Bibliografías temáticas / Biot Theory

Literatura académica sobre el tema "Biot Theory"

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Publicado: 4 de junio de 2021
Última modificación: 21 de febrero de 2023

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Artículos de revistas sobre el tema "Biot Theory"

1

Stoll, Robert D. "Geoacoustic modeling using the Biot theory". Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 100, n.º 4 (octubre de 1996): 2764. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.416366.

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Chotiros, Nicholas P. "Ocean sediments and the Biot theory". Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 144, n.º 3 (septiembre de 2018): 1980. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.5068645.

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Ogushwitz, P. R. "Applicability of the Biot theory. II. Suspensions". Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 77, n.º 2 (febrero de 1985): 441–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.391864.

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Mörig, R. y H. Burkhardt. "Experimental evidence for the Biot‐Gardner theory". GEOPHYSICS 54, n.º 4 (abril de 1989): 524–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.1442679.

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Seismic wave attenuation has been a subject of interest during the last 40 years because it may be of use in interpreting seismic data. From this attenuation parameter, more detailed information about the lithology of the subsurface may be deduced if we understand the absorption mechanisms by which dissipation of seismic energy is governed. We are, therefore, studying in the laboratory the effects of different parameters such as porosity, permeability, pore fluid, and saturation state on the absorption of seismic waves in porous rocks over a wide spectrum ranging from seismic to ultrasonic frequencies (Burkhardt et al., 1986).
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Katsube, N. "The Constitutive Theory for Fluid-Filled Porous Materials". Journal of Applied Mechanics 52, n.º 1 (1 de marzo de 1985): 185–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3168992.

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The static constitutive theory for fluid-filled porous materials, well established by Biot, is reinvestigated by modifying the recent developments of the micromechanical approach by Carroll. Introducing a new kinematical quantity that allows an equal treatment of fluid and solid, we show that the constitutive theory by Carroll is identical to that developed by Biot. This comparison provides a further insight into Biot’s theory by clarifying the distinct deformation mechanisms that Biot did not express explicitly. Applying the same methods to the dynamic case, we investigate the fluid flow mechanism of a porous fluid material.
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6

Li, Guangquan, Kui Liu y Xiang Li. "Comparison of Fluid Pressure Wave between Biot Theory and Storativity Equation". Geofluids 2020 (26 de octubre de 2020): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8820296.

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Compressibilities of pore fluid and rock skeleton affect pressure profile and flow velocity of fluid in aquifers. Storativity equation is often used to characterize such effects. The equation suffers from a disadvantage that at infinite large frequency, the predicted velocity of fluid pressure wave is infinitely large, which is unrealistic because any physical processes need certain amounts of time. In this paper, Biot theory is employed to investigate the problem. It is shown that the key equations of Biot theory can be simplified to storativity equation, based on low-frequency assumption. Using Berea sandstone as an example, we compare phase velocity and the quality factor between Biot theory and storativity equation. The results reveal that Biot theory is more accurate in yielding a bounded wave velocity. At frequency lower than 100 kHz, Biot theory yields a wave velocity 8 percent higher than storativity equation does. Apparent permeability measured by fluid pressure wave (such as Oscillatory Hydraulic Tomography) may be 14 percent higher than real permeability measured by steady flow experiments. If skeleton is rigid, Biot theory at very high frequencies or with very high permeabilities will yield the same velocity as sound wave in pure water. The findings help us for better understanding of the physical processes of pore fluid and the limitations of storativity equation.
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7

Nathwani, K. Miguel y Frank S. Henyey. "A modification of Biot theory for unconsolidated sediment." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 99, n.º 4 (abril de 1996): 2474–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.415552.

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Khashanah, Khaldoun. "A douglis-nirenberg elliptic operator in biot theory". Applicable Analysis 61, n.º 1-2 (junio de 1996): 87–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00036819608840446.

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Wang, Shu Fang y Ming Xin Zheng. "Application of Biot Consolidation Theory to Analyze Land Subsidence". Advanced Materials Research 168-170 (diciembre de 2010): 2615–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.168-170.2615.

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Based on the summary of the status of land subsidence research, Biot Consolidation Theory is proposed to analyze the coupling of seepage field caused by precipitation. By use of Biot consolidation two-dimensional plane finite element calculation programmed, the land subsidence of the WenZhou Yongqiang plain caused by the exploitation of underground water was analyzed. The results are more in line with the measured data, so the method for analysis of possible land subsidence is practicable.
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Mikelić, Andro y Mary F. Wheeler. "Theory of the dynamic Biot-Allard equations and their link to the quasi-static Biot system". Journal of Mathematical Physics 53, n.º 12 (diciembre de 2012): 123702. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4764887.

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Tesis sobre el tema "Biot Theory"

1

Shen, Jonah Wai. "Finite difference methods applied to biot theory in porous medium". Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 1995. http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA306214.

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Thesis (M.S. in Engineering Acoustics) Naval Postgraduate School, September 1995.
Thesis advisor(s):, Clyde Scandrett,Anthony A. Atchley. "September 1995." Bibliography: p. 43. Also available online.
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2

Lind, Nordgren Eleonora. "A study of tailoring acoustic porous material properties when designing lightweight multilayered vehicle panels". Doctoral thesis, KTH, MWL Marcus Wallenberg Laboratoriet, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-100701.

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The present work explores the possibilities of adapting poro-elastic lightweight acoustic materials to specific applications. More explicitly, a design approach is presented where finite element based numerical simulations are combined with optimization techniques to improve the dynamic and acoustic properties of lightweight multilayered panels containing poro-elastic acoustic materials. The numerical models are based on Biot theory which uses equivalent fluid/solid models with macroscopic space averaged material properties to describe the physical behaviour of poro-elastic materials. To systematically identify and compare specific beneficial or unfavourable material properties, the numerical model is connected to a gradient based optimizer. As the macroscopic material parameters used in Biot theory are interrelated, they are not suitable to be used as independent design variables. Instead scaling laws are applied to connect macroscopic material properties to the underlying microscopic geometrical properties that may be altered independently. The design approach is also combined with a structural sandwich panel mass optimization, to examine possible ways to handle the, sometimes contradicting, structural and acoustic demands. By carefully balancing structural and acoustic components, synergetic rather than contradictive effects could be achieved, resulting in multifunctional panels; hopefully making additional acoustic treatment, which may otherwise undo major parts of the weight reduction, redundant. The results indicate a significant potential to improve the dynamic and acoustic properties of multilayered panels with a minimum of added weight and volume. The developed modelling techniques could also be implemented in future computer based design tools for lightweight vehicle panels. This would possibly enable efficient mass reduction while limiting or, perhaps, totally avoiding the negative impact on sound and vibration properties that is, otherwise, a common side effect of reducing weight, thus helping to achieve lighter and more energy efficient vehicles in the future.

QC 20120815

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3

Nordgren, Eleonora. "A study of tailoring acoustic porous material properties when designing lightweight multilayered vehicle panels". Phd thesis, Conservatoire national des arts et metiers - CNAM, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00780756.

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The present work explores the possibilities of adapting poro-elastic lightweight acoustic materials to specific applications. More explicitly, a design approach is presented where finite element based numerical simulations are combined with optimization techniques to improve the dynamic and acoustic properties of lightweight multilayered panels containing poro-elastic acoustic materials.The numerical models are based on Biot theory which uses equivalent fluid/solid models with macroscopic space averaged material properties to describe the physical behaviour of poro-elastic materials. To systematically identify and compare specific beneficial or unfavourable material properties, the numerical model is connected to a gradient based optimizer. As the macroscopic material parameters used in Biot theory are interrelated, they are not suitable to be used as independent design variables. Instead scaling laws are applied to connect macroscopic material properties to the underlying microscopic geometrical properties that may be altered independently.The design approach is also combined with a structural sandwich panel mass optimization, to examine possible ways to handle the, sometimes contradicting, structural and acoustic demands. By carefully balancing structural and acoustic components, synergetic rather than contradictive effects could be achieved, resulting in multifunctional panels; hopefully making additional acoustic treatment, which may otherwise undo major parts of the weight reduction, redundant.The results indicate a significant potential to improve the dynamic and acoustic properties of multilayered panels with a minimum of added weight and volume. The developed modelling techniques could also be implemented in future computer based design tools for lightweight vehicle panels. This would possibly enable efficient mass reduction while limiting or, perhaps, totally avoiding the negative impact on sound and vibration properties that is, otherwise, a common side effect of reducing weight, thus helping to achieve lighter and more energy efficient vehicles in the future.
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4

Boulos, Mario. "Déshydratation mécano-thermique d’un milieu poreux déformable : modélisation des transferts et développement d’outils de caractérisation adaptés". Thesis, Bordeaux 1, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010BOR14074/document.

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Ces travaux de thèse portent sur la caractérisation des milieux poreux fortement déformables afin de modéliser le transfert réalisé au cours du séchage. La théorie de consolidation de Biot traduit le couplage hydromécanique se produisant durant la déshydratation d’un milieu poreux déformable. Le modèle de Cáceres s’appuie sur cette théorie et sur la loi classique de Darcy. Il est adapté aux grandes déformations du squelette solide et utilise un tenseur de contraintes de décomposition Terzaghi. Une simulation de la déshydratation par l’intermédiaire de ce modèle nécessite au préalable le renseignement de celui-ci en termes de caractéristiques thermophysiques. Deux dispositifs expérimentaux ont été mis en place : l’un mesurant la relaxation de charge, l’autre réalisant la pressurisation dynamique (DP). La 1ère expérience nous a permis de caractériser la perméabilité, le coefficient de Poisson et le module d’Young en fonction de la teneur en eau du gel. La 2ème expérience a révélé l’importance de la prise en considération de la compressibilité de la phase solide dans la modélisation du séchage du gel d’agar ainsi que, la nécessité de corriger la valeur du module de compressibilité de l’eau contenant du gaz dissout. Suite à cette étape expérimentale, nous avons concentré nos efforts sur la modélisation liée à notre étude. Tout d’abord, la DP étant conforme à l’hypothèse de faibles déformations, un modèle numérique basé sur les équations de Biot a été réalisé afin de valider les paramètres mesurés et de corriger la valeur estimée de la perméabilité. Un second modèle traduit le couplage thermo-hydro-mécanique lors du séchage convectif d’un milieu poreux fortement déformable comme les gels d’agar et d’alumine. Ce dernier s’appuie sur la théorie de Biot et d’une part s’adapte aux fortes déformations et d’autre part utilise l’approche eulérienne. Ce modèle constitue donc un compromis entre les modèles de Biot et de Cáceres et s’appuie sur l’étude thermodynamique de Coussy ce qui est une avancée dans la modélisation des gels déformables
This thesis focuses on the characterization of strongly deformable porous media in order to model the transfer taking place during drying. The theory of consolidation of Biot reflects the hydro-mechanical coupling occurring during dehydration of a deformable porous medium. Cáceres developed a model based on this theory and on the classical Darcy’s law. It is suitable for large deformations of the solid skeleton and the stress tensor is decomposed according to the so-called Terzaghi’s principle. A simulation using this model requires the information in thermo-physical terms of characteristics. Two experimental setups were developed : one measuring the relaxation charge, the other called dynamic pressurization (DP). The first experiment allowed us to characterize the permeability, Poisson’s ratio and Young’s modulus as functions of water content of the gel. The second experiment showed the importance of taking into account the compressibility of the solid phase in the modeling of the drying of agar gel as well as the effect of the existence of bubbles on the bulk modulus of the water. The establishment of two models followed this experimental study. First, the DP is consistent with the hypothesis of small deformations, a numerical model based on Biot’s equations was carried out to validate the parameters measured and to correct the estimated value of the permeability. A second model reflects the thermo-hydro-mechanical coupling in the convective drying of highly deformable porous media such as agar gel and alumina. The latter is based on the Biot’s theory and on the thermodynamics study of Coussy. It uses the Euler’s method while staying adapted to large deformations
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5

Barbagallo, Mathias. "Statistical energy analysis and variational principles for the prediction of sound transmission in multilayered structures". Doctoral thesis, KTH, MWL Marcus Wallenberg Laboratoriet, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-118427.

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Multilayered structures have many application in industry and society: they have peculiar properties and serve a variety of purposes, like structural support, thermal insulation, vibrational and acoustic isolation. This thesis concerns the prediction of sound transmission in multilayered structures. Two problems are herein investigated: the transmission of energy through structures and the transmission of energy along structures. The focus of the analysis is on the mid to high frequency range. To predict sound transmission in these structures, statistical energy analysis (SEA) is used.SEA models are devised for the prediction of the sound reduction index for two kinds of multilayered structures, double-walls used in buildings and trim-panels in vehicles; the double-walls comprise an air cavity in between flat plasterboard or glass plates, whereas the trim-panels a porous layer in between curved aluminium and rubber layers. The SEA models are based upon the wave-types carrying energy. The novelty in these SEAs is an element describing the waves in the air cavity, or in the porous layer, fully coupled to the mass-impeded external layers. Compared to measurements, the proposed SEA performs well: for double-walls, it performs better than previous models; for trim-panels, it is an original result. The parameters of the new SEA element, such as modal density, are derived from the coupling equations describing the fully coupled waves. For double-walls, these equations are derived via Newton's laws. For trim-panels, a variational approach based upon a modified Hamilton's principle valid for non-conservative systems is preferred, because it is a powerful machinery for deriving equations of motion and coupling conditions of a medium as complex as the porous layer. The modified Hamilton's principle for non-conservative systems is based upon a self-adjoint functional analogous to the Lagrangian, inspired by Morse and Feshbach's construction. A self-adjoint variational principle for Biot's equations in the displacement formulation is devised. An equivalent mixed formulation is obtained changing the coordinates of the displacement formulation via Lagrange multipliers. From this mixed formulation, the Lagrangian for a porous material with a limp frame is derived, which yields the continuity of the total displacement of the porous layer. Lagrange multipliers help to obtain the correct coupling functionals between a porous material and a solid. The Lagrange multipliers introducing the continuity of the frame and the solid displacements equal the traction of the in-vacuo frame, thus disappearing if the latter is limp. Measurements to gather material parameters for a Biot model of the porous layer have been conducted.The effects of spatial energy decay in the transmission along structures predicted by SEA is studied: a major effect is the increased relevance of indirect coupling loss factors between SEA elements. This may jeopardize the usefulness of SEA at higher frequencies.

QC 20130218

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6

Barrière, Julien. "Atténuation et dispersion des ondes P en milieu poreux partiellement saturé : approche expérimentale". Phd thesis, Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00734463.

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Afin d'analyser le rôle de la saturation partielle sur la vitesse de phase et l'atténuation des ondes P directes, nous avons élaboré une expérience en laboratoire dans la gamme du kiloHertz. Celle-ci permet une corrélation avec les mesures de terrain et limite les effets d'échelle induits par l'utilisation des traditionnelles mesures ultrasoniques. Le montage expérimental est composé d'un container rempli de sable, équipé d'accéléromètres et de sondes de teneur en eau. Une propagation d'onde est générée par une source mécanique constituée d'une bille en métal frappant une plaque de granite. Plusieurs cycles d'imbibition/drainage sont réalisés entre les saturations résiduelles en eau et en air. Une transformée continue en ondelette a été choisie pour le traitement des données sismiques et validée numériquement par une simulation de propagation d'ondes dans un milieu viscoélastique 2D (code Specfem2D). En imbibition et en drainage, la vitesse de phase décroît avec l'augmentation de la saturation, ce qui peut être expliqué par la limite Biot-Gassmann-Wood (BGW) de la théorie de Biot. Ce comportement, typique des mesures de terrain, indique qu'il est possible de considérer le mélange de fluides (eau et air) comme un fluide effectif. L'interprétation de l'atténuation est plus complexe et ne peut être expliquée par le mécanisme de relaxation de flux macroscopique de la théorie de Biot. Il est nécessaire d'introduire une contribution viscoélastique reliée aux pertes frictionelles grain-à-grain et décrite par un modèle à Q constant. De plus, un hystérésis entre imbibition et drainage est observé et expliqué en introduisant une perméabilité effective du mélange, dépendante des perméabilités relatives à l'eau et à l'air.
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7

Lei, Lei. "Étude des matériaux poreux thermo compressés pour la modélisation des écrans acoustiques automobiles". Thesis, Compiègne, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018COMP2428/document.

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Ce travail a été réalisé dans le cadre du projet EcOBEx, qui consiste à réduire le bruit du groupe motopropulseur rayonné à l'extérieur par l'ajout d'écrans acoustiques dans le compartiment moteur du véhicule. Les écrans acoustiques sont fabriqués par thermocompression de matériaux poreux uniformes. Les propriétés et l'épaisseur du matériau évoluent en fonction du degré de compression subit par le matériau. L'objectif de ce travail est de proposer des lois pour prédire l'évolution des propriétés des matériaux à partir du taux de compression et de leurs valeurs initiales avant compression. Dans un premier temps, on s'intéresse aux paramètres du modèle de fluide équivalent de Johnson-Champoux-Allard-Lafarge (JCAL) : porosité, résistivité au passage d'air, tortuosité, longueurs caractéristiques visqueuse et thermique, perméabilité thermique statique. Des expressions analytiques sont proposées pour prédire la variation de ces paramètres en fonction de la compression. Elles sont développées à partir d'un modèle de matériaux fibreux à fibres cylindriques où les variations d'orientation des fibres induites par la thermocompression peuvent être prises en compte. Les résultats sont en bon accord avec les mesures effectuées sur deux types de matériaux (mousse à cellules ouvertes et fibreux). Un modèle empirique généralisé est finalement proposé pour la résistivité au passage d'air. Dans un deuxième temps, on s'attache aux paramètres élastiques dont la connaissance est essentielle pour prendre en compte la vibration du squelette. La méthode expérimentale quasistatique est d'abord appliquée pour étudier l'évolution du module de Young par rapport au taux de compression pour les fibres et les mousses. Une loi de puissance est alors proposée pour prédire ces variations. Enfin, une méthode inverse pour estimer les propriétés élastiques d'un matériau poroélastique orthotrope à partir d'une mesure vibratoire d'un écran tricouche thermo comprimé est proposée. Cette méthode permet de caractériser les propriétés élastiques du matériau poreux dans une situation proche de son application réelle
This work was carried out in the framework of the project EcOBEx, whose main objective was to reduce the passby noise by mean of acoustic shields in the engine compartment of the vehicle. The acoustic shields are manufactured by thermocompression of uniform porous materials. The material’s properties and thickness evolve according to the degree of compression experienced by the material. The objective of this work is to propose some laws to predict the evolution of the materials properties from their initial non compressed values and the compression rate. Firstly, we focus on the parameters of the Johnson-Champoux-Allard-Lafarge (JCAL) equivalent fluid model : porosity, air-flow resistivity, tortuosity, viscous characteristic lengths, thermal characteristic length, static thermal permeability. Some analytical expressions are proposed to predict the variation of these parameters as a function of compression. They are derived from a physical model of cylindrical fibres where the fibre orientation variations induced by the thermocompression can be taken into account. The results are in good agreement with the measurements made two types of materials (open cell foam and fibrous). A generalized empirical model is finally proposed for the air-flow resistivity.In a second part, we focus on the elastic parameters, which are necessary to take into account the vibration of the skeleton. The quasi-static experimental method is first applied to study the evolution of the Young’s modulus along the compression rate for fibrous and open cell foams. A power law is then proposed to predict these variations. Finally, an inverse method for estimating the elastic properties of an orthotropic poro-elastic material from a vibratory measurement of a thermocompressed three layer sandwich structure is proposed. This method allows us to characterize the elastic properties of a porous material in a situation close to its actual application
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Aichele, Johannes. "Elastic waves in complex conditions : from the onset of rupture to viscous dispersion in foams". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Lyon, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LYSE1217.

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Ces travaux s'inscrivent dans la continuité des recherches académiques du Labtau (Laboratory of therapeutic applications of ultrasound) et de l’ ISTerre (Institut des sciences de la terre) à l'interface entre imagerie médicale et sismologie, deux disciplines reposant sur la propagation des ondes élastiques. La nature de la propagation des ondes élastiques dans des milieux complexes est étudiée à travers l'imagerie ultrasonore ultrarapide - également connue sous le nom d'imagerie d’ondes de cisaillement. Cette technique d'imagerie médicale permet de récupérer un champ d'onde de cisaillement se propageant dans un milieu élastique mou. Elle est habituellement utilisée comme modalité d’imagerie cartographiant les élasticités d’organes tels que le foie ou le sein. La première partie se penche sur le comportement des ondes dans des milieux poreux. La dispersion de l'onde de cisaillement et de l'onde de compression secondaire dans des matériaux imitant le poumon est analysées expérimentalement, puis comparées à la théorie de poro-élasticité de Biot. Les résultats quant à l'onde de cisaillement sont conformes à la théorie, et ceux de l’onde de compression y correspondent qualitativement. Pour conclure, dans le cas des milieux mous, poreux et élastiques, la dispersion des ondes élastiques est gouvernée par les propriétés du fluide visqueux. Ainsi, les résultats présentés au cours de cette thèse pourraient consolider la théorie nécessaire à une imagerie de l’élasticité pulmonaire. Potentiellement d’autres organes pourraient en bénéficier : en effet, le foie et la rate sont constitués d'un pourcentage élevé de sang. Ce fluide non-Newtonien présente une forte variabilité de la viscosité. Celle-ci implique la nécessité d’étudier le rôle du sang vis-à-vis de l'élastographie du foie, pas encore expliquée par les modèles visco-élastique. En outre, la preuve expérimentale de l'onde de compression secondaire est utile dan l’étude de la propagation d'ondes poro-élastiques. Il est important de noter que l’onde de compression secondaire a été objet principal d’études approfondies en géophysique et n’a été observée que dans quelques rares cas. La partie suivante s’intéresse à une problématique de la géophysique explorée au moyen de l’imagerie de l’onde de cisaillement : Que pourrait révéler sur la nature de la rupture dynamique d’une instabilité de friction l’étude du champs d’onde élastique ? Comment la rupture, le processus responsable des tremblements de terre, est générée? En observant la carte du champ d’onde de cisaillement pendant la rupture d’une aspérité granulaire au point source et dans le milieu, il est possible d’acquérir une meilleure compréhension de la propagation de la rupture. L’expérience qui se base sur l’utilisation de fantômes mous et élastiques montre une multitude de phénomènes qui sont aussi présents dans la friction des roches en laboratoire, ainsi que dans la Terre. Par exemple, les ruptures supershear, sub-Rayleigh, une phase de nucléation et la friction du type stick-slip ont été observés. Toutefois, ni un mécanisme de source d’une force unique, ni un double-couple n’arrivent à expliquer l’ensemble des ruptures observées. De plus, pour analyser la complexité spatio-temporelle des ruptures de cette expérience, un workflow semi-automatique intègrant la segmentation d’image et la vision numérique est suggéré
This thesis is part of the research at Labtau (Laboratory of therapeutic applications of ultrasound) and ISTerre (Institut des sciences de la terre - earth science institute) at the interface of medical imaging and seismology, two research disciplines that are based on the propagation of elastic waves. It investigates the nature of elastic wave propagation in complex conditions by ultrafast ultrasound imaging, also known as transient elastography or shear wave imaging. This medical imaging technique allows for retrieval of the dynamic shear wave field inside a soft elastic material and is commonly applied in hospitals for elasticity mapping in, e.g., the liver and breast. In the present manuscript, two research questions of interest for bio- and geophysics are tackled. The first part treats elastic wave propagation in porous materials. The dispersion of the shear and secondary compression wave in lung-mimicking materials is analyzed experimentally and compared to Biot's theory of poro-elasticity. The results show a good agreement for the shear wave and qualitative agreement for the secondary compression wave. This has direct implications for elasticity imaging: the properties of the viscous fluid govern the shear wave dispersion in highly porous soft elastic materials. The thesis thus contributes to the emerging branch of lung elasticity imaging. The results could have clinical implications for other organs as well. The liver and spleen contain a high percentage of blood, a non-Newtonian fluid which exposes a highly varying viscosity. The conclusions drawn from the comparison of the experimental results and poro-elastic theory imply, that the role of the pore-filling fluid should be investigated in liver elastography: The clinically observed dispersion of shear waves in the liver remains partly unexplained by purely visco-elastic models. Furthermore, the experimental proof of the secondary compression wave is of general interest for poroelasticity. Originally, this wave has been the object of geophysical studies and has scarcely been shown experimentally. In the second part, the ultrafast ultrasound shear wave imaging technique is applied to a geophysical research question. What does the elastic wavefield, which is emitted by a frictional instability, reveal about the nature of dynamic rupture propagation? How does rupture, the process behind earthquakes, nucleate? By mapping the shear wave-field during rupture of a granular asperity at the source point and in the medium, unique insights into rupture nucleation are gained. The experimental setup, which relies on soft elastic phantoms, is shown to reproduce many characteristics of sliding friction that have been show for real rocks in the earth and the laboratory. These include supershear and sub-Rayleigh rupture propagation, a nucleation phase and stick-slip friction. Neither a singular-force nor a double-couple source mechanism explain the entirety of observed rupture modes. Finally, in order to statistically analyze the complex spatio-temporal evolution of the presented experiment, a semi-automated data analysis workflow, taking advantage of image segmentation and computer vision, is suggested
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9

Shabani, Behnam. "Wave-Associated Seabed Behaviour near Submarine Buried Pipelines". Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/3532.

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Soil surrounding a submarine buried pipeline consolidates as ocean waves propagate over the seabed surface. Conventional models for the analysis of soil behaviour near the pipeline assume a two-dimensional interaction problem between waves, the seabed soil, and the structure. In other words, it is often considered that water waves travel normal to the orientation of pipeline. However, the real ocean environment is three-dimensional and waves approach the structure from various directions. It is therefore the key objective of the present research to study the seabed behaviour in the vicinity of marine pipelines from a three-dimensional point of view. A three-dimensional numerical model is developed based on the Finite Element Method to analyse the so-called momentary behaviour of soil under the wave loading. In this model, the pipeline is assumed to be rigid and anchored within a rigid impervious trench. A non-slip condition is considered to exist between the pipe and the surrounding soil. Quasi-static soil consolidation equations are then solved with the aid of the proposed FE model. In this analysis, the seabed behaviour is assumed to be linear elastic with the soil strains remaining small. The influence of wave obliquity on seabed responses, i.e. the pore pressure and soil stresses, are then studied. It is revealed that three-dimensional characteristics systematically affect the distribution of soil response around the circumference of the underwater pipeline. Numerical results suggest that the effect of wave obliquity on soil responses can be explained through the following two mechanisms: (i) geometry-based three-dimensional influences, and (ii) the formation of inversion nodes. Further, a parametric study is carried out to investigate the influence of soil, wave and pipeline properties on wave-associated pore pressure as well as principal effective and shear stresses within the porous bed, with the aid of proposed three-dimensional model. There is strong evidence in the literature that the failure of marine pipelines often stems from the instability of seabed soil close to this structure, rather than from construction deficiencies. The wave-induced seabed instability is either associated with the soil shear failure or the seabed liquefaction. Therefore, the developed three-dimensional FE model is used in this thesis to further investigate the instability of seabed soil in the presence of a pipeline. The widely-accepted criterion, which links the soil liquefaction to the wave-induced excess pressure is used herein to justify the seabed liquefaction. It should be pointed out that although the present analysis is only concerned with the momentary liquefaction of seabed soil, this study forms the basis for the three-dimensional analysis of liquefaction due to the residual mechanisms. The latter can be an important subject for future investigations. At the same time, a new concept is developed in this thesis to apply the dynamic component of soil stress angle to address the phenomenon of wave-associated soil shear failure. At this point, the influence of three-dimensionality on the potentials for seabed liquefaction and shear failure around the pipeline is investigated. Numerical simulations reveal that the wave obliquity may not notably affect the risk of liquefaction near the underwater pipeline. But, it significantly influences the potential for soil shear failure. Finally, the thesis proceeds to a parametric study on effects of wave, soil and pipeline characteristics on excess pore pressure and stress angle in the vicinity of the structure.
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Shabani, Behnam. "Wave-Associated Seabed Behaviour near Submarine Buried Pipelines". University of Sydney, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/3532.

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Master of Engineering (Research)
Soil surrounding a submarine buried pipeline consolidates as ocean waves propagate over the seabed surface. Conventional models for the analysis of soil behaviour near the pipeline assume a two-dimensional interaction problem between waves, the seabed soil, and the structure. In other words, it is often considered that water waves travel normal to the orientation of pipeline. However, the real ocean environment is three-dimensional and waves approach the structure from various directions. It is therefore the key objective of the present research to study the seabed behaviour in the vicinity of marine pipelines from a three-dimensional point of view. A three-dimensional numerical model is developed based on the Finite Element Method to analyse the so-called momentary behaviour of soil under the wave loading. In this model, the pipeline is assumed to be rigid and anchored within a rigid impervious trench. A non-slip condition is considered to exist between the pipe and the surrounding soil. Quasi-static soil consolidation equations are then solved with the aid of the proposed FE model. In this analysis, the seabed behaviour is assumed to be linear elastic with the soil strains remaining small. The influence of wave obliquity on seabed responses, i.e. the pore pressure and soil stresses, are then studied. It is revealed that three-dimensional characteristics systematically affect the distribution of soil response around the circumference of the underwater pipeline. Numerical results suggest that the effect of wave obliquity on soil responses can be explained through the following two mechanisms: (i) geometry-based three-dimensional influences, and (ii) the formation of inversion nodes. Further, a parametric study is carried out to investigate the influence of soil, wave and pipeline properties on wave-associated pore pressure as well as principal effective and shear stresses within the porous bed, with the aid of proposed three-dimensional model. There is strong evidence in the literature that the failure of marine pipelines often stems from the instability of seabed soil close to this structure, rather than from construction deficiencies. The wave-induced seabed instability is either associated with the soil shear failure or the seabed liquefaction. Therefore, the developed three-dimensional FE model is used in this thesis to further investigate the instability of seabed soil in the presence of a pipeline. The widely-accepted criterion, which links the soil liquefaction to the wave-induced excess pressure is used herein to justify the seabed liquefaction. It should be pointed out that although the present analysis is only concerned with the momentary liquefaction of seabed soil, this study forms the basis for the three-dimensional analysis of liquefaction due to the residual mechanisms. The latter can be an important subject for future investigations. At the same time, a new concept is developed in this thesis to apply the dynamic component of soil stress angle to address the phenomenon of wave-associated soil shear failure. At this point, the influence of three-dimensionality on the potentials for seabed liquefaction and shear failure around the pipeline is investigated. Numerical simulations reveal that the wave obliquity may not notably affect the risk of liquefaction near the underwater pipeline. But, it significantly influences the potential for soil shear failure. Finally, the thesis proceeds to a parametric study on effects of wave, soil and pipeline characteristics on excess pore pressure and stress angle in the vicinity of the structure.
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Libros sobre el tema "Biot Theory"

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Allard, J. Biot theory and acoustical properties of high porosity fibrous materials and plastic foams. [Washington, DC]: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1987.

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Ambrósio Garcia, Carla. Bion in Film Theory and Analysis. Abingdon, Oxon; New York, NY: Routledge, 2017. |: Routledge, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315639604.

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Yaḥyá, Jābir ʻAbd al-Raḥmān. Sukaynah bint al-Ḥusayn nāqidah. [Cairo: s.n.], 1986.

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Grimalt, Antònia. Bion, Intuition and the Expansion of Psychoanalytic Theory. London: Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003293392.

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Wilfred Bion: His life and works, 1897-1979. London: Free Association Books, 1994.

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Metafore del vivente: Linguaggi e ricerca scientifica tra filosofia, bios e psiche. Milano, Italy: FrancoAngeli, 2010.

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The early years of life: Psychoanalytical development theory according to Freud, Klein, and Bion. London: Karnac, 2011.

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The mystery of analytical work: Weavings from Jung and Bion. Hove, East Sussex: Routledge, 2010.

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Contemporary literary and cultural theory: The Johns Hopkins guide. Baltimore, Md: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 2012.

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Williams, Meg Harris. The aesthetic development: The poetic spirit of psychoanalysis : essays on Bion, Meltzer, Keats. London: Karnac, 2010.

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Capítulos de libros sobre el tema "Biot Theory"

1

Ou, Miao-Jung Yvonne y Hugo J. Woerdeman. "On the Augmented Biot-JKD Equations with Pole-Residue Representation of the Dynamic Tortuosity". En Interpolation and Realization Theory with Applications to Control Theory, 307–28. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-11614-9_12.

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Allard, J. F. "Biot Theory of Sound Propagation in Porous Materials Having an Elastic Frame". En Propagation of Sound in Porous Media, 118–44. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-1866-8_6.

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Briggs, K. B. "Comparison of Measured Compressional and Shear Wave Velocity Values with Predictions from Biot Theory". En Shear Waves in Marine Sediments, 121–30. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-3568-9_14.

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Chudnovsky, David V. y Gregory V. Chudnovsky. "One Bit World". En Number Theory, 25–60. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-9060-0_3.

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Andreon, Stefano y Brian Weaver. "A Bit of Theory". En Springer Series in Astrostatistics, 3–13. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-15287-5_2.

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Zheng, Zhiyong. "Shannon Theory". En Financial Mathematics and Fintech, 91–151. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-0920-7_3.

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AbstractAccording to Shannon, a message x is a random event. Let p(x) be the probability of occurrence of event x. If $$p(x)=0$$ p ( x ) = 0 , this event does not occur; If $$p(x)=1$$ p ( x ) = 1 , this event must occur. When $$p(x) = 0$$ p ( x ) = 0 or $$p(x) = 1$$ p ( x ) = 1 , information x can be called trivial information or spam information. Therefore, the real mathematical significance of information x lies in its uncertainty, that is $$0<p(x)<1$$ 0 < p ( x ) < 1 . Quantitative research on the uncertainty of nontrivial information constitutes all the starting point of Shannon’s theory, this starting point is now called information quantity or information entropy, or entropy for short. Shannon and his colleagues at Bell laboratory considered “bit” as the basic quantitative unit of information. What is “bit”? We can simply understand it as the number of bits in the binary system. However, according to Shannon, the binary system with n digits can express up to $$2^{n}$$ 2 n numbers. From the point of view of probability and statistics, the probability of occurrence of these $$2^{n}$$ 2 n numbers is $$\frac{1}{2^{n}}$$ 1 2 n . Therefore, a bit is the amount of information contained in event x with probability $$\frac{1}{2}$$ 1 2 . Taking this as the starting point, Shannon defined the self information I(x) contained in an information x as
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Lee, Ya-Ting y Chian-Song Chiu. "The Relationship Analysis of Skin Physiology Factors via Grey Theory". En Bio-Science and Bio-Technology, 115–22. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-10616-3_16.

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Petersen, T. Kyle. "A bit of number theory". En Inquiry-Based Enumerative Combinatorics, 179–96. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-18308-0_13.

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Dufort, Benoit y Gordon W. Roberts. "Periodic ΣΔ Bit Stream Theory". En Analog Test Signal Generation Using Periodic ΣΔ-Encoded Data Streams, 27–64. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-4377-0_3.

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Händle, Frank. "A Little Bit of Theory". En The Art of Ceramic Extrusion, 25–33. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-05255-3_4.

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Actas de conferencias sobre el tema "Biot Theory"

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A. Barsottelli-Botelho, M. y F. H. Cabrera. "Double Porosity Biot Theory Extension". En 70th EAGE Conference and Exhibition - Workshops and Fieldtrips. European Association of Geoscientists & Engineers, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609.20147865.

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Hsiau, Shu-San. "Kinetic Theory Analysis of Thermal Conductivity in Granular Material Flows". En ASME 1998 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece1998-0604.

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Abstract The effective thermal conductivity is developed by employing the dense-gas kinetic theory. The free path used in the theory varies with the particle velocity. The analytical results can be used for the whole range of the product of Biot number and Fourier number provided that the Biot number is less than 0.1. For the very small Biot-Fourier numbers, the conductivities are found to increase with the particle diameters and the square root of granular temperatures. For the limit of very large Biot-Fourier numbers, the two effective thermal conductivities are found to be linearly proportional to the granular temperature.
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Al-Qananwah, Ahmad K., Joel Koplik y Yiannis Andreopoulos. "Materials under Shock Loading: from Biot's Theory to Nano-Poromechanics". En Fifth Biot Conference on Poromechanics. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784412992.102.

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Cardoso, Luis y Stephen C. Cowin. "Assessment of Cancellous Bone Microarchitecture from Poroelastic Ultrasound (PEUS) Theory". En Fifth Biot Conference on Poromechanics. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784412992.142.

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Weigel, Coralie, Alain Polian, Mathieu Kint, Jerome Rouquette, Julien Haines, Marie Foret, René Vacher, Benoit Rufflé y Benoit Coasne. "Poroelastic Theory Applied to the Adsorption-Induced Deformation of Amorphous Silica". En Sixth Biot Conference on Poromechanics. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784480779.003.

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Mehrabian, Amin y Younane N. Abousleiman. "Multiple-Porosity and Multiple-Permeability Poroelasticity: Theory and Benchmark Analytical Solution". En Sixth Biot Conference on Poromechanics. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784480779.032.

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Kraaijeveld, Famke, Peter Fokker y Peter Schutjens. "On Poro-Elasticity in Finite-Element Geomechanical Simulations: Theory and Implementation". En Fifth Biot Conference on Poromechanics. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784412992.042.

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Greenhalgh, S. y X. Liu. "Upscaling Effective Biot Theory to Poro-Viscoelastic Models". En 80th EAGE Conference and Exhibition 2018. Netherlands: EAGE Publications BV, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609.201801454.

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Ba, Jing, Hong Cao, Fengchang Yao, J. M. Carcione, Guochen Wu y Lin Zhang. "Rock Physics Templates in Heterogeneous Gas Reservoir: An Application of the Biot-Rayleigh Theory". En Fifth Biot Conference on Poromechanics. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784412992.008.

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Sahay, P. N. y T. M. Müller. "On the Field Variables of the Biot Theory and Modeling of Seismic Wave Propagation". En Fifth Biot Conference on Poromechanics. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784412992.040.

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Informes sobre el tema "Biot Theory"

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Tyson, Paul. Sovereignty and Biosecurity: Can we prevent ius from disappearing into dominium? Mέta | Centre for Postcapitalist Civilisation, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.55405/mwp3en.

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Drawing on Milbank and Agamben, a politico-juridical anthropology matrix can be drawn describing the relations between ius and bios (justice and political life) on the one hand and dominium and zoe (private power and ‘bare life’) on the other hand. Mapping movements in the basic configurations of this matrix over the long sweep of Western cultural history enable us to see where we are currently situated in relation to the nexus between politico-juridical authority (sovereignty) and the emergency use of executive State powers in the context of biosecurity. The argument presented is that pre-19th century understandings of ius and bios presupposed transcendent categories of Justice and the Common Good that were not naturalistically defined. The very recent idea of a purely naturalistic naturalism has made distinctions between bios and zoe un-locatable and civic ius is now disappearing into a strangely ‘private’ total power (dominium) over the bodies of citizens, as exercised by the State. The very meaning of politico-juridical authority and the sovereignty of the State is undergoing radical change when viewed from a long perspective. This paper suggests that the ancient distinction between power and authority is becoming meaningless, and that this loss erodes the ideas of justice and political life in the Western tradition. Early modern capitalism still retained at least the theory of a Providential moral order, but since the late 19th century, morality has become fully naturalized and secularized, such that what moral categories Classical economics had have been radically instrumentalized since. In the postcapitalist neoliberal world order, no high horizon of just power –no spiritual conception of sovereignty– remains. The paper argues that the reduction of authority to power, which flows from the absence of any traditional conception of sovereignty, is happening with particular ease in Australia, and that in Australia it is only the Indigenous attempt to have their prior sovereignty –as a spiritual reality– recognized that is pushing back against the collapse of political authority into mere executive power.
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Peplow, Dan y Robert Edmonds. Dispersion of Metals from Abandoned Mines and their Effect on Biota in the Methow River, Okanogan County, Washington: Final Report 2002-2003. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), mayo de 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/833338.

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Chen, Yujia y Wen Li. Periodontitis Increase the Risk of Heart Failure. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, noviembre de 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2022.11.0084.

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Review question / Objective: Can periodontitis increase the risk of heart failure? Condition being studied: Previous studies reported that periodontal disease is associated with higher risk of HF. However, their conclusions conflicted a little bit with each other. In this case, a systematic review may help drawing a more comprehensive conclusion. Therefore, the purpose of the present analysis is to tell if periodontitis is associated with HF as well as the subtypes of HF.
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Patel, Reena. Complex network analysis for early detection of failure mechanisms in resilient bio-structures. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), junio de 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/41042.

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Bio-structures owe their remarkable mechanical properties to their hierarchical geometrical arrangement as well as heterogeneous material properties. This dissertation presents an integrated, interdisciplinary approach that employs computational mechanics combined with flow network analysis to gain fundamental insights into the failure mechanisms of high performance, light-weight, structured composites by examining the stress flow patterns formed in the nascent stages of loading for the rostrum of the paddlefish. The data required for the flow network analysis was generated from the finite element analysis of the rostrum. The flow network was weighted based on the parameter of interest, which is stress in the current study. The changing kinematics of the structural system was provided as input to the algorithm that computes the minimum-cut of the flow network. The proposed approach was verified using two classical problems three- and four-point bending of a simply-supported concrete beam. The current study also addresses the methodology used to prepare data in an appropriate format for a seamless transition from finite element binary database files to the abstract mathematical domain needed for the network flow analysis. A robust, platform-independent procedure was developed that efficiently handles the large datasets produced by the finite element simulations. Results from computational mechanics using Abaqus and complex network analysis are presented.
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Tyson, Paul. Australia: Pioneering the New Post-Political Normal in the Bio-Security State. Mέta | Centre for Postcapitalist Civilisation, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.55405/mwp10en.

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This paper argues that liberal democratic politics in Australia is in a life-threatening crisis. Australia is on the verge of slipping into a techno-feudal (post-capitalist) and post-political (new Centrist) state of perpetual emergency. Citizens in Australia, be they of the Left or Right, must make an urgent attempt to wrest power from an increasingly non-political Centrism. Within this Centrism, government is deeply captured by the international corporate interests of Big Tech, Big Natural Resources, Big Media, and Big Pharma, as beholden to the economic necessities of the neoliberal world order (Big Finance). Australia now illustrates what the post-political ‘new normal’ of a high-tech enabled bio-security state actually looks like. It may even be that the liberal democratic state is now little more than a legal fiction in Australia. This did not happen over-night, but Australia has been sliding in this direction for the past three decades. The paper outlines that slide and shows how the final bump down (covid) has now positioned Australia as a world leader among post-political bio-security states.
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Peplow, Dan y Robert Edmonds. Dispersion of Metals from Abandoned Mines and their Effects on Biota in the Methow River, Okanogan County, Washington : Annual Report 3/15/00-3/14/01. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), junio de 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/784178.

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Stepanyuk, Alla V., Liudmyla P. Mironets, Tetiana M. Olendr, Ivan M. Tsidylo y Oksana B. Stoliar. Methodology of using mobile Internet devices in the process of biology school course studying. [б. в.], julio de 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.31812/123456789/3887.

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This paper considers the problem of using mobile Internet devices in the process of biology studying in secondary schools. It has been examined how well the scientific problem is developed in pedagogical theory and educational practice. The methodology of using mobile Internet devices in the process of biology studying in a basic school, which involves the use of the Play Market server applications, Smart technologies and a website, has been created. After the analyses of the Play Market server content, there have been found several free of charge applications, which can be used while studying biology in a basic school. Among them are the following: Anatomy 4D, Animal 4D+, Augmented Reality Dinosaurs – my ARgalaxy, BioInc – Biomedical Plague, Plan+Net. Their choice is caused by the specifics of the object of biological cognition (life in all its manifestations) and the concept of bio(eco)centrism, which recognizes the life of any living system as the highest value. The paper suggests the original approach for homework checking, which involves besides computer control of students’ learning outcomes, the use of Miracast wireless technology. This demands the owning of a smartphone, a multimedia projector, and a Google Chromecast type adapter. The methodology of conducting a mobile front-line survey at the lesson on the learned or current material in biology in the test form, with the help of the free Plickers application, has been presented. The expediency of using the website builder Ucoz.ua for creation of a training website in biology has been substantiated. The methodology of organizing the educational process in biology in a basic school using the training website has been developed. Recommendations for using a biology training website have been summarized. According to the results of the forming experiment, the effectiveness of the proposed methodology of using mobile Internet devices in the process of biology studying in a basic school has been substantiated.
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Patel, Reena, David Thompson, Guillermo Riveros, Wayne Hodo, John Peters y Felipe Acosta. Dimensional analysis of structural response in complex biological structures. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), julio de 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/41082.

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The solution to many engineering problems is obtained through the combination of analytical, computational and experimental methods. In many cases, cost or size constraints limit testing of full-scale articles. Similitude allows observations made in the laboratory to be used to extrapolate the behavior to full-scale system by establishing relationships between the results obtained in a scaled experiment and those anticipated for the full-scale prototype. This paper describes the application of the Buckingham Pi theorem to develop a set of non-dimensional parameters that are appropriate for describing the problem of a distributed load applied to the rostrum of the paddlefish. This problem is of interest because previous research has demonstrated that the rostrum is a very efficient structural system. The ultimate goal is to estimate the response of a complex, bio-inspired structure based on the rostrum to blast load. The derived similitude laws are verified through a series of numerical experiments having a maximum error of 3.39%.
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Stavland, Arne, Siv Marie Åsen, Arild Lohne, Olav Aursjø y Aksel Hiorth. Recommended polymer workflow: Lab (cm and m scale). University of Stavanger, noviembre de 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31265/usps.201.

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Polymer flooding is one of the most promising EOR methods (Smalley et al. 2018). It is well known and has been used successfully (Pye 1964; Standnes & Skjevrak 2014; Sheng et al. 2015). From a technical perspective we recommend that polymer flooding should be considered as a viable EOR method on the Norwegian Continental Shelf for the following reasons: 1. More oil can be produced with less water injected; this is particularly important for the NCS which are currently producing more water than oil 2. Polymers will increase the aerial sweep and improve the ultimate recovery, provided a proper injection strategy 3. Many polymer systems are available, and it should be possible to tailor their chemical composition to a wide range of reservoir conditions (temperature and salinity) 4. Polymer systems can be used to block water from short circuiting injection production wells 5. Polymer combined with low salinity injection water has many benefits: a lower polymer concentration can be used to reach target viscosity, less mechanical degradation, less adsorption, and a potential reduction in Sor due to a low salinity wettability effect. There are some hurdles when considering polymer flooding that needs to be considered: 1. Many polymer systems are not at the present considered as green chemicals; thus, reinjection of produced water is needed. However, results from polymer degradation studies in the IORCentre indicates that a. High molecular weight polymers are quickly degraded to low molecular weight. In case of accidental release to the ocean low molecular weight polymers are diluted and the lifetime of the spill might be quite short. According to Caulfield et al. (2002) HPAM is not toxic, and will not degrade to the more environmentally problematic acrylamide. b. In the DF report for environmental impact there are case studies using the DREAM model to predict the transport of chemical spills. This model is coupled with polymer (sun exposure) degradation data from the IORCentre to quantify the lifetime of polymer spills. This approach should be used for specific field cases to quantify the environmental risk factor. 2. Care must be taken to prepare the polymer solution offshore. Chokes and vales might be a challenge but can be mitigating according to the results from the large-scale testing done in the IORCentre (Stavland et al. 2021). None of the above-mentioned challenges are server enough to not consider polymer flooding. HPAM is neither toxic, nor bio-accumulable, or bio-persistent and the CO2 footprint from a polymer flood may be significantly less than a water flood (Dupuis et al. 2021). There are at least two contributing factors to this statement, which we will return in detail to in the next section i) during linear displacement polymer injection will produce more oil for the same amount of water injected, hence the lifetime of the field can be shortened ii) polymers increase the arial sweep reducing the need for wells.
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Rahimipour, Shai y David Donovan. Renewable, long-term, antimicrobial surface treatments through dopamine-mediated binding of peptidoglycan hydrolases. United States Department of Agriculture, enero de 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2012.7597930.bard.

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There is a need for renewable antimicrobial surface treatments that are semi- permanent, can eradicate both biofilms and planktonic pathogens over long periods of time and that do not select for resistant strains. This proposal describes a dopamine binding technology that is inexpensive, bio-friendly, non-toxic, and uses straight-forward commercially available products. The antimicrobial agents are peptidoglycanhydrolase enzymes that are non-toxic and highly refractory to resistance development. The goal of this project is to create a treatment that will be applicable to a wide variety of surfaces and will convey long-lasting antimicrobial activity. Although the immediate goal is to create staphylolytic surfaces, the technology should be applicable to any pathogen and will thus contribute to no less than 3 BARD priorities: 1) increased animal production by protecting animals from invasive and emerging diseases, 2) Antimicrobial food packaging will improve food safety and security and 3) sustainable bio- energy systems will be supported by coating fermentation vats with antimicrobials that could protect ethanolic fermentations from Lactobacillus contamination that reduces ethanol yields. The dopamine-based modification of surfaces is inspired by the strong adhesion of mussel adhesion proteins to virtually all types of surfaces, including metals, polymers, and inorganic materials. Peptidoglycanhydrolases (PGHs) meet the criteria of a surface bound antimicrobial with their site of action being extracellular peptidoglycan (the structural basis of the bacterial cell wall) that when breached causes osmotic lysis. As a proof of principle, we will develop technology using peptidoglycanhydrolase enzymes that target Staphylococcus aureus, a notoriously contagious and antimicrobial-resistant pathogen. We will test for susceptibility of the coating to a variety of environmental stresses including UV light, abrasive cleaning and dessication. In order to avoid resistance development, we intend to use three unique, synergistic, simultaneous staphylococcal enzyme activities. The hydrolases are modular such that we have created fusion proteins with three lytic activities that are highly refractory to resistance development. It is essential to use multiple simultaneous activities to avoid selecting for antimicrobial resistant strains. This strategy is applicable to both Gram positive and negative pathogens. We anticipate that upon completion of this award the technology will be available for commercialization within the time required to achieve a suitable high volume production scheme for the required enzymes (~1-2 years). We expect the modified surface will remain antimicrobial for several days, and when necessary, the protocol for renewal of the surface will be easily applied in a diverse array of environments, from food processing plants to barnyards.
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