Artículos de revistas: "Bipyridylium herbicide"

1

Tucker, Edwin S. y Stephen B. Powles. "A Biotype of Hare Barley (Hordeum leporinum) Resistant to Paraquat and Diquat". Weed Science 39, n.º 2 (junio de 1991): 159–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s004317450007140x.

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A biotype of the annual grass weed hare barley infesting an alfalfa field with a 24-yr history of the use of the bipyridylium herbicides paraquat and diquat, was investigated for resistance to these herbicides. Rates of up to 800 g ai ha–1of each herbicide caused no mortality in the hare barley plants from this field. The same species, collected from an adjacent pasture field with no history of bipyridylium herbicide application, exhibited LD50'sof 57 and 160 g ai ha–1for paraquat and diquat, respectively. Tiller numbers and dry matter production in the biotype from the alfalfa field were not affected by the normal rate recommended for both herbicides. These results clearly show that hare barley from the alfalfa field is resistant to paraquat and diquat. Both biotypes were equally sensitive to fluazifop, glyphosate, and sethoxydim.

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Koschnick, Tyler J., William T. Haller y Les Glasgow. "Documentation of landoltia (Landoltia punctata) resistance to diquat". Weed Science 54, n.º 4 (agosto de 2006): 615–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/ws-06-002r.1.

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Landoltia was collected and cultured from a canal in Lake County, Florida, where diquat was used repeatedly during the past 20–30 yr for duckweed control. Recent applications of diquat failed to provide adequate control of duckweed, and a new commercial formulation of diquat was suspected. The new formulation was not the cause of reduced efficacy. Static exposures (48 h) to various concentrations of diquat were used to compare the susceptibility of the Lake County landoltia accession to one never exposed to diquat. These static tests indicated that landoltia, from a population with no prior history of herbicide treatment, was extremely susceptible to diquat. The accession from Lake County, FL had developed resistance to diquat, and was also cross resistant to paraquat. The resistance factor was 50 for diquat and 29 for paraquat. The Lake County accession also exhibited reduced ion leakage after diquat exposure under light and dark conditions. This suggests the resistance mechanism to the bipyridylium herbicides in landoltia is independent of photosynthetic electron transport. This research documents the first aquatic plant species that has developed resistance to the bipyridylium herbicides.

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3

Powles, Stephen B. y Peter D. Howat. "Herbicide-resistant Weeds in Australia". Weed Technology 4, n.º 1 (marzo de 1990): 178–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0890037x00025203.

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This review considers the development of herbicide-resistant weed biotypes in Australia. Biotypes of the important annual weed species, capeweed, wall barley, and hare barley are resistant to the bipyridylium herbicides paraquat and diquat. These resistant biotypes developed on a small number of alfalfa fields that have a long history of paraquat and diquat use within a distinct geographical area in central western Victoria. The resistant biotypes are controlled by alternative herbicides and pose little practical concern. Some populations of wild oat are resistant to the methyl ester of diclofop. Of greatest concern is the development of cross resistance in biotypes of rigid ryegrass to aryloxyphenoxypropionate, cyclohexanedione, sulfonylurea, and dinitroaniline herbicides. The cross-resistant rigid ryegrass infests crops and pastures at widely divergent locales throughout the cropping zones of southern Australia. The options for control of cross-resistant rigid ryegrass by herbicides are limited. A biotype of rigid ryegrass on railway tracks treated for 10 yr with amitrole plus atrazine has resistance to amitrole and atrazine and other triazine, triazinone, and phenylurea herbicides. Management tactics for cross resistance are discussed.

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4

Vaishampayan, A. "Potent Mutagenicity of a Bipyridylium Herbicide in a Nitrogen-fixing Blue-green Alga Nostoc muscorum",. Biochemie und Physiologie der Pflanzen 180, n.º 4 (enero de 1985): 327–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0015-3796(85)80010-x.

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5

Rannels, D. E., A. E. Pegg, R. S. Clark y J. L. Addison. "Interaction of paraquat and amine uptake by rat lungs perfused in situ". American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism 249, n.º 5 (1 de noviembre de 1985): E506—E513. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.1985.249.5.e506.

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The kinetics of [14C]paraquat (N,N-di[14C]methyl-4,4'-bipyridylium) uptake from the pulmonary circulation were investigated in rat lungs perfused in situ. During the 1st h of exposure to the herbicide paraquat entered the lungs primarily by diffusion; no evidence was obtained from concentrative uptake, saturation kinetics (1-3,500 microM paraquat), or inhibition by the amines methyl-glyoxal bis(guanylhydrazone) or spermidine, both of which were expected to compete for paraquat transport sites. In contrast, after 60 min of exposure, uptake rates increased two- to three-fold, and paraquat was accumulated to an apparent intracellular concentration greater than that in the perfusate. The latter phase of paraquat uptake was saturable and was inhibited by methylglyoxal bis(guanylhydrazone); it did not appear to reflect a progressive paraquat-induced alteration in cellular permeability but rather predominance of a rapid, carrier-mediated uptake pathway.

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6

Kim, Sangho y Kriton K. Hatzios. "Differential Response of Two Soybean Cultivars to Paraquat". Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C 48, n.º 3-4 (1 de abril de 1993): 379–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znc-1993-3-443.

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The soybean cultivars “ Kwangkyo” and “ Hood ” are differentially sensitive to the bipyridylium herbicide paraquat (1,1′-dimethyl-4 ,4′-bipyridiniumion). This was confirmed by visible injury observations, measurements of desiccation levels and chlorophyll content, and tracings of chlorophyll fluorescence induction of fully expanded first trifoliate leaves of these two cultivars after exposure to a wide range of paraquat concentrations. The margin of this intraspecific differential tolerance to paraquat was narrow an d the ratio of the paraquat concentrations causing 50% injury to the tolerant Kwangkyo and to the susceptible Hood soybean (approximate tolerance factor) was found to be 10. Paraquat at 1 μᴍ or higher inhibited rapidly the CO2 fixation capacity of leaf mesophyll cells, isolated enzymatically from both cultivars. Thus, the tolerance of Kwangkyo soybean to paraquat does not appear to result from any differences at the site of paraquat action in chloroplast membranes. At early time periods (30 min to 2 h) after treatment with 100 μᴍ of paraquat, chlorophyll fluorescence induction was completely suppressed in first trifoliate leaves of Hood, but not in those of Kwangkyo soybean. At longer time periods (≧ 3 h), paraquat suppressed chlorophyll fluorescence induction similarly in leaves of both soybean cultivars. These results suggest that reduced mobility or a delayed release of paraquat in the mesophyll cells of Kwangkyo may be involved in the observed tolerance of this soybean cultivar to this herbicide.

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7

Wang, Xiao H., Christopher L. Souders, Yuan H. Zhao y Christopher J. Martyniuk. "Mitochondrial bioenergetics and locomotor activity are altered in zebrafish (Danio rerio) after exposure to the bipyridylium herbicide diquat". Toxicology Letters 283 (febrero de 2018): 13–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.toxlet.2017.10.022.

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8

Bairaktari, Eleni, Kostas Katopodis, Kostas C. Siamopoulos y Orestes Tsolas. "Paraquat-induced renal injury studied by 1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy of urine". Clinical Chemistry 44, n.º 6 (1 de junio de 1998): 1256–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/clinchem/44.6.1256.

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Abstract The herbicide paraquat (1,1′-dimethyl-4,4′-bipyridylium dichloride; PQ), is a poison known to cause delayed mortality due to lung and kidney injuries. High-resolution proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) spectroscopy has been extensively applied in evaluating nephrotoxicity by the characteristic perturbations in the excretion pattern of low molecular weight endogenous metabolites. The application of the method allows the rapid localization of the renal injury noninvasively. In this study, we report 1H NMR and conventional clinical chemistry urinalysis in two patients suffering from paraquat intoxication after overdose with suicidal intent. The alterations in the urine NMR spectrum suggest necrosis of the pars recta of the proximal renal tubules. The molecule of paraquat is also clearly detected in the same spectrum. In conclusion, the rapid screening of urine by NMR spectroscopy provides information about both the identity of the poison and the abnormal pattern of endogenous metabolites that characterize the location of the injury in renal tubules and reveals alterations in unusual metabolites that are not commonly measured.

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9

Wong, Robert C. y Jeffrey B. Stevens. "Bipyridylium herbicide toxicity in vitro: Comparative study of the cytotoxicity of paraquat and diquat toward the pulmonary alveolar macrophage". Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health 18, n.º 3 (enero de 1986): 393–407. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15287398609530880.

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10

Badli, Nur Afiqah, Rusmidah Ali y Leny Yuliati. "Influence of Zirconium Doped Titanium Oxide towards Photocatalytic Activity of Paraquat". Advanced Materials Research 1107 (junio de 2015): 377–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1107.377.

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The heterogeneous photocatalyst based on titanium dioxide has been widely investigated as an attractive treatment method for water pollution. Herbicide like paraquat dichloride is one of the toxic organic pollutants which is harmful to human and animal and is still being used in agricultural sectors. TiO2doped with zirconium element has been proven to enhance the photocatalytic activity of TiO2from the previous study. Therefore in this study, photodegradation of paraquat dichloride (1,1-dimethyl-4,4’-bipyridylium dichloride) under UV irradiation was studied using TiO2and Zr doped TiO2prepared via modified sol gel method as photocatalysts. The photocatalytic activity was increased in the presence of zirconium as dopant compared to TiO2. Various calcination temperatures range from 450°C to 1000°C and dopant ratio (10:90, 20:80 and 30:70) were applied to optimize the working condition. Significant enhancement was obtained using Zr doped TiO2(20:80) calcined at 750°C which gave 79.63% degradation of paraquat compared to TiO2calcined at 450°C and 750°C which were 22.31% and 11.57%. X-ray diffraction (XRD) diffratogram of Zr doped TiO2photocatalyst showed a mixture of anatase/rutile TiO2crystalline structures at 750°C. Nanosized photocatalyst with spherical morphology was observed by Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM). The surface area measured by nitrogen adsorption analysis showed an increment from 8.43m2/g to 46.35m2/g compared to undoped catalyst calcined at 450°C.

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11

Shibamoto, T. y J. C. Parker. "Fructose 1,6-diphosphate augments paraquat injury in isolated dog lungs". Journal of Applied Physiology 71, n.º 5 (1 de noviembre de 1991): 1830–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1991.71.5.1830.

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Paraquat (PQ; 1,1'-dimethyl-4,4′-bipyridylium dichloride), a widely used herbicide, causes pulmonary edema by a cyclic oxidation and reduction reaction with oxygen molecules with the production of oxygen free radicals. Because fructose 1,6-diphosphate (FDP) has recently been shown to inhibit the generation of oxygen free radicals by activated neutrophils, we determined the effects of FDP on PQ-induced increase in microvascular permeability in isolated blood-perfused dog lungs. Vascular permeability was assessed using the capillary filtration coefficient (Kf,c) and isogravimetric capillary pressure (Pc,i). There was no change in these variables over 5 h in the control lungs treated with saline (n = 5). A significant increase in Kf,c and a decrease in Pc,i, both of which indicated increased vascular permeability, were observed at 5 h of perfusion with 4 x 10(-3) M PQ (n = 5). Unexpectedly, an increase in microvascular permeability occurred within 4 h after administration of PQ in the lungs that were pretreated with FDP (2.7–14.2 mM, n = 6). Moreover the increases of Kf,c in the FDP-pretreated lungs were significantly greater than those in the lungs treated with PQ alone. Also, the final-to-initial lung weight ratio of the FDP-pretreated group was greater than those of the other groups. Thus the FDP dose used in the present study accentuated rather than prevented the PQ lung injury.

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12

Byers, T. L., R. Kameji, D. E. Rannels y A. E. Pegg. "Multiple pathways for uptake of paraquat, methylglyoxal bis(guanylhydrazone), and polyamines". American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology 252, n.º 6 (1 de junio de 1987): C663—C669. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpcell.1987.252.6.c663.

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The uptake of polyamines, methylglyoxal bis(guanylhydrazone) (MGBG), and paraquat [N,N-dimethyl-4,4'-bipyridylium] into control Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells and a mutant CHO cell line selected for resistance to the toxicity of MGBG was examined. In contrast to control CHO cells, the mutant cells had no detectable uptake of MGBG or any of the polyamines. There was no difference between the two cell lines in the uptake of alpha-aminoisobutyric acid (AIB), which indicates that there was no general change in membrane transport processes. The mutant cells were also found to be resistant to the toxicity of paraquat and to have a reduced capability to take up the herbicide. This finding confirms that the uptake of paraquat is necessary for the toxicity of this compound and that the paraquat is taken up by a transport system that also transports MGBG. Competition experiments showed that an excess of unlabeled paraquat inhibited uptake of MGBG and, to a lesser extent, uptake of putrescine and spermidine, but no inhibitory action on spermine uptake could be detected. Studies with type II cells isolated from rat lung also demonstrated uptake of paraquat and spermidine, but paraquat was only a weak inhibitor of spermidine uptake in this system. These results suggest that there may be multiple systems for the uptake of MGBG and polyamines and that paraquat is taken up by at least one but not by all of these systems.

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13

Maksuk, Maksuk, Tan Malaka, Suheryanto Suheryanto y Abu Umayah. "Environmental Health Risk Analysis of Paraquat Exposure in Palm Oil Plantations". International Journal of Public Health Science (IJPHS) 5, n.º 4 (1 de diciembre de 2016): 465. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijphs.v5i4.4852.

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Paraquat (1, 1’-dimethyl-4, 4’-bipyridylium dichloride) is a highly toxic herbicide. Recently, Paraquat is still used widely in the plantations area, mainly in palm oil plantations. Paraquat application continuously can be increased Paraquat concentration and contaminated in soil and water. This study aimed was to analysis Paraquat exposure in environmental media water and soil, and the calculation of risk quotient of Paraquat in palm oil plantation. The study design of this research was a cross sectional with the laboratory examination Paraquat concentrations in soil and water. Soil and water samples taken by grab sampling with random composites. Water samples were taken from three sources in palm oil plantations area. Whereas soil samples were taken at a depth of 0-10 cm (top soil) and the number of soil samples as much as 5 samples. Furthermore, the risk quotient of Paraquat concentration in the water used in the palm oil plantation. The laboratory tests of Paraquat concentration were in water and soil with gas chromatography. The results of laboratory tests showed that Paraquat concentration in water samples were found between <0.005 to 0.01 mg/l and Paraquat concentration in soil samples were found between <0.005 to 0.08 ppm. The calculation of risk quotient was 0.058 mg/body weight/day. Although, the calculated of risk quotient showed less than one. Therefore, prior to use the water must be treatment first. While the recommended water to consumption as much as 2 liters/day for a 55 kg body weight to Indonesian workers.

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14

Maksuk, Maksuk, Tan Malaka, Suheryanto Suheryanto y Abu Umayah. "Environmental Health Risk Analysis of Paraquat Exposure in Palm Oil Plantations". International Journal of Public Health Science (IJPHS) 5, n.º 4 (1 de diciembre de 2016): 465. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/.v5i4.4852.

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Paraquat (1, 1’-dimethyl-4, 4’-bipyridylium dichloride) is a highly toxic herbicide. Recently, Paraquat is still used widely in the plantations area, mainly in palm oil plantations. Paraquat application continuously can be increased Paraquat concentration and contaminated in soil and water. This study aimed was to analysis Paraquat exposure in environmental media water and soil, and the calculation of risk quotient of Paraquat in palm oil plantation. The study design of this research was a cross sectional with the laboratory examination Paraquat concentrations in soil and water. Soil and water samples taken by grab sampling with random composites. Water samples were taken from three sources in palm oil plantations area. Whereas soil samples were taken at a depth of 0-10 cm (top soil) and the number of soil samples as much as 5 samples. Furthermore, the risk quotient of Paraquat concentration in the water used in the palm oil plantation. The laboratory tests of Paraquat concentration were in water and soil with gas chromatography. The results of laboratory tests showed that Paraquat concentration in water samples were found between <0.005 to 0.01 mg/l and Paraquat concentration in soil samples were found between <0.005 to 0.08 ppm. The calculation of risk quotient was 0.058 mg/body weight/day. Although, the calculated of risk quotient showed less than one. Therefore, prior to use the water must be treatment first. While the recommended water to consumption as much as 2 liters/day for a 55 kg body weight to Indonesian workers.

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15

Okolonkwo, Benjamin Nnamdi y Edna Ogechi Nwachuku. "The antioxidant effects of vitamin C on liver enzymes: aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotranferease, alkaline phosphatase and gamma-glutamyltransferase activities in rats under Paraquat insult". Journal of Xenobiotics 3, n.º 1 (17 de junio de 2013): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.4081/xeno.2013.e5.

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Paraquat (PQ) is a bipyridylium herbicide; applied around trees in orchards and between crop rows to control broad-leaved and grassy weeds. Its oxidation results in the formation of superoxides which causes damage to cellular components. In this study, we determined the antioxidant effect vitamin C has on the liver enzymes [aspartate aminotransferase (SGOT), alanine aminotranferease (SGPT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT)] of rats under this toxic insult. Male rats in groups (A, B, C and D) were intraperitoneally injected with different sublethal increasing doses (0, 0.02, 0.04 and 0.06 g/kg body weigh) of PQ respectively on monthly basis. Subsequently, the subgroups (A2, B2, C2 and D2) were given orally, 200 mg/L vitamin C, while the subgroups A1, B1, C1, and D1, received only water. Four animals per subgroup were decapitated on monthly basis and blood samples taken for enzyme assay. The parameters studied were - SGOT, SGPT, ALP and GGT - liver enzymes. The dose and time dependent PQ toxicity effect resulted in highly elevated Liver enzymes activities. The subgroups on vitamin C had significantly lower enzyme activities when compared to the same subgroups on only PQ insult. But the values were high when compared to the control subgroups (A1 and A2). These results were indication that vitamin C when given at moderate doses and maintained for a longer period could be a life saving adjunct to toxic insult.

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16

Cserháti, Tibor y Zoltán Szigeti. "Ions Modify The Strength Of Interaction Of Diquat And Paraquat With Some Proteins And Cellulose". Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C 46, n.º 5-6 (1 de junio de 1991): 428–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znc-1991-5-615.

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The interaction of the bipyridylium herbicides diquat and paraquat with the proteins gliadin and human serum album in (HSA) as well as with cellulose and the effect of various ions on the strength of interaction were studied by charge-transfer chromatography. Both compound showed very similar behaviour. The ions decreased in each case the strength of interaction, the effect depended nonlinearly on the ion concentration and was of saturation character. Gliadin showed the weakest interaction. HSA binds the bipyridylium com pounds in an ion-dependent manner, the strength of interaction is higher than that of cellulose at higher ion concentration. This finding indicates an ion-mediated interaction of unknown character between the bipyridylium herbicides and HSA

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17

Ibáñez, M., Y. Picó y J. Mañes. "On-line determination of bipyridylium herbicides in water by HPLC". Chromatographia 45, n.º 1 (enero de 1997): 402–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02505592.

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18

Xu, Huimin, Keren Xiao, Qiaojuan Zhang, Kunlun Huang, Gang Song y Zhiyi Yao. "Rapid and Visual Detection of Bipyridylium Herbicides Based on Polyelectrolyte-Induced Nanoassemblies of Pyrenyl Probes". ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering 8, n.º 17 (8 de abril de 2020): 6861–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.0c01870.

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19

Senesi, N., V. D'Orazio y T. M. Miano. "Adsorption mechanisms of s-triazine and bipyridylium herbicides on humic acids from hop field soils". Geoderma 66, n.º 3-4 (mayo de 1995): 273–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0016-7061(94)00083-m.

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20

Darvas, Bela, Jan Zdarek, Tibor Timar y Mahmoud H. Tag El-Din. "Effects of the Bipyridylium Herbicides Diquat Dibromide and Paraquat Dichloride on Growth and Development of Neobellieria bullata (Diptera: Sarcophagidae) Larvae". Journal of Economic Entomology 83, n.º 6 (1 de diciembre de 1990): 2175–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jee/83.6.2175.

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21

Tomita, Masafumi. "Comparison of one-electron reduction activity against the bipyridylium herbicides, paraquat and diquat, in microsomal and mitochondrial fractions of liver, lung and kidney (in vitro)". Biochemical Pharmacology 42, n.º 2 (julio de 1991): 303–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0006-2952(91)90717-j.

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22

Yadav, Nitu, Shelly Goyal, Nikita Bajaj y Lakshay Bhalla. "Paraquat poisoning". International journal of health sciences, 12 de mayo de 2022, 5735–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.53730/ijhs.v6ns3.7229.

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Paraquat (10-dimethyl-4, 40-bipyridylium dichloride) is the most common herbicide used worldwide. Due to its inherent toxicity and lack of effective treatment, it has high case fatality of more than 50%. Paraquat exposure through ingestion or inhalation leads to multi-organ involvement including lungs, CNS, heart, kidneys and liver. Treatment is mainly supportive including initial resuscitation, gastrointestinal decontamination, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and immunosuppressive therapy. We are reporting two cases of paraquat poisoning and their management in intensive care unit, of which one was successfully treated and discharged from ICU while other one expired.

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R S, Parvathy, Anilkumar Asokan, Karthika Asokan y Hari Krishnan Somasekaran. "“THE SIP TO DEATH”- A CASE REPORT OF PARAQUAT POISONING". INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH, 1 de agosto de 2023, 32–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.36106/ijsr/6801357.

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Paraquat ingestion is a leading cause of fatal poisoning in many parts of Asia, the Pacic nations, and the Americas [1]. Poisoning by pesticides is a major problem in low-income and middle-income countries. Paraquat is a toxic bipyridylium herbicide and its ingestion in a small amount can be fatal with toxic effects on the kidney, liver, lungs, gastrointestinal tract, and other organs(2 ). No specic antidote is available for this poisoning, and there is a dearth of evidence-based recommendations for the treatment (3). Here we present a patient who was admitted with paraquat poisoning, he had lethal effects of poisoning and met with death.

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Aguiar, Antônio S. N., Luiz B. Costa, Igor D. Borges, Gerardo Aguirre, Francisco L. Tejerina-Garro, Sandro Dutra e Silva y Hamilton B. Napolitano. "The effect of water molecules on paraquat salts: from physicochemical properties to environmental impact in the Brazilian Cerrado". Frontiers in Chemistry 11 (19 de septiembre de 2023). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fchem.2023.1267634.

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Introduction: The green revolution model that is followed in the Brazilian Cerrado is dependent on mechanization, chemical fertilization for soil dressing and correction, and the use of herbicides. Paraquat is a methyl viologen herbicide marketed as bipyridylium dichloride salts and used (in low doses) to combat weeds in their post-emergence stage. It is a non-selective pesticide that causes the peroxidation of the lipids that make up the cell membrane, and when it comes into contact with foliage, it results in the death of the plant.Methods: The effect of water molecules co-crystallized in Paraquat salt structures was analyzed in anhydrous, dihydrate, and trihydrate forms to understand those physicochemical properties in its redox activity. The frontier molecular orbitals were also carried out using DFT to obtain the chemical reactivity of the bipyridylium cation. Finally, the supramolecular arrangements were evaluated to analyze the physicochemical stability and acquire insights on superoxide anions.Results and discussion: The electronic structure indicated that the BP cation presents an acidic character due to its low ELUMO value, while the salt has a more basic character due to its high EHOMO value. For this reason, the BP ion is more susceptible to reduction during the weeds’ photosynthesis process. During the process of plant photosynthesis, PQ is reduced to form a stable radical cation. In the supramolecular arrangement, the presence of water molecules increases the number of strong H-bonds, while the weak/moderate H-bonds are stabilized. PQ’s toxic effects are observed in wildlife, domesticated animals, human populations, and ecosystems. The influence of PQ on the terrestrial environment is limited because of the soil adsorption capacity associated with good agricultural practices. The current use of good agricultural practices in the Cerrado seems not to prevent the environmental impacts of herbicides like PQ because it aims for the expansion and profitability of large-scale farming based on input-intensive practices instead of sustainable agriculture processes.

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Kumar Das, Bidyut, Arindam Bose, Nur Nabab Mollah y Ankur Dasgupta. "PARAQUAT INDUCED BILATERAL SPONTANEOUS PNEUMOTHORAX-DAISLEY BARTON SYNDROME – A CASE REPORT". INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH, 1 de octubre de 2021, 9–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.36106/ijsr/5009227.

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Paraquat (1,1-dimethyl-4, 4-bipyridylium dichloride) is an effective herbicide which is widely used all over the world and India is no exception. It is toxic to humans due to its redox activity which produces superoxide anions. Accidental or suicidal poisoning causes ulceration over the mouth and gastrointestinal tract and the majority of patients die of acute renal failure, hepatic failure and acute lung injury causing mainly lung brosis and consolidation. Treatment of paraquat poisoning is extremely difcult as it does not have any specic antidote. Treatment is mainly symptomatic. Very few patients may develop spontaneous pneumothorax, known as Daisley Barton syndrome, which further impairs survival of the patient Here we present a patient of paraquat induced spontaneous bilateral pneumothorax who survived with conservative treatment.

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Santos, Tatiele Pereira dos, Claubert Wagner Guimarães de Menezes, Carlos Henrique Batista, Eliane Souza Gomes Brito, Wagner de Souza Tavares y José Cola Zanuncio. "Selectivity of registered pesticides for the corn crop on immature stages of Trichogramma pretiosum (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae)". Ciência e Agrotecnologia 43 (2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1413-7054201943020719.

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ABSTRACT Trichogramma pretiosum Riley, 1879 (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) is an egg parasitoid of lepidopteran pests in corn, Zea mays L. (Poaceae), in Brazil. Chemical products used in agriculture can be toxic to this biocontrol agent. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the longevity, parasitism and emergence of T. pretiosum parasitizing Mediterranean flour moth, Anagasta kuehniella Zeller, 1879 (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), eggs treated with herbicide solutions with the active ingredients (chemical group) atrazine (triazines), paraquat dichloride (bipyridylium) and nicosulfuron (sulfonylurea). Pure distilled water was used as a negative control, and a solution of a product with λ-cyhalothrin + thiamethoxam (pyrethroid + neonicotinoid, respectively) was used as the positive control. The experimental design was completely randomized, with five treatments and 10 replicates. Anagasta kuehniella eggs were stored for two periods after treatment, 24 and 48 hours. These eggs were subjected to parasitism for two subjecting periods, 24 and 48 hours. The results were analysed statistically and classified according to the International Organization for Biological Control (IOBC). Atrazine and nicosulfuron reduced the longevity of T. pretiosum females. Nicosulfuron and the combination λ-cyhalothrin + thiamethoxam reduced the parasitism and emergence of this natural enemy. The paraquat dichloride-based herbicide was the least toxic and therefore represents a potential option for controlling weeds with low toxicity to the T. pretiosum parasitoid.

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FAHIM, M. A., S. SHEHAB, A. NEMMAR, A. ADEM, S. DHANASEKARAN y M. Y. HASAN. "Daily Subacute Paraquat Exposure Decreases Muscle Function and Substantia Nigra Dopamine Level". Physiological Research, 16 de junio de 2013, 313–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.33549/physiolres.932386.

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The use of the herbicide paraquat (1,1'-dimethyl-4,4'-bipyridylium dichloride; PQ) which is widely used in agriculture is known to cause dopaminergic neurotoxicity. However, the mechanisms underlying this effect are not fully understood. This present study investigated the behavioral manifestations, motor coordination, and dopaminergic neurodegeneration following exposure to PQ. Male rats were injected with PQ (10 mg/kg i.p.) daily for three weeks. Rotarod systems were used for measuring locomotor activity and motor coordination. The effects of PQ on dorsiflexor, electrophysiologically-induced muscle contraction were studied. Dopamine concentrations in the ventral mesencephalon were measured by high performance liquid chromatography and the number of dopaminergic neurons in substantia nigra pars compacta was estimated by tyrosine hydroxylase immunohistochemistry. PQ induced difficulty in movement and significant reduction in motor activity and twitch tension at the dorsiflexor skeletal muscle. The number of tyrosine hydroxylase positive neurons was significantly less in the substantia nigra pars compacta and nigral dopamine level was significantly reduced in PQ treated animals (20.4±3.4 pg/mg) when compared with control animals (55.0±2.4 pg/mg wet tissue). Daily treatment of PQ for three weeks induces selective dopaminergic neuronal loss in the substantia nigra and significant behavioral and peripheral motor deficit effects.

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Williams, June H., Zandri Whitehead y Erna Van Wilpe. "Paraquat intoxication and associated pathological findings in three dogs in South Africa". Journal of the South African Veterinary Association 87, n.º 1 (26 de febrero de 2016). http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/jsava.v87i1.1352.

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Paraquat is a bipyridylium non-selective contact herbicide commonly used worldwide. When ingestion occurs by humans and animals either accidentally, intentionally or maliciously, paraquat selectively accumulates in the lungs resulting in the production of oxygen-free radicals, causing membrane damage and cell death. Intoxicated subjects typically show progressive and fatal pulmonary haemorrhage, collapse and oedema. In individuals surviving the acute phase, pulmonary fibrosis develops. Gastrointestinal-, renal- and central nervous system clinical signs may also occur. Owing to the lack of effective treatment and absence of an antidote, the prognosis is poor. The clinical presentation, clinicopathological findings and treatment are briefly described of three dogs from one South African household, intoxicated with paraquat. Macroscopic and microscopic lesions in one dog that was necropsied, as well as pulmonary ultrastructure are detailed and illustrated for academic reference. All dogs presented with tachypnoea and dyspnoea 2–3 days after accidental paraquat ingestion. Treatment was aimed at reducing gastrointestinal absorption, enhancing elimination by diuresis and avoiding further oxidative damage by administration of antioxidants. All dogs, however, became progressively hypoxic despite treatment and were euthanised. Paraquat toxicity should be a differential diagnosis in dogs with unexplained progressive respiratory and gastrointestinal signs and renal failure. The local veterinary profession should be aware of accidental or intentional paraquat toxicity of animals. Existing literature, variations possible in canine clinical signs, measured parameters, lesions, as well as possible treatments, promising experimental antidotes and management options are discussed.

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"Paraquat toxicity". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. B, Biological Sciences 311, n.º 1152 (17 de diciembre de 1985): 647–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.1985.0170.

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Paraquat (1,1’-dimethyl-4,4'-bipyridylium dichloride) is marketed as a contact herbicide. Although it has proved safe in use there have been a number of cases of poisoning after the intentional swallowing of the commercial product. The most characteristic feature of poisoning is lung damage, which causes severe anoxia and may lead to death. The specific toxicity to the lung can be explained in part by the accumulation of paraquat into the alveolar type I and type II epithelial cells by a process that has been shown to accumulate endogenous diamines and poly amines. When accumulated, paraquat undergoes an NADPH-dependent, one-electron reduction to form its free radical, which then reacts avidly with molecular oxygen to reform the cation and produce superoxide anion, which in turn will dismutate to form H 2 O 2 . This may lead to the formation of more reactive (and hence toxic) radicals which have the potential to cause lipid peroxidation and lead to cell death. Biochemical changes provoked by paraquat in the lung suggest that it causes a rapid, pronounced and prolonged oxidation of NADPH that initiates compensatory biochemical processes in the lung. NADPH may be further depleted as it is consumed in an attempt to detoxify H 2 O 2 or lipid hydroperoxides. Thus it is possible that with toxic levels of paraquat in the cell, compensatory biochemical processes are insufficient to maintain levels of NADPH consistent either with cell survival or with the ability to detoxify H 2 O 2 or prevent lipid peroxidation.

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Sudirja, Rija, Mahfud Arifin y Benny Joy. "Adsorpsi Paraquat dan Sifat Tanah pada Tiga Subgrup Tanah Akibat Pemberian Amelioran". Agrikultura 26, n.º 1 (7 de abril de 2015). http://dx.doi.org/10.24198/agrikultura.v26i1.8459.

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ABSTRACTParaquat adsorption and Soil Properties on Three Soil Subgroups Due to Ameliorant ApplicationParaquat (Bipyridylium biclorida) is known as a highly toxic herbicide and quite widely used by the farmers. The material can be adsorbed by soil colloids and can contaminate soil and water. The study aimed to determine the ability of three of soil subgroups of different orders (Typic Hapludult, Typic Hapludand,and Chromic Endoaquert) to adsorb paraquat, finding the best kind of ameliorant in reducing residues, and studying its effect on corn crops. The study was conducted in two stages, namely (1) to test the maximum adsorption capacity of paraquat on the three of soil subgroups based on the Langmuir equation, and (ii) to study the influence of the type and ameliorant dose on three soil subgroups saturated with paraquat. Methods used were completely randomized design experiment nested models. The results of laboratory experiments showed that the topsoil layer of Typic Hapludands was dominated by halloysite and little amorphous clay minerals. While predominantly Typic Hapludult was dominated by kaolinite and little smectite. Chromic Endoaquert contained little kaolinite and was dominated by smectite. Saturation points in all three soil subgroups were 1.883 cmol kg-1, 20.833 cmol kg-1, and 9.346 cmol kg-1 paraquat, respectively. The type and dose of each ameliorant signifancty affected paraquat adsorption capacity, soil pH and electrical conductivity in all three soil subgroups, except for paraquat adsorption capacity and pH which were not affected in Typic Hapludults. The highest dose of activated charcoal adsorbed paraquat markedly higher compared with other treatments on Typic Hapludands, whereas Chromic Endoaquerts activated charcoal had the same effect with the zeolite, but higher than straw and control. Furthermore, on Typic Hapludults ameliorant did not significantly affect the adsorption capacity of paraquat, except when compared with controls.Keywords: Paraquat, soil subgroups, adsorption, ameliorant.ABSTRAKParaquat (Bipyridylium biclorida) dikenal sebagai herbisida yang sangat toksik dan pengunaannya cukup luas di kalangan petani. Bahan ini dapat diadsorpsi oleh koloid tanah dan dapat mencemari tanah dan air. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui kemampuan tiga subgrup tanah berlainan ordo (Hapludult Tipik, Hapludand Tipik, dan Endoequert Kromik) mengadsorpsi paraquat, menemukan jenis amelioran yang paling baik dalam menekan residu paraquat, serta mempelajari pengaruhnya terhadap hasil tanaman jagung. Penelitian dilakukan dalam dua tahap, yaitu (1) Uji kapasitas adsorpsi maksimum paraquat pada tiga subgrup tanah berdasarkan persamaan Langmuir, dan (2) pengaruh jenis dan dosis amelioran pada tiga subgrup tanah terjenuhi paraquat terhadap adsorpsi, pH, dan daya hantar listrik. Metode yang digunakan Rancangan Acak Lengkap model percobaan Tersarang. Hasil percobaan di laboratorium menunjukkan titik jenuh paraquat pada ketiga subgrup tanah tersebut masing-masing sebesar 1,883 cmol kg-1, 20,833 cmol kg-1, dan 9,346 cmol kg-1. Jenis dan dosis amelioran masing-masing berpengaruh nyata terhadap kapasitas adsorpsi paraquat, pH tanah dan daya hantar listrik pada ketiga subgrup tanah, kecuali kapasitas adsorpsi paraquat dan pH tidak dipengaruhi pada Hapludult Tipik. Arang aktif dosis 20% media tanah mampu mengadsorpsi paraquat nyata lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan perlakuan lainnya pada Hapludand Tipik, sedangkan pada Endoaquert Kromik, arang aktif memiliki pengaruh yang sama dengan zeolit, tetapi lebih tinggi dari jerami dan kontrol.

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Fishel, Frederick M. "Pesticide Toxicity Profile: Bipyridylium Herbicides". EDIS 2005, n.º 14 (20 de mayo de 2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.32473/edis-pi125-2005.

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This document provides a general overview of human toxicity, provides a listing of laboratory animal and wildlife toxicities and a cross reference of chemical, common and trade names of the bipyridylium herbicides registered for use in Florida. This document is PI-88, one of a series of the Pesticide Information Office, Florida Cooperative Extension Service, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida. Original publication date November, 2005.

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"Is The Toxicity Of Bipyridylium Herbicides Two-Fold?" Internet Journal of Toxicology 7, n.º 1 (2009). http://dx.doi.org/10.5580/1425.

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BURKE, N., K. C. MOLLOY, T. G. PURCELL y M. R. SMYTH. "ChemInform Abstract: ORGANOTIN BIOCIDES. 3. DERIVATIVES OF BIPYRIDYLIUM HERBICIDES". Chemischer Informationsdienst 16, n.º 28 (16 de julio de 1985). http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chin.198528294.

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Okolonkwo, Benjamin Nnamdi, Edna Ogechi Nwachuku, Pascal Chuka Ene y Chukwubuike Udoka Okeke. "The preventive effect of vitamin C on the cellular and functional integrity of kidney cells in rats following repeated exposure to paraquat". Journal of Xenobiotics 4, n.º 1 (14 de noviembre de 2014). http://dx.doi.org/10.4081/xeno.2014.3945.

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Paraquat (PQ) is a bipyridylium herbicide that is applied around trees in orchards and between crop rows to control broad-leaved and grassy weeds. Its oxidation results in the formation of superoxides which causes damage to cellular components. In this study, we determined the antioxidant effect vitamin C has on the cellular integrity of kidney function in rats following repeated exposure to PQ. Ninety-six male rats, grouped twelve rats per subgroup (A, Avit.c, B, Bvit.c, C, Cvit.c, D and Dvit.c) were intraperitoneally injected with different sublethal increasing doses (0, 0, 2, 2, 4, 4, 6 and 6 mg/kg body weight) of PQ respectively on biweekly (14 days) intervals over a period of three months (84 days). Subsequently, the subgrouped animals (Avit.c, Bvit.c, Cvit.c and Dvit.c) were maintained orally with 1 g/L vitamin C, while the other subgrouped animals (A, B, C and D) received drinking water with negligible vitamin content throughout the study period. At the end of each monthly (28 days) treatment, four animals per subgroup were selected. Urine samples were collected from each of the selected rats, after which each of the animals were anaesthetized with gaseous isoflurane and 5 mL of blood samples were collected using cardiac puncture procedure. The animals were later decapitated and their kidneys harvested. The samples collected were analyzed for urine [specific gravity (SG), pH, protein and glucose], blood (urea, creatinine, total protein and glucose), and the histological studies on kidney slides. The dose and exposure- time dependent PQ toxicity resulted in the reduction in urinary pH, elevation in urinary SG, and the detectable presence of protein and glucose in urine. It also caused marked elevation in serum urea and creatinine levels with reduction in serum protein and glucose levels and alterations in the cellular integrity of the renal architecture, especially the glomeruli and tubular tissues. Treatments on the PQ insulted animals with vitamin C resulted in the significant presentation of biochemical and histological values that were a complete reversal or near normalization in the parameters assayed, except the urinary pH which presented with more acidic values (vitamin C is acidic in solution). Vitamin C treatment significantly brought down the urine SG level to normal or near normal. It caused near or total disappearance of protein and glucose in urine, reduction in serum urea and creatinine concentration and elevation or normalization of serum total protein and glucose values with restoration of the renal function of treated rats. These findings clearly show that vitamin C has an important role to play in the body’s antioxidant defense system. Its use caused normalization of the biochemical and histological parameters studied and restored the health status of the affected animals.

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"Occurring the paraquat residues in various Nigerian". Water and Environmental Sustainability 1, n.º 3 (30 de septiembre de 2021): 29–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.52293/wes.1.3.2932.

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Abstract: Because pesticides are ubiquitous and focused on the food chain, they are a substantial source of possible environmental danger to humans and animals. The highest extremely hazardous herbicides to be launched in 60 years ago is paraquat (1,1'-dimethyl-4,4'-bipyridylium dichloride). Although most nations have prohibited or severely limited the use of paraquat (PQ), it is still used in others, particularly in Nigeria. As a result, the present study used a spectrophotometric method to look for PQ in some vegetables, crops, and fruits in Abeokuta that are commonly consumed. The presence and amounts of PQ residues were assessed in 150 samples of various vegetables, crops, and fruits (harvested at Fadama field of the University of Agriculture, Abeokuta). PQ residues were detected in Talinum triangulare, Corchorus olitorius, Amaranthus caudatus, Cratylia argentea, Capsicum frutescens, Lycopersicum esculentum, Raphanus sativus, Zea may, and Dioscorea alata at 0.130.02, 0.27+0.02, 0.06+0.01, 0.10+0.03, 0.15+0.03, 0. Using this technique, no paraquat residues were found in M. paradisicica or C. papaya. At 0.05-1.0 ppm fortification level, the technique yields a mean recovery of over 80% and is reproducible with a total coefficient of variation of 8.0 percent (n=10). All residual levels found were under the PQ tolerance or pesticide maximum limits.

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