol level in the blood. The results showed that 100 ppm of 2-phenoxy ethanol was the best concentration for transporting Perkasa Striped catfish brood stock candidates, with a survival rate of 100.0±0.0 percent at the end of transportation and 83.3±28.9 percent on the seventh day after transportation, dissolved oxygen content of 1.47±0.99 mg/L, and blood cortisol levels of 47.85±11.85 g/dL.

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Laksanawimol, Parichart, Praneet Damrongphol y Maleeya Kruatrachue. "Alteration of the brood pouch morphology during gestation of male seahorses, Hippocampus kuda". Marine and Freshwater Research 57, n.º 5 (2006): 497. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf05112.

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The brood pouch of seahorses can be divided into four sequential stages based on the characteristics of the altered tissue layers during gestation: the normal stage, the embryo-carrying stage, the embryo-release stage and the repair stage. The brood pouch is composed of a folded inner pseudostratified columnar epithelium and a smooth outer stratified cuboidal epithelium. Three tissue layers between the inner and the outer epithelia are an inner loose connective tissue layer, a middle smooth muscle layer and an outer dense irregular connective tissue layer. In the normal stage, the inner loose connective tissue layer is thick and vascularised with small blood vessels; the muscle layer consists of scattered unorganised muscle fibres. In the embryo-carrying stage, the inner epithelial and inner loose connective tissue layers become distended and highly vascularised with enlarged blood vessels. In the embryo-release stage, the inner loose connective tissue layer is extensively vascularised with very large blood vessels and the smooth muscle fibres invade the outer dense irregular connective tissue layer. Structures altered during gestation gradually resume their normal condition in the repair stage. Extensive vascularisation of the brood pouch during gestation suggests an intricate paternal–embryo relationship implying other significant roles besides protective function of the pouch.

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Audet, Céline y Guy Claireaux. "Diel and Seasonal Changes in Resting Levels of Various Blood Parameters in Brook Trout (Salvelinus fontinalis)". Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 49, n.º 5 (1 de mayo de 1992): 870–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f92-097.

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Plasma osmolality, chloride, glucose, Cortisol, thyroid hormones, and blood hematocrit all varied seasonally in freshwater-adapted, age 1 + brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) kept under natural photoperiod and water temperatures. In addition, plasma osmolality, Cortisol, and thyroxine all displayed diel cycles that differed from month to month. High Cortisol levels were related to sexual maturation and possibly to low water temperatures. Seasonal cycles of plasma thyroid hormones did not seem to be influenced by water temperature. Plasma osmolality, chloride, glucose, and thyroxine showed small but significant seasonal changes similar to the variations observed at the time of smoltification in other salmonid species.

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Gauthier, Rouleau-Breton, Charette y Derome. "Stimulated Growth and Innate Immunity in Brook Charr (Salvelinus fontinalis) Treated with a General Probiotic (Bactocell®) and Two Endogenous Probiotics That Inhibit Aeromonas salmonicida In Vitro". Microorganisms 7, n.º 7 (6 de julio de 2019): 193. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms7070193.

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Aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida is a Gram-negative bacterium causing furunculosis, an opportunistic infection of farmed salmonid fish. Current treatment methods against furunculosis rely heavily on antibiotherapy. However, strains of this opportunistic fish pathogen were found to possess genes that confer resistance to major antibiotics including those used to cure furunculosis. Therefore, dispensing bacterial symbionts as probiotics to susceptible hosts appears to be a promising alternative. Here, we present the genomic characterization and in vivo safety assessment of two brook charr (Salvelinus fontinalis) bacterial symbionts that inhibited A. salmonicida subsp. salmonicida growth in vitro (Pseudomonas fluorescens ML11A and Aeromonas sobria TM18) as well as a commercialized probiotic, Pediococcus acidilactici MA18/5M (Bactocell®). The genomic sequences of ML11A and TM18 obtained by whole-genome shotgun sequencing lack key virulence factor genes found in related pathogenic strains. Their genomic sequences are also devoid of genes involved in the inactivation (or target modification of) several key antimicrobial compounds used in salmonid aquaculture. Finally, when administered daily to live brook charr fingerlings, ML11A, TM18 and Bactocell® helped improve several physiological condition metrics such as mean body weight, Fulton’s condition factor and blood plasma lysozyme activity (an indicator for innate immune activity).

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Nichols, D. J., M. Weisbart y J. Quinn. "Cortisol kinetics and fluid distribution in brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis)". Journal of Endocrinology 107, n.º 1 (octubre de 1985): 57–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1677/joe.0.1070057.

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ABSTRACT Cortisol kinetics were examined in brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) to assess possible relationships with body fluid distribution during acclimation to sea water (SW). The disappearance curve of [3H]cortisol in plasma, after a bolus injection, was analysed by compartmental analysis using a three-pool mammillary model. The results indicated that only ∼ 10% of the total exchangeable cortisol was located in the plasma pool. Over 75% of the total cortisol was associated with a large slowly exchanging pool and the remaining cortisol was located in a second extravascular tissue pool which was in rapid exchange with the plasma pool. Two days after transfer of trout from fresh water to SW, when plasma chloride concentration was at a new steady state, body weight, intracellular fluid volume, haematocrit and inulin clearance rate were lowered but plasma, blood and extracellular volumes were unaltered. Cortisol plasma clearance rate was unaltered but plasma cortisol concentration, cortisol secretion rate, total cortisol pool size and interpool transport rates were increased. These results are consistent with an acute role for cortisol in SW adaptation of brook trout. The fraction of the total cortisol cleared was smaller and the average time that cortisol spent in the tissue pools was slightly longer in trout after transfer to SW, possibly reflecting altered fluid dynamics. The fractional disappearance rate was larger at higher plasma cortisol concentrations in the SW trout. This relationship is compatible with the hypothesis that cortisol protein binding protects cortisol from metabolism. J. Endocr. (1985) 107, 57–69

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MacGillivray, Neil. "Sir William Brooke O’Shaughnessy (1808–1889), MD, FRS, LRCS Ed: Chemical pathologist, pharmacologist and pioneer in electric telegraphy". Journal of Medical Biography 25, n.º 3 (18 de septiembre de 2015): 186–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0967772015596276.

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This article reviews the life and work of Sir William O’Shaughnessy Brooke (formerly Sir William Brooke O'Shaughnessy), an Edinburgh doctor of medicine and Fellow of the Royal Society who as a young doctor in London analysed the blood and excreta of cholera victims, an action which led to the first successful use of intravenous replacement therapy. His career in India was distinguished in several spheres: chemistry, pharmacology in which he introduced cannabis indica to Europe, and in the field of electric telegraphy where he became the superintendent of telegraphs for India.

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Pap, Péter László. "Breeding time and sex-specific health status in the barn swallow (Hirundo rustica)". Canadian Journal of Zoology 80, n.º 12 (1 de diciembre de 2002): 2090–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z02-200.

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Health status has been hypothesized to be an important factor associated with individual reproductive performance in birds. Sex-specific health status of early- and late-breeding barn swallows (Hirundo rustica) was studied during the prelaying and brood-rearing periods to test the prediction that early-arriving birds are in better health status than late-arriving individuals. During prelaying, early breeders (of both sexes) had lower leukocyte counts than late breeders, and males had fewer lymphocytes, heterophils, and total white blood cells than females. Sex differences in health status at arrival disappeared during brood rearing, owing to an increase in leukocytes of early-breeding males and a decrease in leukocytes of late-breeding females. Late-breeding males had a higher plasma lutein concentration than early breeders during brood rearing, and the lutein concentration increased significantly for both sexes between prelaying and brood rearing. T-cell immune response of late-breeding females was stronger than for early breeders. These results are consistent with the prediction that health status of breeding barn swallows affects individual performance in terms of breeding time. Individuals differing in quality experience different costs and benefits of early breeding, and these costs and benefits are sex specific.

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Kawata, Hiroaki, Hidefumi Kishimoto, Takuya Miura, Tohru Nakajima y Hiroyuki Kitajima. "Surgical management of congenital cardiac defects in neonates and young infants born with extremely low weight". Cardiology in the Young 13, n.º 4 (agosto de 2003): 328–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1047951103000660.

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Surgical treatment of cardiac defects in infants born with extremely low weight is sometimes required during the neonatal period. Optimal timing of these operations has yet to be clarified. With this in mind, we reviewed our experience of surgical treatment for 29 infants born with extremely low weight between 1994 and 2001. The main surgical procedures were ligation of a patent arterial duct in 26, a Brock procedure in 2, and ligation of an aorto-pulmonary window in 1 infant. The age at operation ranged from 5 to 57 days, with a median of 30 days, and weighed from 506 to 902 g, with a median of 710 g. There were no deaths. For the 2 infants undergoing the Brock procedure, the reduced systemic blood flow also necessitated closure of the arterial duct. For almost all the 26 infants with a patent arterial duct, indomethacin was given as the initial therapy, but the duct had not closed completely. Increased symptomatology just before the operation due to reduced systemic blood flow, such as decreased cerebral blood flow, decreased urine output, and intestinal ischemia, mandated the earlier surgical ligation (r = −0.576, p = 0.004). The youngest infant needed an infusion of catecholamines perioperatively to maintain stable hemodynamic conditions (r = 0.554, p = 0.003). In 4 infants, including the youngest 2, steroids were administered intravenously just after the ligation. Our results suggest that reduced systemic blood flow is the main indication of surgical repair in infants born with extremely low weight. Even for one in whom the supply of pulmonary blood is dependent on the arterial duct, early reconstruction of the pulmonary arterial pathways, using the Brock procedure, followed by ligation of the duct, is required. Acute adrenal insufficiency should not be overlooked just after the surgery, particularly in the youngest patients.

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25

Dubiec, Anna y Mariusz Cichoñ. "Seasonal decline in health status of Great Tit (Parus major) nestlings". Canadian Journal of Zoology 79, n.º 10 (1 de octubre de 2001): 1829–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z01-151.

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Seasonal variation in offspring survival and recruitment rates in birds may be mediated by immune function, as it defines the ability of individuals to protect themselves against parasites and infectious diseases. To investigate the relationship between hatching date and health status of Great Tit (Parus major) nestlings, two blood parameters (leukocyte level and haematocrit) were estimated. Leukocyte level decreased as the season progressed within first but not second broods, while haematocrit showed no seasonal variation within either brood type. However, nestlings from first broods had both higher leukocyte levels and higher haematocrit than nestlings from second broods. Nestling body condition (defined as the residual of body mass on tarsus length calculated from linear regression) was not related to hatching date within brood type, while a significant difference between brood types was found. We suggest that the commonly observed decline in juvenile survival rate as the season progresses may be at least partly attributed to seasonal changes in health status.

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26

Reece, R. H. W. "A “Suitable Population”: Charles Brooke and Race-Mixing in Sarawak". Itinerario 9, n.º 1 (marzo de 1985): 67–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0165115300003442.

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In the “Concluding Remarks” appended to his journal for 1853–63, published in London in 1866 as Ten Years in Sarawak, Charles Brooke gave his support to the unfashionable idea of miscegenation between Europeans and Asians. The younger nephew of the first Rajah, James Brooke, and heir apparent to the Brooke raj to which he succeeded two years later, his views were of some significance. Accepting that a tropical climate was “not adapted for the permanent residence of Anglo-Saxons,” he proposed that a mixed race could provide Sarawak with a “suitable population.” To support his argument, Brooke cited the observation of Dr W.J. Moore of the Bombay Medical Service that Europeans had not survived as a race after many generations of British rule in India:Of the numerous pensioners, etc. etc., there is not one single instance – there is not a great-grand-child or grand-child of these pensioners retaining their European characteristics. An infusion of native blood is essential to the continuance of the race. The fact is, for the white man, or his offspring, there is no such thing as acclimatisation in India. Exposure, instead of hardening the system, actually has the contrary effect, and the longer Europeans remain in this country, the more they feel the effects of the vertical sun.

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27

Schmidt, Alexander, Frank Alard y Yves Handrich. "Changes in body temperatures in king penguins at sea: the result of fine adjustments in peripheral heat loss?" American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 291, n.º 3 (septiembre de 2006): R608—R618. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00826.2005.

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To investigate thermoregulatory adjustments at sea, body temperatures (the pectoral muscle and the brood patch) and diving behavior were monitored during a foraging trip of several days at sea in six breeding king penguins Aptenodytes patagonicus. During inactive phases at sea (water temperature: 4–7°C), all tissues measured were maintained at normothermic temperatures. The brood patch temperature was maintained at the same values as those measured when brooding on shore (38°C). This high temperature difference causes a significant loss of heat. We hypothesize that high-energy expenditure associated with elevated peripheral temperature when resting at sea is the thermoregulatory cost that a postabsorptive penguin has to face for the restoration of its subcutaneous body fat. During diving, mean pectoral temperature was 37.6 ± 1.6°C. While being almost normothermic on average, the temperature of the pectoral muscle was still significantly lower than during inactivity in five out of the six birds and underwent temperature drops of up to 5.5°C. Mean brood patch temperature was 29.6 ± 2.5°C during diving, and temperature decreases of up to 21.6°C were recorded. Interestingly, we observed episodes of brood patch warming during the descent to depth, suggesting that, in some cases, king penguins may perform active thermolysis using the brood patch. It is hypothesized that functional pectoral temperature may be regulated through peripheral adjustments in blood perfusion. These two paradoxical features, i.e., lower temperature of deep tissues during activity and normothermic peripheral tissues while inactive, may highlight the key to the energetics of this diving endotherm while foraging at sea.

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28

Wood, C. M., R. C. Playle, B. P. Simons, G. G. Goss y D. G. McDonald. "Blood Gases, Acid–Base Status, Ions, and Hematology in Adult Brook Trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) under Acid/Aluminum Exposure". Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 45, n.º 9 (1 de septiembre de 1988): 1575–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f88-187.

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The relative importance of ionoregulatory and respiratory disturbances in brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) under acid/Al stress in soft water is dependent upon water pH and Ca2+ levels. Trout acclimated to Ca2+ = 25 or 400 μequiv/L were fitted with arterial catheters and exposed to acid/Al for 10 d under flow-through conditions. Parameters monitored included pHa, [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text], HCO3−, ΔH+m, Na+, Cl−, K+, Ca2+, protein, lactate, glucose, hemoglobin, and hematocrit. Exposure to pH = 4.8 (no Al) at Ca2+ = 25 μequiv/L caused no mortality and negligible physiological disturbance. Addition of Al (333 μg/L or 12.3 μmol/L) resulted in >80% mortality (LT50 = 39.0 h) preceded by a marked decrease of plasma Na+ and Cl−, a moderate disturbance of blood gases, but no acidosis. At higher Ca2+ (400 μequiv/L), this same exposure (pH = 4.8, Al = 333 μg/L) caused similar mortality (LT50 = 38.5 h) but smaller ionic disturbances, much larger decreases in blood O2, increases in blood CO2, and respiratory acidosis. Exposure to pH = 4.4 (no Al) at Ca2+ = 25 μequiv/L caused 60% mortality (LT50 = 170.0) preceded by marked ionic disturbances and metabolic acidosis, but little change in blood gases. Addition of Al (333 μg/L) increased mortality to >80% (LT50 = 78.2 h) with smaller ionic but greater respiratory disturbances.

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29

Tam, W. H., L. Birkett, R. Makaran, P. D. Payson, D. K. Whitney y C. K. C. Yu. "Modification of Carbohydrate Metabolism and Liver Vitellogenic Function in Brook Trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) by Exposure to Low pH". Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 44, n.º 3 (1 de marzo de 1987): 630–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f87-076.

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Brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis), 1+ yr old, were exposed to pH 4.48 from February to December. Compared with control fish maintained at pH 7.34, acid-stressed fish generally had elevated blood glucose levels. Plasma cortisol concentration, measured only in males, was significantly increased in the acid-treated trout up to July. Although somatic growth decreased by about 30% by the end of the experiment, peritoneal fat was unchanged. During the reproductive season, female plasma levels of oestrogen and vitellogenin were the same at both pH levels. When immature fish were implanted with oestradiol-17β and then maintained for 21 d either in pH 7.34 (control) or 4.48, acid-treated fish again showed increased blood glucose levels. Liver weight increased at both pH levels, but liver glycogen was depleted and plasma vitellogenin was significantly increased by exogenous oesterogen only in control fish. It is postulated that before acclimation occurs, acid stress increases cortisol secretion, diverts nutrients normally used for growth to maintain a high blood sugar level, and affects the liver's ability to metabolize carbohydrates and synthesize vitellogenin.

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30

Gliński, Z. F. y J. Jarosz. "Distribution of Protein Fractions in the Blood of Worker Brood ofApis Mellifera". Journal of Apicultural Research 24, n.º 2 (enero de 1985): 80–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00218839.1985.11100653.

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31

Burness, G. P., G. B. McClelland, S. L. Wardrop y P. W. Hochachka. "Effect of brood size manipulation on offspring physiology: an experiment with passerine birds". Journal of Experimental Biology 203, n.º 22 (15 de noviembre de 2000): 3513–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.203.22.3513.

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The environment experienced during ontogeny has a significant impact on the physiological condition of offspring. This, in turn, forecasts survival probabilities and future reproductive potential. Despite the prominent role that the concept of condition plays in evolutionary studies, the physiological and biochemical characters that define it remain relatively unexplored. In this study, we quantified the impact of brood size manipulations on the physiology and biochemistry of nestling tree swallows (Tachycineta bicolor) shortly before they fledged. Over two breeding seasons, we either increased or decreased the number of individuals in a brood by a single nestling. Every 2–4 days, we determined the resting rate of oxygen consumption [V(O(2))] of individuals in each brood. Growth was followed until 16 days of age, at which time, to look for potential trade-offs in energy allocation, we measured total lipid mass, skeletal muscle and organ mass, indices of blood oxygen-carrying capacity and the activities of key metabolic enzymes in various tissues. Surprisingly, there was a minimal response of most characters to brood manipulation, suggesting that physiological and biochemical development is relatively invariant except perhaps under extreme conditions. Individuals reared in artificially enlarged broods, however, had a significantly lower body mass, body-size-adjusted [V(O(2))], gizzard mass and total lipid mass. These individuals also had decreased activity of cardiac 3-hydroxyacyl CoA dehydrogenase, suggesting a decreased capacity for oxidation of fatty acids. How these characters affect survival or the future adult phenotype remains unknown.

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32

Walker, R. L., C. M. Wood y H. L. Bergman. "Effects of Low pH and Aluminum on Ventilation in the Brook Trout (Salvelinus fontinalis)". Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 45, n.º 9 (1 de septiembre de 1988): 1614–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f88-191.

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Brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) (acclimated to pH = 6.5, Ca2+ = 400 μequiv∙L−1), when exposed to acid (pH = 4.8, Ca2+ = 400 μequiv∙L−1) and Al (333 μg∙L−1), responded with a twofold increase in ventilation volume within the first 4 h of the challenge period (100 h). Increased ventilation stroke volume accounted for most of the change in ventilatory response; rate increased slightly. Although ventilation volume returned to prechallenge values by 6 h, coughing (flow reversal) and increased mucus production at the gills were notable throughout the challenge period. There were no significant changes in oxygen consumption or [Formula: see text], but hemoglobin oxygen content (micromoles per gram of hemoglobin) decreased by 20%. Arterial pH decreased as a result of both respiratory and metabolic disturbances. Exposure to acid (pH = 4.8, Ca2+ = 400 μequiv∙L−1) in the absence of Al resulted in similar initial changes in ventilation and blood acid–base status; however, ventilation remained elevated above the prechallenge values throughout the experiment (24 h). The transient increase and subsequent return of ventilation to prechallenge levels in the acid/Al-exposed fish suggests that Al interfered with the mechanism controlling the ventilatory response.

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33

Guasco, Michael. "Brooke N. Newman. A Dark Inheritance: Blood, Race, and Sex in Colonial Jamaica." American Historical Review 125, n.º 4 (octubre de 2020): 1475–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ahr/rhz1325.

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34

Midtg�rd, Uffe, Per Sejrsen y Kjell Johansen. "Blood flow in the brood patch of Bantam hens: evidence of cold vasodilatation". Journal of Comparative Physiology B 155, n.º 6 (1985): 703–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00694584.

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35

Mann, Inderjit, Sophia pham, Rachel Spector, Aikaterini Papamanoli, Evan Garry, Pooja Lamba, Sara Krivacsy et al. "734. Abnormal Lipid Profiles in Human Babesiosis". Open Forum Infectious Diseases 8, Supplement_1 (1 de noviembre de 2021): S465. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofab466.931.

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Abstract Background Babesiosis has gained attention as an emerging protozoal zoonotic disease with an expanding known incidence and geographical range in the US. The infection is caused by Babesia microti in the US and is transmitted by the bite of Ixodes ticks, and occasionally by blood transfusion. The diagnosis is usually established by microscopic examination of a stained blood smear to see intraerythrocytic organisms. The level of parasitemia is only loosely correlated with clinical severity. Anecdotal reports suggest that HDL cholesterol levels decline during acute babesiosis. In this study, we report cholesterol levels in a series of patients with acute babesiosis with the hypothesis that HDL levels may be a potential biomarker for more severe infections. Methods A retrospective chart review was performed at Stony Brook University Hospital and Stony Brook Southampton Hospital between 2013 and 2018. Inclusion criteria was defined as a case of acute Babesia infection proven by peripheral blood smear microscopy and who had a lipid profile drawn during presentation to the emergency department. Cholesterol levels that were measured either before or after the infection (at least 1 month apart) were also recorded to compare to the levels reported during acute infection. Results A total of 40 patients (27.5% female) met criteria for acute Babesia infection. Fifteen (37.5%) had a history of splenectomy. The patients were divided into two groups for comparisons based on the treating physician’s clinical decision: 32 patients who were admitted to the hospital and 8 patients who were not-admitted. History of hypertension was more common in admitted than non-admitted patients (37% vs. 17%, Chi-square test p=0.02); the median levels of LDL and HDL were more reduced in admitted than non-admitted patients (46 vs 76 mg/dL, p=0.04 and 9 vs 28.5 mg/dL, p=0.03, based on t-test respectively) Conclusion LDL and HDL levels are significantly reduced in acute babesiosis, and LDL levels are inversely proportional to the parasitemia, suggesting that low levels of LDL may predict worsening disease in babesiosis. The mechanism of this phenomenon is unknown. Further prospective studies are needed. Disclosures All Authors: No reported disclosures

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36

Oyewumi, Oyeronke. "Att begreppsliggöra genus: de feministiska begreppens eurocentriska grundvalar och utmaningen från afrikansk kunskapsteori". Tidskrift för genusvetenskap 26, n.º 4 (14 de junio de 2022): 47–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.55870/tgv.v26i4.3988.

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Conceptualizing gender: The Eurocentric foundations of feminist concepts and the challange of African epistemologies, by Oyeronke Oyewumi, PhD, Associate professor in sociology at Stony Brook University, USA. In her artide Oyewumi argues that the universal use of feminist concepts, developed primarily in North America and Europé, limits our understanding of the gender relations in non-western cultures. Western feminism has its foundations in the idea of a nuclear heterosexual family, which is limiting because of its understanding of gender and feminist sisterhood. In the nuclear family, consisting of a male breadwinner, a female housewife and their children, there is no space for thinking relationshipsoutsidethe male/female dichotomy. This founding idea in Western feminism is insufficient in describing and analysing African constructions of family where blood-relations and seniority determine ones position, rather than gender.

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37

Chuter, Robyn. "Reversal of Gestational Diabetes with a Low-Fat, Wholefood Plant-Based Diet". International Journal of Disease Reversal and Prevention 2, n.º 2 (10 de junio de 2020): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.22230/ijdrp.2020v2n2a177.

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Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a pathological disturbance in blood glucose regulation that is first detected during pregnancy. Pregnancy hormones, especially human placental lactogen, induce insulin resistance. a low-fat, whole-food, plant-based diet has been found to improve insulin sensitivity in prediabetes and type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Brooke was diagnosed with GDM despite having been on a 100% plantbased diet for 6 years prior to becoming pregnant; however, her diet was relatively high in fat. Within 10 days of reducing her fat intake to < 10% of daily energy, she achieved normal blood glucose readings.

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Bartlett, Cheryl M. y R. C. Anderson. "Chandlerella bushi n.sp. and Splendidofilaria caperata Hibler, 1964 (Nematoda: Filarioidea) from Fulica americana (Gruiformes: Rallidae) in Manitoba, Canada". Canadian Journal of Zoology 65, n.º 11 (1 de noviembre de 1987): 2799–802. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z87-422.

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Chandlerella bushi n.sp., from a lymphatic vessel in the leg of one of seven adult American coots (Fulica americana) collected at Delta Marsh, Manitoba, is distinguished by the twisted distal end of the left spicule and by the length of the right spicule being about twice that of the left. Microfilariae of C. bushi occurred in the blood. Adult male and female Splendidofilaria caperata were also found in the coot infected with C. bushi, although microfilariae were not present in the reproductive tracts of females or in the host's blood. Microfilariae were not found in the blood of 27 adult coots collected near Brooks, Alberta, Canada. Apparently, no species of Splendidofilaria or Chandlerella have previously been identified from Gruiformes.

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39

Wood, C. M., B. P. Simons, D. R. Mount y H. L. Bergman. "Physiological Evidence of Acclimation to Acid/Aluminum Stress in Adult Brook Trout (Salvelinus fontinalis). 2. Blood Parameters by Cannulation". Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 45, n.º 9 (1 de septiembre de 1988): 1597–605. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f88-189.

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Brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) exposed for 10 wk to sublethal acid (pH = 5.2) plus Al (150 μg/L) in flowing soft water (Ca2+ = 25 μequiv/L) did not exhibit chronic respiratory disturbance or elevated stress indices, as revealed by sampling of arterial blood gases, acid–base status, glucose, and cortisol via an indwelling catheter. Acclimation occurred, which prevented mortality and greatly attenuated the disturbances of respiratory, acid–base, and stress parameters normally seen upon challenge with more severe acid (pH = 4.8) plus Al conditions (333 μg/L} for 3 d. Ionoregulatory, fluid volume, and hematological disturbances were similarly reduced. Higher water Ca2+ (400 μequiv/L) slightly delayed but did not prevent this suite of toxic responses in naive fish. These disturbances did not occur in naive fish challenged with acid alone (pH = 4.8). However, long-term adaptation to acid alone (pH = 5.2) resulted in elevated glucose and cortisol levels and offered no protection against the more severe acid plus Al challenge. Thus the acclimation was to Al rather than to acidity itself, and low levels of Al may be beneficial to fish under chronic acid stress.

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40

Johnston, Katherine. "A Dark Inheritance: Blood, Race, and Sex in Colonial Jamaica by Brooke N. Newman". Eighteenth-Century Studies 53, n.º 2 (2020): 314–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/ecs.2020.0021.

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41

Fuentes, Marisa J. "A Dark Inheritance: Blood, Race, and Sex in Colonial Jamaica, by Brooke N. Newman". New West Indian Guide / Nieuwe West-Indische Gids 94, n.º 3-4 (25 de noviembre de 2020): 339–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22134360-09403021.

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42

Tam, W. H., J. N. Fryer, I. Ali, M. R. Dallaire y B. Valentine. "Growth Inhibition, Gluconeogenesis, and Morphometric Studies of the Pituitary and Interrenal Cells of Acid-Stressed Brook Trout (Salvelinus fontinalis)". Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 45, n.º 7 (1 de julio de 1988): 1197–211. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f88-142.

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Somatic growth was stunted in yearling brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) maintained for up to 73 d in pH 4.5. Plasma cortisol level increased in pulses after 1.5 h (from 10 to 82.3 ng∙mL−1) on days 4 (46 ng∙mL−1) and 15–30 (20–25 ng∙mL−1) of acid treatment. Interrenal nuclear hypertrophy and cell hyperplasia occurred respectively on days 4 and 15. Electron microscopic observations revealed that the somatotropes and thyrotropes were atrophic for about half of the experimental period whereas the corticotropes displayed sustained hypertrophy. Plasma glucose and amino acid levels rose simultaneously by 300–600 and 130%, respectively, from day 4 of acid exposure. Hepatic L-alanine aminotransferase activity increased on day 30 just as plasma protein concentration began to decline. When adrenalin and cortisol acetate were administered to trout maintained in neutral pH to raise circulating cortisol levels from 10–20 to 1876 ng∙mL−1, blood glucose remained normal up to 6 d after treatment. These results suggested that acid stress suppressed somatotropin, thyrotropin, and indirectly thyroid hormone secretion but stimulated the pituitary–interrenal axis, leading to inhibition of protein synthesis and accumulation of amino acids in the circulation. The elevation of blood sugar level was caused by some as yet unidentified factors.

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43

Klychenkov, S. V., A. D. Kruchinina, O. A. Levashova y S. S. Gamzin. "Effect of Peptides from Honeybee Products on Rats Behavior under Conditions of Chronic Stress". Bulletin of Irkutsk State University. Series Biology. Ecology 44 (2023): 68–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.26516/2073-3372.2023.44.68.

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Chronic stress is one of the causes of depression. Various daily factors, accumulating, can lead to the formation of a constant state of stress and anxiety. In this study, we measured the ability of peptides of royal jelly, drone brood, and bee honey up to 5 kDa to reduce anxiety under chronic stress conditions in male Wistar rats. To do this, the animals of the control and experimental groups were subjected to random stress factors for 14 days (2 factors per day), while simultaneously receiving 0.9% NaCl solution (control group) or aqueous solutions of the corresponding peptides intranasally at a concentration of 300 μg/kg of body weight (peptides were obtained by a combination of ultrafiltration, ion exchange chromatography and gel-filtration). After 14 days, the level of anxiety in animals of all groups was measured using such behavioral tests as “Open field”, “Forced swimming” and “Light-dark box”. It was found that in the OF test, animals treated with royal jelly and drone brood peptides show shorter freezing time, higher horizontal and vertical locomotor activity, spend more time on research activities and grooming; in the FST animals of the same groups spent more time actively swimming; in the LDB test animals of the same groups spent more time in the illuminated part of the experimental setup and crossed the border between the dark and light parts more times. The results indicate that rats treated with royal jelly and drone brood peptides have lower levels of stress and anxiety compared to animals that received 0.9% NaCl solution (control group) or a solution of bee honey peptides. After conducting behavioral tests, the animals were withdrawn from the experiment and the concentration of corticosterone and ACTH was determined in the blood serum. It was found that there is no any changes in hormone concentrations between rats from control or experimental groups. Probably, the peptides of drone brood and royal jelly have an anxiolytic effect, without affecting the work of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, but acting through intracerebral molecular targets.

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44

Wlasow, Teresa, Henryk Kuzminski, Agata Kowalska, Anna Wiśniewska, Dorota Fopp-Bayat y Joanna Korzuch. "Morphological characteristics of blood cells in brook trout triploids induced by hydrostatic pressure shock applied at different times after fertilisation". Caryologia 67, n.º 1 (2 de enero de 2014): 45–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00087114.2014.891699.

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45

Huh, Jeong-ae. "From Ethnocentrism to Cultural Hybridity: George Eliot’s Middlemarch". British and American Language and Literature Association of Korea 147 (31 de diciembre de 2022): 21–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.21297/ballak.2022.147.21.

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In George Eliot’s Middlemarch, Englishness and English culture seem to be disparaged by the miscegenation of Dorothea Brook, an English lady, and Will Ladislaw, “a dangerously mixed blood” of Englishman and Pole, and rumored to be of Jew and Gypsy. But Dorothea revolts against English ethnocentrism represented by her first husband Edward Casaubon, a sick, incommunicable, and narrow-minded English scholar and embraces cultural hybridity represented by her second husband Will, a vital, open, and sympathetic cosmopolitan bohemian. Eliot’s Will is different from other Victorian writers’ racial others such as Brontë’s Bertha, a Creole, Dickens’s Fagin, a Jew, and Thackeray’s Rhoda, a mulatto, who are eliminated or excluded in the texts to reestablish superior Englishness and English culture. Nonetheless, Eliot doesn’t negate Englishness. Rather, by embracing cultural hybridity, she proposes her grand vision to widen Englishness in the age of English reform around the early 1830s.

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46

Gill, Janusz y Elżbieta Kompanowska-Jezierska. "Seasonal changes in the red blood cell indices in Arabian brood mares and their foals". Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Physiology 83, n.º 4 (enero de 1986): 643–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0300-9629(86)90703-6.

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47

Fryer, J. N., W. H. Tam, B. Valentine y R. E. Tikkala. "Prolactin Cell Cytology, Plasma Electrolytes, and Whole-Body Sodium Efflux in Acid-Stressed Brook Trout (Salvelinus fontinalis)". Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 45, n.º 7 (1 de julio de 1988): 1212–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f88-143.

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Twelve-month-old brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) of both sexes were exposed to acidified water (pH 4 5) for a period of 52 d. Ultrastructural morphometric studies of the prolactin cells of the pituitaries of acid-stressed female trout revealed a reduction, after a latent period of about 1 wk, in prolactin cell area, cytoplasmic area and nuclear area which gradually recovered to control values by day 52 of acid exposure. In both male and female trout, acid exposure resulted in significant decreases in plasma osmolarity, and plasma sodium, which gradually returned to control values by day 52 of the study. Total plasma calcium was not altered by acid exposure in either male or female trout. For both male and female trout, acid exposure resulted in transient elevations in haematocrit and a prolonged suppression of blood pH. The whole-body sodium efflux for trout introduced into dechlorinated tap water or distilled water was significantly greater at pH 4.5 than at pH 7.35. Possible relationships between the acid-induced inhibition of the secretory activity of the prolactin cells and impairments in osmotic and ionic regulation observed in acid-stressed trout are discussed.

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48

Wood, C. M., D. G. McDonald, C. E. Booth, B. P. Simons, C. G. Ingersoll y H. L. Bergman. "Physiological Evidence of Acclimation to Acid/Aluminum Stress in Adult Brook Trout (Salvelinus fontinalis). 1. Blood Composition and Net Sodium Fluxes". Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 45, n.º 9 (1 de septiembre de 1988): 1587–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f88-188.

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Brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) adapt to chronic sublethal acid/Al stress. The accompanying acclimation confers greater resistance to short-term increases in Al and acidity. Adult trout were exposed in flowing soft water to eight combinations of pH (6.5, 5.2) × Ca2+ (25, 400 μequiv/L) × Al (0, 75, 150 μg/L = 0, 2.8, 5.6 μmol/L). After 10 wk, blood sampling by caudal puncture revealed no significant variations in osmolality, plasma protein, or hemoglobin and only minor differences [Formula: see text] in plasma Na+ and Cl−. Overall, most electrolytes were higher in fish exposed to higher water Al and/or Ca2+; only plasma Ca2+ was directly depressed by low pH. Hematocrit was raised by both low pH and elevated Al. When trout naive to both acid and Al were challenged with pH = 4.8, Al = 333 μg/L under flow-through conditions, there were large negative whole-body Na+ fluxes and marked depressions of plasma Na+ and Cl−, hemoconcentration, and substantial mortality over 48 h. Prior exposure for 10 wk to pH = 5.2 plus either 75 or 150 μg Al/L prevented mortality and ameliorated or abolished these effects through a more rapid recovery of net Na+ balance. Prior exposure to pH = 5.2 alone ameliorated these effects only slightly.

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HOFFMAN, G. L., B. FRIED y J. E. HARVEY. "Sanguinicola fontinalis sp nov. (Digenea: Sanguinicolidae): a blood parasite of brook trout, Salvelinus fontinalis (Mitchill), and longnose dace, Rhinichthys cataractae (Valenciennes)". Journal of Fish Diseases 8, n.º 6 (noviembre de 1985): 529–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2761.1985.tb00968.x.

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OIKAWA-TAKADA, Naoko, Toshio OSHIDA, Chikaku DOHGASAKI y Masumi SAKURAI. "Changes of the Selenium Content in Whole Blood and Milk Samples from Brood Sows and Piglets". Nihon Yoton Gakkaishi 42, n.º 3 (2005): 121–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.5938/youton.42.121.

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