Artículos de revistas: "Bipolar model"

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CHEN, Jun-Liang, Chang-Chun WANG y Chao CHEN. "Extended Bipolar Argumentation Model". Journal of Software 23, n.º 6 (29 de agosto de 2012): 1444–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.3724/sp.j.1001.2012.04067.

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Sulastri, Heni, Asifa Asri y Azrul Azwar. "Analogi Mekanik Model Gangguan Jiwa Bipolar". PRISMA FISIKA 9, n.º 1 (12 de abril de 2021): 30. http://dx.doi.org/10.26418/pf.v9i1.45235.

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Telah dilakukan studi pada model gangguan jiwa bipolar. Penelitian ini bertujuan menginterpretasikan tentang redaman negatif dalam model gangguan jiwa bipolar berdasarkan tinjauan mekanika, serta menentukan jenis kestabilan dan keberadaan fenomena limit cycle dari model tersebut. Perubahan kondisi suasana hati yang ekstrim dari pasien gangguan jiwa bipolar dapat dimodelkan secara matematis dengan menggunakan model osilator harmonik yang teredam negatif. Terdapat dua keadaan penderita yaitu gangguan jiwa bipolar tanpa pengobatan dan dengan pengobatan. Selanjutnya, solusi persamaan gangguan jiwa bipolar yang dituliskan dalam bentuk sistem persamaan non-linear autonomus untuk mendapatkan nilai Eigen sehingga diperoleh hasil bahwa model gangguan bipolar tanpa pengobatan dan dengan pengobatan ditinjau dari sistem yang berosilasi yaitu (dimana dan merupakan parameter), menghasilkan nilai Eigen bagian riil positif dan menunjukkan bahwa titik tersebut merupakan titik tak stabil. Pada diagram fasa yang diselesaikan secara numerik menggunakan Ordinary Differential Equation 45 (ODE45) model gangguan jiwa bipolar dengan pengobatan memiliki sebuah limit cycle yang unik. Eksistensi limit cycle ini menyebabkan orbit pada bidang fase akan menuju ke suatu lingkaran tertentu. Limit cycle inilah diinterpretasikan sebagai keberhasilan proses pengobatan, karena keadaan emosional penderita berosilasi dalam batas yang ditentukan.

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3

Granstrom, Kjell y Dan Stiwne. "A Bipolar Model of Groupthink". Small Group Research 29, n.º 1 (febrero de 1998): 32–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1046496498291002.

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4

Moradzadeh, Arash, Michael Joel Brenner, Elizabeth Whitlock, Janina Paula Delpilar Luciano, Terence Michael Myckatyn, Hunter Daniel, Alice Tong y Susan E. Mackinnon. "R416 – Bipolar Cautery: Sunderland Third Degree Nerve Injury Model". Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery 139, n.º 2_suppl (agosto de 2008): P182—P183. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.otohns.2008.05.570.

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Problem The prognosis of bipolar electrocautery nerve injury is unpredictable because few experiments compare it to characterized nerve injury models. Methods 16 Lewis rats were randomized to sciatic crush or bipolar cautery and at 21 days evaluated with nerve morphometry and walking tack analysis. Double transgenic Thy1-CFP/S100-GFP mice were used to serially image axonal regeneration and Schwann cells (SC) over time following injury. Results In rats, bipolar cautery injury shows greater disruption of myelin and neurofilament architecture at the injury site. There is decreased total nerve fiber counts distal to the injury (p<0.05). Walking track analysis demonstrates functional recovery after crush, but not after cautery injury. Serial imaging of mice, shows axonal regeneration starting at week 1 after crush, but late, partial axonal regeneration in the cautery group; these findings were reflected in endplate reinnervation at 42 days. Conclusion Results suggest that a Sunderland type 3 injury, characterized by slow, variable, incomplete recovery, results from a bipolar electrocautery injury. Significance Bipolar cautery injuries can be observed without immediate surgical intervention.

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5

Saputra, Eko, Iwan Budiwan Anwar, Rifky Ismail, J. Jamari y Emile van der Heide. "Study of Unipolar and Bipolar Hip Prostheses Using Finite Element Simulation: Contact Stress Analysis". Key Engineering Materials 739 (junio de 2017): 96–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.739.96.

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One of phenomena which cannot be avoided in the hip prosthesis due to sliding contact as a product of human activity is wear on the surface of contact interaction Wear in the bipolar model is more complicated than the unipolar model. There are two contact interaction in the bipolar model, while the unipolar model has only one contact interaction. Wear on the liner and cup surfaces of the bipolar model itself can be early estimated by investigation the contact stresses due to their contact interactions. The contact stress on the liner surface of unipolar model can be estimated using analytical method. However, the estimation of contact stress on the liner and cup surface of the bipolar model using analytical method still need to consider. The aiming of this paper is to study the contact stresses on the liner and cup surfaces in the bipolar model of hip prosthesis using the finite element simulation. There are three model of hip prostheses which are simulated in this research, i.e. the unipolar, bipolar and big head unipolar models. The result showed that the maximum contact stress on the liner surface of bipolar model is higher than the unipolar model. The maximum contact stress on the cup surface of the bipolar model is lower than the big head unipolar model. Based on this results, it can be concluded that the contact stress on the liner and cup surfaces of the bipolar model cannot be estimated using analytical method.

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6

Filipowicz, Katarzyna, Tomasz Misiak y Tomasz Tokarski. "Bipolar growth model with investment flows". Economics and Business Review 2 (16), n.º 3 (30 de septiembre de 2016): 32–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.18559/ebr.2016.3.4.

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7

Najm, F. "VBIC95: an improved bipolar transistor model". IEEE Circuits and Devices Magazine 12, n.º 2 (marzo de 1996): 11–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/101.485907.

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8

Chen, Xiu Qing y Li Chen. "The bipolar quantum drift-diffusion model". Acta Mathematica Sinica, English Series 25, n.º 4 (25 de marzo de 2009): 617–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10114-009-7171-2.

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9

Li, Zhi-Yun y Frank H. Shu. "A Quantitative Model for Bipolar Molecular Outflows". International Astronomical Union Colloquium 163 (1997): 757. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0252921100043815.

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AbstractSince their first discovery in 1980, nearly 200 bipolar molecular outflows have now been observed. These outflows appear to be a ubiquitous phenomenon in the star formation process, although their origin remains unclear. Here, we adopt the thin-shell model of Shu, Ruden, Lada, & Lizano (1991, ApJL, 370, 31) in which bipolar molecular outflows are the swept-up ambient material by powerful winds from central young stellar objects. Besides explaining many observed features of bipolar sources, such as shape, velocity, and the typical extent, this model also naturally accounts for the so-called “Hubble law” of velocity field. However, it was criticized by Masson & Chernin (1992, ApJ, 387, L47) on the ground that much less mass is observed at the high velocity end of some bipolar outflows than expected from this thin-shell model, unless the wind and/or the ambient medium are extremely anisotropic. We show that the extreme anisotropy is in fact inevitable both in the wind and in the ambient medium, because of the presence of dynamically important magnetic fields.The wind is anisotropic because it is magneto-centrifugally driven, and the frozen-in toroidal field tends to collimate the flow toward the rotation axis. This effect is studied using the well-known “method of characteristics” and we conclude that a MHD wind always has two components: a well-collimated jet and a wind-angle wind. It is the wide-angle wind component that will interact with the ambient medium and produce bipolar molecular outflows. The ambient core medium is anisotropic because it arises from lower-density, magnetically-supported molecular clouds through ambipolar diffusion. Using self-similarity technique, we model the “pivotal state” of star formation, which divides the core formation phase and the core collapse (accretion) phase. We find that pivotal states have toroid-like density contours in general, with lower-density regions around the magnetic axis (where matter drains more easily).When these anisotropics induced by magnetic fields are taken into account properly, the main argument against the wind-angle wind-driven, thin-shell model for bipolar molecular outflows disappears. Indeed, we show that the empirical mass-velocity relation found by Masson & Chernin and others for bipolar outflows provides the best quantitative supporting evidence for the thin-shell theory!

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10

Agustin Widyowati, Katmini y Predito Prihantoro. "Application the Cognitive-Behavioral Model of Relapse in Preventing Bipolar Relapse at RSI. Madinah Tulungagung". Journal Of Nursing Practice 7, n.º 2 (29 de abril de 2024): 241–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.30994/jnp.v7i2.392.

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Background: Mental health has a low early mortality rate, but contributes the most to disability and recurrence is an indicator of successful treatment of mental disorders, including bipolar. Bipolar relapse is caused by many factors or high-risk situations. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to analyze the determinants of bipolar relapse from a cognitive-behavioral model of relapse. Method: This research was conducted at Islamic Hospital of Madinah Tulungagung used a correlational design with a cross sectional approach to 108 respondents who were taken using a simple random sampling technique. The exogenous variables were genetics, age of onset, gender, occupation, marriage, family support, social capital, stigma, self-efficacy, motivation, medication adherence and the endogenous variable was bipolar relapse, using a questionnaire and analyzed path analysis. Results: Genetics, occupation, social capital, self-efficacy, motivation, medication adherence, community stigma and family support have a direct effect on bipolar relapse with a p-value <0.05. Community stigma has an indirect effect on bipolar relapse through medication adherence with a path coefficient (b) of 11.35. Family support has an indirect effect on bipolar relapse through medication adherence (b = 8.9), motivation (b = 11.89) and self-efficacy (b = 18.26). The most effective way to prevent bipolar relapse is family support which has an indirect effect on bipolar relapse through self-efficacy. Conclusion: Family support is expected to increase self-efficacy so that it is effective in preventing bipolar relapse.

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Zolotova, Nadezhda V. y Dmitri I. Ponyavin. "Model of poleward magnetic field streams from sunspot butterflies". Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union 8, S294 (agosto de 2012): 87–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1743921313002317.

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AbstractThe poleward magnetic field streams on time-latitude diagram of the photospheric magnetic field of the Sun during 1975–2011 (Kitt Peak NSO, SOLIS NSO, SOHO MDI data) are modeled. We performed simulations in terms of probability density function and bipole orientation according to Joy's law and Hale's cycle. The difference between distributions of leading and trailing fluxes of bipolar sunspots defines the so-called surplus. Finally, magnetic field streams and polar field reversals are a result of meridional drift of a surplus to the poles.

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12

LI, HAI-LIANG, GUOJING ZHANG y KAIJUN ZHANG. "ALGEBRAIC TIME DECAY FOR THE BIPOLAR QUANTUM HYDRODYNAMIC MODEL". Mathematical Models and Methods in Applied Sciences 18, n.º 06 (junio de 2008): 859–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218202508002887.

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The initial value problem is considered in the present paper for the bipolar quantum hydrodynamic (QHD) model for semiconductors in ℝ3. The unique strong solution exists globally in time and tends to the asymptotical state with an algebraic decay rate as time goes to infinity is proved. And, the global solution of linearized bipolar QHD system decays in time at an algebraic decay rate from both above and below is shown. This means that in general we cannot get an exponential time-decay rate for bipolar QHD system, which is different from the case of unipolar QHD model (where global solutions tend to the equilibrium state at an exponential time-decay rate) and is mainly caused by the nonlinear coupling and cancelation between two carriers. Moreover, it is also shown that the nonlinear dispersion does not affect the long time asymptotic behavior, which by product gives rise to the algebraic time-decay rate of the solution of the bipolar hydrodynamical model in the semiclassical limit.

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13

He, Hong. "Enhancing learning effect for students with bipolar depression through the interactive English translation teaching model". CNS Spectrums 28, S2 (octubre de 2023): S40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1092852923003504.

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BackgroundBipolar depression students may face various challenges during the learning process, such as emotional fluctuations and lack of concentration. Traditional teaching models may not achieve ideal results in response to the special needs of such students. Given this, the study aims to explore whether the interactive English translation teaching model can bring better learning experiences and effects to students with bipolar depression. Through an in-depth analysis of the characteristics of this teaching model, combined with the characteristics of students with bipolar depression, the study aims to provide educators with new strategies and methods.Subjects and MethodsThe study selected 120 students with bipolar depression as the research subjects and randomly divided them into an experimental group and a control group. The experimental group students were taught using interactive English translation teaching mode, while the control group students were taught using traditional teaching mode. The study used the Bipolar Depression Rating Scale (BDRS) to evaluate the intervention of students with bipolar depression.ResultsBefore the experiment, there was no significant difference in bipolar depression scores between the two groups of students (P>0.05); After the experiment, the bipolar depression symptoms of the experimental group students were significantly improved and significantly lower than those of the control group students (P<0.05).ConclusionsThe interactive English translation teaching model shows promise in alleviating symptoms of bipolar depression among students. Furthermore, this model positively impacts both their learning experience and mental well-being.AcknowledgementResearch Project on Teaching Reform of Chongqing Vocational Education, No. GZ223267.

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Shahzadi, Sundas, Areen Rasool, Musavarah Sarwar y Muhammad Akram. "A framework of decision making based on bipolar fuzzy competition hypergraphs". Journal of Intelligent & Fuzzy Systems 41, n.º 1 (11 de agosto de 2021): 1319–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/jifs-210216.

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Bipolarity plays a key role in different domains such as technology, social networking and biological sciences for illustrating real-world phenomenon using bipolar fuzzy models. In this article, novel concepts of bipolar fuzzy competition hypergraphs are introduced and discuss the application of the proposed model. The main contribution is to illustrate different methods for the construction of bipolar fuzzy competition hypergraphs and their variants. Authors study various new concepts including bipolar fuzzy row hypergraphs, bipolar fuzzy column hypergraphs, bipolar fuzzy k-competition hypergraphs, bipolar fuzzy neighborhood hypergraphs and strong hyperedges. Besides, we develop some relations between bipolar fuzzy k-competition hypergraphs and bipolar fuzzy neighborhood hypergraphs. Moreover, authors design an algorithm to compute the strength of competition among companies in business market. A comparative analysis of the proposed model is discuss with the existing models such bipolar fuzzy competition graphs and fuzzy competition hypergraphs.

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15

GÜNDÜZ, Çiğdem y Can METİN. "BIPOLAR SOFT CONTINUITY ON BIPOLAR SOFT TOPOLOGICAL SPACES". Maltepe Journal of Mathematics 5, n.º 2 (19 de septiembre de 2023): 11–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.47087/mjm.1314428.

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The striking idea of soft sets was frst claimed that by Molodtsov as a new mathematical tool for dealing with uncertainties which is free from the other theories limitations. After the advent of soft set theory, bipolar soft sets as a generalization of soft sets, a new model of uncertain information, were introduced by Shabir and Naz. The main purpose of this paper is to introduce and investigate the structures of bipolar soft continuity, bipolar soft openness, bipolar soft closedness and bipolar soft homeomorphism.

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16

LATTANZIO, CORRADO. "ON THE 3-D BIPOLAR ISENTROPIC EULER–POISSON MODEL FOR SEMICONDUCTORS AND THE DRIFT-DIFFUSION LIMIT". Mathematical Models and Methods in Applied Sciences 10, n.º 03 (abril de 2000): 351–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218202500000215.

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The aim of this paper is the study of the relaxation limit of the 3-D bipolar hydrodynamic model for semiconductors. We prove the convergence for the weak solutions to the bipolar Euler–Poisson system towards the solutions to the bipolar drifthyphen;diffusion system, as the relaxation time tends to zero.

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17

Hitoshi, Hanami. "Accretion-Disk-Instability Model for Outbursts of FU Orionis". International Astronomical Union Colloquium 108 (1988): 240–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0252921100093957.

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The FU Orionis objects show us the abrupt brightening by ~5 map. The two best studied examples, FU ori and V1057Cyg, brightened and have remained very luminous for years and began to fade gradually (cf. Herbig 1977). On the other hand, a large number of young stellar objects have been discovered with energetic molecular bipolar outflows (Lada 1985, for a review). On high-resolution radio observations, the disks have been detected around the central infrared sources (cf. Kaifu et al. 1984, Hasegawa et al. 1984). Most of the disks seem to be perpendicular to the bipolar outflows. These observations suggests that the disk is strongly related with the energetics phenomena like bipolar outflow in star forming regions. (cf.Okuda and Ikeuchi 1986, Hanami and Sakashita 1986, Pudritz 1985, Shibata and Uchida 1985)

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18

Loughlin, Rose, Rebecca Heald y François Nédélec. "A computational model predicts Xenopus meiotic spindle organization". Journal of Cell Biology 191, n.º 7 (20 de diciembre de 2010): 1239–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.201006076.

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The metaphase spindle is a dynamic bipolar structure crucial for proper chromosome segregation, but how microtubules (MTs) are organized within the bipolar architecture remains controversial. To explore MT organization along the pole-to-pole axis, we simulated meiotic spindle assembly in two dimensions using dynamic MTs, a MT cross-linking force, and a kinesin-5–like motor. The bipolar structures that form consist of antiparallel fluxing MTs, but spindle pole formation requires the addition of a NuMA-like minus-end cross-linker and directed transport of MT depolymerization activity toward minus ends. Dynamic instability and minus-end depolymerization generate realistic MT lifetimes and a truncated exponential MT length distribution. Keeping the number of MTs in the simulation constant, we explored the influence of two different MT nucleation pathways on spindle organization. When nucleation occurs throughout the spindle, the simulation quantitatively reproduces features of meiotic spindles assembled in Xenopus egg extracts.

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19

Ping-An, Chen, Dong Xian-Dui, Lu Jun-Tao y He Ping. "The Model Analysis of Bipolar Electrode Polarization". Acta Physico-Chimica Sinica 13, n.º 06 (1997): 489–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.3866/pku.whxb19970603.

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20

Tchangani, Ayeley P., Yasmina Bouzarour-Amokrane y François Pérès. "Evaluation Model in Decision Analysis: Bipolar Approach". Informatica 23, n.º 3 (1 de enero de 2012): 461–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/informatica.2012.370.

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21

LIOU, J. J. y J. S. YUAN. "Compact bipolar transistor model for circuit simulation". International Journal of Electronics 68, n.º 2 (febrero de 1990): 265–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00207219008921168.

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22

Treiber, Martin y Lorenz Kramer. "Bipolar Electrodiffusion Model for Electroconvection in Nematics". Molecular Crystals and Liquid Crystals Science and Technology. Section A. Molecular Crystals and Liquid Crystals 261, n.º 1 (marzo de 1995): 311–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10587259508033478.

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23

Lew, K. L., T. K. Chiang, Y. H. Wang y M. P. Houng. "A model for heterostructure-emitter bipolar transistors". Solid-State Electronics 41, n.º 9 (septiembre de 1997): 1337–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0038-1101(97)00124-x.

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24

McAndrew, C. C., J. A. Seitchik, D. F. Bowers, M. Dunn, M. Foisy, I. Getreu, M. McSwain et al. "VBIC95, the vertical bipolar inter-company model". IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits 31, n.º 10 (1996): 1476–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/4.540058.

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25

Lawry, Jonathan y Inés González-Rodríguez. "A bipolar model of assertability and belief". International Journal of Approximate Reasoning 52, n.º 1 (enero de 2011): 76–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijar.2010.05.005.

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26

Liou, J. J. y J. S. Yuan. "An avalanche multiplication model for bipolar transistors". Solid-State Electronics 33, n.º 1 (enero de 1990): 35–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0038-1101(90)90006-z.

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27

Post, I. R. C., P. Ashburn y A. Nouailhat. "Heterojunction tunnelling model forPNPandNPNpolysilicon emitter bipolar transistors". Electronics Letters 28, n.º 25 (3 de diciembre de 1992): 2276–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/el:19921464.

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Mafé, S., J. A. Manzanares y P. Ramrez. "Model for ion transport in bipolar membranes". Physical Review A 42, n.º 10 (1 de noviembre de 1990): 6245–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physreva.42.6245.

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Lachman, H. M. y D. F. Papolos. "A molecular model for bipolar affective disorder". Medical Hypotheses 45, n.º 3 (septiembre de 1995): 255–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0306-9877(95)90114-0.

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Otto, E., F. Stratmann y H. Fissan. "A lognormal model to describe bipolar coagulation". Journal of Aerosol Science 26 (septiembre de 1995): S645—S646. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0021-8502(95)97230-c.

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Sheng, Hanyu y Soo-Jin Chua. "Electroluminescence model of bipolar resonant tunnelling diode". Optical and Quantum Electronics 26, n.º 4 (abril de 1994): 397–404. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00304244.

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Shumaiza, Muhammad Akram y Ahmad N. Al-Kenani. "Multiple-Attribute Decision Making ELECTRE II Method under Bipolar Fuzzy Model". Algorithms 12, n.º 11 (29 de octubre de 2019): 226. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/a12110226.

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The core aim of this paper is to provide a new multiple-criteria decision making (MCDM) model, namely bipolar fuzzy ELimination and Choice Translating REality (ELECTRE) II method, by combining the bipolar fuzzy set with ELECTRE II technique. It can be used to solve the problems having bipolar uncertainty. The proposed method is established by defining the concept of bipolar fuzzy strong, median and weak concordance as well as discordance sets and indifferent set to define two types of outranking relations, namely strong outranking relation and weak outranking relation. The normalized weights of criteria, which may be partly or completely unknown for decision makers, are calculated by using an optimization technique, which is based on maximizing deviation method. A systematic iterative procedure is applied to strongly outrank as well as weakly outrank graphs to determine the ranking of favorable actions or alternatives or to choose the best possible solution. The implementation of the proposed method is presented by numerical examples such as selection of business location and to chose the best supplier. A comparative analysis of proposed ELECTRE II method is also presented with already existing multiple-attribute decision making methods, including Technique for the Order of Preference by Similarity to an Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) and ELECTRE I under bipolar fuzzy environment by solving the problem of business location.

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Georgiades, Anna, Fruhling Rijsdijk, Fergus Kane, Irene Rebollo-Mesa, Sridevi Kalidindi, Katja K. Schulze, Daniel Stahl et al. "New insights into the endophenotypic status of cognition in bipolar disorder: Genetic modelling study of twins and siblings". British Journal of Psychiatry 208, n.º 6 (junio de 2016): 539–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.115.167239.

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BackgroundTwin studies have lacked statistical power to apply advanced genetic modelling techniques to the search for cognitive endophenotypes for bipolar disorder.AimsTo quantify the shared genetic variability between bipolar disorder and cognitive measures.MethodStructural equation modelling was performed on cognitive data collected from 331 twins/siblings of varying genetic relatedness, disease status and concordance for bipolar disorder.ResultsUsing a parsimonious AE model, verbal episodic and spatial working memory showed statistically significant genetic correlations with bipolar disorder (rg = |0.23|–|0.27|), which lost statistical significance after covarying for affective symptoms. Using an ACE model, IQ and visual-spatial learning showed statistically significant genetic correlations with bipolar disorder (rg = |0.51|–|1.00|), which remained significant after covarying for affective symptoms.ConclusionsVerbal episodic and spatial working memory capture a modest fraction of the bipolar diathesis. IQ and visual-spatial learning may tap into genetic substrates of non-affective symptomatology in bipolar disorder.

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Agius, M., M. Fawcett y R. Zaman. "Do bipolar II and bipolar I disorder have different genotypes and why do we observe unipolar depression converting to bipolar II and then bipolar I?" European Psychiatry 33, S1 (marzo de 2016): S328. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2016.01.1136.

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We review the recent literature in order to establish the importance of a spectrum for bipolar affective disorder, and that unipolar depression, bipolar II and bipolar I are discrete entities that may however evolve in sequence. We discuss clinical, genetic and neurobiological data which illustrate the differences between bipolar I and bipolar II. To fit the data we suggest a series of multiple mood disorder genotypes, some of which evolve into other conditions on the bipolar spectrum. Thence, we discuss the nature of the bipolar spectrum and demonstrate how this concept can be used as the basis of a staging model for bipolar disorder.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

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Huang, Lidong, Qiuyan Miao, Xiruo Su, Bin Wu y Kaichen Song. "The Minimum AC Signal Model of Bipolar Transistor in Amplification Region for Weak Signal Detection". Sensors 21, n.º 21 (26 de octubre de 2021): 7102. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21217102.

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This paper presents a minimum signal model via the AC small-signal model and the uncertainty principle, which reveals the minimum AC signal that can be amplified by a bipolar transistor. The Ebers—Moll model (EM3) can describe the small signal amplification process, but it is difficult to define the minimum amplifiable signal of the bipolar transistor. In this study, the correspondence relationship between the non-equilibrium carrier and the electric injection is proved, and the relationship between the life of the non-equilibrium carrier and the measurable signal is proposed by the uncertainty principle. Next, the limit of perceived minimum voltage is also derived in this paper. Then, combining with EM3 model, the minimum AC signal model of bipolar transistor is presented to calculate the minimum voltage signal of bipolar transistor that can be amplified. Finally, a number of the simulation and experiment results show that when the minimum signal in the model is used as input, the carrier concentration of the bipolar transistor does not change and the base electrode cannot perceive the signal, which verifies the validity of the minimum AC signal model.

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Malhi, Gin S. "Thing one and thing two1: What ‘Doctors use’ to doctor you?" Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 55, n.º 6 (junio de 2021): 536–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00048674211022602.

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This perspective piece is a detailed analysis of the critique by Gordon Parker of the mood disorders clinical practice guidelines (MDcpg2020), in which he claims that bipolar II disorder has been ‘banished’ despite its formal status in current taxonomies. In this article, I defend the reasoning used by the Committee to adopt a dimensional model for describing and managing mood disorders, in particular bipolar disorder. I also robustly contend the many erroneous inferences made by him in his Viewpoint regarding management recommendations within the MDcpg2020 and demonstrate that there is no valid justification for subtyping bipolar disorder – especially in the manner proposed by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th edition. Thus, I argue that it was appropriate for the MDcpg2020 Committee to pursue an alternative model to the usual subtyping of bipolar disorder into ‘thing one’ and ‘thing two’ and conclude that the now clearly redundant model of Bipolar II should be altogether removed from our lexicon and clinical practice. Indeed, it is time to develop new and alternative models for defining bipolar disorder and among these a dimensional model should be given consideration.

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37

Doja, M. N., Moinuddin y Umesh Kumar. "High Speed Non-Linear Circuit Simulation of Bipolar Junction Transistors". Active and Passive Electronic Components 22, n.º 1 (1999): 51–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/1999/58424.

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This paper presents HIBTRA (High Speed Bipolar Transistor Analysis), a high speed non-linear bipolar transistor circuit simulation package. The paper discusses about the modelling of Bipolar Junction Transistor operated at high speed in the sinusoidal small signal and the transient region of operations. The package uses a high frequency model non-linear circuit elements for accurate analysis. The package also uses transistor's lumped circuit model to calculate devices electrical parameters, and it also does dynamic simulation. It also includes the conventional model as a special case. Model verification has also been done by simulation.

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38

Farooq, Adeel, Mohammed M. Ali Al-Shamiri, Mohammed M. Khalaf y Umaira Amjad. "Decision-Making Approach with Complex Bipolar Fuzzy N-Soft Sets". Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2022 (21 de febrero de 2022): 1–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/2635568.

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The primary aim of this article is to extend the bipolar fuzzy N -soft sets with the concern of pursuing the periodicity involved real-world problems and introduce a new multiskilled hybrid model, namely, complex bipolar fuzzy N -soft sets. The novel model possesses the parametric characteristics of the versatile N -soft set and enjoys the distinguished attributes of a complex bipolar fuzzy set to handle the double-sided periodic vague data. We illustrate that the innovative model assists as a proficient mechanism for grading-based parameterized two-dimensional bipolar fuzzy information. We present some elementary operations and results for a complex bipolar fuzzy N -soft environment. Further, we establish the three dexterous algorithms to find the optimal solution to multiattribute decision-making problems. Moreover, the algorithms are supported with the robust assessment of a real-world application. Lastly, a comparison with existent decision-making techniques, such as choice values, weighted choice values, and D -choice of values of bipolar fuzzy N -soft sets, is also conducted to manifest the phenomenal accountability and authenticity of the presented decision-making approaches.

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39

Saqib, Muhammad, Muhammad Akram, Shahida Bashir y Tofigh Allahviranloo. "Numerical solution of bipolar fuzzy initial value problem". Journal of Intelligent & Fuzzy Systems 40, n.º 1 (4 de enero de 2021): 1309–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/jifs-201619.

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Differential equations occur in many fields of science, engineering and social science as it is a natural way of modeling uncertain dynamical systems. A bipolar fuzzy set model is useful mathematical tool for addressing uncertainty which is an extension of fuzzy set model. In this paper, we study differential equations in bipolar fuzzy environment. We introduce the concept gH-derivative of bipolar fuzzy valued function. We present some properties of gH-differentiability of bipolar fuzzy valued function by considering different types of differentiability. We consider bipolar fuzzy Taylor expansion. By using Taylor expansion, Euler method is presented for solving bipolar fuzzy initial value problems. We discuss convergence analysis of proposed method. We describe some numerical examples to see the convergence and stability of the method and compute global truncation error. From numerical results, we see that for small step size Euler method converges to exact solution.

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40

Bijjani, R. y P. Das. "An M-ary Neural Network Model". Neural Computation 2, n.º 4 (diciembre de 1990): 536–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/neco.1990.2.4.536.

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An M-ary neural network model is described, and is shown to have a higher error correction capability than the bipolar Hopfield neural net. The M-ary model is then applied to an image recognition problem.

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41

Gil-González, Walter, Oscar Danilo Montoya y Jesús C. Hernández. "Optimal Neutral Grounding in Bipolar DC Networks with Asymmetric Loading: A Recursive Mixed-Integer Quadratic Formulation". Energies 16, n.º 9 (27 de abril de 2023): 3755. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16093755.

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This paper presents a novel approach to tackle the problem of optimal neutral wire grounding in bipolar DC networks including asymmetric loading, which naturally involves mixed-integer nonlinear programming (MINLP) and is challenging to solve. This MINLP model is transformed into a recursive mixed-integer quadratic (MIQ) model by linearizing the hyperbolic relation between voltage and powers in constant power terminals. A recursive algorithm is implemented to eliminate the possible errors generated by linearization. The proposed recursive MIQ model is assessed in two bipolar DC systems and compared against three solvers of the GAMS software. The results obtained validate the performance of the proposed MIQ model, which finds the global optimum of the model while reducing power losses for bipolar DC systems with 21, 33, and 85 buses by 4.08%, 2.75%, and 7.40%, respectively, when three nodes connected to the ground are considered. Furthermore, the model exhibits a superior performance when compared to the GAMS solvers. The impact of grounding the neutral wire in bipolar DC networks is also studied by varying the number of available nodes to be grounded. The results show that the reduction in power losses is imperceptible after grounding the third node for the three bipolar DC systems under study.

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42

Gliozzi, Alessandra, Zein Mirghani y Annalisa Relini. "Bipolar Lipid Vesicles: A Model for Archaeobacteria Membranes". Journal of Liposome Research 3, n.º 3 (enero de 1993): 623–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/08982109309150744.

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43

López-Vázquez, J. A., J. Cantó y S. Lizano. "Angular Momentum in Bipolar Outflows: Dynamical Evolutionary Model". Astrophysical Journal 879, n.º 1 (2 de julio de 2019): 42. http://dx.doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ab2242.

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44

López-González, Juan M. y Antonio J. García-Loureiro. "Physics-based model for tunnel heterostructure bipolar transistors". Semiconductor Science and Technology 19, n.º 11 (23 de septiembre de 2004): 1300–1305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0268-1242/19/11/015.

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45

Frimel, S. M. y K. P. Roenker. "Gummel–Poon model for Npn heterojunction bipolar phototransistors". Journal of Applied Physics 82, n.º 7 (octubre de 1997): 3581–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.365677.

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46

Valsamakis, E. A. "Generator for a custom statistical bipolar transistor model". IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits 20, n.º 2 (abril de 1985): 586–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jssc.1985.1052347.

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47

Fiege, J. D. y R. N. Henriksen. "A global model of protostellar bipolar outflow -- I". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 281, n.º 3 (1 de agosto de 1996): 1038–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mnras/281.3.1038.

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48

Fiege, J. D. y R. N. Henriksen. "A global model of protostellar bipolar outflow -- II". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 281, n.º 3 (1 de agosto de 1996): 1055–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mnras/281.3.1055.

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49

MOLTZ, DAVID A. "Bipolar Disorder and the Family: An Integrative Model". Family Process 32, n.º 4 (diciembre de 1993): 409–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1545-5300.1993.00409.x.

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50

Cabrit, Sylvie y Claude Bertout. "A model of molecular emission in bipolar flows". Symposium - International Astronomical Union 122 (1987): 89–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0074180900156049.

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We present a model of CO J=1→0 line formation in accelerated bipolar outflows. We find that the integrated intensity maps can be divided into four categories, depending on the view angle and the flow opening angle. We then show that no accurate values of the flow parameters can be derived from the CO observations without careful modelling of the outflow properties.

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