Tesis sobre el tema "Biodiversité – Effets des changements climatiques"
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Bellard, Céline. "Effets des changements climatiques sur la biodiversité". Thesis, Paris 11, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA112269/document.
Texto completoGlobal biodiversity is changing at an unprecedented rate due to loss of habitat, biological invasions, pollution, overexploitation. Furthermore, climate changes and their synergies with other threats will probably become the main drivers of biodiversity loss in the next century. Nowadays, the multiplicity of approaches and the resulting variability in projections make it difficult to get a clear picture of the future of biodiversity due to climate change. Yet, the majority of models indicate alarming consequences for biodiversity, with the worst- case scenarios leading to an increase of extinction rates. The aim of this thesis was to improve the knowledge about of the different consequences of climate change on biodiversity worldwide. To do that I mainly used modelisation and meta-analyses approaches. The first part of my work was to investigate the consequences of sea level rise for the ten insular biodiversity hotspot and their endemic species, during which I highlighted that between 6 and 19% of the islands would be entirely submerged. Then I studied the effects of climate and land use changes on biological invasions worldwide. The results showed that invasives species response to climate and land use changes depend on region, taxa and species considered. We also emphasized that some regions could lose a significant number of invasive alien species. Besides, we also found that hotspot that are mainly islands or group of islands are highly suitable for invasive species. Finally, in the last part, I quantified the exposure of biodiversity hotspots to the combined effects of climate change, land use change and biological invasions. This work highlighted the pressing need to consider different drivers of global change in conservation planning. In addition, we established some prioritization framework among the hotspot. Finally, conservation strategies to protect habitat and species under global changes, can only be achieved through closed collaboration with park managers. Overall, implementation of effective adaptation strategies to climate change can only succeed with public support
Loubier, Jean-Christophe. "Perception et simulation des effets du changement climatique sur l'économie du ski et la biodiversité (Savoie et Haute-Savoie)". Grenoble 1, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004GRE10055.
Texto completoLoubier, Jean-Christophe. "Perception et simulation des effets du changement climatique sur l'économie du ski et la biodiversité". Phd thesis, Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 2004. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00006990.
Texto completoMartin-Blangy, Soline. "Interactions des espèces d’arbres en peuplements mélangés : effets sur la réponse à la sécheresse des arbres et rôle des mécanismes de partage des ressources en eau et en lumière". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021LORR0214.
Texto completoBiodiversity, through tree species interactions, can support many ecosystem functions and services in forest ecosystems. However, in the current context of climate change, the influence of these interactions on the response of forest ecosystems to extreme climatic events, such as drought, is still under debate. Moreover, evidence for the underlying above-ground and below-ground interaction mechanisms that can explain these relationships between diversity and forest ecosystem functioning is still rare.The first objective of my thesis work was to determine the effect of tree species interactions in mixed stands on tree water relations and drought response. My second objective was to identify below-ground or above-ground mechanisms related to resource partitioning that could explain mixture effects on functioning, such as depth of water uptake by roots or canopy space filling by tree crowns.This work was carried out, within the framework of the ANR DiPTICC project, in two distinct experimental systems: an observational network in mature natural forests in the south-east of France (GMAP) and a young experimental plantation near Bordeaux (ORPHEE). I worked on three types of two-species mixtures: beech (Fagus sylvatica) - fir (Abies alba) and beech - downy oak (Quercus pubescens) along the GMAP network and birch (Betula pendula) - maritime pine (Pinus pinaster) at ORPHEE. My work is based on an empirical approach, with ecophysiological and light interception measurements, under contrasting conditions of soil water availability. Functions such as transpiration or water use efficiency (estimated by measuring carbon isotopic composition) were studied.My work shows that in young and old stands, the water relations and drought response of the species studied are little impacted by species interactions. Differences among species in water extraction depths, when present, did not necessarily result in higher water availability for species in mixed stands under drought conditions. Contrary to hypotheses often made in the literature, this suggests that belowground mechanisms would seldom drive the effects of species interactions. In contrast, I observed that the mechanisms of crown complementarity generated changes in stand structure and light interception and appeared to have a strong impact on the functioning of mixed stands.My work confirms that, for the same combination of tree species, the species-mixing effects on tree functioning are highly dependent on local environmental conditions. It is therefore essential for forest managers to take these local conditions into account when making choices about the species composition of future forests. Overall, we found no negative mixture effects on water relations, suggesting that managing forests in favor of mixed stands remains an interesting option for managers to maintain many other forest ecosystem functions and services under climate change
Levillain, Adrien. "Influence of high temperatures on avian species : from physiological responses to ecological consequences". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Strasbourg, 2025. http://www.theses.fr/2025STRAJ004.
Texto completoClimate change emerges as one of the main drivers of the current erosion of biodiversity. In this thesis, we study birds response to high temperatures, from the physiological mechanisms to the ecological consequences. We review the influence of high temperature on avian breeding success on a global scale. Effect of high temperature on breeding success is likely multifactorial, and reproduction in desert seems strongly depressed during high temperature events, highlighting the vulnerability of desert species to climate warming. Potential impact of climate change are likely to interact with urbanization. We consequently assessed weather effects on great tit (Parus major) reproductive success in a temperate climate across an urbanization gradient. Breeding initiation advanced with warmer temperature and reproductive success seem to increase with temperature, but results were contrasted between urban and forest systems. Overall, cooling requirements, hyperthermia and dehydration risk are predicted to increase with climate change. We review, identify and highlight the need to monitor physiological markers of avian dehydration. Finally, we assess zebra finches (Taenopygia guttata), and arid-adapted bird, response to an acute exposure. Response to heat was sex-dependent, and ultimately promoted hyperthermia and dehydration. This work underscores the need for a multi-scale and integrative approach to better understand and predict climate change impacts on birds
Bault, Valentin. "Evolution de la biodiversité des trilobites du Dévonien d’Afrique du Nord : richesse taxonomique, disparité morphologique et impact de l’environnement". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lille (2018-2021), 2021. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/ToutIDP/EDSMRE/2021/2021LILUR044.pdf.
Texto completoThe effect of environmental changes on current biodiversity is a major concern. Understanding the impact of these changes on past biodiversity is one of the keys to interpret current and future upheavals. The trilobites have undergone many changes favourable to their diversification as well as many crises leading them close to extinction. Their fossils abound in North Africa, which make it an ideal region to study them. The objective of this thesis was to estimate the variations in the biodiversity of trilobites in this region and to identify their origins and consequences from databases compiling all the occurrences of the literature. The first aspect of biodiversity studied was the taxonomic richness. Using different diversity indices, we assessed the major global trends and then regional variations. While generic diversity was low at the beginning of the Devonian, a subsequent regression led to an important diversification, observable at a global scale: the Pragian diversification. Trilobites reached their peak of diversity in the Emsian, but subsequently a succession of abrupt sea level changes associated with anoxia events severely affected them. Between the Eifelian and the Givetian, trilobites have lost more than 90% of their generic diversity. Generic diversity still decreased in the Frasnien and two orders disappeared. After the Kellwasser mass extinction at the Frasnian-Famennian boundary, a slight recovery occurred involving only the Proetida and Phacopida orders. The second aspect was to study the morphological disparity by using landmarks. This study of morphological variability showed the same trends as that of diversity with a significant number of innovations in the Lower Devonian. Among the novelties, there was the development of spiness. While the first biotic events only led to a slight loss of morphology, most forms disappeared in the Givetian. The most affected shapes are those that appeared in the Pragian and Emsian, while the forms inherited from the Silurian persisted throughout the Devonian. The versatility of these forms toward environmental or lifestyle changes helped them to survive, as the orders characterized by these morphologies were thus able to withstand various ecological crises. The Frasnien-Famennien transition marked the development of reduced vision trilobites in response to environmental events. The diversity and disparity of North African trilobites are therefore relatively coupled. Particular attention was given to phacopids, an emblematic Devonian family which reached its peak there before disappearing at the end of the period. Geographic variations also played an important role in the biodiversity of trilobites with important faunal exchanges that characterized the homogeneous environments of the Early Devonian. Conversely, the geographic disparities and tectonic events of the Middle and Late Devonian prevented migration and wildlife exchanges and accelerated the decline of trilobites. In conclusion, this regional study showed that environmental changes had significant effects on biodiversity but that these effects could be positive or negative. The same type of change can lead to different consequences in terms of diversity and disparity because several phenomena occurred at the same time and it is essential to estimate their combined effect
Maalouf, Jean-Paul. "Effets interactifs d’une sècheresse liée au changement climatique et de la gestion sur les pelouses calcaires du sud de l’Europe". Thesis, Bordeaux 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012BOR14503/document.
Texto completoThis PhD aimed at testing the crossed effects of management and extreme droughts linked to climate change on plant biotic interactions, biodiversity, composition and ecosystem functions of extensive grasslands from Southern Europe, at the Western calcareous boundary of the French Central Massif. Extreme spring droughts and a mowing-based management were experimentally applied in a factorial design in the Dordogne department on two communities with contrasted soil conditions: the Mesobromion (null slope) and the Xerobromion (steep convex slope and southern exposure). Our results support theoretical models predicting a collapse of biotic interactions at the severe end of a stress gradient, especially if the system is subject to disturbance. Grassland responses were strongly dependent on local environmental conditions. Drought decreased biodiversity and altered composition in the Xerobromion community. This is explained by the combination of several constraints (experimental drought, water stress due to southern exposition and physical disturbance which induces a collapse of facilitation and an important edaphic stress) in this community. The Mesobromion community was rather affected by mowing, which increased biodiversity through a reduction of competitive graminoids cover. In Southern Europe, and in a climate change context, we recommend maintaining disturbance-based management in the Mesobromion communities and focusing on the conservation of species with a poor tolerance to drought in the Xerobromion communities
Monserrat, Barcelo Margalida. "Régression des forêts marines : causes et effets dans le cadre de leur conservation et restauration". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Côte d'Azur, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023COAZ4011.
Texto completoLarge brown forest-forming macroalgae are dominant foundation species, ecosystem engineers of marine macroalgal forests. In the Mediterranean Sea, they are mainly represented by Cystoseira sensu lato spp. most of wich are endemic. They are also characterized for being long-lived species with short dispersal of the zygotes. Marine forests are one of the most productive and diverse ecosystems on earth. However, anthropogenic impacts are pushing them to the edge, causing regime shifts towards less complex communities such as shrubs, turfs, or even barren grounds. Marine forest loss affects the whole ecosystem, eventually making it more vulnerable to emergent phenomena such as benthic harmful algal blooms (BHAB). BHAB of the genus Ostreopsis spp. have been expanding in recent decades through temperate regions such as the Mediterranean Sea, where they have important public health, ecological and economic consequences. Major blooms are generally observed on macroalgal turfs and shrubs, suggesting that less structurally complex macroalgal communities could have an active role in promoting the proliferation of blooms.The main objectives of this thesis are (i) to assess some abiotic (climate change) and biotic (herbivory) causes of marine forests loss in the Mediterranean Sea and (ii) the potential consequences this loss can have in the context of BHABs proliferation. In the first two chapters, the causes of Cystoseira s.l. spp. loss were assessed. In Chapter 1, the effects of climate change and species facilitation on the recruitment of Cystoseira compressa were studied in controlled laboratory experiments. The major results from this chapter show that the interactive effects of ocean warming and acidification negatively affect C. compressa recruits, which are also negatively affected by the presence of crustose coralline algae. In Chapter 2 the grazing pressure and the effects of different invertebrates on recruits of C. compressa were assessed through field surveys and both field and laboratory-based experiments. The results obtained show a high grazing rate of several common invertebrate species (molluscs, decapods et isopods) on recruits of C. compressa, representing a threat to natural populations in the long term, but also affecting the success of restoration actions. In chapters 3 and 4 the consequences of forest loss and in particular, the facilitation of Ostreopsis spp. blooms was approached by a literature review and field experiments. The review, reported in Chapter 3, focussed on the role of habitat in the facilitation of Ostreopsis spp. blooms. Despite an evident lack of information at the global scale on the meso- and macro-habitat fostering Ostreopsis spp. blooms, the present knowledge suggests a relationship between the abundance of Ostreopsis spp. and the complexity of the macroalgal communities. In Chapter 4 Ostreopsis spp. blooms have been studied in relation to macroalgal communities in field experiments in Italy and in France. A high variability on Ostreopsis spp. abundances was observed in the different macroalgal species and communities sampled, in some cases likely hiding other potential patterns of Ostreopsis spp. preferences. Larger scale studies would be needed to confirm these results.These findings provide important insights into the causes and effects of Cystoseira s.l. spp. loss and are of major interest for the conservation of Mediterranean marine forests, contributing to the development of effective management measures. The results presented support the importance of marine forests restoration in the Mediterranean Sea, as recommended by the 2030 European Biodiversity Strategy, the United Nations Decade on Ecosystem Restoration and the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development objectives. Such restoration actions will not only increase the productivity and biodiversity of coastal ecosystems but could potentially mitigate the public health, ecological and economic consequences of Ostreopsis spp. blooms
Guion, Antoine. "Droughts and heatwaves in the Western Mediterranean, impact on ozone pollution". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022SORUS056.
Texto completoDroughts and heatwaves are extreme events able to affect both vegetation and atmospheric chemistry, notably through surface-troposphere interactions. The objective of this thesis is to assess their effects on biomass, fire activity and ozone pollution in the western Mediterranean. This study is mainly based on regional numerical models of the land surface (hydrology and vegetation) and the atmosphere (meteorology and atmospheric chemistry). In addition, several datasets of in situ and satellite observations are used.Identifying droughts and heatwaves over the period 1979-2016 (WRF-ORCHIDEE), I highlighted their spatial and temporal distribution. Based on observations (MODIS), I demonstrated that the decline in vegetation activity (decrease in biomass) is mainly attributable to droughts, while the increase in fire intensity results from a synergy between droughts and heatwaves. Finally, these events both lead to an increase in surface ozone concentration including simulated (CHIMERE) and observed (AQ e-Reporting) pollution peaks. This is explained by an increase in precursor emissions, a decrease in dry deposition in the canopy and favourable meteorological conditions for photochemistry
Biscéré, Tom. "Effets des métaux et des changements climatiques sur les coraux". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SORUS382.
Texto completoCoral reefs have largely degraded in recent decades under the influence of human activities. Among those disturbances, the increase in metal concentrations affects many reefs worldwide (e.g. Australian Great Barrier Reef, Costa Rica, Red Sea, New Caledonia). Furthermore, reefs have now to face climate change, and more particularly temperature increase and ocean acidification. In this context, the aims of my thesis were to (1) determine the effects of the main metals present in lateritic sediments (iron, manganese, nickel and cobalt) on coral physiology using concentrations representative of those measured along the New Caledonian coastline, and to (2) define their potential roles in this context of climate change. My results showed that metals affect coral metabolism in different ways. While at ambient temperature, a nickel or manganese enrichment stimulates host metabolism and symbiont photosynthesis, conversely a cobalt enrichment inhibits calcification and becomes even toxic for the host and symbionts, from 1 μg L-1. Despite its importance in photosynthetic processes, an iron enrichment induces a decrease in Symbiodinium densities and an inhibition of calcification rates. Under thermal stress, manganese enhances coral tolerance to temperature increase, likely by stimulating their antioxidant defenses, while nickel worsens its effects by decreasing even more their growth. These works represent an important step towards a better understanding of coral responses to metal enrichment and would explain, to some extent, species susceptibility to climate change
Cheikh, Mohamed Fadel Mohamed Fadel Aghdhafna. "Gouvernance littorale et changements climatiques en Mauritanie". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lille (2022-....), 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023ULILA020.
Texto completoCoastal ecosystems and coastlines are subject to intense pressure, caused by growing human activity and climatic trends that are sometimes irreversible. In Mauritania, the coastal zone is home to 47% of the country's population (mainly in Nouakchott and Nouadhibou) and concentrates almost 80% of the industrial infrastructure on which 98.4% of the country's exports depend.Therefore, more than other countries in the sub-region, rising sea levels are putting a large part of Mauritania's population, infrastructure, ecosystems and maritime resources at risk. Indeed, the vulnerability of Mauritania's coastline no longer needs to be demonstrated. The IPCC has cited this area of the West African coast as one of the very first to suffer from marine submersions in the near future.In view of the importance of this potential for Mauritania's economic structure and the risks affecting it, particularly those linked to climate change, we rise the subsequent problematic: what governance should be put in place for the Mauritanian coastline, specially by the State, local authorities and Mauritania's partners?It is in this context that this thesis aims to the following questions: (i) What are the vulnerable areas on the coast and what are the various threats? (ii) What are the existing methods of managing the coast and how can they respond to the ever-increasing constraints caused by climate change and its interactions with human activity?Given its complexity, the size of Mauritania's coastline and the diversity of stakeholders with conflicting interests, improving coastal governance must be based on consultation, transparency and equity. This requires a legal framework and appropriate consultation, coordination and cooperation mechanisms. Management, research, observation, information, communication and monitoring & evaluation capacities must also be consolidated and strengthened.The results obtained will contribute to (i) improving knowledge about the Mauritanian coastline; (ii) establishing sustainable and appropriate management of the coastline; (iii) contributing to the fight against climate change.Key words: Governance, Coastline, Climate change, Mauritania
Thuiller, Wilfried. "Impact des changements globaux sur la biodiversité en Europe : projections et incertitudes". Montpellier 2, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003MON20101.
Texto completoLegrand, Brice. "Impact des changements climatiques sur la biodiversité marine tropicale : le cas des oiseaux marins de l’océan Indien occidental". Thesis, La Réunion, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LARE0043.
Texto completoClimate change will affect terrestrial and marine ecosystems, but the consequences in terms of global biodiversity distribution are still unclear. Studies about selection of marine habitats and trends caused by global warming are growing. The telemetric monitoring provide valuable information on the spatial and temporal variability on distribution of marine predators. All the issues are very important, we have decided to focus on seabirds. The first objective of this thesis project is to study the distribution and selection of foraging habitat of tropical seabirds during their reproductive phase and during their migrations. To characterize the habitat of an abiotic point of view. The second objective of this thesis project is to use scenarios for ocean habitats produced by IPCC to simulate, using habitat models, the temporal evolution of the distribution of suitable habitat. The third objective of this thesis project is to use the available monitoring data to identify "hotspots" of biodiversity. We looked, at first, the puffins Pacific. More particularly, we studied the variations between the different colonies of the same species, from the viewpoint of the distribution, activity and habitat selection. Then we studied the impact of the evolution of climate change on wintering habitat of Barau’s Petrels (Pterodroma baraui). We built habitat selection models. These models were then used to predict the evolution of wintering habitat in 2100, according to different IPCC scenarios. Finally, we have compiled the available telemetry data on seabirds, sea turtles and marine mammals to study the distribution of marine megafauna in the Indian Ocean, and to identify hotspots of high density and high diversity. To establish, in time, protected marine areas
Dipelet, Bouka Gaël Ulrich. "Structuration de la biodiversité des forêts africaines et changements climatiques : une étude à travers le genre Khaya (Meliaceae)". Thesis, Montpellier, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017MONTT165.
Texto completoPaleoecological studies suggest that the floristic composition, the structure and the current distribution of African dense tropical forests have been influenced by several factors. In particular, the establishment of ecological gradients at the scale of the continent over last several million years has favored parapatric speciation. Also, during past climatic changes, certain regions considered to be « forest refugia » are supposed to have been little (or not) affected by climatic variations, whereas ecosystems located between these regions were more or less profoundly modified, favoring allopatric speciation of forest species. Gaps remain in the identification of forest refugia in Africa, and their role in speciation and in shaping patterns in geographic distribution of genetic variation is insufficiently studied.These questions are addressed here in a study covering the genus Khaya (Meliaceae), a model genus whose species present variable ecological affinities. This multidisciplinary study, which mobilizes botanical, phylogeographic and climatic niche-modeling approaches, has the following objectives : (1) to define the taxonomic limits of species of the genus and to understand the speciation events that led to their current distribution and geographical genetic structuring ; (2) to analyze the phylogeographic patterns of Khaya anthotheca and of K. ivorensis ; (3) to test the force of the relationship between patterns of genetic diversity, ecological gradients and putative Plio-Pleistocene forest refugia ; (4) to identify the potential climatic niches of all species of Khaya and estimate how their geographic distributions shifted over time.Our results show the following : (i) the presence of five distinct genetic groups within the K. anthotheca complex. Analysis of botanical characters led to identification of the same groups, permitting the characterization of five different species. Three of these present allopatrique or parapatric distributions and two of them are locally found in sympatry, one of which is a species new to science ; (ii) a significant correlation between niche overlap, for each pair of these five species and the genetic distance separating each pair ; (iii) a contraste between zones of high diversity of the nuclear genome and zones of high diversity of the cytoplasmic genome of K. ivorensis, so that it is not possible to clearly separate the populations despite the presence of two genetic clusters owing to isolation by distance ; and (iv) the recognitiion, and the description of nine spcies in the gens Khaya.All this new knowledge sheds light on the structuring of biodiversity of African forests and contributes to laying the foundation for a strategy of conservation and sustainable management of these species, greatly sought after not only for their timber but also because of their medicinal uses
Allart, Lucie. "Maintien de la multifonctionnalité des prairies permanentes et adaptation des systèmes fourragers au changement climatique dans le Massif central". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Clermont Auvergne (2021-...), 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024UCFA0047.
Texto completoPermanent grasslands are multifunctional and provide many ecosystem services. They are, however, threatened by both climate change and the intensification of agricultural practices, which leads to degradation (i.e. to biodiversity losses and less ecosystem services). Conversion to arable land is another threat on biodiversity. Two issues therefore need to be reconciled: i) maintaining the diversity of services that permanent grasslands provide to society, and ii) adapting forage systems to climate change. The livestock production systems framework, which combines a production system and decision-making system, is used here to analyse the direct and indirect effects of climate change on permanent grasslands. The direct effects are changes in grassland under the effects of climate variation, and the indirect effects are changes in grassland in response to adaptations by farmers.In order to understand the direct effects of climate change on permanent grasslands, we used the botanical surveys previously carried out to establish a functional typology of grasslands in the Massif Central. Their distribution along gradients of altitude and latitude, independently of management factors, enabled us to study the effect of climate change on the multifunctionality of permanent grasslands according to fertilisation and their species richness. Using a structural equation model, we identified species richness as the pivotal variable in the effects of mineral and organic fertilisation, and climate on grassland multifunctionality. A rise in the average annual temperature is associated with a decline in grassland biodiversity and multifunctionality.We then interviewed 15 dairy farmers in the Massif Central about their perceptions of climate change and permanent grasslands, and analysed how these perceptions influenced their strategies for adapting to climate change. We observed a marked effect of the climatic context, with a contrast between the southern Massif Central lowlands, where farmers already experienced pronounced droughts and high summer temperatures, and the other areas. In the latter areas, the perception of permanent grassland remains positive, and its diversity within and between plots is the basis of the adaptation strategies implemented by farmers. In the south of the Massif Central, farmers place more emphasis on the dis-services associated with the use of permanent grassland, and base their adaptation strategy on a crop rotation in which they have integrated temporary grassland, fodder crops and trees.Finally, using our structural equation model, we simulated the effect of a 1.5°C rise in mean temperature on changes in the multifunctionality of permanent grassland that farmers considered to be representative of their system. We also distinguished between farms according to the proportion of permanent grassland in their agricultural area. This analysis shows that the degradation and conversion of permanent grassland to crops does not affect all farms in the same way. On some farms, the conversion of certain grasslands to crop rotations preserves permanent grassland that receive little fertilisation on other plots of the farm.This thesis highlights the importance of combining ecological and socio-cognitive approaches in order to understand the different ways in which climate change influences the management of grassland-based farms. The results of our work on grazing farmers' perceptions of permanent grassland and on the barriers and lock-ins to adaptation could be used by farm advisors, to help farmers make the transitions needed to adapt to current climatic and ecological challenges
Kaimuddin, Awaluddin Halirin. "Impact du changement climatique sur la distribution des populations de poissons. Approche par SIG, modèles et scénarios d'évolution du climat". Thesis, Brest, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016BRES0039/document.
Texto completoUnderstanding connectivities among species distributions, biodiversity, marine habitats and climate change is necessary for the design of an effective conservation management, such as in the implementation of marine protected area (MPA). In this study, we observed the richness of 89 "rare" or "exotic" fish species (observed outside their known distribution range) related to climate change. We modeled and predicted their seasonal distributions according to the species ecological niches (determined in this study) using the GIS model. Superposing the models of all species using GIS, we determined the preferential zones or zones of high biodiversity (hotspots) over time. The GIS approach offers an alternative to measure seasonal species richness in poor-data areas. This approach allowed also species track movement over time. This information could be then used to measure the effectiveness of MPA positioning related to the hotspot areas. Our study area covers a wide latitudinal range of the Eastern Atlantic waters, from the warm tropical/subtropical waters to the temperate waters. This area is located in three large marine ecosystems: the Canary current, the South European Atlantic Shelf and the Celtic Seas. The transitional zone in the central region has well known for its sensitivity to the detection of climate change. From 1982 to 2012, the SST in all of studied ecosystems has increased consistently over time, with magnitude and trend varied among ecosystems. The change of number of species in each decadal period differed among ecosystems. Increasing number of species in an ecosystem was generally followed by decreasing trend in adjacent ecosystems. Species ecological niches were obtained by extracting the environmental values in the location of species occurrence at the time of observation. The environmental data and the occurrence records used were at global scale, and the methods yields coherent results with the results obtained from observational studies. The flexibility of GIS Model used in this study allowed us to follow the evolution of species seasonal distribution over time. Generally, most of the studied species showed a northbound trend in their distribution. These northbound tendencies were more evident in the middle region, confirming the effect of global warming in shifting marine species distribution. This approach provides an alternative of measuring seasonal richness of poor-known species and/or modeling in poor-data areas. The results present a complete picture of predictive number of species in an area over time. MPAs superficial analysis by country (countries lying in the study area) showed that UK has the highest number of MPA and the largest protected areas, following by France and Mauritania. Frequencies of the MPAs touched by the hotspot were strongly influenced by seasonal variations. Thus, considering seasonal variations in a conservation effort could preserve species adaptive variation under environmental changes. Overall, our works provide several alternative methods for species distribution studies and for studies poor-known species in data-poor area. The results provide evidences of ocean warming effect in shifting marine fish distribution
Pey, Alexis. "Réponses biochimiques et physiologiques des symbioses marines tempérées face aux changements climatiques". Nice, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012NICE4009.
Texto completoGlobal climate change leads significant reactions on marine ecosystems which, when dealing with sessile species, can drive to episodes of mass mortalities. In the north-western Mediterranean Sea, recent events of mortalities severely impacted gorgonian communities, threatening their survival, but also all the associated biodiversity. The implementation of strategies of preservations requires preliminary acquisitions of the knowledge at ecological, evolutionary, physiological, biochemical, genomic and genetics levels. In this ambitious framework, these doctoral studies aimed to better define the answers induced by thermal stress of two Mediterranean symbiotic Cnidarians : the white gorgonian Eunicella singularis and the sea anemone Anemonia viridis. A first part of the works was carried out of two populations of the white gorgonian, associated with their photosynthetic symbionts (zooxanthelles), collected at two geographical zones with contrasted thermal profiles. This study allowed us to identify the superior limits of thermal resistance of the populations and to estimate the possible links between the genetic varieties of the hosts and the symbionts, and their thermal resistance. Complementary studies then allowed identifying, on this symbiotic gorgonian early molecular indicators induced by a hyperthermia, implying the global antioxidant defences capacities and the degree of protein ubiquitination. Finally, our studies led on the sea anemone allowed to deepen our knowledge developed on this model concerning the antioxidant enzymes and in particular the glutathione peroxidases (GPx). The measures of the GPx activities in the different holobiont compartments did not reveal major modifications during the stress, but the appearance of one activity band induced by the hyperthermia could represent a new potential marker of stress
Le, Provost Gaëtane. "Effets des changements d'utilisation des terres sur la biodiversité fonctionnelle des prairies en paysage agricole". Thesis, La Rochelle, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LAROS033.
Texto completoUnderstanding how grassland biodiversity responds to land use intensification is crucial for both biodiversity conservation and the management of key ecosystem services in agricultural landscapes. My PhD aims at (i) identifying and generalising the effects of land use intensification operating at different spatial and temporal scales across multiple taxonomic groups and trophic levels (plants, herbivores, pollinators, predators and top-predators) ; (ii) investigating the underlying mechanisms of biodiversity response, and particularly the role of trophic interactions. We used multiple functional traits related to resource acquisition, the size of the organisms and their mobility. We tested how multitrophic functional trait diversity responded to landscape history, composition and heterogeneity. Considering multiple taxonomic groups simultaneously, our study brings out a clear response of overall biodiversity to land use intensification. We found that legacy effects of land use intensification operating at the landscape scale are major drivers of present-day multitrophic functional trait diversity in agricultural landscapes. By considering a core set of organismal traits reflecting similar functions across trophic levels, our approach reveals multiple dimensions by which land use intensification filters out biodiversity over time and allows us to generalise its effect across multiple trophic levels and trait-spectrum. Finally, trait-based approach allowed us to assess the importance of trophic interactions and their contribution in shaping animal communities in agricultural landscapes
Comte, Lise. "Changements globaux et distribution spatiale des espèces de poisson d'eau douce : observations récentes et prédictions futures". Toulouse 3, 2013. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/2258/.
Texto completoDespite increasing recognition that recent climate changes are influencing biodiversity, the specific impacts of those changes are still largely unknown. This thesis highlights systematic stream fish species shifts towards higher elevation and upstream habitats, consistent with the geographic variation associated with climate change. The results demonstrated, however, that patterns in climate-driven range shifts were less marked than those attributed to non-climatic drivers, suggesting more severe longer-term effects of climate warming on stream fish and profound consequences on the ability of species to cope with future climate modifications. Nevertheless, the results also provide evidence that several mechanisms are linked to species' evolutionary history and some key biological and ecological traits, allowing species to persist in situ or to track their climatic niche through space. These research findings improve our ability to anticipate future climate change-induced impacts and will assist with initiating effective conservation and management strategies, which can no longer be effectively designed without taking into account climate change
Thiam, Papa Masseck. "Effets des futurs changements climatiques sur la performance à long terme des chaussées souples au Québec". Thesis, Université Laval, 2014. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2014/30293/30293.pdf.
Texto completoThe long-term performance of the road network of the province of Quebec (Canada) is strongly influenced by the climate and the weather conditions. Amongst other factors, high levels of saturation in soils and pavement materials are believed to be an important cause of pavement deterioration. According to the climate change scenarios established by Ouranos (2010), the North and South of Quebec will undergo an average precipitation increase from -0.1% to 8.45% in a future horizon of 2010-2039. The purpose of this project is to quantify the effect of these expected precipitation increases on the mechanical behavior of road structures, materials and soils. Based on literature and on data collected on instrumented road sections, a relationship between precipitation increase and saturation level of pavement layers is proposed. The resilient modulus and permanent deformation behavior for various water contents and four different subgrade soils was determined using triaxial tests, which were validated using small-scale heavy vehicle simulator, in order to determine the existing relationship between mechanical properties and moisture contents. Using the precipitation increase scenarios and the preset models, a damage analysis is performed to quantify the decrease of pavements service life caused by climate change. It is found that climate change, and more precisely the increase of precipitation expected in the Province of Quebec, will have a significant impact on pavement performance and that adapted pavement structures and materials, such as improved drainage, increased structural capacity or materials with reduced sensitivity to water, are possible options to reduce the loss of pavement life associated with climate change.
Joannin, Sébastien. "Changements climatiques en Méditerranée à la transition Pléisctocène inférieur-moyen : pollens, isotopes stables et cyclostratigraphie". Lyon 1, 2007. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00347549.
Texto completoPollen analysis has been performed on six sections (Santa Lucia, Montalbano Jonico, Site ODP 976; Tsampika and Shamb) placed along a 4,000 km long transect from the Western Mediterranean region to Little Caucasus. These sections recorded same vegetation changes related to climatic cycles occurred throughout the Mediterranean region during the Early-Middle Pleistocene (1. 600-0. 700 Ma), despite an observed longitudinal gradient. Mesothermic taxa were affected by the increasing aridity and the extremes related to climatic cycles during this considered time-window. “Long-term” vegetation successions were controlled by climatic cycles related to the obliquity forcing. A similar vegetation dynamics with short and longer-term durations were forced by precession and its modulator (the eccentricity), respectively. Influences of both parameters were superimposed. The expected shift from obliquity to 100 ka long-cycles related to eccentricity is not observed in the Mediterranean region during the Mid-Pleistocene Transition
Gerome, Camille. "Les initiatives de transition comme facteur de développement des capacités territoriales d'adaptation aux effets des changements climatiques". Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SACLV026/document.
Texto completoTo respond to social issues of adaptation to the effects of climate change, this thesis contributes to the understanding of adaptation capacity development processes. The main subject is the spontaneous transitional citizens dynamics. It is about a group of citizens wishing act locally for the development of their territory in a coherent way around shared values.This thesis helps to demonstrate the emergence and the development of innovative social practices. This is comparable to social innovations in transition arenas who reproduce characteristics of niches: protected and restricted space encouraging incubation. These social innovations, fostered by networking, cohesion and the sharing of values, contribute to the development of adaptability through a desire for transmission and a global dynamic of inclusion.Concretely, this study focuses on two transition initiatives similar in their intentions and different in their history. They participate in considering a new dynamic of society that is both spontaneous, autonomous and inclusive.By positioning itself neither "against" the territory and its institutions, nor "without" them, these transition initiatives represent remarkable alternatives to lead to more cooperative societies and more able to adapt to the effects of climate change
Nevoux, Marie. "Réponse démographique des populations longévives aux changements climatiques : importance de la variabilité spatio-temporelle et de l'hétérogénéité individuelle". Phd thesis, Université de La Rochelle, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00245570.
Texto completoPrincé, Karine. "Quel futur pour la biodiversité en milieu agricole dans un contexte de changements climatiques ? : de l'évaluation des mesures de conservation aux scénarios d'usage des sols". Phd thesis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00833467.
Texto completoAssoumal, Naibi Sidonie. "Les changements climatiques, un nouvel enjeu des relations internationales : impacts et éléments de stratégies d'adaptation au Tchad". Thesis, Lyon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LYSE3005.
Texto completoClimate changes are upseting the whole planet. Their écologic and socio-economic impacts are a real threat for all countries, principally the developping ones. Since 1990, the international community has becoming aware of this and the developped countries are clearly showned as being mainly responsible. Consequently, they have to financially and technologically strive in order to help the less advanced countries to adapt. Nowadays, the climate changes represent a big stake in the inter-national relationships, they are debated in almost all international meetings. However, the world climatic governing is difficult to establish by the international community. The conferences are dominated by the frequent oppositions of the States’ national interests. As the impacts of climate changes are specifically localised, Chad appears as a vulnerable country suffering dramatic conse-quences: progression of desert, dryness, flood, loss of biodiversity, empoverishment of soils and diminishing water ressources which imply the decreasing ot the agricultural production, food unse-curity, deseases, conflicts and deportation of population. Although Chad is mobilised to struggle against climatic changes, it lacks the necessary capacity to confront this challenge. This thesis con-siders the sahelian zone as one of the most relevant to precisely analyse these impacts and for pro-posal of efficient strategies adapted to act against climate changes. It is about measures of mitiga-tion and adaptation which consist in operating more innovative and more targeted national politics, in creating new infrastructures in the sectors of transport, telecommunications, energy and in in-volving all the concerned actors
Gadenne, Hélène. "Les effets des changements climatiques et des changements d'usages sur les oiseaux d'eau migrateurs : une approche mécaniste chez un oiseau emblématique, la Cigogne blanche". Phd thesis, Université de Poitiers, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00748802.
Texto completoGadenne, Hélène. "Les effets des changements climatiques et des changements d’usages sur les oiseaux d’eau migrateurs : une approche mécaniste chez un oiseau emblématique, la Cigogne blanche". Thesis, Poitiers, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012POIT2278/document.
Texto completoUnderstanding adaptations that allow species to live in temporally and spatially variable environments is crucial to predict how species may respond to current and future global changes. Long-term studies have shown that climatic variations affect the dynamic of populations. However, the relative influence of habitat selection and density-dependence processes is still poorly understood and explained. The aim of this thesis is, firstly by a correlative approach, to investigate the density-dependent habitat selection at varying spatial scales in an increasing white stork (Ciconia ciconia) population. Secondly, by a mechanistic approach, we studied the relative effects of climate, habitat and breeder experience in terms of reproductive fitness (fledging success, body condition and sex ratio) in this population monitored for 30 years in a sensitive wetland in Charente-Maritime, western France. This work helped identifying the mechanisms that lead to nesting habitat selection. This work supports research showing that habitat degradation by human activities may affect habitat selection decisions. In addition, these results provide crucial information to understand the adaptations of this population in a changing environment, which allows predicting more efficiently the response of the population to future environmental changes
Coulis, Mathieu. "Effets des changements climatiques sur l’activité des organismes du sol et la décomposition des litières en milieu méditerranéen". Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013MON20252.
Texto completoWater availability is a major limiting factor for the functioning of Mediterranean ecosystems. More pronounced drought could severely impact soil fauna activity and diversity that could in turn affect litter decomposition and nutrient cycling. In my PhD thesis I investigated experimentally the interactions between changing water availability and detritivorous macrofauna on decomposition and associated processes in a “garrigue”, a typical Mediterranean woody shrub dominated ecosystem.In the first part of my thesis, I studied the impact of Ommatoiulus sabulosus, an abundant diplopod species in garrigue ecosystems, on shrub litter decomposition. During a one month experiment, I studied the direct (litter consumption) and indirect (microbial activity in feces) effects of this detritivore on litter mass loss and microbial communities under two contrasted moisture levels. In a different experiment, I placed litterbags filled with litter or feces in the field at the soil surface or at 5cm soil depth during one year in order to study the long term impact of Ommatoiulus on decomposition. A key result was that detritivores maintain litter consumption in dry conditions when microbial driven decomposition drastically dropped. However, this detritivore effect do not lead to an overall increased organic matter mineralization irrespective of moisture conditions, at least in the short term. In contrast, under field conditions and over a longer time period, Ommatoiulus increases decomposition of certain species such as Quercus coccifera, since feces from this species decomposes faster than un-ingested litter after one year at the soil surface. This stimulation is likely due to a higher leaching of soluble compound in feces. Moreover, in depth feces decomposition increases relative to that of intact leaf litter, possibly indicating that more favorable soil humidity is more favorable to decomposition. Collectively, my results suggest that detritivores can strongly increase decomposition by transforming leaf litter into feces of different organic matter quality, and by facilitating the transfer of organic matter into the soil.In the second part, I evaluated the importance of functional dissimilarity of leaf litter and detritivores on decomposition processes. Using a trait based approach, species assemblages were constructed in order to obtain a gradient of functional dissimilarity of both, leaf litter and detritivore communities, while keeping species numbers constant. The different communities were kept under controlled conditions at the European Ecotron in Montpellier to study the effect of changing functional dissimilarity on process rates at two different moisture conditions. I found that detritivore and litter functional dissimilarity explain up to 20 % of the observed variation for several key soil processes including litter mass loss and the leaching of dissolved organic carbon and nitrogen from top soil. However, effects of species identity at both trophic levels have a larger impact on process rates than functional dissimilarity. In general, drought strongly affects soil processes but does not alter the diversity-function relationship. Species assemblages resulting in highest process rates at favorable moisture level are also the most negatively affected by drought, suggesting a tradeoff between the efficiency of soil organisms and their ability to resist perturbation
Defossez, Emmanuel. "Effets des interactions biotiques sur la régénération des forêts le long de gradients climatiques". Phd thesis, Université de Grenoble, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00947800.
Texto completoFlores-Mejia, Sandra. "Les effets de la température et des changements climatiques sur la performance relative d'un réseau trophique : plante-herbivore-parasitoïde". Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/27306.
Texto completoEach trophic level of a food-web reacts differently to changes in temperature, because some species are more sensitive than others. Because of the interdependence between the different trophic levels, even the smallest change in temperature could trigger cascading effects throughout the food-web. This may cause a partial or total collapse of the system. As part of my project, I was interested in the effects of temperature and climate change over the relative performance of a tri-trophic food web system (plant-herbivore-parasitoid). The general objectives were to determine: a) which trophic level is more sensitive to an increase in temperature? and b) What are the effects of climate change on a food-web as a whole? In order to determine the effects of temperature on the whole food-web, I developed three parameters to measure the relative performance, by using biomass as common currency between the three trophic levels. The developed parameters are: net generational productivity (NGP), the bi-trophic food-web ratio (φh/p), and the tri-trophic food web ratio (φ3t). In general, my results suggest that the thermal window of the relative performance of each trophic level has a wider span at the base of the food-web (e.g. the plant) and it is reduced by about 4 °C for each subsequent trophic level. Also, the (φh/p) values obtained, suggest that the aphids have the highest performance at low temperatures, but they are incapable of reproducing beyond 28°C, which gives the plant a competitive advantage. Nonetheless, this advantage cannot be maintained for long, due to the negative effects of temperature on the biology of the plant. The φ3t values suggest that the performance of the food-web is influenced by trophic cascades in a « top-down » fashion; but both the inter- and intra-specific variation of the host plant plays a major role in the productivity of the system. The results of the experiments about climate change suggest that: in all three tested climate change scenarios, the parasitoid has the largest relative performance of the system in spite of having the smallest thermal window. This suggests a greater thermal plasticity than previously thought. Nonetheless, in the absence of parasitoids, the herbivore dominates the system. Although there was a 4 °C difference between the three climate change scenarios that were tested, the the performance of the tri-trophic food-web was not significantly affected. In comparison, under two 2050 climate change scenarios, the long-term exposure to high temperatures has a negative effect on the accumulation of biomass for the three components of the food web, both individually and collectively. This is the first study to evaluate empirically and exhaustively the effects of temperature over a great range of plant-herbivore-parasitoid interactions, in order to determine the relative performance of the system in a holistic way.
Puissant, Jérémy. "Effets des changements climatiques sur la dynamique de décomposition microbienne du carbone organique du sol en prairie subalpine calcaire". Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015GREAS008/document.
Texto completoMountain soils stocks huge quantities of carbon as soil organic matter (SOM) which may be highly vulnerable to climate change and thus alter the atmospheric greenhouse gases concentration at a decadal timescale. To understand the effect of climate conditions on the dynamics of mountain soil organic carbon (SOC), a climate change experiment was set up in October 2009 in Swiss Jura subalpine grassland soils. The climate change experiment (soil transplantation) simulated two realistic climate change scenarios, with increased air temperatures ranging between 2 °C and 4 °C and decreased precipitation ranging between 20% and 40%. These changes reflect current predictions of climate change for the 21th century in temperate mountain regions.We studied the effect of climate conditions (climate manipulation and seasonal changes) after four years of climate experiment on (i) the dynamic of microbial decomposition, microbial abundance and community structure, (ii) the dynamic soil organic matter pools with contrasted turnover rate and representing the energetic resource of microbial communities, (iii) the interactions between microbial communities and soil organic matter pools and (iv) the soil organic carbon stocks.This work shows a strong seasonal dynamics of microbial decomposition with higher enzymatic activities, higher microbial abundance and shift of microbial community structure in winter than in summer. These results were linked to the seasonal organic matter labile pools dynamics. Moreover structural equation modeling shows that climate manipulation differently influences the drivers of SOC enzymatic decomposition in summer and winter.Finally, this work shows a strong decrease of soil organic carbon concentration under the climate change manipulation which cannot be explained by an increase of microbial activities. In contrast, our results suggest that the observed climate-induced decrease in bulk soil organic C content was due a SOC decrease in the most biogeochemically stable SOM fraction associated with a decrease in clay content and a decrease of soil calcareous concentration. Thus, our results hint more so towards an effect of SOM leaching (Gavazov, 2013) to explain the climate effect on SOC content than an effect of microbial and/or plant activities
Guo, Chuanbo. "Modélisation des effets des changements climatiques et des activités anthropiques sur les assemblages des poissons des lacs en Chine". Toulouse 3, 2014. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/2333/.
Texto completoKnowledge of the spatial distribution of species and communities in ecosystems is an essential prerequisite for the understanding of ecosystem functioning and processes as well as conservation and spatial planning issues. During the last several decades, in the context of global change, climate change and anthropogenic activities have long been acknowledged as the two main determinants which drive the fish diversity and distributions patterns, and ultimately affect the aquatic ecosystem properties and structure. However, up until now, very few efforts aimed at the fish diversity and ecosystem in the lakes across China. Consequently in the present study, we contribute to highlight the effects of climate change and anthropogenic activities on fish diversity and distribution patterns as well as the ecosystem properties with the approach of several ecological modelling. Specifically, we first build the global perspective on the fish distribution and assemblage patterns for a total of 425 fish species (subspecies) in 135 lakes across China using a novel multi-species approach fitted by the Multivariate Regression Tree (MRT). Five fish assemblages were defined by the constrained clustering, 107 indicator species were thus identified. Species diversity showed significantly differences among each assemblage: fish species richness in plateau lakes was significantly lower than plain lakes; however the diversity of the whole assemblage in plateaus was higher than other regions. Altitude, minimum temperature of the coldest month, annual temperature range and precipitation during the driest month were found to be the most important determinants affecting fish assemblages and distribution patterns in Chinese lakes. Then, MRT model was used to predict both species richness and species distribution in order to improve the management and conservation of fish species in China. Our results showed that MRT is a reliable and ideal community-based predictive technique for multi-species prediction. At the species composition level, altitude was the main determinant for the prediction, followed by precipitation of the driest month, temperature annual range and annual mean temperature. While at the richness level, precipitation of driest month, maximum temperature of warmest month and lake area were the main drivers for the prediction of the fish species richness pattern. Thirdly, we examine the capacity and uncertainty of ensemble modelling in predicting fish species distribution and diversity. Potential impacts from two main kinds of uncertainty sources were thus considered: species characteristics (contained species prevalence, altitude range, temperature range and precipitation range) and model techniques (calibration technique and evaluation technique). Finally, our results highlight that predictions from single SDM were so variety and unreliable for all species while ensemble approaches could yield more accurate predictions; we also found that there was no significant influence on the model outcomes from the evaluation measures; we emphasized that species characteristics as species prevalence, altitude range size and precipitation range size would strongly affect the outcomes of SDMs, but temperature range size didn't show a significantly influence; our findings finally verified the hypothesis that species distributed with a smaller range size could be more accurately predicted than species with large range size to be plausible in aquatic ecosystems. Lastly, a case study focused on evaluating the lake ecosystem properties and foodweb structure as well as the effects in a typical shallow macrophytic lake (Bao'an Lake, distributed in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River basin), using the Ecopath model. Finally, the results showed that all the commercial fish suffered from high fishing pressure while forage resources such as attached algae, submerged plants and molluscs were not fully utilized. Moreover, we highlight that the Bao'an Lake ecosystem was a mature system according to Odum's theory. However when compared with some other lake ecosystems, the Bao'an Lake ecosystem, as well as some China lake ecosystems, showed extremely low values of CI (Connectance Index), FCI (Finn's Cycling Index) and SOI (System Omnivory Index), indicating that the ecosystem functions and food web structure of these Chinese lake tended to be simpler and linear than lake ecosystems in other countries. Consequently, this study indicated an urgent need for the adjustment and management of artificial fishery stocking in such type of lakes. Our present study have pictured the global perspective of lake fish diversity and distribution patterns in China, defined the main determinants, and examined the potential effects of climate change and anthropogenic activities on fish diversity and ecosystem properties. Our results will benefit the conservation and management of fish resources, biodiversity, as well as the lake ecosystems all over the world
CASELLA, ERIC. "Effets a long-terme de changements climatiques (co2, temperature) sur une graminee prairiale (lolium perenne l. ). Interactions avec l'azote". Clermont-Ferrand 2, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996CLF20155.
Texto completoBas, Yves. "Décomposition des effets des changements des paysages et des pratiques d'exploitation sur la biodiversité des milieux agricoles et forestiers". Paris 6, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA066339.
Texto completoServonnat, Jérôme. "Variabilité climatique en Atlantique Nord au cours du dernier millénaire : evaluation de l'influence du forçage solaire avec le modèle IPSLCM4". Versailles-St Quentin en Yvelines, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010VERS0055.
Texto completoMy work during my PhD has been the evaluation of the influence of solar forcing on climate variability during the last millennium with the IPSLCM4_v2 coupled model. I achieved two numerical simulations of the climate of the last millennium for this purpose. The first one consists in a millennium-long control integration, and the second one (SGI) was forced by reconstructions of the Total Solar Irradiance, CO2 concentrations and orbital parameters during the last millennium. The main results of my thesis are : the forcings significantly affect the temperature variance for geographical extent wider than 5. 106km² (extent of Europe). This result brought the spatial framework for model-data comparisons. The simulated amplitude of the Northern Hemisphere temperature variability is in agreement with the temperature reconstructions. A mismatch has been evidenced between SGI and the reconstructions between 1000 and 1200 AD, during the so-called Medieval Warm Period. The study of the forcings signature in Europe has shown that solar forcing appears clearly in numerical simulations from the ANR ESCARSEL project, but it much weaker in the studied temperature reconstruction. The conclusion of my work is that the solar forcing used in the simulation does not allow explaining totally the secular temperature evolution between 1000 and 1850 AD, either on the Northern Hemisphere or in Europe
Eichenlaub, Lisa. "Anticiper, comprendre et analyser les pathologies complexes et émergentes des chênes". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Bordeaux, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024BORD0148.
Texto completoEuropean oaks (Quercus robur, pedunculate oak and Q. petraea, sessile oak) are two emblematic forest species with important ecological, economical and cultural roles. These species are essential in many ecosystems and represent respectively 11 and 12% of the volume of standing wood of deciduous trees in France. However, they are subject to biotic and abiotic disturbances, which have increased in frequency and intensity due to global changes. Declines, which are multifactorial syndromes, and diseases caused by exotic or native pathogens, have strongly affected oaks since the beginning of the 20th century. The nature of these declines, as well as the interactions between biotic and abiotic factors causing them, are not fully understood. This thesis proposes to define part of their etiology through a study of the cortical and root pathobiomes. Finally, it stresses the importance of territorial surveillance as a way to prevent the introduction of exotic pathogens, especially the threat represented by quarantine organisms. Acute Oak Decline (AOD) is currently affecting oak populations in the United-Kingdom. Mediated by abiotic factors (temperature and precipitation), AOD would be triggered by insects (mainly Agrilus biguttatus) and a complex of bacterial species. This disease perfectly illustrates the pathobiome paradigm, as the complex host-pathobiome-insect interactions are essential to its development. In order to clarify the prevalence of symptoms associated with AOD in France and the role played by bacteria in the observed declines, a study of the etiology of cortical necroses associated or not with attacks of A. biguttatus on declining oaks has been observed. The first report on the presence of bacteria Brenneria goodwinii, Gibbsiella quercinecans and Rahnella victoriana in necroses has been made on Q. robur and Q. petraea in France. However, these bacteria have been isolated less frequently in the lesions than the fungi Fusarium quercinum, F. falsibabinda, Neonectria sp., N. punicea. Moreover, their pathogenicity was confirmed by the inoculations of young oak plants. This confirms the importance of the pathobiome in the symptoms associated with AOD and suggests a significant role of fungal pathogens, which was previously underestimated. The relationships between soil microbiota and chronic oak decline were analyzed in the Chantilly Forest (Oise, France) and with a comparison approach by pair of declining and non-declining oaks, an analysis of the fungal and oomycetes diversities by metabarcoding was performed. The study revealed that the compositions mainly depend on the types of soil and the health status of the trees according to the compartment sampled (bulk soil, rhizosphere or roots). 4 Finally, to help the diagnosis and the identification of phytosanitary problems on Quercus spp. in France, an interactive tool called NESTOR (phytosaNitary survEillance and diagnoSTics of Oaks in FRance), has been developed. Inventorying the main bioaggressors and abiotic problems on oaks with this tool is intended to encourage passive surveillance of the territory by the general public and professionals and also to support the active surveillance of the territory led by the Forest Health Department of the French Ministry of Agriculture and Food in France. In 2022-2023, intensified surveillance of oak wilt disease, caused by the vascular fungus Bretziella fagacearum, was carried out by collecting samples from symptomatic trees. The isolations and diagnoses conducted during this thesis confirmed that the fungus is still absent from the territory, but that it remains important to stay vigilant about its possible introduction in France
Altinalmazis, kondylis Andreas. "Tree diversity effects on root production, decomposition and nutrient cycling under global change". Thesis, Bordeaux, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021BORD0067.
Texto completoThe insurance hypothesis predicts that forests with tree species mixtures may resist better to stressful environmental conditions than forests composed of only one tree species. Most of the currently available literature tested this hypothesis for aboveground productivity and its related response variables, but less is known about belowground processes. In my PhD thesis, I studied the drivers of belowground productivity and decomposition across climatic gradients and how they are affected by tree mixtures. I hypothesized that mixing of tree species with contrasting rooting patterns and fine root morphologies, would result in a release of competitive pressure belowground, and translate into higher fine root standing biomass and increased fine root productivity. Moreover, I hypothesized that roots with contrasting chemical and morphological characteristics in mixed stands would decompose faster, which may be particularly important under nutrient-limited conditions. Under water-limiting conditions, such as during extreme summer drought, I hypothesized overall slower decomposition but an attenuating effect of tree mixtures on decomposition due to improved micro-environmental conditions, in particular for leaves, since roots decompose in a more buffered soil environment. To test these hypotheses I examined the variation in tree root functional traits (across- and within-species), and its consequences for fluxes of C, N and P at the ecosystem scale. I addressed three main objectives and associated research questions to quantify the interactive effect of tree mixtures and climate on: 1) vertical root segregation and fine root standing biomass, 2) fine root dynamics and their associated nutrient fluxes and 3) fine root- and leaf litter decomposition. I could benefit from two different field experiments for my work, one with a 10-year-old tree-plantation experiment with birch and pine close to Bordeaux (ORPHEE experiment), the second along a latitudinal gradient of mature beech forests in the French Alps (BIOPROFOR experiment).I observed that roots from the birch and pine tree-plantation showed similar vertical distribution and similar belowground root standing biomass in tree mixtures compared to monocultures, contrary to my first hypothesis. However, the greater allocation of pine but not of birch to root growth within the top soil horizons under less water-limiting conditions suggests locally favourable conditions that may lead to soil depth-specific asymmetric competition. In the same experiment, fine root production and decomposition were similar in mixtures and in monocultures, in contradiction with my second hypothesis. Moreover, I did not observe any interactive effects of tree mixtures with stand density or water availability. Interestingly though, birch roots, but not pine roots released P during root decomposition, which suggests an important role of birch in the P-cycle and for P nutrition of trees on these P-limited sandy soils. In line with my third hypothesis, I observed a slower decomposition of leaf litter and fine roots in response to reinforced and prolonged summer drought, irrespective of the position along the latitudinal gradient in the Alps. However, this slower decomposition under drought was not attenuated in forest stands with mixed tree species compared to single species stands. Compared to leaf litter, fine roots decomposed slower and released less C. Interestingly, I found a net N release in decomposing fine roots but not in decomposing leaf litter, which suggests a distinct role of fine roots in the N cycle. In conclusion, I found that mixing tree species did not attenuate negative effects of climate change. However, this thesis demonstrates that promoting mixtures can still be beneficial for at least one of the admixed tree species, through species addition (i.e., complementing one tree species with another tree species), as one tree species may facilitate another via belowground fluxes of N and P
Sana, Ullah Muhammad. "Effets des changements climatiques et en particulièrement de la sécheresse sur la décomposition et la stabilisation de la matière organique du sol dans un écosystème prairial". Paris 6, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA066240.
Texto completoBarbraud, Christophe. "Forçage environnemental et prédateurs marins endothermes de l'Océan Austral: effets des changements climatiques récents et des pêcheries industrielles sur les populations". Habilitation à diriger des recherches, Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse III, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00770926.
Texto completoCourtial, Lucile. "Effets combinés du rayonnement ultraviolet et du réchauffement climatique sur les coraux Scléractiniaires". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 6, 2017. https://accesdistant.sorbonne-universite.fr/login?url=https://theses-intra.sorbonne-universite.fr/2017PA066214.pdf.
Texto completoScleractinian corals mainly grow in the shallow euphotic zone, exposed to ultraviolet radiation (UVR), the most harmful part of the solar radiation. UVR increases with climate change and adds to the different environmental pressures that corals are facing. The aims of this thesis were to 1) better understand the effects of UVR on coral physiology, organic matter fluxes and associated bacteria; 2) assess the combined effects of UVR and thermal stress and/or nutrient level. Results show that UVR worsens the negative effect of temperature on coral physiology, similarly to nutrient depletion. Our results also indicate that the sensitivity to UVR stress (i.e. an increase in UVR) is species dependent and function of the symbiont density. The negative effects of UVR increase with the number of symbionts, likely due to the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) which cause cellular damages. In the thesis, we showed that the JNK signalling pathway (c-Jun N-terminal kinase), highly conserved in living organisms, is involved in the early response of corals to UVR and its activation is required to repress stress-induced ROS accumulation. Finally, organic matter release and mucus and coral-associated bacteria are also significantly impacted by UVR, which could contribute to important biochemical changes in reef waters. The work conducted in this thesis brings new insights into the effects of UVR on corals and highlights the importance of taking this environmental factor into account when predicting the future of coral reefs under climate change
Gicquel, Aurélien. "Impact des changements globaux sur le fonctionnement des tourbières : couplage C-N-S et interactions biotiques". Rennes 1, 2012. https://ecm.univ-rennes1.fr/nuxeo/site/esupversions/fc809707-f62e-4b7b-aaa0-3ce961750dde.
Texto completoIn a context of global change, peatlands "sink" function of carbon (C) is likely to switch to a "source" function, releasing into the atmosphere large quantities of C initially stored in the peat. This thesis aims to characterize and quantify at different levels of organization: i) the impact of global warming on Sphagnum-peatland biogeochemical functioning (CNS) and ii) the impact of restoration of peatland abandoned after harvesting of peat on the interactions between recolonizing plants (Eriophorum angustifolium), macrofauna (Lumbricus rubellus) and the microorganisms potentially involved in the regeneration process of peat forming. The peatland functioning and biotic interactions have been studied by coupling C-N-S and isotope tracing 13C-15N-34S. A moderate increase of + 1°C simulated by "Open Top Chambers" (OTCs) significantly reduces C fluxes at the ecosystem level, the primary production of Sphagnum and the microbes are most affected. At the community level, the activity of anaerobic bacteria, fungi and protozoa (estimated by SIP 13C-PLFAs) was significantly slowed. We showed that a soil engineer as the earthworm L. Rubellus played a positive role in recycling organic matter indirectly by providing elements (C > N > S) to the plant. Transfers depend on the functional traits of the organism. At the individual level, we have characterized using NanoSIMS, "anticorrelated" NS transfers from earthworms to peat
Barros-Platiau, Ana Flávia. "Vers quel droit de protection internationale de l'environnement ? : le développement des régimes internationaux pour la gestion de la biodiversité globale et pour le contrôle des changements climatiques avec la participation brésilienne". Paris 1, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000PA010348.
Texto completoEzzat, Leïla. "Effets de la disponibilité en sels nutritifs sur la réponse physiologique des coraux tropicaux dans le contexte du changement climatique". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 6, 2016. https://accesdistant.sorbonne-universite.fr/login?url=https://theses-intra.sorbonne-universite.fr/2016PA066306.pdf.
Texto completoReef building corals are usually thriving in oligotrophic areas, characterized by low concentrations in inorganic nutrients, such as nitrogen and phosphorus. More, nutrient starvation is known to increase with global warming. However, along the urban coasts, water eutrophication induces nutrient excess, which could lead to the breakdown of the coraldinoflagellate symbiosis. The major aims of this thesis were to assess: 1) the use and uptake capacities of inorganic nitrogen and phosphorus by tropical corals according to environmental parameters; 2) the effects of nutrient limitation or enrichments in nitrogen and/or phosphorus on reef coral physiology. Results showed that corals response differed according to the chemical form, source of nitrogen and to the availability of phosphorus in the reef environment. In the presence of low phosphorus concentrations, ammonium supplementation enhanced coral metabolism and allowed coral colonies to overcome thermal stress. Conversely, nitrate enrichments negatively impacted photosynthesis and calcification processes, increasing coral bleaching susceptibility. These deleterious effects were enhanced when combined with organic matter supplementation, but repressed with addition of phosphorus. Indeed, results highlighted the tight relationship existing between phosphorus availability and coral health. During thermal stress, corals were able to increase their phosphorus uptake, this latter nutrient being essential for the holobiont metabolism. These outcomes shed a light into how marine symbioses cope with eutrophication, which is urgently required to refine risk management strategies
Morrissette-Boileau, Clara. "Dynamique de deux espèces arbustives de la toundra arctique en réponse aux changements climatiques et au broutement du caribou migrateur". Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/27785.
Texto completoGeneralized shrub expansion has been observed over the circumpolar Arctic in response to climate change. This phenomenon is causing major alterations to the biotic and abiotic environments, a consequence of the increased shrub growth in height. We characterised tundra shrub species dynamics in response to climate change and migratory caribou browsing. To do so, we evaluated dominant erect shrub species dynamics and tested experimentally how shrub responds to these disturbances, using Betula glandulosa as model species. Our results show that shrub cover in Deception Bay is mainly driven by B. glandulosa, a species with increasing recruitment since early 2000s. However, it seems that this species’ vertical structure remains low which might not modify the biotic and abiotic environment normally associated with shrub expansion. We also showed experimentally that increase in shrub growth is a result of enhanced soil nitrogen fertility, a proxy of increase microbiological activity in response to global warming. Moreover, we demonstrated that caribou browsing has a negative cumulative effect on B. glandulosa growth. Thus, we showed in this study that shrub expansion is rather limited in Deception Bay and might be slowed down by the combined effects of harsh climatic conditions and herbivores. Moreover, our study stressed that herbivores must be taken into account when predicting vegetation change in the tundra.
Tozato, Heloisa de Camargo. "Conséquences des changements climatiques sur la diversité biologique des zones humides : une analyse de politiques publiques et de gestion au Brésil et en France". Thesis, Rennes 2, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015REN20019/document.
Texto completoIn order to analyze how Brazil and France realizes the management of the Ramsar policy for the wetlands biodiversity conservation in the posed challenges by climate change impacts, this thesis used a multi-thematic set of environmental indicators organized in the Pressure-State-Impact-Answers matrix adapted from UNEP (2004), and supported by comparative analysis. The work were divided into three parts. In conclusion, regarding the triangulation of international-local-national actions for national policies to stimulate, guide and legally endorse local actions, France has greater political maturity in the management of these ecosystems and can do to get in level place, the international recommendations and guidelines
Visando analisar como o Brasil e a França realizam a gestão da política de Ramsar para a conservação da biodiversidade das zonas úmidas frente os desafios impostos pelos impactos das mudanças climáticas, a presente tese utilizou um conjunto multitemático de indicadores ambientais organizados na matriz Pressão-Estado-Impacto-Respostas, adaptada de PNUMA (2004), e sustentados pela análise comparada. O trabalho foi dividido em três partes. Conclui-se que, no que concerne a triangulação das ações internacional-nacional-local para que as políticas nacionais possam estimular, nortear e respaldar legalmente as ações locais, a França apresenta maior maturidade política na gestão desses ecossistemas e consegue fazer chegar, em nível local, as recomendações e orientações internacionais
Bourgeaud, Luana. "Histoire évolutive et potentiel adaptatif : une approche éco-évolutive de la vulnérabilité des espèces aux changements climatiques". Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020TOU30263.
Texto completoUnderstanding the processes influencing the geographical distribution of species is one of the main aims in ecology and is of particular interest since climate change caused by human activities is currently leading to the geographical redistribution of species. In this context, we explored the temporal dynamics of the climatic niche (the set of climatic requirements of a species) in an attempt to determine species' ability to cope with climate change. To do this, we investigated historical rates of climatic niche change which describe past climatic niche changes that occurred over the course of species evolutionary history assuming that past climatic changes reflect current climate change. Following the reconstruction of a dated phylogeny for 12,616 fish species, we compiled climate and distribution data to estimate historical rates of climatic niche change. In a first project, we studied the factors influencing historical rates of climatic niche change in aquatic environments. In particular, we confirmed that historical rates of climatic niche change are greater at higher latitudes. We also discussed the differences between marine and freshwater ecosystems. In a second project, we correlated historical rates of climatic niche change with measures of contemporary range shifts. We showed that historical rates of climatic niche change are positively associated with contemporary range shifts in marine fish. Our results suggest that the influence of historical rates of climatic niche change and more generally of species evolutionary history on their response to current climate change needs to be further explored to determine how it can inform biodiversity conservation
Gossiaux, Alice. "Effets des changements environnementaux sur le fonctionnement des ruisseaux de tête de bassin versant". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LORR0260.
Texto completoIn the current context of environmental changes, many pressures threaten the functioning and integrity of natural environments. Among these pressures, concerns about increasing temperatures and changes in nutrients availability are rising, particularly for freshwater aquatic ecosystems. The consequences of these changes on headwater streams, which contribute to downstream water bodies and provide many ecosystem services, are essential to anticipate in order to plan management and conservation measures. Headwater streams functioning is mainly based on the decomposition of allochthonous organic matter, which is the major carbon input for benthic food webs. To a lesser extent, primary production is represented by the autotrophic organisms of biofilm. Using different approaches (microcosms, mesocosms, in natura), this thesis aims at understanding how microbial and macro-invertebrate compartments, involved in the functioning of headwater streams, react to temperature increases, and at disentangling the combined effects of nutrients availability changes, seasonality, species identity and underlying biotic interactions. The results of this thesis demonstrate that temperature and nutrients have complex effects on stream litter decomposition processes (potentially weak, non-linear and sometimes opposed to the results of the literature). In addition, these studies highlight the importance of taking seasonal effects and temporal dynamics into account in order to improve the understanding of the measured processes in natural or semi-natural environments. Finally, species identity (litter, micro and macro-organisms), species roles in the community (functional groups) and interactions among them (antagonists, facilitators) play a key role in the variability of observed responses, by modulating, for example, the importance of the brown and green pathways in the functioning of these systems. Finally, the variability of the effects of temperature increase and nutrient availability on the functioning of headwater streams, which is strongly linked to the context and level of biological organization, leads to many research opportunities, and in particular for citizen science
Ruiz, diaz britez Manuela. "Adaptation du douglas (Pseudotsuga menziesii (MIRB.) FRANCO) aux changements climatiques : étude rétrospective basée sur l’analyse des cernes". Thesis, Paris, Institut agronomique, vétérinaire et forestier de France, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016IAVF0011/document.
Texto completoForest response to the drought increase associated to the climatic warming relies on tree adaptive potential, i.e. the genetic variation and the heritability of adaptive traits involved in resistance to drought. In the first chapter, we identify easy-to-measure proxies of adaptive traits for resistance to drought. We compare the wood microdensity of dead and surviving trees after the 2003 heat wave in France. The most discriminating variables are the mean density of high and lowdensity segments, high-density proportion and coefficient of variation of the lowdensity segment. The wood of the surviving trees is always denser and more heterogeneous. If these adaptive traits are variable and heritable, then it is possible to select for improved resistance to drought in the breeding population as well as in natural regeneration. Our results also suggest that directional selection is going on in more or less water-stressed environments. The direction is variable according to the nature of the selection pressure in the different regions. In the Chapter II, we estimate the evolutionary potential to drought of the introduced Douglas-fir in France. This evolutionary potential relies on the magnitude of the genetic variation and of the heritability of the adaptive traits found in the first chapter. The heritability and the genetic variation are highly variable between provenances, sites and, to a much lower extent, between annual rings. Most variables have moderate to high heritability estimates for at least some provenances in some sites. Some traits tend to have generally higher heritability and genetic variation estimates. These are mostly variables of the density part of the annual ring. The variables having at the same time relatively high estimates of heritability and genetic variation are good candidates for becoming efficient selection traits for resistance to drought in tree breeding as well as in natural regeneration. The significant between-site variation suggests that the heritability estimates increase with site quality. The estimates are also significantly different between provenances with a strong provenance × site interaction. Conversely there is little significant between annual-ring variation. The chapter III takes advantage of the annual-ring variation to study the relationships between the genetic parameter estimates and climatic and soil variables. The heritability and genetic variation estimates of most variables significantly relates with most tested environmental variables. Very few variables never correlates with any environmental variable. The significant relationships are very variable between traits, provenances and sites. The most important predictors are temperature, evapotranspiration, and soil water reserve and water deficit. Rainfall marginally influences the genetic parameter estimates. Generally, the better the growing conditions, the higher the estimates. All components of the experimental trials affect the genetic parameters estimates. Thus, the choice of the plant material and of the experimental site strongly determines the genetic parameter estimates. The uncontrolled climatic variation may randomly affect the estimates
Waisman, Henri. "Les politiques climatiques entre prix du carbone, rente pétrolière et dynamiques urbaines". Paris, EHESS, 2012. https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00799199.
Texto completoThis thesis investigates the effects of constraints imposed on economic interactions by limitations due to natural resources, among which oil and urban land play a curcial role in the context of climate change. These dimensions, often neglected in existing analyses, have an ambiguous effect since they suggest both the risk of enhanced costs if carbon limitations reinforce the sub-optimalities caused by pre-existing constraints, but also, conversely, the possibility of co-benefits if the climate policy helps to correct some pre-existing imperfections of socio-economic trajectories. To investigate this issue, an innovative modeling framework of the energy-economy interactions is elaborated that embarks the specificities of the deployment of oil production capacities and the issues related to the spatial organization in urban areas. We demonstrate that, beyond the carbon price, the costs of climate policy essentially depend on the sequencing of complementary measures, with a crucial role of spatial policy designed to control transport-related emissions through mobility
Floremont, Fanny. "Les récits contrastés de la « migration environnementale » : élaboration, usages et effets sur l'action publique". Thesis, Bordeaux 4, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013BOR40046/document.
Texto completoThis research work aims at questioning the variety of narratives used to describe “environmental migration” and the shifting importance given to the matter. Building on a political sociology of ‘public action’ perspective, it undertakes a transnational comparison between international arenas and Malian politics and policies. This study shows that, in a context of multiple political and scientific uncertainties, “environmental migration” narratives are used to add dramatic tension to issues that go beyond the subject of environmentally linked migration, and to construct them as public problems.Three conflicting narratives have been elaborated in the international arenas: the “refugee” narrative, the “natural disaster induced displacement” narrative and the “migration as adaption” narrative. Their multiplication can be explained by their instrumental purpose and by the constant reformulation efforts undertaken by political entrepreneurs in order to include them in the prevailing cognitive and normative frames. As a result, these narratives appear to be out of step with academic findings that insist on the complex causal relationship linking environment to displacement. In Mali, the “refugee” narrative is the one predominantly used by ‘public action’ actors but it is part of a larger discourse focused on climate change, which is used to legitimise development aid flows. The narratives elaborated at the international level are thus selected and adapted to local cognitive and normative frames and agenda setting dynamics