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Tesis sobre el tema "Blockchains – Innovation"

Autor: Grafiati
Publicado: 25 de mayo de 2024

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1

Khacef, Kahina. "Trade-off betweew security and scalability in blockchain systems". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022SORUS516.

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Cette thèse propose et évalue des méthodes pour décentraliser et faire évoluer la blockchain. La première contribution de cette thèse propose un protocole d’identification décentralisé et sécurisé qui profite de la puissance et de la résilience des blockchains. La clé publique et la signature sont enregistrées dans la blockchain après validation de l’identité du signataire par des smart contracts. La deuxième contribution propose SecuSca, une approche qui fait un compromis entre sécurité et évolutivité en créant un sharding dans lequel les blocs sont stockés sur différents nœuds. La troisième contribution optimise l’approche en choisissant des nœuds selon leurs capacités. Les méthodes proposées ont été évaluées expérimentalement et ont montré leurs avantages pour la décentralisation et l’évolutivité de la blockchain
The development of Blockchain has enabled the emergence of high technology in the sensitive and active sectors by allowing the reliability of information via consensus, the immutability of records, and transaction transparency. This thesis presents the design, implementation, and evaluation of techniques to scale the blockchain. The first part of this thesis consists of building a decentralized, secure peer-to-peer messaging protocol using a PKI-based blockchain, which can be an email, a website, or some other form of message. Managing users’ identities by the Blockchain eliminates the single point of failure of traditional PKIs. By using smart contracts to validate, store and revoke the certificate on a public blockchain. Security and scalability are considered two significant challenges in blockchains’ rapid and smooth deployment in businesses, enterprises, and organizations. The ability to scale up a blockchain lies mainly in improving the underlying technology rather than deploying new hardware. The second contribution of the thesis proposes SecuSca, an approach that makes a trade-off between security and scalability when designing blockchain-based systems. It designs an efficient replication model, which creates dynamic sharding wherein blocks are stored in various nodes. To maintain the required level of security, the proposed approach shows that blockchain replication over the Peer_to_Peer network is minimized as the blockchain’s length evolves. Furthermore, a sharding protocol over the network is proposed to get access to the blockchain data based on historical transactions. The protocol reduces old blocks’ replication; these blocks can be discarded from specific nodes and stored by others. The nodes willing to store the coming blocks and their data are chosen randomly. The block header of each block is kept to achieve consensus. Next, we optimize the latest approach by choosing the entering nodes following the nodes’ capacities instead of randomly
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2

Lys, Léonard. "Sécurité et fiabilité des échanges inter-blockchain". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022SORUS228.

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Le verrou technologique auquel cette thèse s'adresse est donc l'interopérabilité des blockchains. Chaque blockchain est un environnement indépendant avec son propre réseau, son protocole et ses règles. Elles n'ont pas nécessairement été conçues dans l'optique de s'interopérer. En vérifiant l'historique des transactions et en identifiant l'auteur d'une transaction grâce aux signatures numériques, il est possible de vérifier si une transaction peut ou non être ajoutée à la chaîne. Mais à ce jour, aucun mécanisme n'est prévu pour coordonner des transactions entre plusieurs chaînes afin de procéder à un échange. Un système d'échange de crypto-actifs entre deux chaînes cherche à satisfaire les propriétés suivantes; atomicité, l'échange à lieu intégralement ou pas du tout, sécurité, les participants ne risquent pas de perdre leur crypto-actifs et enfin vivacité, la durée de l'échange doit être limitée dans le temps
The technological lock that this thesis addresses is therefore the interoperability of blockchains. Each blockchain is an independent environment with its own network, protocol and rules. They were not necessarily designed with interoperability in mind. By checking the history of transactions and identifying the author of a transaction thanks to digital signatures, it is possible to verify whether or not a transaction can be added to the chain. But to date, there is no mechanism for coordinating transactions between multiple chains to make an exchange. A system for exchanging crypto-assets between two chains seeks to satisfy the following properties; atomicity, the exchange takes place entirely or not at all, security, the participants do not risk losing their crypto-assets and finally vivacity, the duration of the exchange must be limited in time
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3

Besançon, Léo. "Interopérabilité des Systèmes Blockchains". Thesis, Lyon, 2021. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-03789639.

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La Blockchain est une technologie disruptive. Elle s'intègre dans un écosystème décentralisé d’applications aux propriétés intéressantes : la transparence des transactions, l’auditabilité des applications, ou encore la résistance à la censure. Les domaines d'application sont variés, de la finance à la santé ou au jeu vidéo. La technologie a évolué depuis sa création en 2008 et possède de nombreuses perspectives. Néanmoins, le domaine rencontre de nombreux défis. Chaque Blockchain utilisant ses propres standards et modèles économiques, il subit notamment un manque d’interopérabilité à différents niveaux : entre les différents projets d'une Blockchain, entre les différentes Blockchains, ainsi qu’entre les Blockchains et les autres systèmes. Un aspect important de l'interopérabilité des systèmes Blockchains est leur interopérabilité sémantique, qui nécessite de définir formellement les concepts liés. Un autre défi est la conception d'applications Blockchains décentralisées. Ces applications intègrent la technologie Blockchain, mais aussi d'autres services qui permettent de satisfaire les contraintes de l'application pour lesquelles la Blockchain n'est pas adaptée. Cependant, il est complexe de choisir les services Blockchain les plus adaptés à une application donnée. Cette thèse a pour objectif la proposition d’un cadre permettant d’améliorer l’interopérabilité des applications Blockchain décentralisées. Pour cela, nous développons une méthodologie d'aide à la conception de ces applications, ainsi qu'une ontologie Blockchain qui aide à formaliser leurs concepts. Ce cadre est validé dans le domaine des jeux vidéo Blockchain. Cet environnement est complexe, car il nécessite le partage de données volumineuses. De plus, les contraintes de latence doivent être respectées
Blockchains are a disruptive technology. They enable an ecosystem for decentralized applications with interesting properties: transaction transparency, application auditability or censorship resistance. It has applications in various fields, such as finance, healthcare or video games. It has evolved a lot since its creation in 2008, and presents numerous perspectives. However, the field faces many challenges, in particular a lack of interoperability at several levels: between projects on a same Blockchain, between different Blockchains, or between Blockchains and other systems. One important aspect of Blockchain systems interoperability is semantic interoperability. It relies on formal definitions of the related concepts. Another challenge is the design of decentralized Blockchain applications. These applications integrate Blockchain technology, but also other services that satisfy the constraints of the application that Blockchain is not suitable for. However, it is complex to choose the most suited Blockchain service for a given application. With this PhD work, we propose a framework that can improve interoperability for decentralized Blockchain applications. We achieve this with the design of a methodology and a Blockchain ontology that help formalize the concepts related to an application. This framework is validated in the context of Blockchain video game development. It is a complex use case, as it needs to share storage intensive data and satisfy the latency constraints
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4

Janjic, Filip y Gentrit Hasanaj. "BLOCKCHAIN SOM RESURS INOM OFFENTLIG SEKTOR". Thesis, Malmö universitet, Fakulteten för teknik och samhälle (TS), 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-20750.

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Sverige befinner sig inte längre på en världsledande position inom digital förvaltning: något man har som mål att vara. Studier om digital förvaltning har påvisat att Sverige var lägst placerade av de nordiska länderna när det kommer till användarvänlighet, transparens och säkra e-tjänster. Vidare anser många svenskar anser att svenska myndigheter halkar efter gällande digital service. Blockchain anses ha potential att vara revolutionerande för digitaliseringen inom många olika användningsområden. Denna studie syftar till att undersöka hur blockkedjan kan påverka den digitala transformationen av Sveriges offentliga sektor. Målet är att undersöka vilka möjligheter och utmaningar blockchain-teknologin kan innebära inom offentlig förvaltning, samt identifiera vilka typer av digitala innovationer blockchain kan bidra med. Datainsamlingen i studien följer en kvalitativ undersökningsdesign och har skett genom sex semistrukturerade intervjuer med myndigheter som har arbetat med blockkedjan samt personer vars arbetsroller involverar arbete med blockkedjan inom Sveriges offentliga sektor. Den insamlade datan genererade sedan den data som utgör grunden för studiens resultat. I studien har det visats på att blockkedjan kan påverka den digitala transformationen av Sveriges offentliga sektor genom att dess möjligheter har potential att skapa digitala innovation som kan förändra hur tjänster, processer, och strukturer i offentlig sektor kan komma att se ut i framtiden. De utmaningar som identifierats i studien involverar bland annat problem med prestanda, kunskaps- och erfarenhetsbrist och nuvarande lagstifning. Vilket hindrar i nuläget blockkedjans potential att kunna skapa de olika innovationerna.
Sweden is no longer in a world-leading position regarding digital administration, as it aims to be. Studies regarding digital administration show that Sweden were lowest ranked of the Scandinavian countries when it comes to usability, transparency and secure e-services. Furthermore, many Swedes think that authorities is slipping behind when it comes to digital service. The blockchain-technology is considered to have potential to be revolutionary for the digitalization of many areas. This study aims to investigate how the blockchain-technology can be used as a resource to contribute to the digital transformation of the public sector in Sweden. The goal is to research which possibilities and challenges the blockchain-technology could entail in authorities, and to identify which digital innovations it could contribute with. The data collection in the study follows a qualitative research design and has been done through six semi-structured interviews with authorities that has or intends to work with the technology and persons whose working tasks include blockchain in public sector. The collected data then generated the data that forms the basis of the study’s results. In the study we have found that blockchain could have an impact on the digital transformation of the Swedish public sector through its possibilities which has the potential to create digital innovations that could change how service, process, structure in public sector takes form in the future. The challenges identified in the study include problems with performance, lack of knowledge and experience and current legislation. Which currently prevents the blockchain’s potential to be able to create these innovations.
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5

Della, Valle Fabio. "Blockchain technology: driving innovation in the supply chain". Doctoral thesis, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/672999.

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This thesis presents a study of blockchain impacts for supply chain (SC) application. By conducting explorative research, the thesis presents a grounded theory analysis based on eighteen interviews with international experts from different fields such as academics, business and institutional representatives. The study is divided into four phases: the first phase begins with the analysis and identification of the type of innovation for blockchain in SC; the second phase analyzes the effective combination between blockchain technologies and SC management processes; the third phase introduces the major influences affecting SC operations for a blockchain transition in SC; and the fourth one presents a use case. The research results show that blockchain for SC presents all features to be a sustaining innovation rather than disruptive. However, results confirmed that SCs appear to be one of the most prominent fields of application for blockchain, and a blockchain-based SC fits in supplier relationship management processes and financial business units. Lastly, to mitigate risks, the analysis also identified elements that may support digital transition procedures in SCs. The thesis concludes by merging all results found and provides suggestions for future research perspectives.
Aquesta tesi presenta un estudi de l’impacte de blockchain en las eva aplicació a les cadenes de subministrament (supply-chain o SC). Mitjançant la realització d’una recerca exploratòria la tesi presenta una anàlisi fonamentada en divuit entrevistes amb experts internacionals de diferents camps, com ara representants acadèmics, empresarials i institucionals. La recerca es divideix en quatre fases: la primera fase comença amb l’anàlisi i la identificació del tipus d’innovació per a la blockchain a SC; la segona fase analitza la combinació efectiva entre les tecnologies de blockchain i els processos de gestió de SC; la tercera fase introdueix les principals influències que afecten les operacions de SC per a una transició blockchain a SC; i el quart presenta un cas d'ús concret. Els resultats de la investigació mostren que blockchain per a SC presenta totes les característiques d’una innovació evolutiva més que disruptiva. No obstant això, els resultats van confirmar que les SC són un dels camps d’aplicació amb més projecció per a blockchain i que una SC basada en blockchain s’adapta millor als processos de gestió de relacions amb proveïdors i a les unitats de negoci financeres. Finalment, per mitigar els riscos, l’anàlisi també va identificar elements que poden donar suport als procediments de transició digital en les SC. La tesi conclou presentant els resultats trobats i proporciona suggeriments per a futures perspectives de recerca.
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6

Levin, Sebastian y Samuel Dannegård. "Blockchain : Scammers, sinners and saints. Decisive factors in a blockchain adoption process". Thesis, Högskolan Kristianstad, Fakulteten för ekonomi, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hkr:diva-22339.

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Blockchain technology brings new opportunities and has the ability to solve current flaws with our traditional central systems, still, blockchain is not a common practice. This thesis revolves around vital factors that affect the implementation of blockchain (BC) technology in modern business. By identifying the potential advantages for BC systems, we look at why BC systems are not commonly applied in organizations. There seem to be several factors within three categories; technological, organizational, and environmental (TOE) that serve as obstacles or opportunities for the modern business to adopt blockchain technology despite the apparent advantages that the innovation promotes. The purpose is to identify what factors from a TOE perspective play a decisive role in the adoption process of innovations, in this case, BC. The aim is to confirm factors from previous research and contribute with new factors within the TOE framework that can assist modern business in the adoption process. Empirical data of this thesis are derived from interviews from various organizations from different industries, which is analyzed by content analysis method.  The main limitation of this thesis is the lack of knowledge regarding BC technology among employees of organizations. A significant challenge has been to find possible interview participants to collect data necessary for the research question.  Despite that, we succeeded in collecting enough data to be able to answer our research question. This thesis confirms and contributes to new factors in the field of blockchain adoption in modern business.
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7

Fant, Gianluca <1991&gt. "Blockchain Technology. A disruptive innovation for finance and beyond". Master's Degree Thesis, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10579/11470.

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In this work will be examined the main characteristics of blockchain technology and the cryptocurrencies ecosystem. In particular will be analyzed the state of the art of Bitcoin and its potentiality to create a decentralized financial system.
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8

Grau, Miró Josep. "Strategic innovation in financial sector: Blockchain and the case of Spanish banks". Thesis, KTH, Entreprenörskap och Innovation, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-189176.

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9

Dobrovnik, Mario, David Martin Herold, Elmar Wilhelm M. Fürst y Sebastian Kummer. "Blockchain for and in Logistics: What to Adopt and Where to Start". MDPI, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/logistics2030018.

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Despite the claim that blockchain will revolutionise business and redefine logistics, existing research so far is limited concerning frameworks that categorise blockchain application potentials and their implications. In particular, academic literature in transport and logistics to date has not sufficiently distinguished between blockchain adoption ('what to adopt') and the identification of the right business opportunity ('where to start'). In response, this paper (1) uses Rogers¿ (2003) 'attributes of innovation framework' to identify potential blockchain applications and (2) presents a framework explicating four transformation phases to subsequently categorise the identified areas of application according to their effects on organisational structures and processes. Using academic and practitioner literature, we classify possible applications for adoption and provide a framework to identify blockchain opportunities in the logistics industry, thereby helping managers to systematically assess where to start building organisational capabilities in order to successfully adopt and deploy blockchain-based technology.
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10

Roedenbeck, Charlotte y Jonatan Andom. "Finansiell innovation : En studie om digitalisering inom den finansiella sektorn". Thesis, Södertörns högskola, Institutionen för samhällsvetenskaper, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-35306.

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Utvecklingen av dagens teknik tilltar i en otrolig hastighet ochvärlden definieras mer och mer av globalisering, digitalisering,uppkoppling och omgående tillgång till information, produkter ochtjänster. Digitaliseringen har en stark inverkan på den finansiellasektorn då många produkter på den finansiella marknaden idag ärinformationsbaserade. Fintech skapar ett nytt paradigm därinformationsteknik fungerar som drivmedel och driver innovationinom finansbranschen. Fenomenet beskrivs som en “gamechanger”, disruptivt och antas bidra grundläggande förändringarinom traditionella finansiella marknaden. Blockchainteknologin ären av många Fintechinnovationer som har gjort avtryck påfinansiella aktörer världen över och sägs ha potential attrevolutionera den finansiella sektorn. Dock så är det fortfarande enrelativt outforskad teknologi.
The development of today's technology is increasing withincredible speed and the world is more and more defined byglobalization, digitization, connectivity and immediate access toinformation, products and services. Digitalization has a strongimpact on the financial sector, as many products in the financialmarket today are information-based. Fintech creates a newparadigm where information technology acts as a fuel and drivesinnovation in the financial industry. The phenomenon is describedas a "game changer", disruptive and supposed to contribute tofundamental changes in the traditional financial market. Theblockchain technology is one of many Fintech innovations that hasimpressed financial players worldwide and is said to have thepotential to revolutionize the financial sector. However, it is still arelatively unexplored technology.
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11

Andersson, Marcus y Patric Sigvardson. "Embracing Blockchain : The Challenges of Collaborative Innovation Within the Financial Industry". Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Företagsekonomiska institutionen, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-356479.

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Creating standardized infrastructures for new technologies has become a frequent event in recent years, forcing competing firms to together collaborate in order to develop and mutually agree on a common standard. This is due to technologies such as blockchain (distributed ledger) technology that need interoperability to reach its full potential, making the collaboration aspect crucial for organizations that want to adapt to the technology. Therefore, this study’s purpose is to identify and analyze the challenges of creating such a standardized infrastructure. A case study was used to analyze these challenges, which involved experts of blockchain technology and three Nordic banks connected to the blockchain consortium R3. First, a pre-study took place with the help of blockchain experts, who helped identify potential problems regarding blockchain (distributed ledger) technology. Secondly, a main study was conducted consisting of four interviews with key persons representing the banks, in addition to collecting secondary data via news articles, and press releases. With the help of co-opetition theory and a technical description of blockchain (distributed ledger) technology, an analytical model was developed to support the analysis of the data collection. The analysis focus on aspects of co-opetition drivers, co-opetition capabilities, co-opetition dynamics and blockchain aspects, which were used to showcase the challenges of collaborating on creating a standardized infrastructure. The result of this study highlights the importance of learning and educational aspects, the size of a cooperation and threats from other competing solutions, which generates challenges. In addition to the identified challenges, this study has also contributed to an understanding of how these aspects can come to affect a collaboration.
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12

Balestra, Susanna <1993&gt. "Building transparency in supply chains through Blockchain innovation - A case study". Master's Degree Thesis, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10579/12718.

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La tesi analizza l'impatto della Blockchain sulle attuali supply chains globalizzate; in particolare, la mancanza di trasparenza e la visibilità end-to-end nelle supply chains di oggi sono problemi vividi in molti settori. La tecnologia blockchain sembra essere un'innovazione “disruptive” con molte applicazioni, è in grado di tracciare ogni passaggio e ogni movimento di un prodotto lungo la catena produttiva. È una catena di blocchi, distribuita su un network, che consente a tutti i partecipanti di vedere il sistema di registrazione delle transazioni in ogni settore; è decentralizzata e distribuisce il potere delle autorità esistenti attraverso l'uso di dispositivi come gli “Smart contracts”, le app “decentralizzate” e le criptovalute. Questo cambiamento può modificare i modelli di business e il modo di gestire le supply chains; in particolare l’elaboratoanalizza come le transazioni possono cambiare prima e dopo la blockchain, come cambia il ruolo della fiducia nelle relazioni economiche con l'innovazione blockchain e come il sistema di gestione delle informazioni può essere rivoluzionato. Ma fino a che punto questo è possibile? E che dire della fiducia e del fattore di social embeddedness nel processo decisionale? Infatti, anche se la tecnologia Blockchain è riconosciuta come una straordinaria innovazione, ci sono ancora molti pericoli e punti deboli (tecnici o meno) da descrivere che limitano l'applicazione e lo sviluppo della tecnologia mainstream e diffusa. Dopo un’accurata descrizione del problema della mancanza di trasparenza e delle sue conseguenze, la tecnologia Blockchain e le sue principali caratteristiche tecniche sono descritte e viene definito lo stato di sviluppo e di diffusione della tecnologia; l'analisi sarà basata su dati secondari. Infine, il caso studio descrive un progetto pilota in cui la Blockchain viene utilizzata per tracciare il tonno pescato dai pescatori Indonesiani da quando viene pescato fino al consumatore finale.
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13

Ekström, Nora y Anton Gollbo. "Blockchain och framtidens globala sjöfartssystem : En kvalitativ studie av innovation inom sjöfart". Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Företagsekonomiska institutionen, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-448236.

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Detta arbete undersöker egenskaper hos och spridning av innovation inom global sjöfart. Specifikt undersöks innovation i form av digitala system drivna av blockchain. Fokus för studien är att förstå vilka egenskaper innovationen har samt förstå vilka utmaningar och framgångsfaktorer som finns för innovationens fortsatta tillväxt i kontexten sjöfart. Teori gällande innovationsegenskaper, innovationsspridning och postadoption appliceras. För att analysera området används en abduktiv metod. I första fasen använder sig författarna av en litteraturstudie för att analysera skeendet och få insikt i vad som tidigare publicerats inom fältet. Litteraturstudien kompletteras med två intervjuer med respondenter besittande kunskap om sjöfart och innovation inom industrin. Därefter används sekundärdata för att fördjupa studien i en specifik tillämpning av blockchaintekniken. Slutligen intervjuades fyra respondenter med insikt i den specifika tillämpningen. Resultaten visar på att blockchainteknik inom global sjöfart har potential att med dess egenskaper öka tillit och effektivitet i informationsutbyten och dokumenthantering, men brist på övergripande standardisering samt ålderstigna system och rutiner påverkar innovationsspridningen negativt.
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14

Amadoru, Malmi Sajangani. "The organizing visions of digital innovations: The case of Blockchain using the Twitter discourse". Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2021. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/214046/1/Malmi_Amadoru_Thesis.pdf.

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This thesis examines the community discourse on new digital technologies, which influences how they are adopted and diffused over time. It investigates the Blockchain discourse on Twitter using both computational and qualitative methods. The thesis presents a life cycle model that explains the different phases of the community discourse and an evolutionary process model that explains the underlying generative mechanism of how community ideas about a digital technology evolve. It also highlights the emerging role of social bots in the diffusion of new technologies. In doing so, the thesis shows the importance of social media for learning about new technologies.
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15

Melin, Karin. "The GDPR Compliance of Blockchain : A qualitative study on regulating innovative technology". Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Datorteknik, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-397163.

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This thesis aims to explore the compliance of blockchain technology and the GDPR. The GDPR was implemented for the EU member states in May 2018 with the purpose of harmonizing data protection regulation. However, the regulation is based on the notion that data is stored and processed in a centralized system. This causes an issue when it comes to distributed networks, and in particular with the distributed ledger technology (DLT), the underlying technology of blockchain. For this thesis, a literature review has been conducted to investigate the problems of GDPR compliance for blockchain projects, and what technical solutions exist to make a blockchain solution more GDPR compliant. In addition, interviews have been conducted to investigate the technical and legal perspectives on the current and future situations of regulation and technology. Compatibility problems mainly concern the immutability and transparency of a blockchain and examples of technical solutions that handle those problems can be found in the literature. Nevertheless, none of the discussed solutions are yet to guarantee full GDPR compliance. The technical and legal perspectives share ideas of the main compliance issues. However, differences such as interpretation of technical details can be identified, indicating problems to arise when regulating blockchains in the future. Further interdisciplinary work on guidelines for the GDPR is necessary for blockchain projects to be successful in complying with the regulation as well as to strengthen the technology neutrality of the GDPR.
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16

Antonelli, Claudia. "La Blockchain: aspetti crittografici e applicazioni". Bachelor's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2016. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/12016/.

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La Blockchain è un deposito di dati distribuito costituito da una lista di record (in continua crescita) resistente a modifiche e revisioni, anche da parte degli operatori dei nodi (computer) su cui risiede. I dati sono sicuri anche in presenza di partecipanti non affidabili o disonesti alla rete. Una copia totale o parziale della blockchain è memorizzata su tutti i nodi. I record contenuti sono di due tipi: le transazioni, che sono i dati veri e propri, e i blocchi, che sono la registrazione di quanto ed in quale ordine le transazioni sono state inserite in modo indelebile nel database. Le transazioni sono create dai partecipanti alla rete nelle loro operazioni (per esempio, trasferimento di valuta ad un altro utente), mentre i blocchi sono generati da partecipanti speciali, i cosiddetti “miners”, che utilizzano software e a volte hardware specializzato per creare i blocchi. L’attività dei miners viene ricompensata con l’assegnazione di “qualcosa”, nel caso della rete Bitcoin di un certo numero di unità di valuta. Spesso negli esempi si fa riferimento alla Blockchain di Bitcoin perché è la catena di blocchi implementata per prima, e l'unica ad avere una dimensione consistente. Le transazioni, una volta create, vengono distribuite sui nodi con un protocollo del tipo “best effort”. La validità di una transazione viene verificata attraverso il consenso dei nodi della rete sulla base di una serie di parametri, che variano secondo l’implementazione specifica dell’architettura. Una volta verificata come valida, la transazione viene inserita nel primo blocco libero disponibile. Per evitare che ci sia una duplicazione delle informazioni l’architettura prevede un sistema di time stamping, che non richiede un server centralizzato.
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17

Ciobanu, Alexandru. "Tecnologia Blockchain na industria de mercados financeiros : caso BNP Paribas securities services". Master's thesis, Instituto Superior de Economia e Gestão, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/15824.

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Mestrado em Gestão e Estratégia Industrial
A Tecnologia Blockchain tem o potencial de revolucionar várias indústrias e tornar os processos mais democráticos, seguros, transparentes e eficientes. Empreendedores, start-ups, investidores, as organizações internacionais e governos identificaram a Blockchain como uma oportunidade disruptiva para mudar o paradigma atual. A Blockchain é uma base de dados pública distribuída que mantém um registo permanente das transações digitais. Por outras palavras, é um arquivo de dados que armazena um registo imutável de todas as transações digitais. Esta base de dados distribuída não é controlada por uma instituição central, é por sua vez, uma rede de base de dados replicados (o que significa que cada nó na rede armazena a sua própria cópia da cadeia de blocos) que é compartilhado e visível para qualquer pessoa dentro da rede. A Inovação Disruptiva é uma abordagem que reúne todos os recursos e capacidades criativas para uma organização trabalhar na produção de ideias inovadoras e no desenvolvimento de novos negócios. O principal objetivo desta TFM será explorar os benefícios para o banco BNP Paribas ao adotar a tecnologia Blockchain nos seus processos atuais. E se estes são adequados para uma tecnologia Blockchain, com o foco na tecnologia de pagamentos para os serviços CASH e como a inovação disruptiva pode ajudar na implementação desta tecnologia no mercado onde o banco tem presença.
Blockchain Technology has the potential to disrupt multiple industries and make processes more democratic, secure, transparent, and efficient. Entrepreneurs, startup companies, investors, global organizations and governments have all identified Blockchain as a disruptive opportunity to change the current paradigm. A blockchain is a distributed public database that keeps a permanent record of digital transactions. In other words, it's a logfile storing an immutable record of all the digital transactions. This distributed database is not controlled by a central administrator, but instead is a network of replicated databases (meaning each node in the network stores its own copy of the blockchain) that is shared and visible to anyone within network. Disruptive Innovation is an approach that brings together all the creative assets, capabilities and disciplines to an organization to work together on producing breakthrough ideas and driving new business growth. The main scope of this thesis will be to explore the benefits for BNP Paribas bank in the financial landscape and if these are suitable for a Blockchain based technology, focusing on payments technology for CASH services and how disruptive innovation could help on deploying this technology in the bank.
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18

Schweizer, André [Verfasser] y Nils [Akademischer Betreuer] Urbach. "Digitalization in the Financial Services Industry : Fostering Innovation Through Fintechs and Blockchain Technology / André Schweizer ; Betreuer: Nils Urbach". Bayreuth : Universität Bayreuth, 2019. http://d-nb.info/1188314106/34.

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Blomqvist, Ludvig. "Blockchain and Entrepreneurial Value Creation in the Textile Industry". Thesis, KTH, Industriell Management, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-239925.

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This thesis examines a process of innovation within a Swedish early-stage start-up company in the textile industry. The thesis describes and analyzes the case company’s intentions to create entrepreneurial value by reconfiguring its supply chain as one of its resources. Theories of dynamic capabilities, entrepreneurial value creation and supply chain management are applied for analysis of the case company’s process of investigating how Blockchain technology can be applied to the company’s supply chain to create and enhance value for the company, its customers and suppliers. Topics of digitalization, Blockchain technology, supply chain management, entrepreneurial value creation and dynamic capabilities are covered as part of the discourse. The work in this thesis is qualitative and explorative and based on the study of one case company and its quest for creating entrepreneurial value by reconfiguring its supply chain. The study explores several potential ways for how entrepreneurial value can be created through process of innovation, e.g., by the application of Blockchain to a company’s supply chain. Although Blockchain has potential to create entrepreneurial value for the case company, it is not possible to predict if the benefits outweigh the costs, if the project is feasible in practice, if it is suitable for one company to undertake the project on its own or if collaboration and alliances are the way forward.
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20

Schliephake, Hanna Josephina y Charlotte Laila Niemann. "Digital Institutions to Support Data-Driven Circularity Innovation : The Improvement of Textile and Apparel Recycling Processes through Blockchain Technology". Thesis, Högskolan i Borås, Akademin för textil, teknik och ekonomi, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hb:diva-26415.

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Purpose - The purpose of this master thesis is to explore if and how blockchain technology can improve textile and apparel recycling processes. It further aims to investigate which institutional and infrastructural preconditions have to be met for it to do so. This research seeks to extend the understanding of the technology’s potential and to derive theoretical and managerial implications. Design/ Methodology/ Approach - The study applies a qualitative, explorative research approach, following a deductive research strategy. Thereby, a theoretical framework was derived based on the results of a literature review. Primary data was collected using the method of semi-structured expert interviews and analysed using the method Thematic Analysis. The sample contained experts from different entities of the textile and apparel recycling industry, namely textile waste collectors, textile waste sorters, textile-to-textile recyclers, manufacturers, recycling experts and digital service-providers. Findings - The results show that blockchain technology in fact holds the potential to improve industry processes through its ability to verify data and assign value. However, the findings suggest that the main challenges of the textile and apparel recycling industry are grounded in its institutional complexity. Therefore, the lack of sufficient infrastructure, information exchange and value creation inhibit the industry from using blockchain technology to its full potential. Implications - To overcome this, it is advised that the individual industry players must collaborate to fulfil the essential institutional and infrastructural requirements. This means creating an inter-organisational network that relies on the exchange of recycling-relevant information, uniform data structures and unified norms and practices. Originality/ Value - Scientific research lacks a coherent understanding of the relation between blockchain technology and textile and apparel recycling. This research bridges this gap by illustrating the industry’s challenges and exploring blockchains potential to address them, while laying out the institutional and infrastructural preconditions for blockchain to contribute to an improved textile and apparel recycling.
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21

Tuneld, Carl Otto. "Diffusion av blockkedjeteknologi i den Svenska finansiella sektorn". Thesis, KTH, Fastigheter och byggande, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-254854.

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Digitaliseringen påverkar alla delar av samhället och inte minst den finansiella sektorn. Enteknologi som förväntas ha stor påverkan på det finansiella systemet är blockkedjeteknologi.I denna undersökning kartläggs hur och i vilken utsträckning aktörer i den svenska finansiellasektorn arbetar med blockkedjeteknologi. Undersökningen görs utifrån Everett. M. Rogersberömda teorier om diffusion av innovation. Framförallt är det teorierna om beslutprocessenom innovation som analyseras men också andra element som kommunikationskanaler,förändringsbyråer och opinionsledare.I undersökningen har representanter från SEB, Bankgirot, Skatteverket och Riksbankenintervjuats kring hur deras organisation arbetar med blockkedjeteknologi och hur arbetet serut utifrån ett perspektiv om diffusion av innovation.Resultatet visar att alla aktörerna har någon form av blockkedjerelaterat projekt igång,antingen i form av egna experiment eller omvärldsbevakning. Den aktör som kommit längstär SEB och detta beror troligen på att de har störst resurser att tillgå. Aktörerna hämtarinformation och kunskap framförallt från de organisationer eller forskningsinitiativ respektiveaktör anses vara opinionsledare. De som anses vara opinionsledare är för de privata aktörernaglobala forskningsinitiativ bedrivna av aktörer med liknande verksamhet som de själva. Förde icke privata aktörerna anses andra aktörer med liknande verksamhet i andra länder varaopinionsledare. De privata aktörerna har i större utsträckning approcherats avförändringsbyråer, då främst med syfte att samarbeta med aktören.Bankgirot och Riksbankens arbete anses befinna sig i övertalningssteget (steg två) ibeslutsprocessen om innovation medans SEB och Skatteverkets arbete anses befinna sig ibeslutssteget (steg tre). Ingen av aktörerna har nått steg fyra och fem.I avsnittet vidare forskning föreslås en studie med ett större antal aktörer inom de undersöktakategorierna samt aktörer från fler kategorier. Utöver detta föreslås att undersökningen görsom inom förslagsvis fem år för att då jämföra resultaten i den studien med den aktuellaundersökningen.
The digitalization impact all parts of society and not least the financial sector. One technologythat is considered to have a large impact on the financial industry is blockchain technology.In this thesis, participants in the financial industry are examined with the purpose to examinetheir progress in implementing blockchain technology in their organization and how there areworking with the technology from a perspective of the Everett. M. Rogers theories ofDiffusion of Innovation. The Decision-Innovation Process and the organizations progresswith blockchain technology is particularly examined as well as concepts as communicationchannels, change agencies and opinion leaders.Representatives from SEB, Bankgirot, Skatteverket and Riksbanken have been interviewedabout their progress in implementing blockchain technology from a diffusion of innovationperspective.The result shows that all participants have some form of blockchain related project active,either in form of internal experiments or market intelligence. SEB has had the most progressin their work, probably because of their large resources. The participants mainly gatherknowledge from organizations or initiatives they consider to be opinion leaders. The opinionsleaders are for the private organizations considered to be research initiatives where theparticipating members businesses are similar to their own. For the public organizations, theopinion leaders seems to be other public organizations similar to their own. The publiccompanies have in larger extent been approached by change agencies, mainly with theintention to find a business partner for a collaboration.The progress of Bankgriot and Riksbanken are considered to be in the “persuasion stage”(stage two) while the progress of SEB and Skatteverket seems to be in the “decision stage”(stage three). None of the examined organizations progress has reached stage four or five.Future studies would include a larger number of participants from different parts of thefinancial sector. This study is proposed to be re-done in approximately five years to comparethe results.
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22

Stewart, Stute Susan. "The Gender Gap in Patents: An Exploration of Bias Against Women in Patent Attainment and “Blockchain” As Potential Remedy". Wright State University / OhioLINK, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=wright1566578260177108.

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23

Alzahrani, Naif Saeed. "A Secure Anti-Counterfeiting System using Near Field Communication, Public Key Cryptography, Blockchain, and Bayesian Games". PDXScholar, 2019. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/5038.

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Counterfeit products, especially in the pharmaceutical sector, have plagued the international community for decades. To combat this problem, many anti-counterfeiting approaches have been proposed. They use either Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) or Near Field Communication (NFC) physical tags affixed to the products. Current anti-counterfeiting approaches detect two counterfeiting attacks: (1) modifications to a product's tag details, such as changing the expiration date; and (2) cloning of a genuine product's details to reuse on counterfeit products. In addition, these anti-counterfeiting approaches track-and-trace the physical locations of products as the products flow through supply chains. Existing approaches suffer from two main drawbacks. They cannot detect tag reapplication attacks, wherein a counterfeiter removes a legitimate tag from a genuine product and reapplies it to a counterfeit or expired product. Second, most existing approaches typically rely on a central server to authenticate products. This is not scalable and creates tremendous processing burden on the server, since significant volumes of products flood through the supply chain's nodes. In addition, centralized supply chains require substantial data storage to store authentication records for all products. Moreover, as with centralized systems, traditional supply chains inherently have the problem of a single-point of failure. The thesis of this dissertation is that a robust, scalable, counterfeiting-resistant supply chain that addresses the above drawbacks and can be simultaneously achieved by (i) using a combination of NFC tags on products and a distributed ledger such as blockchain for reapplication-proof, decentralized, and transparent product authentication (ii) a novel game-theoretical consensus protocol for enforcing true decentralization, and enhancing the protocol's security and performance. In this dissertation, we first propose a new Tag Reapplication Detection (TRD) system to detect reapplication attacks using low-cost NFC tags and public key cryptography. To detect reapplication attacks, TRD tracks the number of times a tag has been read in the supply chain using a 'central' authentication server. Second, leveraging the blockchain technology, we propose the Block-Supply Chain, a transformation of TRD into a decentralized supply chain. In this chain, each node maintains a blockchain (distributed public ledger) per product. This blockchain comprises chained blocks, where each is an authentication event. The Block-Supply Chain can detect tag reapplication attacks and can replace the centralized supply chain design, thus overcoming the centralization issues. One of the fundamental characteristics of blockchain technology is the consensus protocol. Consensus protocols ensure that all nodes in the blockchain network agree on the validity of a block to be included in the public ledger. The first and most popular of the existing consensus protocols is Proof of Work (PoW). However, PoW requires massive computational effort, resulting in high energy and computing resources consumption. Alternatively, Byzantine Fault Tolerance (BFT) protocols, such as Tendermint, were adapted in blockchain technology to be efficient and easy to implement. Nevertheless, not all of BFT protocols guarantee true decentralization, and they are mostly based on fixed-validators. BFT fixed-validators protocols typically rely on fixed, static validators responsible for validating all newly proposed blocks. This opens the door for adversaries to launch several attacks on these validators, such as Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) and Eclipse attacks. In contrast, a truly decentralized protocol ensures that variable sets of anonymous validators execute the blocks' validations. Building on this observation, we propose the TrueBFT, a truly decentralized BFT-based consensus protocol that does not require PoW and randomly employs a different set of validators on each block's proposal. TrueBFT is designed for permissioned blockchains (in such blockchains, the participants who can transact on the blockchain are limited, and each participant is required to have permission to join the system). Our simulations show that TrueBFT offers remarkable performance with a satisfactory level of security compared to the state-of-the-art protocol Tendermint. Another issue with current consensus protocols, particularly the BFT, is that the majority of them do not take the number of employed validators into consideration. The number of validators in a blockchain network influences its security and performance substantially. In response, we integrate a game theoretical model into TrueBFT that analyzes the risk likelihood of each proposer (i.e., the node that creates and proposes the new block). Consequently, each time a new block is proposed, the 'number of validators' becomes proportional to the risk likelihood block's proposer. Additionally, the game model reinforces the honest behavior of the validators by rewarding honest validators and punishing dishonest ones. Together, TRD, Block-Supply Chain, and the game-theoretical TrueBFT consensus protocol enable robust, scalable, decentralized anti-counterfeiting supply chain that is resistant to tag reapplication attacks, as well as attacks to consensus protocols such as DDoS and Eclipse attacks.
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24

Werle, Nicolas y Liina Lehtonen. "Hedging Your Bets: The Prospects of Cryptocurrency Use in Online Gambling : A Mixed-Methods Study". Thesis, Umeå universitet, Företagsekonomi, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-149457.

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Since its initial inception, cryptocurrency has hit the world with both intrigue and skepticism. It was acting as an alternative form of currency that people could use that required no regulative authority to back it. As such, people had the option to make purchases in anonymous manners, leading to what most would consider unethical behaviours, and ultimately resulted in cryptocurrency gaining a poor reputation. However, specific trends in society have helped cryptocurrency growth to continue. A societal loss of trust in the traditional banking system and the positive perception towards the blockchain technology, which is a peer-to-peer system that cryptocurrencies, such as Bitcoin, operate on are two such trends. Furthermore, recent years have witnessed exponential increases in the prices of cryptocurrencies, such as Bitcoin. This has led to widespread stories of people getting rich through cryptocurrency ownership, having been “wise-enough” to buy in on the cryptocurrency trend early enough to reap in the rewards of such as decision. And as a result, leading to more people wanting to be the next big success story and buying in on the cryptocurrency trend. This growing trend has also gained the attention of several multi-national companies, such as Expedia, Subway and Microsoft, who have begun accepting cryptocurrency as a form of payment. Even though specific cases have seen this strategy implemented successfully, the volatility of cryptocurrency still poses a risk that has hindered the ability of cryptocurrency to become a widespread payment option.   Given the current trend surrounding cryptocurrency, this thesis serves the purpose is to investigate another alternative option for cryptocurrency use. That option being the potential for cryptocurrency to be used as an alternative payment option in the online gambling industry. Where it has been used as a payment option in other areas, it would be interesting to identify whether there is potential for the cryptocurrency to be adopted and used in this particular industry as well. In order to investigate this phenomenon from both the consumer and industry point-of-views, this thesis used a mixed-methods study, which consisted of a qualitative study and quantitative study. Our qualitative study focused on the industry side of the phenomena. To carry it out, we conducted a series of semi-structured interviews with managers of a large online gambling company in order to gain deeper knowledge on their perspectives regarding their perceptions towards how cryptocurrency adoption would affect the online gambling industry. Based on the information gained from the interviews, specific themes were identified and further analyzed through a thematic analysis. Those themes included blockchain in online gambling, holding cryptocurrency, regulation and the reputation of cryptocurrency. Our results indicated that managers did not believe the industry was ready to adopt cryptocurrency due to specific regulatory factors, but that it had future potential, mainly regarding its association to blockchain. Our quantitative study focused on interpreting the perceptions of online gamblers regarding cryptocurrency use in online gambling. Specifically, identifying what would motivate them to use cryptocurrency in online gambling and if they were willing to accept it as a payment option. Based on the results obtained through a survey we distributed, we used linear regression to identify if online gamblers were willing to accept cryptocurrency. The resulting outcome was a moderate level of rejection towards cryptocurrency acceptance. The linear regression model also allowed us to interpret which predictor variables held the greatest level of importance towards predicting cryptocurrency acceptance. Those specific variables included cryptocurrency anonymity, usability, ownership, and belief in the future of cryptocurrency.   When comparing the results from both studies through triangulation, we were able to conclude that both consumers and the industry were not ready to fully accept cryptocurrency usage in online gambling. However, both sides indicated positive outlooks towards its future potential as a payment method.
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25

Byström, Ulrika y Diana Lundkvist. "Blockkedjan - En riskreducerare? : En undersökning av blockkedjans effekt på risk inom revisions-, finans- och fastighetsbranschen". Thesis, Umeå universitet, Företagsekonomi, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-137488.

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Den ökade digitaliseringen och framfarten av innovativa lösningar har tagit allt större plats i dagens samhälle. Dagens infrastruktur bygger på ett centraliserat system som är format för en värld innan globaliseringen. Detta innebär att makten är centraliserat till ett fåtal aktörer som politiker, myndigheter och institutioner. Denna konstruktion är ineffektiv och kostsam samtidigt som det centraliserade systemet är sårbart mot cyberattacker och bedrägerier. Genom att anamma digitaliseringen öppnas nya möjligheter upp för att hantera de globala samhällsutmaningarna. Digitaliseringen har lett till framväxten av innovativa tjänster där såväl etablerade företag som nya teknikföretag utforskar sätt att effektivisera, standardisera och säkra upp processer. Blockkedjan är en teknik som har potential att rubba ett flertal industrier genom att göra processer mer effektiva, transparent, demokratiska och säkra. Blockkedjeteknologin har en mängd olika appliceringsområden, men i korthet kan den beskrivas som en teknik som registrerar och lagrar information på ett distribuerat nätverk. Teknologins huvudsakliga syfte är att undanröja tillförlitliga tredje parter genom att säkert distribuera information till nätverkets användare. På så sätt bidrar teknologin till en ökad transparens, minskad asymmetrisk information och därmed ökad säkerhet. Detta öppnar upp frågan: Vilken effekt kommer blockkedjan att ha på företags risk? Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka vilken effekt en implementering av blockkedjan har på ett företags risk inom revisions-, finans- och fastighetsbranschen. I denna studie har tre centrala risker valts ut baserat på teknologins användningsområden: operativ-, kredit- och marknadsrisk. Studiens frågeställning besvaras genom en kvalitativ undersökning där ett brett spektra av respondenter i intervjuer har bidragit med kunskap och erfarenhet. Resultatet från studien påvisar många intressanta aspekter om hur risken kan komma att påverkas från användandet av teknologin. Samtidigt som vi ser stor potential för blockkedjan att reducera ett flertal oönskade risker, finns det en hel del hinder som tekniken ställs inför. Med få befintliga tillämpningar av teknologin är det svårt att förutse exakta konsekvenser, det mesta blir således hypotetiskt. Sammantaget ser vi blockkedjan som en revolutionerande innovation med potential att förändra marknaden. Huruvida teknologins framfart kommer att arta sig är dock beroende av en anpassning i lagstiftningar och regelverk. Utmaningen för beslutsfattarna är således att väga den ökade samhällsnyttan mot de risker som tekniken kan medföra. I detta resonemang ser vi att denna studie kan bidra till en ökad kunskap om blockkedjans riskrelaterade styrkor och hot.
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26

Danho, Sargon y Yonathan Habte. "Blockchain for Financial Inclusion and Mobile Financial Services : A study in sub-Saharan Africa". Thesis, KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-264126.

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Financial services have historically been offered by central entities which has put financial systems in the control of a number of central parties. Some argue that this centralization has contributed to a more unequal distribution of wealth. However, during more recent time with the emergence of blockchain, traditional perspectives on transparency and democratization have shifted. Increasing financial inclusion has been highlighted as a crucial step in decreasing poverty levels and blockchain has been discussed as a technology with a potential to make a difference in this ambition. This study will focus on sub-Saharan Africa where 550 million individuals lack access to financial services despite having access to mobile phones. As a consequence of this, mobile financial services boomed in sub-Saharan Africa, starting in Kenya. This study will therefore focus on mobile financial services and more precisely on the perceived usefulness of blockchain technology for the mobile financial services. Furthermore, the study aims to explore what role blockchain can play in further increasing financial inclusion in the region. This was done by conducting several interviews with people representing start-ups, government agencies, telco companies during a research trip to South Africa and by participation in the Blockchain Africa Conference 2019 in Cape town.  The findings from the research show that blockchain is perceived as useful for mobile financial services, mainly because of its ability to reduce costs by removing intermediaries, to automate processes and to create decentralized trust. However, it was also found that the usefulness is negatively affected today due to the lack of common protocols and definitions, which makes it difficult for blockchain to yet make a real difference in increasing financial inclusion.
Finansiella tjänster har historiskt sätt tillhandahållits med hjälp av centraliserad datalagring genom pålitliga intermediärer såsom banker och försäkringsbolag. Detta har satt det finansiella systemet i kontroll av några få centrala aktörer vilket somliga menar har ökat den ekonomisk ojämlikheten. På senare tid, i samband med blockkedjeteknologins framväxt, har synen på demokrati och transparens skiftat. Ökad finansiell inkludering har lyfts fram som avgörande för att minska fattigdomen. Blockkedjeteknologin har framhävts att ha potential att göra skillnad i detta arbete. Denna studie fokuserar på Subsahariska Afrika där 550 miljoner individer saknar tillgång till finansiella tjänster trots att de har tillgång till mobiltelefoner. Att erbjuda mobila finansiella tjänster är viktigt för att möjliggöra finansiell inkludering. Studien ämnar därför att undersöka upplevd användbarhet av blockkedjeteknologi för mobila finansiella tjänster och hur tekniken kan utöka finansiell inkludering i kontinenten. Detta har delvis gjorts genom en forskningsresa till Sydafrika där flertalet intervjuer utfördes med personer som representerar startupbolag, regeringen, telekombranschen och den akademiska världen. Resultaten från studien visar att blockkedjeteknologin upplevs vara användbar för mobila finansiella tjänster, främst på grund av dess förmåga att sänka kostnaderna genom att ta bort mellanhänder, automatisera processer samt skapa säkra decentraliserade system. Däremot måste standardiserade protokoll och definitioner måste utvecklas innan detta kan realiseras. Fram till dess kommer det att vara svårt för blockkedjeteknolgi att göra en verklig skillnad i ökad finansiell inkludering.
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27

Klug, Lisa. "Barriers in the Pre-Decision Stage of Blockchain Adoption for Supply Chain : A Single Case Study in a Swedish Small Enterprise". Thesis, Högskolan i Halmstad, Akademin för företagande, innovation och hållbarhet, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-45449.

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Background: Blockchain is a technological innovation, and its benefits such as decentralized transactions without a trusted third party, improvements in traceability and efficiency can potentially facilitate complex challenges faced by supply chains (Hughes et al., 2019; Saberi et al., 2019). However, solutions are rather in a demonstration stage, which raises the question of what barriers prevent organizations from adopting blockchain (Kouhizadeh et al., 2021). Especially small and medium-sized enterprises (SME) have been neglected in blockchain adoption studies (Wong et al., 2020). However, research recognizes that they should be considered separately because of their specific needs (Chouki et al., 2020). Moreover, the pre-decision stage of the adoption is of interest, as blockchain applications for the supply chain are still in a pilot phase (Y. Wang, Singgih, et al., 2019). Research Question: What barriers do SMEs face during the pre-decision stage of blockchain adoption for supply chain? Theoretical Framework: A framework developed by Kouhizadeh et al. (2021) containing barriers that impede blockchain adoption for supply chains is contextualized in the pre-decision phase and focused on SMEs. Methodology and Data Collection: This thesis follows a qualitative, deductive approach. An exploratory single case study was conducted to collect data through semi-structured interviews. This sheds light on the blockchain adoption from the perspective of a Swedish SME in the pre-decision stage that intends to use blockchain for sustainable water management in an agricultural supply chain. Complementary to this, blockchain experts are interviewed to enrich companies' responses that cannot fully illuminate the barriers due to their limited knowledge. Findings: Supply chain barriers emerged as the most important, especially 'SC2- Problems in collaboration, communication, and coordination in the supply chain', and 'SC1- Lack of customers' awareness and tendency about sustainability and blockchain technology'. Furthermore, four characteristics were identified that significantly influence the perception of the barriers in the setting studied: The proactive commitment to adopting blockchain, the affinity and attitude toward information technology (IT), trust, and financial support. Conclusions: Several managerial and theoretical implications result from the study, as well as suggestions for further research. These include that SMEs and consultants should consider the characteristics that influence perceptions of barriers in order to prioritize the barriers, and also in research they should be more emphasized to enhance transferability of blockchain adoption research. Limitations include that the case study was conducted on a single SME in Sweden, therefore a validation of the results in other SMEs would be beneficial. In addition, a longitudinal study could shed light on how the barriers change during the adoption process, and further research could reveal the strategies that SMEs use to overcome the barriers.
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Sigurdsson, Johanna y Line Weimer. "En blockkedja på den svenska värdepappersmarknaden? : En undersökande studie om blockkedjeteknikens potential och användningsområden". Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Företagsekonomi, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-151035.

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Bakgrund: Den svenska värdepappersmarknaden utgörs av en komplex marknadsstruktur med många intermediärer. En av de senast introducerade teknikerna är blockkedjetekniken, som ska förenkla interaktionen mellan aktörer. Tekniken är en distribuerad databas som byg- ger på en kedja av block där transaktioner och information kan registreras utan inblandning av tredje part. Finansiella aktörer undersöker blockkedjeteknikens användningsområden och potential, men som med alla innovationer uppkommer även utmaningar. Det är således av relevans att undersöka vilka användningsområden, utmaningar och påverkan som identi- fieras för blockkedjetekniken på värdepappersmarknaden. Syfte: Studien syftar till att undersöka vilka användningsområden, utmaningar samt påver- kan på marknaden och dess intermediärer som identifieras för blockkedjetekniken på den svenska värdepappersmarknaden. Metod: För att besvara studiens syfte har en kvalitativ ansats tillämpats för att erhålla en djupare förståelse för fenomenet. Det genomfördes fem stycken semistrukturerade intervjuer med verksamma aktörer på den svenska värdepappersmarknaden och en intervju med en sakkunnig inom blockkedjeteknik. Slutsats: Studien visar att blockkedjetekniken har potential att automatisera och effektivi- sera manuella processer. Men teknikens fulla potential begränsas av rådande regelverk och en begränsad volymkapacitet. I studien framgår det att tekniken inte är applicerbar på de affärsområden som omfattar stora volymer, exempelvis clearing och avveckling av aktier. Vid implementering av enbart en blockkedja minskar informationsasymmetrier och transakt- ionskostnader. Men för närvarande finns ingen teknisk lösning för en interaktion mellan olika blockkedjor, vilket kan bidra till en ökad grad av informationsasymmetri. Studien har således bidragit till en ökad förståelse för blockkedjeteknikens potentiella applicerbarhet och påverkan på den svenska värdepappersmarknaden.
Background: The Swedish Securities Market structure is complex with many intermediar- ies. Blockchain is one of the latest introduced technologies, which offers a new way of inter- action. It is a distributed ledger which builds on a chain of blocks where transactions and information is registered without the need for a third party. Financial market players are in- vestigating the potential of the technology and its applications, but as with all new innova- tions there will be challenges. Thus it is of relevance to investigate applications, challenges and potential impact of the Blockchain technology in the Swedish Securities Market. Aim: The study aims to examine potential applications, challenges and impact the Block- chain technology can have on the Swedish Securities Market and its intermediaries. Completion: To fulfill the aim of the study and attain a deeper knowledge about Blockchain a qualitative research method has been applied. Five semi structured interviews were con- ducted with market players operating on the Swedish Securities Market. Furthermore one semi structured interview has been conducted with a Blockchain expert. Conclusion: The study concludes that Blockchain has the potential to automate and streamline manually performed processes. However the full potential is restrained by pre- vailing regulations and technical limitations concerning the volume capacity. The study con- cludes that Blockchain cannot be implemented for business areas which includes large amount of volume transactions, for example clearing and settlement of shares. If only one single Blockchain is implemented the information asymmetry and the transaction costs can be reduced. However there is no solution for enabling interaction between multiple Block- chains, which can increase the degree of information asymmetry. The contribution of the study is an increased knowledge of Blockchain and its potential for the Swedish Securities Market.
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Mukabi, Collins y Nguyen Long Vu. "Cryptocurrency as a Payment Method in the Retail Industry : An application of Diffusion of Innovation Theory (DOI) on the characteristics of Bitcoin: the case of Bitrefill". Thesis, Internationella Handelshögskolan, Högskolan i Jönköping, IHH, Företagsekonomi, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-46892.

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Background: The convergence of payment behaviours can contribute to the diffusion of new payment technologies and thus economic performance. There is evidence that the electrification of the retail payment system promotes the performance of the banking sector and economic growth. The retail payment market is a prime example of a two-sided market where new payment instruments need to reach a critical mass of users to become viable and grow further (Martikainen, Schmiedel & Takalo, 2015). Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to analyse Bitcoin, as a payment method, and review the models already used to shed more light on its further potential adoption by retailers. We apply the DOI theory and review the TAM model to determine the underlying characteristics of Bitcoin that will enable further adoption or rejection among retailers. Method: We conduct a case study on Bitrefill AB which offers a rich method for investigating and researching. With the process of interpretation in context, we make inference from the case of Bitrefill in connecting with events and experiences of other retailers (Expedia, Alibaba, Overstock and CheapAir). Conclusion: According to the results, the adoption of Bitcoin relies heavily on positive relative advantages to other payment methods, compatibility and simplicity of its use while negative characteristics that pull it back from being adopted include the complexities in understanding the technology behind it, damaging outcomes varying from the expected.
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30

Loi, Camilla. "Progettare l'inserimento di General Purpose Technologies nelle Organizzazioni con il Design Thinking: evidenze dal campo e metodologia proposta". Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2022. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/25008/.

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Vista la crescente necessità di svolgere progetti d'innovazione guidati dalle nuove tecnologie, la presente ricerca risponde all'esigenza di trovare una metodologia efficace per poterli affrontare proficuamente. In un primo momento, l'elaborato propone una metodologia che permette di elaborare una classificazione dei progetti d'innovazione technology-driven in classi ed un pacchetto di tools funzionali al riconoscimento dell'appartenenza alle stesse. In un secondo momento, giunti a comprensione del fatto che ad ognuna delle classi corrisponde uno specifico fine raggiungibile con una specifica metodologia, lo studio descrive la metodologia seguita per raggiungere una efficace e ripetibile elaborazione di principi progettuali, buone pratiche e strumenti che permettano ad una Organizzazione di appropriarsi del valore di una tecnologia General Purpose (GPT) attraverso l'ideazione di soluzioni innovativa. La progettazione è figlia di un approccio di Design Thinking (DT), sia poichè esso è stato usato nello svolgimento stesso della ricerca, sia perchè la metodologia DT è alla base della modellazione del processo proposto per la classe.
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Mendoza, Sánchez Jhenner Emiliano y MONTEROLA LESLLY PAOLA EUMELIA SANCHEZ. "Gestión de la innovación abierta y los derechos de propiedad intelectual". Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10757/648722.

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El profesor Henry Chesbrough, da origen a “Open Innovation” (OI por sus siglas en inglés) a principios del presente milenio. Él afirma que “La innovación abierta es un paradigma que parte de la suposición de que las empresas pueden y deben utilizar ideas externas, así como vías internas y externas de acceso al mercado, con el fin de desarrollar su negocio” (Chesbrough, 2011, p. 126). La base de OI y los derechos de propiedad intelectual(DPI) en distintas áreas juegan un rol fundamental. Bican, Guderian & Ringbeck (2017), afirman que existe un efecto desactivador de la innovación. Sobre todo, en paises en vías de desarrollo. Debido a que existe una brecha para impulsar I+D+i desde el estado como promotor junto a las universidades. Además, “Las empresas deben organizar sus procesos de innovación para estar más abiertas a ideas y conocimientos externos” (Chesbrough, 2011). En Perú, y otros países de Latinoamérica, falta desarrollar políticas orientadas al desarrollo de innovación abierta. Según CEPAL (2018), el principal motivo de desconexión entre los ciudadanos y el estado, es la incapacidad de las instituciones públicas para satisfacer las demandas crecientes y cambiantes de la sociedad. Además, existen otros desafíos socioeconómicos y la necesidad de repensar las instituciones para darles mejor respuesta a las demandas de la sociedad. En el presente trabajo, estudiaremos los posibles factores de éxito de gestión de OI y DPI, la influencia de las TICs y la generacion de un ecosistema Hyper-colaborativo, para crear valor y promover un mayor bienestar en la población.
Professor Henry Chesbrough gives rise to "Open Innovation" (OI) at the beginning of this millennium. He states that "Open innovation is a paradigm that starts from the assumption that companies can and should use external ideas, as well as internal and external ways of accessing the market, in order to develop their business" (Chesbrough, 2011, p. 126). The basis of OI and intellectual property rights (IPR) in different areas play a fundamental role. Bican, Guderian&Ringbeck (2017), state that there is a deactivating effect of innovation. Above all, in developing countries. Because there is a gap to promote R & D & I from the state as a promoter with universities. In addition, "Companies must organize their innovation processes to be more open to external ideas and knowledge" (Chesbrough, 2011). In Peru, and other Latin American countries, there is a need to develop policies aimed at developing open innovation. According to ECLAC (2018), the main reason for disconnection between citizens and the state is the inability of public institutions to meet the growing and changing demands of society. In addition, there are other socio-economic challenges and the need to rethink institutions to better respond to society's demands. In this paper, we will study the possible success factors of OI and DPI management, the influence of ICTs and the generation of a Hyper-collaborative ecosystem, to create value and promote greater well-being in the population.
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Blidholm, Gustaf y Mathias Johnson. "The adoption of distributed ledger technology in trade and export finance operations of Swedish banks". Thesis, KTH, Industriell ekonomi och organisation (Inst.), 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-241120.

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Centralized data storage and reconciliation by trusted intermediaries has historically put financial systems in the hands of a single central parties. The emergence of bitcoin and blockchain, combined with the 2008 financial crisis, has shifted the Swedish financial sector’s traditional perspectives on democratization, centralization, transparency and automation. Trade and export finance is one of many sectors investigating how blockchain and distributed ledger technology can be used other than as a digital currency system. Swedish trade and export finance connects importers, exporters, banks, credit providers, customs, and transporters into a fragmented and complex process with many stakeholders. Sweden further has a history of quickly adopting technological innovations. Banks therefore face a dynamic environment and an inconsistent, manual operative process that removes profitability incentives in providing small enterprises with credit. The adoption of DLT could provide efficiency gains and cost savings in administration, communication, reconciliation and accounting. In this thesis, the costs, benefits, and remaining barriers of implementing distributed ledger technology in Swedish trade finance are identified. Further, Swedish contextual factors’ effect on the rate of adoption is addressed. The chosen methodology of deep interviews and thorough studying of literature provides an assessment of the potential transition dynamics, forming a foundation for future investment decisions. The conclusions drawn suggest that the main costs related to adoption lie in research and development and implementation. R&D costs for distributed ledgers in the Swedish financial sector during 2019 were approximated to USD 40 million. The main benefits of automation, efficiency and reduced level of complexity were concluded to likely outweigh the costs within approximately ten to twenty years. Experience will allow companies to optimize governance structures and consensus mechanisms, while learning to expose parts of networks into public space. The innovative, adaptive Swedish market environment presumably enables faster than average diffusion of innovation, while remaining barriers in cooperation, trust, interoperability and regulation may extend the adoption process
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Лавірко, Наталья Володимирівна. "Моделювання попиту на ринку ІТ-технологій". Магістерська робота, Київський національний університет технологій та дизайну, 2021. https://er.knutd.edu.ua/handle/123456789/19261.

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Об’єктом дослідження є основи, структура та потенціал інформаційних технологій. Предметом дослідження виступає роль інформаційних технологій (IT) в Україні та світі. У першому теоретичному розділі розглянуто суть і структуру ІТ-ринку. Обґрунтовано актуальність теми – вона полягає в тому, що на даний момент інформаційні технології, їх вивчення і розробка є особливо важливим завданням для фахівців в зв’язку зі зростанням їх ролі і значення, і як інструменту, і як найважливішого чинника розвитку міжнародної економіки. У роботі присутні види інформаційних технологій і їхній повний опис. Другий розділ дипломної роботи присвячений аналізу галузі і потенціалу ринку ІТ технологій в Україні, зокрема, проведені загальний аналіз попиту на ІТ-фахівців в Україні і закордоном. У третьому розділі дипломної роботи показано застосування найсучаснішої технологій Smart City в Україні та закордоном, узагальнено основні ознаки "розумного" міста та наведено яскраві приклади розробки і майбутніх планів реалізації технологій в світі та 5 найбільших містах України.
The object of the research is the basis, structure and potential of information technologies. The subject of the research is the role of information technologies (IT) in Ukraine and society. The first theoretical section considers the essence and structure of the IT market. The relevance of the topic is substantiated - it consists in the fact that at the moment information technologies, their study and development is a particularly important task for specialists in connection with the growth of their role and importance, both as a tool and as the most important factor in the development of the international economy. The work contains the types of information technologies and their full description. The second section of the thesis is devoted to the analysis of the industry and the potential of the IT technology market in Ukraine, in particular, the general analysis of the demand for IT specialists in Ukraine and abroad. The third section of the diploma work shows the application of the most modern Smart City technologies in Ukraine and abroad, summarizes the main features of the "smart" city and provides vivid examples of the development and future plans for the implementation of technologies in the world and 5 major cities of Ukraine.
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34

Cerneckis, Gvidas. "Blockkedjeteknologin på finansiella marknader : Kan blockkedjeteknologin effektivisera handeln med finansiella instrument?" Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Affärsrätt, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-147053.

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Handeln med finansiella instrument har effektiviserats avsevärt under de senaste decennierna tack vare den tekniska utvecklingen och internationaliseringen. Pappersbaserade värdepapper har ersatts av digitala finansiella instrument och investerare kan numera på ett enkelt sätt skapa värdepappersportföljer innehållande komplexa värdepapper från hela världen. En välfungerande och effektiv handel med finansiella instrument förutsätter att förtroendet existerar mellan aktörer på finansiella marknader. Idag säkerställs förtroendet inom finansiella marknader av ett antal olika finansiella intermediärer, vilka ansvarar för olika funktioner såsom clearing, avveckling och kontoföring. Transaktionskedjan avseende finansiella instrument består därmed av flera nivåer och varje enskild transaktion måste genomgå samtliga nivåer. Den finansiella handeln har ökat betydligt i omfattningen och ett betydande antal transaktioner är numera gränsöverskridande. Detta har resulterat i ett tämligen komplext, sammanlänkat och sårbart system, vilket bland annat har synliggjorts under den senaste finanskrisen år 2008.     Blockkedjeteknologi, vilken är en typ av Distributed Ledger Technology, kan något förenklat ses som en databas eller ett transaktionsregister. Till skillnad från traditionella transaktionsregister, vilka i regel är centraliserade och förvaltas av olika intermediärer, bygger den nya teknologin på ett decentraliserat nätverk av aktörer utan att någon tredje part är ansvarig för verifiering av transaktioner. Blockkedjeteknologin introducerar därmed ett nytt sätt att genomföra transaktioner med digitala tillgångar, genom att förtroendet säkerställs med hjälp av kryptografiska lösningar och ett decentraliserat nätverk. Blockkedjeteknologin anses av många ha en betydande potential att effektivisera transaktionskedjan avseende finansiella instrument genom att exempelvis automatisera förandet av transaktionsregister samt integrera de olika nivåerna inom transaktionskedjan. Tekniken är dock fortfarande i en utvecklingsfas och många olika utmaningar återstår innan tekniken kan komma till användning. I Sverige präglas transaktionskedjan avseende finansiella instrument dessutom av strikta regleringar, varför frågan uppstår om huruvida lösningar baserade på blockkedjetekniken är förenliga med dagens rättsliga ramar.   I denna uppsats diskuteras huruvida och på vilket sätt blockkedjeteknologin skulle kunna effektivisera vissa funktioner inom transaktionskedjan avseende finansiella instrument samt vilka rättsliga frågeställningar som uppstår i samband med tillämpning av den nya tekniken utifrån dagens rättsläge i Sverige.
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35

Solat, Siamak. "Novel fault-tolerant, self-configurable, scalable, secure, decentralized, and high-performance distributed database replication architecture using innovative sharding to enable the use of BFT consensus mechanisms in very large-scale networks". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Paris Cité, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023UNIP7025.

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Cette thèse de doctorat se compose de 6 chapitres. Dans le premier chapitre, en guise d'introduction, nous donnons un aperçu des objectifs généraux et des motivations des réseaux décentralisés et permissionless, ainsi que des obstacles auxquels ils sont confrontés. Dans l'introduction, nous évoquons également la solution irrationnelle et illogique, connue sous le nom de « blockchain permissioned », qui a été proposée pour améliorer les performances des réseaux similaires à Bitcoin. Cette question a été détaillée au chapitre 5. Dans le chapitre 2, nous rendons clairs et intelligibles les systèmes que l'idée proposée, « Parallel Committees », est basée sur de tels réseaux. Nous détaillons les fonctionnalités indispensables et les défis essentiels des systèmes de réplication. Ensuite, dans le chapitre 3, nous discutons des limitations de scalabilité et du faible débit des systèmes de réplication qui utilisent des mécanismes de consensus pour traiter les transactions et comment ces problèmes peuvent être améliorés en utilisant des techniques de sharding. Nous décrivons les défis les plus importants dans le sharding des systèmes de réplication distribuée, une approche qui a déjà été mise en œuvre dans plusieurs systèmes de réplication basés sur la blockchain et, bien qu'elle ait montré un potentiel significatif pour améliorer les performances et la scalabilité, les techniques de sharding actuelles ont encore des limitations de scalabilité et des défis de sécurité. Nous expliquons pourquoi la plupart des protocoles de sharding actuels utilisent une approche d'allocation aléatoire pour distribuer les nœuds entre les shards pour des raisons de sécurité. Nous décrivons également comment traiter une transaction dans un système de réplication partitionné basé sur les protocoles de sharding actuels. Nous expliquons comment un « shared-ledger » partagé sur les shards impose des limitations de scalabilité et des défis de sécurité au réseau, et expliquons pourquoi les transactions « cross-shards » ou « inter-shards » sont indésirables et plus coûteuses en raison des problèmes qu'elles causent, y compris « atomicity failure » et les défis de « state transition », ainsi qu'une passe en revue des solutions proposées. Nous passons également en revue certains des travaux récents les plus remarquables qui utilisent des techniques de sharding pour les systèmes de réplication. Cette partie de l'ouvrage a été publiée sous la forme d'un chapitre de livre (peer-reviewed) in « Building Cybersecurity Applications with Blockchain Technology and Smart Contracts » (Springer, 2023). Dans le chapitre 4, nous proposons une nouvelle technique de sharding, « Parallel Committees », prenant en charge à la fois le « processing-sharding » et le « storage/state sharding », pour améliorer la scalabilité et les performances des systèmes de réplication distribués qui utilisent des mécanismes de consensus pour traiter les demandes des clients (client requests). Nous introduisons une approche innovante et originale pour répartir les nœuds entre les shards à l'aide d'un processus de génération de clé publique qui atténue simultanément l'attaque Sybil et sert de mécanisme de preuve de travail (proof-of-work). Notre approche réduit efficacement les transactions « inter-shards » indésirables, qui sont plus complexes et coûteuses à traiter que les transactions « intra-shards ». L'idée proposée a été publiée dans la conférence IEEE BCCA 2023. Nous expliquons ensuite pourquoi nous n'utilisons pas la structure de la blockchain dans l'idée proposée, un sujet abordé en détail au chapitre 5. Cette explication et clarification a été publiée dans le Journal of Software (JSW), Volume 16, Number 3, May 2021. Et dans le dernier chapitre de cette thèse, le chapitre 6, nous résumons les points importants et les conclusions de cette recherche
This PhD thesis consists of 6 Chapters. In the first Chapter, as an introduction, we provide an overview of the general goals and motives of decentralized and permissionless networks, as well as the obstacles they face. In the introduction, we also refer to the irrational and illogical solution, known as "permissioned blockchain" that has been proposed to improve the performance of networks similar to Bitcoin. This matter has been detailed in Chapter 5. In Chapter 2, we make clear and intelligible the systems that the proposed idea, Parallel Committees, is based on such networks. We detail the indispensable features and essential challenges in replication systems. Then in Chapter 3, we discuss in detail the low performance and scalability limitations of replication systems that use consensus mechanisms to process transactions, and how these issues can be improved using the sharding technique. We describe the most important challenges in the sharding of distributed replication systems, an approach that has already been implemented in several blockchain-based replication systems and although it has shown remarkable potential to improve performance and scalability, yet current sharding techniques have several significant scalability and security issues. We explain why most current sharding protocols use a random assignment approach for allocating and distributing nodes between shards due to security reasons. We also detail how a transaction is processed in a sharded replication system, based on current sharding protocols. We describe how a shared-ledger across shards imposes additional scalability limitations and security issues on the network and explain why cross-shard or inter-shard transactions are undesirable and more costly, due to the problems they cause, including atomicity failure and state transition challenges, along with a review of proposed solutions. We also review some of the most considerable recent works that utilize sharding techniques for replication systems. This part of the work has been published as a peer-reviewed book chapter in "Building Cybersecurity Applications with Blockchain Technology and Smart Contracts" (Springer, 2023). In Chapter 4, we propose a novel sharding technique, Parallel Committees, supporting both processing and storage/state sharding, to improve the scalability and performance of distributed replication systems that use a consensus to process clients' requests. We introduce an innovative and novel approach of distributing nodes between shards, using a public key generation process that simultaneously mitigates Sybil attack and serves as a proof-of-work mechanism. Our approach effectively reduces undesirable cross-shard transactions that are more complex and costly to process than intra-shard transactions. The proposed idea has been published as peer-reviewed conference proceedings in the IEEE BCCA 2023. We then explain why we do not make use of a blockchain structure in the proposed idea, an issue that is discussed in great detail in Chapter 5. This clarification has been published in the Journal of Software (JSW), Volume 16, Number 3, May 2021. And, in the final Chapter of this thesis, Chapter 6, we summarize the important points and conclusions of this research
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36

Beinke, Jan Heinrich. "The Impact of Blockchain Technology on Business Model Innovation". Doctoral thesis, 2021. https://repositorium.ub.uni-osnabrueck.de/handle/urn:nbn:de:gbv:700-202107285217.

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Fueled by the success of cryptocurrencies such as Bitcoin, blockchain technology has emerged as an interesting and promising technological solution in a variety of industries. However, it remains unclear to what extent blockchain technology possesses the potential to transform existing business models or to enable new business models. So far, scientific studies have been predominantly technologically driven; the economic viability, e.g., in the form of innovative, sustainable business models, as well as the acceptance of blockchain technology have not been sufficiently investigated. This dissertation addresses this research gap and focuses on three domains: The financial sector, the temporary employment industry, and the healthcare sector. To investigate the impact of blockchain technology on business model innovation as well as its impact on existing business models, quantitative and qualitative methods are applied in the form of a mixed-method approach. Within this approach, (acceptance) models, tools, methods, and prototypes are developed. Moreover, recommendations for decision makers are elaborated and central economic, ecological, political, legal, social, and ethical challenges and opportunities of blockchain technology for business models and business model innovations are identified and discussed. The results of this dissertation support economic and political decision makers as well as researchers in the fields of blockchain technology and business model innovation.
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37

Moreira, Maria Alice Bosseljon Roche. "Innovating in the music industry : Blockchain, Streaming & Revenue Capture". Master's thesis, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.14/31171.

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Music industry revenues experienced a boom when digital music became available and the music business reinvented itself. Even with the existence of piracy, the business has been growing since 2015. A lot of the credit goes to streaming platforms that introduced the notion of access instead of ownership as the dominant business model (BM). However, the main financial beneficiaries are the platforms, labels, and publishers (the middlemen), whereas musicians receive little from streaming their creations. This is due to an outdated royalty distribution system that was applied to the new BM. This study aims to propose an updated BM by innovating the industry’s payment framework with the use of blockchain technology (BT). It would create a fair and transparent accounting system as well as promoting trust for all professionals in the system. Secondary data on strategic innovation, the music industry, and business model innovation were analyzed in this study. Qualitative and quantitative primary data was collected through a survey and semi-structured interviews conducted with industry professionals. Results revealed that BT could be a game-changer in the way the industry accounts for and pay royalties. However, there is little knowledge about the use of BT so no immediacy to bring about its implementation. Also, the industry lacks incentives to change the BM as big players run the show leaving musicians without little agency to bring about change. Finally, the study concludes that even though BT is a possible solution, the industry might not yet be accepting of this kind of change.
As receitas da indústria da música passaram por um boom quando a música digital ficou disponível. O negócio se reinventou. Mesmo com pirataria, o mercado vem crescendo desde 2015. Grande parte se deve às plataformas de streaming que introduziram um modelo de negócios (MN) de acesso, em vez de propriedade que dominava o mercado. No entanto, os principais beneficiários financeiros são as plataformas, gravadoras e editoras (os intermediários), enquanto os músicos recebem pouco de streaming. Isso se deve ao sistema de distribuição de royalties desatualizado que foi aplicado ao novo MN. Este estudo tem como objetivo propor um MN atualizado, através da inovação do sistema de pagamento com o uso de tecnologia blockchain (TB). Esta criaria um sistema contábil justo e transparente, além de melhorar a confiança dos profissionais no sistema. Dados secundários sobre inovação estratégica, indústria da música e inovação em MN foram analisados . Os dados primários qualitativos e quantitativos foram coletados por meio de pesquisa e entrevistas semiestruturadas realizadas com profissionais do setor. Os resultados revelam que a TB pode mudar o jogo em relação a contabilização e pagamento de royalties. No entanto, há pouco conhecimento sobre o uso, portanto não há imediatismo por parte da indústria para implementa-la. Além disso, a indústria carece de incentivos para mudar o MN, já que grandes players conduzem o show, deixando músicos sem alternativas para promover mudanças. Por fim, o estudo conclui que, embora seja uma possível solução para o problema, o setor ainda não aceita esse tipo de mudança.
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Yang, Chia-Cheng y 楊家澄. "Innovation diffusion of financial technology: the case of blockchain technological development in Taiwan". Thesis, 2017. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/647ksq.

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碩士
國立清華大學
科技管理研究所
105
The purpose of this study is aimed to investigate the blockchain technological development in Taiwan. Based on the diffusion of innovation theory, this study discovered how the influential factors and external environment influence its development, in which we described its stakeholders and status quo in Taiwan. This study adopted a qualitative approach by in-deep interviews in the industry, we also collect secondary data from related media, literature, and report, and then conduct analysis and conclusion. The results indicated the constraint of blockchain technological development in Taiwan, are experiencing both internal and external obstacles. External obstacles include (1) the uncertainty of regulation; and (2) the structural problem of information technology industry. The internal obstacles of blockchain technology are (1) dominant design has not defined; (2) the benefit of adoption is unclear. Taiwanese firm's characteristic appears to be “fast-follower” and is waiting for the emergence of “Crossing the chasm”.
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39

Chang, Shih-Huang y 張世煌. "Innovative Elements and Case Study of Blockchain Application in Game Industry". Thesis, 2019. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/xqnda9.

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碩士
亞洲大學
經營管理學系碩士在職專班
107
Klaus Schwab, founder of the World Economic Forum (WEF), once said that the blockchain is the fourth industrial revolution since the invention of steam, electricity and computers. The game industry has boomed in the blockchain, and according to Dutch market research firm Newzoo, the gaming industry is expected to grow to $128 billion by 2020. It can be seen that the market value of the game market continues to grow and there are amazing trading volumes. Through the blockchain, its impossible to modify, anonymity, openness and decentralization characteristics can solve the pain points of the game industry which is too centralized and digital assets are difficult to manage. This thesis will use the game cases - CryptoKitties, FOMO 3D, and Gods Unchained as the research target. Besides, we will explore these three famous blockchain game by using Case Analysis Method to find whether the elements of innovation are in line with the blockchain core or not and summarize the innovation factors of blockchain games. And whether this disruptive innovation using in the game industry can bring new value to the stakeholders. It is worthy of being a reference for the development of relevant industry in the future.
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40

Gray, Jared. "The effect of blockchain technology on the South African banking environment". Thesis, 2018. https://hdl.handle.net/10539/28495.

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A research article submitted to the Faculty of Commerce, Law and Management, University of the Witwatersrand, in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Business Administration Johannesburg, 2018
Blockchain technology is a foundational technology with various use cases that can significantly impact the manner in which banking is carried out in South Africa. The following paper seeks to put together a framework for understanding the potential effect of blockchain technology on the South African banking environment, with a specific focus on how blockchain technology will impact the South African banking environment (i.e. the applications and use cases) and when this impact will take place. A qualitative approach to addressing the problem statement was adopted, specifically in the form of focus interviews and strategic discussions with subject matter experts in both the blockchain and South African banking environment. Findings indicate that there are number of blockchain applications that can impact the South African banking environment namely, Private Digital Ledgers, Smart Contracts and Tokens/ Cryptocurrencies. Further to this, research indicates that the former is most likely in the short term, while the latter two applications are subject to a high-level stakeholder coordination, a high level of effort in educating the end customer and a high level of friction from existing systems and process, and will therefore only realise mass adoption in the long-term. As a result, this research contributes to providing an initial view of which applications are most likely to be adopted by South African banks and can form the foundation for further research in this area.
E.K. 2019
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41

LIN, CHE-YIN y 林哲因. "A Regional Study on Innovation Activities of an Emerging Industries - The Case of Blockchain-based Financial Technology Industry". Thesis, 2019. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/3j4t57.

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碩士
國立臺北教育大學
社會與區域發展學系碩士班
107
The emergence of blockchain technology is in response to the 2008 financial turmoil, and it is expected to replace the artificially regulated financial model with decentralized technology. As for the innovation of this technology in Taiwan, it presents an innovative model for improving financial service processes and establishing alternative financial ecosystems. Therefore, this paper combines regional diversity theory and geographic elements to generate an analytical framework, and explores the innovation activities of regional industries with Taiwan's application of blockchain technology in the financial technology industry. This paper adopts the qualitative research methodology. The data collection methods include second-hand data collection, field observation, and in-depth interviews. The interpretive analysis is used to analyze and interpret the data. The conclusions of this paper are three: First, the innovation of financial technology industry based on blockchain presents two ecological modes: innovation within the system and innovation outside the system. Second, the blockchain-based financial technology industry innovation is influenced by the external environment at the global, national and regional scales, covering the regulatory orientation and industrial environment. Third, key actors practice the technology learning and exchange, niche market expansion, and industry normative discussions required for financial technology industry innovation through spatial strategies such as temporary clustering and project organization.
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42

Benoist, Léonie Pauline. "Do bitcoin and the block chain support innovation and entrepreneurship". Master's thesis, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10071/16327.

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In this dissertation we will present the Bitcoin and its technology and is supporting feature as a success factor for innovation and entrepreneurship. We will first demonstrate that Bitcoin is a currency and present its history and technology. Then from our literature researches and the interview we have conducted we will try to answer our problematic: Is Bitcoin and the Blockchain supporting entrepreneurship and innovation? Finally after crossing the theoretical and academic lectures with the testimony of the real actors we will present our conclusion and recommendation to the lectors.
Nesta dissertação, apresentaremos o "Bitcoin" e sua tecnologia e apoiaremos o recurso como fator de sucesso para inovação e empreendedorismo. Vamos primeiro demonstrar que a "Bitcoin" é uma moeda e apresentar sua história e tecnologia. Então, a partir de nossas pesquisas de literatura e da entrevista que realizamos, tentaremos responder a nossa problemática: "Bitcoin" e a "Blockchain" apoiam o empreendedorismo e a inovação? Finalmente, depois de cruzar as palestras teóricas e acadêmicas com o testemunho dos atores reais, apresentaremos nossa conclusão e recomendação aos vetores.
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Cabral, Sofia Antunes da Silva. "The impact of blockchain technology on anti-money laundering and counter-terrorism financing management by financial institutions". Master's thesis, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10071/19391.

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Money laundering and financing of terrorism are serious criminal offences that contribute to the parallel economy and harm the overall society wellbeing, as they generate further crime. The ever-evolving technological field makes it so that ML/FT schemes are becoming increasingly complex and dynamic, hindering the efforts conducted by regulators and authorities to suppress these events. Financial institutions, being an attractive vehicle for this type of criminal offences, also play an important role in fighting ML/FT. Hence, financial entities must ensure adequate controls and procedures to comply with the prevailing AML/CFT legislation. Blockchain technology first arose in the context of cryptocurrencies. However, its inherent characteristics and flexibility make it suitable for numerous areas, including the financial services industry. The goal of this dissertation is to assess the overall impact of the adoption of blockchain based solutions by financial institutions in compliance with AML/CFT legal requirements, particularly when the use case directly affects the AML/CFT process. Moreover, a comprehensive academic research was conducted to gain an in-depth understanding of both topics beforehand. Due to the lack of quantitative data available, literature review alongside with practical know-how were the basis used to reach the conclusions. The results show that the impact of the adoption of blockchain based solutions by financial institutions on AML/CFT management is positive in the context of private or hybrid networks. Public blockchains, on the other hand, are not compliant with AML/CFT standards. Nonetheless, legislation on the matter is required and each use case must be addressed independently.
O branqueamento de capitais e financiamento do terrorismo são atos criminosos graves que contribuem para a economia paralela e prejudicam o bem-estar da sociedade. A evolução constante do ramo tecnológico, faz com que os crimes de BC/FT se tornem cada vez mais complexos e dinâmicos, dificultando os esforços conduzidos pelos reguladores e autoridades competentes. As instituições financeiras, veículos atrativos para este tipo de crimes, também desempenham um papel fundamental no combate ao BC/FT. Assim, estas devem dispor de controlos adequados, de forma a assegurar o cumprimento com os requisitos legais. A tecnologia blockchain surgiu no contexto das criptomoedas. No entanto, as propriedades e flexibilidade de que dispõe, permitem que esta seja utilizada nas mais diversas áreas, incluindo na indústria dos serviços financeiros. O objetivo desta dissertação passa por avaliar o impacto da adoção de soluções tecnológicas baseadas na blockchain por parte das instituições financeiras no cumprimento dos requisitos legais em termos de PBC/FT, especialmente em cenários que afetem diretamente o referido processo. Devido à escassez de dados quantitativos relevantes, as conclusões foram geradas com base em revisão literária sobre ambos os tópicos, juntamente com conhecimentos práticos. Os resultados mostram que o impacto da adoção de soluções tecnológicas baseadas na blockchain por parte das instituições financeiras na gestão do PBC/FT é positivo no contexto de redes privadas ou híbridas. Por outro lado, as redes públicas não cumprem com os requisitos legais de PBC/FT. Não obstante, é necessária a produção de legislação específica e cada caso particular deverá ser analisado individualmente.
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Зинурова, Н. В. y N. V. Zinurova. "Экономическая эффективность виртуализации информационной инфраструктуры банка (на примере внедрения облачной АБС в АО «Газпромбанк») : магистерская диссертация". Master's thesis, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10995/76899.

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Магистерская диссертация посвящена исследованию специфики внедрения технологических инноваций в коммерческих банках. Целью настоящей работы является разработка мероприятий по совершенствованию ИТ-инфраструктуры банка и оценка экономической эффективности практической реализации предложенных мероприятий в АО «Газпромбанк». В качестве вывода можно констатировать, что вирутализация информационной среды банка позволяет высвобождать физические накопители информации и экономить другие виды ресурсов, что оказывает положительное влияние на финансовые показатели деятельности.
Master's thesis is devoted to the study of specifics of technological innovation in commercial banks. The purpose of this work is to develop measures to improve the infrastructure of the bank and assess the economic efficiency of practical implementation in JSC «Gazprombank». Summarizing, the virtualization of the bank's information environment allows release physical data storage and save other types of resources, which has a positive impact on financial performance.
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Harms, Julia. "Sustainable supply chain management: potential and challenges of implementing blockchain technology in the food supply chain of small and medium-sized companies". Master's thesis, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10071/21717.

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Sustainability in all areas of life is one of the greatest social challenges of our time. In the course of addressing these challenges, the United Nations has implemented 17 sustainable development goals. To achieve these, solutions are being pursued in the field of digitisation. Emerging technologies like, artificial intelligence, internet of things, robots and blockchain have one of the greatest potentials for changing the social and economic progress. The development towards a new kind of sustainable awareness and challenges in the food industry force companies to create and implement sustainable actions. Companies are faced with new requirements in their food supply chain in order not to lose their position in the market. As a potential solution, the link between blockchain technology and sustainability food supply chain of SME´s has been analysed. The enormous potentials are opposed by risks that have not been researched yet, especially for German SME's. Blockchain has a distributed ledger can open a significant advantage to the food supply chain, due to their trace- and track ability, but are still in an early stage of development. Their influence and significance on the food industry is constantly increasing and thus also on the supply chain management of companies. The aim of this thesis is to determine the importance of sustainable supply chain management of SME´s operating in the food sector with the help of the blockchain technology, and to evaluate the potentials and risks in the German food market.
A sustentabilidade é um dos maiores desafios sociais do nosso tempo, por isso a Organização das Nações Unidas implementou 17 objectivos de desenvolvimento sustentável. Soluções estão a ser exploradas no domínio da digitalização. A indústria 4.0, incluindo a inteligência artificial, a internet das coisas, os robôs e a cadeia de bloqueio podem mudar o progresso social e económico. O desenvolvimento no sentido de um novo tipo de consciência e desafios sustentáveis na indústria alimentar força empresas a criarem e implementarem ações sustentáveis. As empresas são confrontadas com novas exigências na sua cadeia de abastecimento alimentar, para não perderem a sua posição no mercado. Para atingir uma solução exequível, foi analisada a ligação entre a tecnologia Blockchain e a sustentabilidade da cadeia de abastecimento alimentar das PMEs. O enorme potencial desta solução é contrariado por riscos que ainda não explorados, especialmente para as PMEs alemãs. A tecnologia Blockchain como DL (distributed ledger) pode trazer uma vantagem significativa para a cadeia de abastecimento alimentar, devido à sua capacidade de rastreio e rastreabilidade, no entanto ainda se encontra numa fase inicial do seu desenvolvimento. A sua influência e importância na indústria alimentar está a aumentar e consequentemente na gestão da cadeia de abastecimento das empresas. O objectivo desta tese é determinar a importância da gestão sustentável da cadeia de abastecimento das PME's do sector alimentar que contam com a ajuda da tecnologia da cadeia de bloqueio, ao mesmo tempo que é avaliado o seu potencial e riscos no mercado alimentar alemão.
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Campino, José Pedro Meira. "Success determinants of Initial Coin Offerings (ICOs)". Doctoral thesis, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10071/22505.

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Fintech companies have been surging taking advantage of the current technological developments and have been challenging traditional incumbents. Disruptive ventures financed by cryptocurrencies are one of the main topics related to technological developments, capable of completely eliminating the need for a third-party intervenient and reducing the gap between investors and promoters. The purpose of this thesis is to identify the main impacts that fintech companies have on the business models of traditional banking/financial institutions and to focus on the success factors of disruptive and highly technological Initial Coin Offerings (ICO) projects, particularly, on the human capital factors. In order to do that, the thesis is divided into three main studies, each one of them focused on a particular topic. The methods used in this thesis are mixed as a qualitative approach was adopted through a systematic literature review, and a quantitative approach was performed by building several econometric models. This thesis concludes that fintechs cannot be considered complete substitutes to the traditional services yet. Nevertheless, they are posing incumbents challenges and exposing the weaknesses of their business models. The banking/financial institutions need to urgently adapt their business models in order to remain competitive, and most of them already accepted this challenge. The ICO projects also present a disruption and a step forward in the democratization of the financial investments. This study identified a wide range of success factors influencing the outcome of an ICO project. The success factors might be divided into categories according to their scope: (i) project; (ii) campaign; (iii) social networks; (iv) human capital. It is concluded that several factors have a real impact in the outcome of the projects, such as, the existence of financing thresholds, the quality of the whitepaper, the existence of a secondary market and bonus schemes, the price of the tokens, the price of cryptocurrencies, the good management of social networks, the promoters’ geographic location, their networks, the size of the teams, external ratings attributed to the project and to the team. In terms of theoretical contributions, this study added a contribution to the still scarce literature on ICO projects and to two theories, namely, the signaling theory and Human Capital Theory (HCT). The managerial implications concern mainly the assessment of the quality of a project by the investors and the need for regulation by supervisors.
As empresas fintech surgiram tomando partido dos atuais desenvolvimentos tecnológicos tendo desafiado os atuais atores do mercado. Projetos disruptivos financiados nomeadamente por cripto moedas são um dos tópicos relacionados com o desenvolvimento tecnológico e capazes de eliminar a necessidade para o envolvimento de terceiros na mediação financeira reduzindo assim o hiato entre investidores e promotores. O propósito desta tese é o de identificar os principais impactos que as empresas fintech têm nos modelos de negócio das empresas financeiras já estabelecidos no mercado. Terá um foco especial nos fatores de sucesso dos projetos baseados na blockchain denominados Initial Coin Offerings (ICOs), em particular, os fatores relacionados com o capital humano. Assim, a tese está dividida em três estudos principais com focos diferentes. A metodologia usada nesta tese é de métodos mistos: uma metodologia qualitativa foi usada na revisão sistemática da literatura; e uma metodologia quantitativa foi usada na construção e estimação de modelos econométricos, tendo por base microdados de 428 projetos de ICOs do setor bancário. Esta tese conclui que as fintechs não podem ser ainda consideradas substitutos dos serviços financeiros tradicionais. Contudo, estas colocam desafios e expõem as fraquezas dos modelos de negócio tradicionais. A indústria financeira necessita de adaptar urgentemente os seus modelos de negócio para se manter competitiva. Este desafio já foi aceite por várias empresas. Os ICOs causam disrupção e são um grande passo para a democratização dos investimentos financeiros. Este estudo identificou um conjunto alargado de fatores de sucesso que influenciam o resultado final destes projetos. Os fatores podem agrupar-se em categorias: (i) projeto; (ii) campanha; (iii) redes sociais; (iv) capital humano. Os fatores que esta tese comprovou contribuírem para o sucesso de um projeto são os seguintes: pré-existência de limites de financiamento; a qualidade do whitepaper; a existência de um mercado secundário e esquema de bonificações; o preço dos tokens; o preço das cripto moedas; a boa gestão de redes sociais; a localização geográfica e a rede de contactos dos promotores; o tamanho das equipas; ratings externos atribuídos ao projeto e à equipa.No que diz respeito às contribuições teóricas, esta tese contribuiu para a escassa literatura no tema dos ICOs e para duas teorias, nomeadamente a siganling theory e Human Capital Theory (HCT). As contribuições práticas deste estudo relacionam-se com a avaliação da qualidade do projeto e a necessidade premente dos reguladores tomarem medidas nestes mercados.
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47

Mergulhão, Mariana Isabel de Jesus. "The influence of ICObench ratings on initial coin offerings’ success". Master's thesis, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10071/24374.

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The Initial Coin Offering (ICO) is a modern topic and has been in vogue since its creation. Commonly denominated as Token Sales, the ICOs are assisted by blockchain technology and emerged for the purpose of supporting entrepreneurs on financing their ventures, that are still in the initial phase, in a decentralized and global scale. It has been gathering more and more people and money over the years, leading many studies to be conducted around its sphere, in order to understand this shift in public capital markets. Despite this fact, ICOs are still a fertile topic where even more branches of research can be born to analyze. ICO ratings already proved to have impact on the success of the projects, in this way, this study aimed to provide evidence with the support of a more robust database, with 5581 ICOs. Based on the ratings available at ICObench website, hypothesis tests were carried out and supported with boxplot graphs, in order to measure and understand the association between the variables. This paper finally reassures previous literature, by showing that ratings are in fact associated with the success of the projects. It concludes that higher ratings have a positive influence on the fundraising success of the ICOs. Other variables as the platform where they operate, the number of currencies accepted as payment, the number of team members, if the hard-cap and soft-cap were established and others were included in this study. Additionally, the database was divided by the different sectors and developed an overview on the ratings distribution and the projects’ performance for each one of them. This may give some insights and help future research take the next step on performing individual and detailed analyses for every sector.
A Oferta Inicial de Moedas(ICO) é um tema moderno e tem estado em voga desde a sua criação. Comummente denominadas como Token Sales, as OIC são assistidas por tecnologia de blockchain e surgiram com o objetivo de apoiar os empresários no financiamento dos seus empreendimentos, que ainda se encontram na fase inicial, numa escala descentralizada e global. Tem vindo a reunir cada vez mais pessoas e dinheiro ao longo dos anos, levando muitos estudos a serem desenvolvidos no seu contexto, a fim de compreender esta mudança nos mercados de capitais públicos. Apesar deste facto, os OIC são ainda um tópico fértil onde ainda mais ramos de investigação podem nascer para serem analisados. Os ratings das OIC já provaram ter impacto no sucesso dos projetos, desta forma, este estudo visa fornecer provas com o apoio de uma base de dados mais robusta, com 5581 OIC. Com base nos ratings disponíveis no site ICObench, foram realizados testes de hipóteses, apoiados em gráficos de boxplot, a fim de medir e compreender a associação entre as variáveis. Este documento confirma as conclusões de literatura anterior, mostrando que os ratings estão de facto associados ao sucesso dos projetos. Conclui, deste modo, que ratings maiores têm uma influência positiva na angariação de fundos das OIC. Outras variáveis como a plataforma onde operam, o número de moedas aceites como pagamento, o número de membros da equipa, se foi estabelecido hard-cap e soft-cap e outras, foram incluídas no presente estudo. Além disso, a base de dados foi dividida pelos diferentes setores e desenvolvida uma visão geral sobre a distribuição das classificações e do desempenho dos projetos, para cada um. Estes dados podem contribuir com alguns insights e ajudar investigações futuras a dar o próximo passo na realização de análises individuais e detalhadas para cada sector.
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48

Pinto, Mariana Rosa Anselmo. "Sustainability on the craft beer sector: Management improvements towards sustainable business and supply chain transparency: A case study on BARONA Brewing Company". Master's thesis, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10071/24743.

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Craft beer has revolutionized the beer industry and market worldwide through diversification, innovation, authenticity, and tradition. As a result, these SMEs challenged the large breweries operating in a highly homogenized and consolidated market. Thus, addressing sustainability challenges in the growing craft beer sector is a strong recommendation. Therefore, this study has two main objectives. The first one is to understand how to improve sustainability in a Portuguese SME craft brewery named BARONA Brewing Company and implement sustainability practices into the business model. The second objective is more geared to operational level and practical improvements, looking to understand how this microbrewery can adapt to a transparent supply chain. A mixed methodology was used to provide value-added suggestions. Information about the current sustainability and supply chain activities and performance will be collected through direct field observation and semi-structured interviews. Results analysis showed that sustainability is not a focus for SMEs craft brewers. Even though it can be challenging to improve processes and measures to accomplish it, it is possible to include it in a business model by reducing resource consumption, minimizing waste, and focusing on efficient production. This will be cost-effective and make the company closer to a fully sustainable approach. However, when it comes to the supply chain transparency topic and the use of blockchain technology this is more challenging once it needs an investment of time and money, something some SME craft brewers may not be able to dispose of.
A cerveja artesanal tem revolucionado a indústria e o mercado mundial da cerveja, através da sua diversificação, inovação, autenticidade e tradição. Estas PMEs vieram desafiar as grandes cervejarias que operam num mercado altamente homogeneizado e consolidado. Assim, enfrentar os desafios da sustentabilidade no sector da cerveja artesanal é urgente. Este estudo tem dois objetivos. O primeiro é compreender como é possível melhorar a sustentabilidade numa PME portuguesa fabricante de cerveja artesanal chamada BARONA Brewing Company e implementar práticas de sustentabilidade no modelo de negócio. O segundo objetivo é orientado para o nível operacional, procurando compreender como é possível esta microcervejeira adaptar-se a uma cadeia de abastecimento transparente. Para fornecer sugestões com valor, foi escolhida uma metodologia mista. Serão recolhidas informações sobre as atividades de sustentabilidade e da cadeia de abastecimento, através da observação direta no terreno e de entrevistas semiestruturadas. Os resultados evidenciam que a sustentabilidade não é um foco para as cervejeiras artesanais. É um desafio melhorar os processos e as medidas de sustentabilidade, mas é possível incluí-la no modelo de negócio através da redução do consumo de recursos, minimização do desperdício e foco na produção eficiente. Assim será rentável e a empresa ficará mais próxima de uma abordagem totalmente sustentável. Quando se trata do tema de transparência da cadeia de abastecimento e da utilização de tecnologia de blockchain, isto é ainda mais desafiante uma vez que necessita de investimento de tempo e dinheiro, algo que algumas cervejeiras artesanais podem não ser capazes de disponibilizar.
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Agyepong, Stephen. "Towards an ICT artefact for financial inclusion in Ghana: a critical realist perspective". Thesis, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/25350.

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Financial exclusion is a major developmental problem. Perception has it that financial exclusion emanates from the lack of access to banking and financial services, and the general understanding is that ICT-based access to such services is the solution. In this research, which was undertaken in Ghana, Critical Realism (CR) revealed deeper causes (generative mechanisms) that underlie financial exclusion. The research followed a mixed-method approach. The CR approach guided the research to create an initial model from which hypotheses were deduced and tested; the design science approach, guided the research to create the design theory and an instantiation of an application that uses the design theory; and the quantitative method, was used to evaluate the hypotheses. CR revealed how, in a credit economy, people have a need for credit to pursue business or education opportunities. The generative mechanisms identified have revealed how the credit market for the unbanked includes the reality that a wellfunctioning credit market is self-sustaining with two mechanisms: signalling and adoption. The signalling mechanism facilitates users’ access to credit, which they in turn are able to spend on more services. On the other hand, the adoption mechanism enables the development of more services making the market more valuable, thus attracting more users in a self-feeding loop. The key findings suggest that being banked does not necessarily lead to financial inclusion and financial wellbeing. Transactional banking only serves as an "enrichment agenda for the banks", with minimal benefit to the people. There are also other non-financial technologies such as sharing and social technologies that have an effect on the provision of credit; in addition to their main purpose of saving and/or earning income, for the unbanked, by sharing resources. In Ghana, despite having bank accounts, most of the banked do not use them, because of cost and inappropriate services. This research reveals that the unexamined notion of being banked as a fundamental requirement for financial inclusion may require further investigation. The research has found that the unbanked keeping to themselves and the use of cash creates anonymity and makes them invisible to formal financial institutions, who prefer identity over anonymity, thus contributing to their financial exclusion. The following design needs were identified: inexpensive credit and value-added services such as saving groups, financial accounting services, service to report delinquent customers and education. The research offers a conceptualization of a financial inclusion ICT artefact to draw attention to the multifaceted and complex environment financial inclusion effort is immersed. This calls for an integrated approach since the issues with financial exclusion extend beyond financials and have an effect on the broader society. The research, therefore, proposes a substantive framework for improving the design and development of financial inclusive systems, which helps build trust using obligation transactions. It offers an approach to computing an individual’s financial inclusiveness, which also helps safeguard his/her financial wellbeing. The thesis makes a contribution to Information Systems theory in proposing a framework on financial inclusion using ICT. The contribution to practice is the design of an ICT artefact.
School of Computing
Ph. D. (Computer Science)
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