Tesis: "Biochemical oxygen demand"

1

MacPherson, Tara A. "Sediment oxygen demand and biochemical oxygen demand : patterns of oxygen depletion in tidal creek sites /". Electronic version (PDF), 2003. http://dl.uncw.edu/etd/2003/macphersont/taramacpherson.pdf.

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2

Yung, Kam-shing. "Sediment oxygen demand in coastal waters /". Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1994. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B19667656.

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3

Jordan, Mark. "Activated Sludge Bioassays for Rapid Biochemical Oxygen Demand". Thesis, Griffith University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/367704.

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A number of recent studies have described new rapid biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) methods. However, most have not maintained the features that make the 5-day standard BOD assay particularly relevant to wastewater management – a high level of substrate bio-oxidation and use of wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) sludge as the biocatalyst. In a critical breakthrough, return activated sludge (RAS) from Coombabah WWTP, southeast Queensland, was successfully incorporated as the biocatalyst in a ferricyanide mediated-BOD (FM-BOD) bioassay. The bioassay was initially optimized for the measurement of highly variable and complex wastewaters, particularly trade wastes, by maximizing the analytical working range (10 – 170 mg BOD5 L-1) and extent of substrate degradation (96 ± 23% of measured BOD5 oxidation). A highly significant correlation (n = 35; slope = 1.07; R = 0.95; incubation time = 6 h) was found between this RAS FM-BOD and standard BOD5 assays using a range of real trade waste samples. The activated sludge FM-BOD bioassay was re-examined with the goal of measuring low–mid range wastewaters (i.e. treated effluents and WWTP influents) that comprise the bulk of all BOD samples analyzed worldwide. All experimental parameters were re-optimized, primarily to improve the detection limit of the FM-BOD assay to approximate that of the standard BOD5 assay (i.e. ≈2 mg BOD5 L-1). Primary influent sludge (PIS) from Coombabah WWTP was the most favorable sludge trialed, with the new bioassay having an analytical range of 2 – 40 mg BOD5 L-1. A highly significant correlation (n = 33; slope = 0.94; R = 0.96; incubation time = 3 – 4 h) was observed between the PIS FM-BOD and standard BOD5 assays using a range of treated effluent, influent and grey water samples.
Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
Griffith School of Environment
Science, Environment, Engineering and Technology
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4

Trosok, Steve Peter Matyas. "Mediated biochemical oxygen demand biosensors for pulp mill wastewaters". Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape2/PQDD_0030/MQ64470.pdf.

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5

Yung, Kam-shing y 翁錦誠. "Sediment oxygen demand in coastal waters". Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1994. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31234562.

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6

Narteh, Alexander Tetteh. "Correlation of Fluorescence Spectroscopy and Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD5) Using Regression Analysis". BYU ScholarsArchive, 2015. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/5567.

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This research uses Regression analysis of fluorescence spectroscopy results to correlate with Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD5). Fluorescence spectroscopy was applied to samples taken from seven sample sites in the Provo and Orem waste water treatment plants found in Utah County. A total of 161 samples were collected for this research. 23 samples each were taken from four sites in the Provo waste water treatment plant namely Provo head works, aeration basin, primary filter settlement basin and the Provo effluent basin. The Orem head works, the clarifier and the Orem effluent basin were the three sample sites in the Orem waste water treatment plant where 23 samples each were collected to carry out the analysis. The fluorescent characteristics of the samples were determined using fluorescence spectrometry. These intensities were correlated with standard five day Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD5) values which were used as a measure of the amount of biodegradable organic material present. Chemical oxygen demand (COD) data were also taken from these treatment plants for correlation purposes. Three different correlation analyses were made which were the correlation of fluorescence spectroscopy excitation-emission matrix (EEM) against (1) individual sites BOD and COD values (2) Provo only and Orem only BOD and COD values (3) combined Provo and Orem BOD and COD values. The correlation of Individual site EEMs against BOD and COD values produced the best results. There was a higher correlation of EEM with BOD data than COD data. The R-squared for the combined Provo and Orem BOD data was 0.756 and that for COD was 0.729. Very high R-squared was obtained for Provo Influent data and Orem Influent data which were 0.955 and 0.946 respectively. This method can be used by wastewater stakeholders in deriving quick results in determining potential pollution events within a shorter time frame. This research demonstrates that there is a correlation between EEM and BOD/COD.

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7

Latham, Zachary B. "Dissolved oxygen dynamics in the Carson River, Nevada". abstract and full text PDF (free order & download UNR users only), 2005. http://0-gateway.proquest.com.innopac.library.unr.edu/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:1433406.

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8

Maguluri, Kanchana. "Nitrification performance of a modified aerated lagoon". Diss., Columbia, Mo. : University of Missouri-Columbia, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10355/5098.

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Thesis (M.S.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 2007.
The entire dissertation/thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file (which also appears in the research.pdf); a non-technical general description, or public abstract, appears in the public.pdf file. Title from title screen of research.pdf file (viewed on October 30, 2007) Includes bibliographical references.

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9

Asiedu, Kofi. "Evaluating Biological Treatment Systems: (i) Moving Bed Biofilm Reactor versus Biological Aerated Filtration, and (ii) Sulfide-Induced corrosion in Anaerobic Digester Gas Piping". Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/35156.

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The research presented in this report is in two sections. Section I involved the performance of a moving bed biofilm reactor (MBBR) versus a biological aerated filtration (BAF) and Section II involved study on causes of deposition in anaerobic digester gas piping.

The first section evaluated and compared the performance of a laboratory-scale MBBR and BAF for organic carbon and suspended solids removal. A kinetic study was also performed on the MBBR to evaluate the system performance. The purpose was to recommend one of the systems for the Force Provider project, which provides a containerized "city" for the U.S. Army. The effluent criteria against which the systems were evaluated were total 5-day biochemical oxygen demand (TBOD5) and total suspended solids (TSS) of 30 mg/L each. The report is based on a 5-month laboratory -scale study of the two reactors.

The MBBR performance depended on the percent of media provided in the reactor and the organic loading. At a media volume, which displaced the reactor volume by 40 % (heretofore called 40 % media volume), and surface area loading rate (SALR) of 20 g BOD5/m2-d, the system performance deteriorated with time. At 40 % media volume and SALR below 15 g BOD5/m2-d, the system performance improved but still did not meet effluent criteria or average. TBOD5 reduction was generally poor (approximately 50 %). Soluble BOD5 (SBOD5) concentrations were frequently below 30 mg/L and TSS concentrations were often higher than influent TSS. Overall, TSS wastage from the system (both effluent TSS and intentional wastage) averaged 0.032 kg/d.

BAF system performance was excellent for TBOD5, CBOD5, SBOD5 and TSS removal, and were consistently less that 30 mg/L. Overall TSS wastage from the BAF (both via effluent and backwash) average 0.027 kg/d and was 16 % less than for the MBBR. Based on demonstrated performance, the BAF was the only viable reactor for the project.

Section II of the report focused on possible causes of deposition in an anaerobic digester gas piping at a local wastewater treatment facility (Peppers ferry regional wastewater treatment facility).

Industrial waste input to the treatment facility has increased lately and accounts for 40 % of the plant's wastewater inflow. An industry in Pulaski, VA, Magnox Inc. generates and disposes highly concentrated sodium sulfate, (70,000 mg/L) which is a by-product of its activities, to PFRWTF wastewater influent stream. As a result of Magnox industrial waste input, a pilot study was carried out to determine the effect of its waste on the activated sludge treatment units. Results indicated that Magnox industrial waste input would not have adverse effect on the aeration basins. However production of H2S, which can have effect on the anaerobic digester was reported (Olver Inc., 1995). Field analysis of data reported by Olver Inc. (2000) showed that H2S concentration in PFRWTF anaerobic digester gas was rising. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis of deposits found in the digester pipe together with results obtained from the laboratory-scale study revealed that iron and sulfur played a role in the deposition in the digester gas pipe. The laboratory scale study revealed that ferrous ion in the digester feed possibly precipitated over 90 % of the hydrogen sulfide gas produced in the digester, thus protecting the digester from adverse effects caused by hydrogen sulfide.

Master of Science

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10

Morris, Kristy y n/a. "Optimisation of the Biocatalytic Component in a Ferricyanide Mediated Approach to Rapid Biochemical Oxygen Demand Analysis". Griffith University. School of Environmental and Applied Science, 2005. http://www4.gu.edu.au:8080/adt-root/public/adt-QGU20060906.121244.

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A novel rapid method for the determination of biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) has been developed. By replacing oxygen, the terminal electron acceptor in the microbial oxidation of organic substrate, with the ferricyanide ion, a significant increase in the rate of the biochemical reaction could be achieved. This arises from the high solubility of the ferricyanide ion (compared to oxygen); therefore allowing for elevated microbial populations without rapid depletion of the electron acceptor. Therefore, the BOD of a sample can be determined within 1-3 hours compared to 5-days with the standard BOD5 assay. A range of microorganisms were shown to be able to use the ferricyanide ion as an alternative electron acceptor for the biodegradation of a range of organic compounds in the ferricyanide mediated BOD (FM-BOD) assay. The most suitable biocatalyst in the FM-BOD method, however, was shown to be a mixture of microorganisms that was capable of degrading large amounts and types of compounds. These mixed consortia of microorganisms included a synthetic mixture prepared in our laboratory and two commercially available consortia, BODseedTM and Bi-ChemTM. When these seed materials were employed in the FM-BOD assay, the method was shown to closely estimate the BOD5 values of real wastewater samples. The linear dynamic working range of the FM-BOD method was also greatly extended compared to the standard BOD5 assay (nearly 50 times greater) and other oxygen based BOD biosensors. The immobilisation of the microbial consortia by both gel entrapment and freeze-drying methods was shown to greatly reduce the preparation and handling time of the mixed consortia for use in the FM-BOD method. Immobilisation of the mixed microbial consortium in LentiKats®, a PVA hydrogel, resulted in a marked increase in the stability of the biocatalyst. Diffusion limitations resulting from the gel matrix, however, reduced the rate and extent of the bioreaction as well as the linear dynamic working range of the method. Freeze-drying techniques were shown to circumvent some of the limitations identified with gel entrapment for the immobilisation of the mixed consortia. The freeze-dried consortia could be used off-the-shelf and demonstrated reduced diffusional restrictions. A marked decrease in the viability of the microorganisms was observed directly following the freeze-drying process and in subsequent storage. Carrageenan, however, was shown to afford a significant degree a protection to the cells during the freeze-drying process.

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11

Morris, Kristy. "Optimisation of the biocatalytic component in a ferricyanide mediated approach to rapid biochemical oxygen demand analysis". Thesis, Griffith University, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/367552.

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A novel rapid method for the determination of biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) has been developed. By replacing oxygen, the terminal electron acceptor in the microbial oxidation of organic substrate, with the ferricyanide ion, a significant increase in the rate of the biochemical reaction could be achieved. This arises from the high solubility of the ferricyanide ion (compared to oxygen); therefore allowing for elevated microbial populations without rapid depletion of the electron acceptor. Therefore, the BOD of a sample can be determined within 1-3 hours compared to 5-days with the standard BOD5 assay. A range of microorganisms were shown to be able to use the ferricyanide ion as an alternative electron acceptor for the biodegradation of a range of organic compounds in the ferricyanide mediated BOD (FM-BOD) assay. The most suitable biocatalyst in the FM-BOD method, however, was shown to be a mixture of microorganisms that was capable of degrading large amounts and types of compounds. These mixed consortia of microorganisms included a synthetic mixture prepared in our laboratory and two commercially available consortia, BODseedTM and Bi-ChemTM. When these seed materials were employed in the FM-BOD assay, the method was shown to closely estimate the BOD5 values of real wastewater samples. The linear dynamic working range of the FM-BOD method was also greatly extended compared to the standard BOD5 assay (nearly 50 times greater) and other oxygen based BOD biosensors. The immobilisation of the microbial consortia by both gel entrapment and freeze-drying methods was shown to greatly reduce the preparation and handling time of the mixed consortia for use in the FM-BOD method. Immobilisation of the mixed microbial consortium in LentiKats®, a PVA hydrogel, resulted in a marked increase in the stability of the biocatalyst. Diffusion limitations resulting from the gel matrix, however, reduced the rate and extent of the bioreaction as well as the linear dynamic working range of the method. Freeze-drying techniques were shown to circumvent some of the limitations identified with gel entrapment for the immobilisation of the mixed consortia. The freeze-dried consortia could be used off-the-shelf and demonstrated reduced diffusional restrictions. A marked decrease in the viability of the microorganisms was observed directly following the freeze-drying process and in subsequent storage. Carrageenan, however, was shown to afford a significant degree a protection to the cells during the freeze-drying process.
Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
School of Environmental and Applied Science
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12

Yeong, Lung-yuen Christopher. "Removal of wastewater cod and nitrogen using fibrous packing media /". [Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong], 1991. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B13193429.

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13

Spurr, Martin William Armstrong. "Microbial fuel cell-based biosensors for estimation of biochemical oxygen demand and detection of toxicity". Thesis, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10443/3704.

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There is a global requirement to establish state-of-the-art monitoring techniques for analysis of water quality to ensure that standards are maintained with increasing domestic and industrial water usage. An important parameter used in water quality assessment is Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD), a measurement of the oxygen consumed by micro-organisms in the oxidation of biodegradable organic material. BOD measurements have been correlated with the output from Microbial Fuel Cells (MFCs), which are a potential solution for online monitoring of wastewaters. Previously studied MFC sensors have had a limited amperometric range of approximately 250 mg/l O2 BOD5; which is often attributed to substrate saturation of the anode biofilm. In this work, a proof-of-concept configuration of multi-stage MFCs connected hydraulically in series was tested extensively to eliminate the saturation effect and extend the sensing range. The summed current generated by a three-stage array was calibrated against BOD5 for different glucose-glutamic acid concentrations in artificial wastewater. A linear response was obtained up to approximately 750 mg/l O2 BOD5 with R2 > 99% and average standard deviation < 9%. The array range was three times greater than obtained with the first MFC operating individually. Batch-mode sensors were also operated to develop greater understanding of the long-term performance characteristics and establish how changes in operating parameters affect sensor calibration. Additionally, the effect of toxicant presence (4-nitrophenol) on the multi-stage sensor response was studied. Toxic and low BOD events which both resulted in current decreases could be differentiated using the MFC-based sensor. The modular mode of operation permitted highstrength BOD wastewaters to be measured online without dilution and an explicit differentiation between toxic and low BOD events based on the ordered response of MFCs. The MFC-based sensors were tested with samples of real influent wastewater and recommendations have been made for ‘best practice’ operation and calibration of MFC sensors.

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14

NOGUEIRA, NETO ANTONIO C. "Avaliacao de teoxidade aguda e cronica em aguas do Rio Jundiai e em afluentes e efluentes da ETE Novo Horizonte, Jundiai, Sao Paulo". reponame:Repositório Institucional do IPEN, 2009. http://repositorio.ipen.br:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/9450.

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Dissertacao (Mestrado)
IPEN/D
Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP

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15

Phipps, Scott Douglas. "Performance Evaluation and Yield Determination of a Full-Scale Biological Aerated Filter". Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/31495.

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Biological aerated filters (BAFs) are an emerging wastewater treatment technology designed for a wide range of municipal and industrial applications. BAFs utilize an inert media, either dense granular or floating, which supports biomass retention in the filter bed. BAFs offer an alternative to typical biological treatment processes; however, knowledge of the process is often limited, especially in the US market. Through various studies, process improvements were made for filter media selection, backwash protocols, and hydraulic load effects. During the summertime monitoring, seeded and unseeded nitrified effluent BOD5 samples were performed on a full-scale BAF. Discrepancies were found between seeded and unseeded samples, which warranted further investigation. Four biological treatment seeds and a commercial microbial seed were screened for appropriate seed volumes in comparison to the glucose:glutamic acid (GAA) assay, a standard for BOD5 analysis. After initial screening, a range of seed samples was applied to the BAF effluent for BOD5 and cBOD5 analysis, and to GGA and carbonaceous GGA (cGGA) analysis. A proposed seed screening protocol was developed using a ratio of measured BOD5 values in comparison to theoretical GGA standard BOD5 values. Biomass observed yield values were calculated for the full-scale BAF. Three individual mass balances were conducted to quantify the consumption of soluble COD in the filter and the mass of influent particulate matter filtered from the waste stream. Retained particulate matter is a substrate source for the biomass; however, the particles must be hydrolyzed into metabolizable monomers before being consumed by the biomass. A bench-scale BAF was designed and constructed to investigate the degree to which particle hydrolysis occurred in the full-scale system. Additionally, fluorescein diacetate was used during one of the experiments as a model particulate substrate to quantify the activity associated with hydrolytic enzymes in the bulk-liquid. Hydrolytic activity by cell-free extracellular enzymes in the bulk-liquid increased when particle substrate was present. Therefore, it appears that cell-free extracellular enzymes participate in the hydrolytic mechanism for particle degradation. Biomass observed yields were calculated for the full-scale BAF using full-scale mass balances and bench-scale particle hydrolysis experiments.
Master of Science

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16

Wan, He. "Assessing CSR and Applying Social Life Cycle Assessment: A case study on Biochemical Oxygen Demand Online Monitor". Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för geovetenskaper, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-182191.

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Wuhan China and Borlänge Sweden collaborate to promote sustainable business growths. This thesis, being part of sustainable business project, aims to understand how business can contribute to sustainable development and explore mechanisms of social life cycle assessment. In an effort to answer research questions and further to achieve the general purpose, a BOD online monitor case study is described and analyzed by applying both qualitative and quantitative approaches. Data collection is based on interviews and documents. In the case of BOD online monitor, the thesis identifies Boffin and Universtar companies’ CSR levels. It also observes that SLCA method is able to discover Boffin and Universtar’s social performances at life cycle impact assessment stage and disclose online monitor’s social impacts at interpretation stage. The thesis finally concludes that business’ CSR level can be evaluated from three dimensions: companies’ goals on conducting business, business operation performances and resolved problems. SLCA method is able to disclose enterprises’ social performances, discover underlying factors that might hinder corporations’ ability to contribute to sustainable development and improve product’s social at the same time.

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17

Chester, Michael Andrew. "The relationship between the biochemical oxygen demand and total suspended solids concentration in the tidal River Ouse". Thesis, University of Sheffield, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.322871.

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18

Mahlathi, Christopher Dumisani. "In-Stream water quality modelling and optimisation by mixed-integer programming : simulation and application in actual system". Diss., University of Pretoria, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/40840.

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Water scarcity has become a global problem due to diminishing water resource and pollution of the remaining resources. The problems arising fromwater scarcity are exacerbated rapid urbanisation and industrialisation. Water quality management systems are introduced. Numerous water management methods exist some of which, if applied e ectively, can remedy these problems. In South Africa, water management systems are urgently needed to start addressing issues around the longterm sustainability of our limited water resource. Water quality modelling is one of the tools employed to assist in validating decisions made during the planning phase of a water quality management system. It also provides a means of exploring viable options to be considered when these decisions are to be made. A range of management options exist and implementing all of them may prove costly, therefore optimisation techniques are utilised to narrow down options to the most e ective and least costly among the available choices. Commonly, water quality models are used to predict concentrations in the river from which constraint equations are generated. The constraint equations are used in optimisation models to generate feasible solutions by either maximising or minimising the objective function. In this case the objective function is wastewater treatment cost. Constraints equations are based on the set in-stream water quality standard at selected theoretical measuring stations (checkpoints) in the stream and a feasible solution is one that suggests a treatment method that will ensure water quality standards are met at the lowest regional treatment cost. This study focused on the Upper Olifants river catchment near Witbank in Mpumalanga province. This catchment is subjected to extensive wastewater e uents from various mining operations and wastewater treatment plants. The aim here was to develop a water quality model for predicting dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration in the river, and to use a modelling approach to generate constraint equations for the system. A Streeter-Phelps stream simulation model was employed to predict DO concentration in the river. A mixed-integer programming technique was then used to evaluate the impact of nine wastewater treatment facilities discharging e uent into the river. Treatment levels were varied to test model reliability. The coupled stream simulation and optimisation model produced feasible solutions under 2 minutes, with each solution suggesting a range of treatment levels which ensured that the critical DO concentration was above 5 mg/L and the most stringent DO concentration the system could manage without violations anywhere else in the stream was obtained to be 7mg/L.
Dissertation (MEng)--University of Pretoria, 2013.
gm2014
Chemical Engineering
unrestricted

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19

Roppola, K. (Katri). "Environmental applications of manometric respirometric methods". Doctoral thesis, University of Oulu, 2009. http://urn.fi/urn:isbn:9789514290794.

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Abstract In this work a manometric respirometric measuring system was applied to practical environmental cases related to wastewater management and biodegradation studies of oil-contaminated soils and materials used in landfill structures. Pollution of groundwater, surface water and soils is a worldwide problem. Therefore, tests simulating the biodegradation behaviour of organic compounds in water media and soils have become increasingly important. Respirometric methods provide direct measurement of the oxygen consumed by micro-organisms in biodegradation processes from an air or oxygen-enriched environment in a closed vessel. Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) is a crucial environmental parameter used to measure the quality of water and treatment results in wastewater. Generally, BOD is measured with standardised methods, which are usually time-consuming as well as laborious. In this work the manometric respirometric test was compared with conventional BOD tests by determining the BOD of pulp and paper mills as well as domestic wastewater samples. The effect of different factors such as type, amount and pre-treatment of inoculum and the effect of dilution of a sample on the BOD values were also tested. A right dilution was noticed to be the most significant factor affecting the BOD values of the industrial wastewater samples. The mathematic estimation of the BOD7 values from the respirometric data was proved to work reliably after a 2–3 day incubation period. Characterisation of organic fractions of the pulp and paper mill wastewater was carried out with methods including filtration, long term BOD measurements and COD analyses. The most significant observation in characterisation analyses was that a remarkable part of the detected oxygen demand was consumed for the biotransformation of biodegradable fractions into new inert decomposition products, not only for mineralisation of the biodegradable COD fraction. Biodegradation behaviour of the peat samples with different decomposition rates was studied in order to evaluate the applicable peat types that can be used in landfill structures. Only minor (BOD/ThOD < 0.4%) biodegradation was observed with compaction peat samples, and the stable state, in which biodegradation stopped, was achieved during a two month period. The manometric respirometric method was also applied for the biodegradation studies in which the effect of the modification of soil properties on biodegradation rates of bio-oils was tested. Modified properties were the nutrient content and the pH of the soil. Fertiliser addition and pH adjustment increased both the BOD/ThOD% values of the model substances and the precision of the measurement. The manometric respirometric method was proved to be an advanced method for simulating biodegradation processes in soil and water media.

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20

Copp, John B. "COD balances in biological nutrient (nitrogen and phosphorus) removal activated sludge systems /". *McMaster only, 1998.

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21

Nazário, Aline Azevedo. "Produtividade e acúmulo de nutrientes em forrageiras cultivadas no sistema de tratamento de esgoto doméstico por escoamento superficial". Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2012. http://repositorio.ufes.br/handle/10/6569.

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O esgoto é um resíduo líquido resultante das atividades domésticas e industriais, com impurezas orgânicas e inorgânicas que se for lançado no ambiente sem tratamento adequado ocasiona diversos impactos ambientais negativos. A disposição de águas residuá-rias agroindustriais e domésticas no solo é uma técnica interessante, principalmente em condições de clima tropical e com disponibilidade de áreas, como é o caso do Brasil. Esta técnica se baseia na capacidade depuradora do sistema solo-planta para a de remoção dos poluentes contidos nas águas residuárias. Nesse sentido, o tratamento deste efluente faz-se necessário. Diante do exposto o presente trabalho teve como objetivo estudar os efeitos da aplicação de doses de esgoto doméstico bruto (EDB) no desenvolvimento de diferentes espécies de forrageiras, bem como avaliar o potencial destas forrageiras na redução da de-manda bioquímica de oxigênio (DBO) do esgoto doméstico bruto, a produção e o acúmulo de nutrientes das forrageiras. O experimento foi conduzido na área experimental do Centro de Ciências Agrárias da Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo (CCAUFES) onde em uma estrutura de alvenaria foram montadas 45 rampas de 1,0 x 0,2 m com declividade de apro-ximadamente 8%. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi montado no esquema de par-cela sub-subdividida 3x5x2, sendo nas parcelas espécies de forrageiras em três níveis (Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu; Cynodon sp. cv Tifton 85 e Paspalum atratum cv. Pojuca), nas subparcelas taxa de aplicação do esgoto domestico em cinco níveis (7,91; 15,82; 23,73; 31,64 e 39,55 kg ha-1 dia1 de DBO5 do EDB) e nas sub-subparcelas cortes do material vegetal em dois níveis (dois ciclos de 28 dias após o início da aplicação do EDB), num delineamento inteiramente casualizado com três repetições. Para acompanhar o de-créscimo da carga orgânica amostras do efluente foram coletadas nos pontos de entrada e saída das rampas (parte superior e inferior, respectivamente) para a determinação da DBO5. O material vegetal cortado foi encaminhado para laboratório onde foi determinada massa seca. O teor de proteína bruta foi obtido multiplicando-se o fator 6,25 pelo valor de nitro-gênio encontrado. O acúmulo de nutrientes foi obtido pelo produto dos teores de cada ele-mento pela produção total de matéria seca por hectare. Os resultados demonstraram que o sistema de tratamento empregado reduziu a carga orgânica do efluente de esgoto doméstico bruto em média 36% até os 28 dias e 12 % após os 28 dias, porém de forma não satisfatória para atender a legislação de lançamento de efluente em corpos hídricos, mostrando que as altas taxas de efluente de esgoto doméstico bruto requerem maior tempo de detenção nas rampas cultivadas com forrageiras. O rendimento aumentou proporcionalmente com in-cremento das aplicações das taxas de esgoto doméstico. O acúmulo de nutrientes para os cultivares Marandu, Tifton 85 e Pojuca estão acima dos mencionados em literatura para nitrogênio, fósforo, enxofre, manganês, ferro e cobre. Já para potássio, cálcio e magnésio estão de acordo com os valores médios relatados para as forrageiras. Esses resultados re-forçam o potencial desses capins quanto ao tratamento de águas residuárias, especialmente efluente de esgoto doméstico bruto
Sewage is the liquid waste with organic and inorganic impurities resulting from in-dustrial and domestic processes. The disposal of sewage in environment without proper treatment causes negative impacts, requiring a proper treatment of this effluent. The dis-posal of agro-industrial and domestic waste water in the soil is a promising residue treat-ment technique, particularly in tropical contries with availability of land such as Brazil. This technique relies on the ability of the soil-plant system to remove pollutants present in the waste water. The goal of the present work was to study the effects of the applied dose of gross domestic sewage (GDS) on the development of different forage species, and to assess the performance of forages to reduce biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) of domes-tic crude sewage production and to evaluate nutrient accumulation by the forage. The ex-periment was conducted in the experimental area of the Agricultural Science Center, Fed-eral University of Espírito Santo (CCAUFES). A masonry structure with 45 ramps, meas-uring 1.0 x 0.2 m each, was set upon a slope of approximately 8%. The experiment was set up in a 3x5x2 split-plot scheme in which we evaluated the following factors: three forage species (Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu; Cynodon sp. cv Tifton 85 and Paspalum atra-tum cv. Pojuca), five application rates of domestic sewage (7.91, 15.82, 23.73, 31.64 and 39.55 kg ha-1 day1 for BOD5 of GDS) and two harvest periods of forage, 28 and 56 days after the start of the GDS). The experimental design was completely randomized with three replications. To follow the variation of the organic content of the effluent, samples of ef-fluent were collected at points the entrance and exist of each ramp (top and bottom, respec-tively) for BOD5 analysis. The plant samples were sent to the laboratory where their dry weight was determined. The crude protein was obtained by multiplying the total nitrogen content found in the samples by a factor of 6.25. Nutrient accumulation was obtained by multiplying the contents of nutrients in the samples by the total production of dry matter per hectare. The results showed that the treatment system used reduced the organic content of the effluent from domestic sewage-tor crude in 36% until 28 days and 12% after 28 days after effluent application. However, this reduction in organic content is not sufficient to meet the current legal requirements of disposal of effluents in water bodies, indicating that a proper treatment of gross domestic sewage effluent would require longer long slopes to increase the period of treatment of these effluents. The forage yield increased along with the application rates of sewage. The accumulation of nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur, manga-nese, iron and copper by the cultivars Marandu, Tifton 85 and Pojuca were higher than the average accumulation reported in the literature. Potassium, calcium and magnesium accu-mulation are in agreement with the average values found for forage. These results empha-size the potential use of these grasses to treat waste water, especially gross domestic sew-age effluent

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Mohammed, Alahmad Suleiman. "Electrochemical and Electroflotation Processes for Milk Waste Water Treatment". Cleveland State University / OhioLINK, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=csu151309400205639.

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23

Rademeyer, Sharon. "Poly(γ-glutamic) acid (PGA) production from confectionery waste using Bacillus species". Thesis, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/2840.

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Thesis (Master of Engineering in Chemical Engineering)--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2018.
Approximately 9 million tonnes of food waste is generated annually in South Africa. Its treatment, including treatment of confectionery waste, is costly because of the high chemical oxygen demand (COD) loads; as a result much of this waste is sent to landfill. South Africa’s confectionery industry contributes to a significant proportion of the country’s economy. Among the confectionery waste entering landfills are defective material, expired sweets and returns. This high COD waste can create breeding grounds for pathogenic microorganisms and anaerobic methanogens, causing negative environmental impacts. Part of the Department of Science and Technology (DST) Waste Research, Development and Innovation (RD&I) roadmap initiative is to minimise waste entering landfills by identifying waste sources from which to produce value that will contribute to social and economic growth. Confectionery waste has a high sugar content which can be used for feedstock to bioprocesses. By placing this bioproduction into a waste biorefinery framework, bio-based raw materials can be used to produce competitively priced products with low environmental impact, thereby optimising remediation and value generation simultaneously. Ongoing research at the Centre for Bioprocess Engineering Research (CeBER) at the University of Cape Town has shown that a wastewater biorefinery approach can use wastewater as feedstock for the generation of products of value. Previous studies have investigated potential products of value based on nutrient loads found in wastewater as well as the nature of the product. Among the organisms selected was the Bacillus species, producing the potential product poly-γ-glutamic acid (PGA), an extracellular poly-amino acid when there is an excess of nutrients. Similarly, this product could potentially be produced from sugar-rich waste candy. The aim of this study was to explore the use of hard candy waste as a feedstock for PGA, and Bacillus licheniformis JCM 2505 was selected as it was characterised in terms of the nutrients needed. The most attractive attribute of this strain was that it did not need L-glutamic acid to synthesise PGA but could do so from sugar. L-glutamic acid is costly. Using a cheaper nitrogen alternative would make the process more cost effective. To investigate this potential, the confectionery waste was characterised to identify the nutrients, namely, sugars, organic nitrogen and key trace elements needed for cell function and PGA production. Results showed that the nitrogen content and trace element concentrations were insignificant, as it was determined that the waste consisted mostly of sucrose. This therefore had to be supplemented with a basal medium containing the supplementation needed for cell function and PGA production. The growth of B. licheniformis was profiled in Erlenmeyer shake flasks using candy waste supplemented with the basal medium, with sucrose supplemented with basal medium as a control. The results showed similar trends on candy waste and sucrose.

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楊龍元 y Lung-yuen Christopher Yeong. "Removal of wastewater cod and nitrogen using fibrous packing media". Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1991. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31210636.

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Gulati, Loveenia. "Characteristics and Treatment of Landfill Leachate and Optimization of Leachate Oxidation with Fenton's Reagent". Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/76771.

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The purpose of this study was to characterize the leachate from a landfill in Pennsylvania that had been pretreated by activated sludge and propose the most efficient treatment for this effluent. These samples had been pretreated in a sequencing batch reactor that also was operated to remove nitrogen by nitrification/denitrification. The SBR samples were found to have low BOD, high COD, high TOC and a very low BOD/COD ratio. These SBR decant samples have poor UV transmittance and hence quench UV light. Five treatment methods were evaluated, coagulation, ultrafiltration, combined coagulation/ultrafiltration, combined ultrafiltration/oxidation and combined filtration/fentons. These processes were tested for their ability to remove BOD and TOC and also to evaluate the improvement in UV transmittance. It was found that coagulation; Ultrafiltration and Ultrafiltration combined with coagulation do not work in improving the transmittance properties though there is a significant BOD and TOC removal with these processes. Ultrafiltration combined with oxidation was found to work the best in terms of TOC removal. In this study, four oxidants, KMnO?, H?O?, NaOCl and Fenton's reagent were used. It was observed that Fenton's reagent was capable of removing 90% TOC at a dose of 1g/L each of iron salt and hydrogen peroxide at a pH of 4.5. Since Fentons reagent was found to be the most effective method, hence, efforts were made to optimize the oxidation process with Fenton's. The two parameters which were studied were the initial pH and the chemical dosage. The initial pH was varied from a value of 2.5 to 6.5. The range of iron salt and peroxide dose used was from 0.05 to 0.1 g/L. Additional studies were conducted using samples filtered through a 0.45 um filter and oxidized with Fenton's reagent. The Fenton's process for oxidation of filtrates from the 0.45?m filter was also optimized with respect to pH and chemical dosage to determine the most economical operating conditions. The maximum transmittance of 57% was obtained for an iron dose of 0.075 g/L and a peroxide dose of 0.075 g/L at a pH of 4.5. This is in comparison to the transmittance of unoxidized 1K ultrafiltrate which was found to be 21.5%. There was a significant difference in the performance of 1K and 0.45um filtrates in terms of TOC removal and percentage transmittance. The oxidation process for improving the UV transmittance of leachate can therefore be economically optimized depending upon the desired efficiency by varying the operational parameters.
Master of Science

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Milen, Larissa Cabral. "Produção e teor de nutrientes minerais de forrageiras cultivadas em rampas de tratamento de esgoto doméstico". reponame:Repositório Institucional da UFES, 2014. http://repositorio.ufes.br/handle/10/2013.

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CAPES
A disposição de águas residuárias no solo é um método de tratamento que envolve mecanismos físicos, químicos e biológicos na remoção da carga orgânica e nutrientes contidos no efluente. Entre as técnicas de disposição no solo tem-se o escoamento superficial em rampas vegetadas, que se baseia na capacidade depuradora do sistema solo-planta para a remoção dos poluentes. Diante do exposto, objetivou-se com a realização deste trabalho estudar os efeitos da aplicação de esgoto doméstico bruto na produção e teor de nutrientes minerais em duas espécies de forrageiras adaptadas ao cultivo no outono/inverno. O experimento foi conduzido na área experimental do Centro de Ciências Agrárias da Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo (CCA-UFES) e montado no esquema de parcelas sub-subdivididas 2 x 2 x 3, sendo nas parcelas espécies de forrageiras em dois níveis: aveia preta (Avena strigosa Schreb.) e azevém (Lolium multiflorum Lam.), nas subparcelas taxas de aplicação de efluentes em dois níveis: 50 e 100 kg/ha/dia de demanda bioquímica de oxigênio (DBO5) e nas subsubparcelas seções da rampa de tratamento em três níveis: terço superior, terço intermediário e terço inferior, em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado com cinco repetições. O plantio das forrageiras foi feito em rampas de tratamento de 3,0 x 0,9 x 0,25 metros (comprimento, largura e profundidade), dispostas a uma declividade de 5%. As rampas foram preenchidas com um solo retirado do perfil natural de um Latossolo Vermelho-Amarelo. O material vegetal foi cortado após 30 dias de aplicação do efluente e encaminhado para o laboratório onde foi determinada massa seca e determinação dos teores foliares de nutrientes. De acordo com os resultados obtidos conclui-se que não houve efeito significativo para as variáveis analisadas na interação forrageira x taxa x seções da rampa. A aveia preta apresentou maior produção em massa seca, e obteve resposta positiva em relação ao aumento da taxa de esgoto doméstico aplicada; por sua vez, o azevém apresentou maior absorção de nutrientes, com exceção para o fósforo e manganês. A menor taxa de efluente aplicada proporcionou incremento no teor da maior parte dos nutrientes pelas forrageiras. No geral, as plantas apresentaram maior produção nas primeiras seções da rampa de tratamento, no entanto, este comportamento não foi observado no teor de todos os nutrientes.
The disposal of wastewater in the soil is a treatment method that involves physical, chemical and biological mechanisms in the removal of organic load and nutrients in the wastewater. Among the techniques disposal in the soil has the superficial runoff in vegetated ramps, based on the scrubbing capacity of the plant-soil system for the removal of pollutants. Given the above, the aim with this work was to study the effects of the application of raw domestic sewage in the production and content of the minerals nutrients in two grass species adapted to cultivation in the fall/winter. The experiment was conducted at experimental area of the CCAUFES and mounted on the sub-plot scheme 2 x 2 x 3 subdivided, and forage species in the plots of at two levels: black oat (Avena strigosa Schreb.) and ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.), the subplots application rates of effluent on two levels: 50 and 100 kg/ha/day biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5) and the sub-subplots of the ramp sections treatment at three levels: upper, middle and lower third, in a completely randomized with five replications. The planting of forage was done on the ramps of 3.0 x 0.9 x 0.25 meters (length, width and depth), disposed at a slope of 5%. The ramps were filled with soil taken from the natural profile of a Red-Yellow. The plant material was cut after 30 days of application of effluent and sent to the laboratory where it was determined dry mass and of foliar nutrients concentrations. According to the results it was concluded that there was no significant effect for any variable in interaction rate x forage x sections of the ramp. The oats showed higher dry matter production, and obtained positive response regarding the increasing rate of applied sewage; turn ryegrass showed higher absorption of nutrients, except for phosphorus and manganese. The lowest rate applied effluent provided an increase in the concentration of most of the nutrients by the forage. Overall, the plants showed higher production in the first sections of the ramp treatment, however, this behavior was not observed in the levels of all nutrients .

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27

Essandoh, Helen M. K. "Efficiency of soil aquifer treatment in the removal of wastewater contaminants and endocrine disruptors. A study on the removal of triclocarban and estrogens and the effect of chemical oxygen demand and hydraulic loading rates on the reduction of organics and nutrients in the unsaturated and saturated zones of the aquifer". Thesis, University of Bradford, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/5710.

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This study was carried out to evaluate the performance of Soil Aquifer Treatment (SAT) under different loading regimes, using wastewater of much higher strength than usually encountered in SAT systems, and also to investigate the removal of the endocrine disruptors triclocarban (TCC), estrone (E1), 17¿-estradiol (E2) and 17¿- ethinylestradiol (EE2). SAT was simulated in the laboratory using a series of soil columns under saturated and unsaturated conditions. Investigation of the removal of Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD), Dissolved Organic Carbon (DOC), nitrogen and phosphate in a 2 meter long saturated soil column under a combination of constant hydraulic loading rates (HLRs) and variable COD concentrations as well as variable HLR under constant COD showed that at fixed HLR, a decrease in the influent concentrations of DOC, BOD, total nitrogen and phosphate improved their removal efficiencies. It was found that COD mass loading applied as low COD wastewater infiltrated over short residence times would provide better effluent quality than the same mass applied as a COD with higher concentration at long residence times. On the other hand relatively high concentrations coupled with long residence time gave better removal efficiency for organic nitrogen. Phosphate removal though poor under all experimental conditions, was better at low HLRs. In 1 meter saturated and unsaturated soil columns, E2 was the most easily removed estrogen, while EE2 was the least removed. Reducing the thickness of the unsaturated zone had a negative impact on removal efficiencies of the estrogens whereas increased DOC improved the removal in the saturated columns. Better removal efficiencies were also obtained at lower HLRs and in the presence of silt and clay. Sorption and biodegradation were found to be responsible for TCC removal in a 300 mm long saturated soil column, the latter mechanism however being unsustainable. TCC removal efficiency was dependent on the applied concentration and decreased over time and increased with column depth. Within the duration of the experimental run, TCC negatively impacted on treatment performance, possibly due to its antibacterial property, as evidenced by a reduction in COD removals in the column. COD in the 2 meter column under saturated conditions was modelled successfully with the advection dispersion equation with coupled Monod kinetics. Empirical models were also developed for the removal of TCC and EE2 under saturated and unsaturated conditions respectively. The empirical models predicted the TCC and EE2 removal profiles well. There is however the need for validation of the models developed
Netherlands Organisation for International Cooperation in Higher Education (Nuffic)
The Appendix files for this thesis are unavailable online via Bradford Scholars.

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28

Essandoh, Helen Michelle Korkor. "Efficiency of soil aquifer treatment in the removal of wastewater contaminants and endocrine disruptors : a study on the removal of triclocarban and estrogens and the effect of chemical oxygen demand and hydraulic loading rates on the reduction of organics and nutrients in the unsaturated and saturated zones of the aquifer". Thesis, University of Bradford, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/5710.

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This study was carried out to evaluate the performance of Soil Aquifer Treatment (SAT) under different loading regimes, using wastewater of much higher strength than usually encountered in SAT systems, and also to investigate the removal of the endocrine disruptors triclocarban (TCC), estrone (E1), 17β-estradiol (E2) and 17α-ethinylestradiol (EE2). SAT was simulated in the laboratory using a series of soil columns under saturated and unsaturated conditions. Investigation of the removal of Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD), Dissolved Organic Carbon (DOC), nitrogen and phosphate in a 2 meter long saturated soil column under a combination of constant hydraulic loading rates (HLRs) and variable COD concentrations as well as variable HLR under constant COD showed that at fixed HLR, a decrease in the influent concentrations of DOC, BOD, total nitrogen and phosphate improved their removal efficiencies. It was found that COD mass loading applied as low COD wastewater infiltrated over short residence times would provide better effluent quality than the same mass applied as a COD with higher concentration at long residence times. On the other hand relatively high concentrations coupled with long residence time gave better removal efficiency for organic nitrogen. Phosphate removal though poor under all experimental conditions, was better at low HLRs. In 1 meter saturated and unsaturated soil columns, E2 was the most easily removed estrogen, while EE2 was the least removed. Reducing the thickness of the unsaturated zone had a negative impact on removal efficiencies of the estrogens whereas increased DOC improved the removal in the saturated columns. Better removal efficiencies were also obtained at lower HLRs and in the presence of silt and clay. Sorption and biodegradation were found to be responsible for TCC removal in a 300 mm long saturated soil column, the latter mechanism however being unsustainable. TCC removal efficiency was dependent on the applied concentration and decreased over time and increased with column depth. Within the duration of the experimental run, TCC negatively impacted on treatment performance, possibly due to its antibacterial property, as evidenced by a reduction in COD removals in the column. COD in the 2 meter column under saturated conditions was modelled successfully with the advection dispersion equation with coupled Monod kinetics. Empirical models were also developed for the removal of TCC and EE2 under saturated and unsaturated conditions respectively. The empirical models predicted the TCC and EE2 removal profiles well. There is however the need for validation of the models developed

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29

Prietto, Jacob. "The effects of effluent discharge and concentration on streambed infiltration in the Lower Santa Cruz River". Thesis, The University of Arizona, 2014. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=1564175.

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Wastewater generated in the Tucson metropolitan region is conveyed to and treated at the Roger Road Wastewater Reclamation Facility (WRF) and Ina Road WRF. From 2005 to 2012, approximately 15,000 acre-feet per year of effluent was returned to the City of Tucson for additional filtration and reuse in the reclaimed water system. The remaining 48,000+ acre-feet per year of treated effluent was discharged to the Santa Cruz River, where a variable portion of the effluent infiltrates the streambed. The effluent that infiltrates the streambed contributes to recharge credits for participants invested in the Managed Underground Storage Facilities.

In the effluent-dependent river, physical, chemical, and biological processes work in combination to develop a clogging layer near the streambed surface, which reduces infiltration. Previous studies have shown that large storm events have the ability to scour away the clogging layer and are the most significant processes contributing to establishing infiltration rates. Without the occurrence of large storm events, other variables such as effluent discharge and effluent concentrations affect infiltration to a lesser degree.

Effluent discharge, biochemical oxygen demand, and total suspended solids are monitored and recorded daily at the outfalls of the WRFs. The parameters were investigated individually and in combination using statistical analyses to determine their correlations with streambed infiltration in the Santa Cruz River. The dry spring-early summer seasons from 2005 to 2012 were analyzed. A water balance was constructed for non-stormflow days during each time period. Evapotranspiration was calculated using riparian vegetation surveys and detailed delineations of aerial photography of the surface water and streamside herbaceous vegetation. Infiltration was derived as the residual of the water balance.

At the daily time scale, correlations among variables were unobtainable due to the extremely variable characteristics of infiltration. The seasonal time scale analyses demonstrated an inverse relationship between both the effluent concentrations of biochemical oxygen demand and total suspended solids with infiltration and a direct correlation between effluent discharge and infiltration under extreme conditions. Under normal conditions, the distribution of discharge between Roger Road WRF and Ina Road WRF had a critical effect on infiltration as a result of the different deposition and erosive regimes through the Santa Cruz River.

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Evanshen, Brian G., Kurt J. Maier y Phillip R. Scheuerman. "Comparison Study of the Averaged Sediment Microbial Enzyme Activities in Four Fecally-Contaminated streams in the Same Watershed in Northeast Tennessee to Biochemical Oxygen Demand, Nitrate Concentration, and Phosphate Concentration". Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2007. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/2944.

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Microbial enzyme activities (MEA’s) are measurements of microbial metabolism. These activities are dependent on the need for nutrients and respiration. This extended study evaluated four streams in the same watershed that had an approved fecal coliform Total Maximum Daily Load. Sediment and water samples were collected monthly for the first year of each specific stream study, and then quarterly to the end of 2006. Dehydrogenase, a measure of microbial respiration, along with acid phosphatase, alkaline phosphatase, galactosidase and glucosidase activities were measured using colorimetric assays. Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) was determined using the standard 5-day test (BOD5). Nitrate and phosphate concentrations were measured using colorimetric procedures. Sediment MEA values were compared to the BOD, nitrate concentration and phosphate concentration in the overlying water. Seasonal means of each parameter were not significantly different (p5, nitrate concentration, and phosphate concentration). This suggests to us that MEA’s may be an alternative tool for water quality assessments.

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Evanshen, Brian G., Kurt J. Maier y Phillip R. Scheuerman. "Comparison Study of Sediment Microbial Enzyme Activities to Biochemical Oxygen Demand, Nitrate Concentration, Phosphate Concentration in the Sediments of a Fecally-Contaminated Stream in Northeast Tennessee Relative to Season and Land Use". Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2006. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/2942.

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Microbial metabolism reacts quickly to environmental conditions. These reactions are dependent on the need for nutrients and respiration and can be measured using an assay of individual microbial enzyme activities (MEA’s). In this study, we measured MEA’s in the sediments of a stream in northeast Tennessee that had an approved fecal coliform Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL). These values were compared to biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), phosphate concentration and nitrate concentration in the water column of this stream. Comparisons were grouped by season and land use. Stream sediments and water were collected monthly for one year and then quarterly for an additional two years at 14 sites located in agricultural, urban and forest regions. Dehydrogenase (DHA), a measure of microbial respiration, along with acid phosphatase (AcidPA), alkaline phosphatase (AlkPA), galactosidase (GalA) and glucosidase (GluA) activities were measured using colorimetric assays. BOD was determined using the standard 5-day BOD test (BOD5). Nitrate and phosphate concentrations were measured using colorimetric procedures. There were significant positive and negative correlations (p5, DHA vs. nitrate concentration, and DHA vs. phosphate concentration. Also in the fall months there were significant negative correlations between GalA and GluA vs. BOD5, and concentrations of nitrate and phosphate. There was also a negative correlation between AcidPA and BOD5. In the warmer months of spring and summer, there were positive correlations between AcidPA, AlkPA, GalA and GluA vs. the BOD5 ’s, and the concentrations of nitrate and phosphate. The only negative correlation in a warmer season was in the summer between AlkPA vs. BOD5 and phosphate concentration. No significant correlations were found by land use type. Results indicate that significant relationships may exist between MEA’s and other water quality measures (e.g. BOD5, nitrate concentration, and phosphate concentration) that could make it possible to use MEA’s as another tool for water quality assessment.

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Rossetti, Renato Pizzi. "Evolução da carga orgânica de origem doméstica no rio Paraíba do Sul, no trecho paulista, no período de 1998 a 2007". Universidade de São Paulo, 2009. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8135/tde-01022010-162610/.

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O rio Paraíba do Sul, em seu trecho paulista, é sem dúvida um dos mais importantes cursos d\'água do Estado de São Paulo. Foi às suas margens que parte do desenvolvimento do Brasil ocorreu, em virtude do plantio do café, e como ligação entre as duas principais cidades do país; São Paulo e Rio de Janeiro, rota conhecida como macro-eixo. As descargas de efluentes líquidos domésticos, sem o devido tratamento, são hoje as fontes que mais poluem o rio. Este estudo pretende avaliar a evolução da carga orgânica de origem doméstica, lançada pelos municípios que compõem a bacia hidrográfica, até os limites do Estado de São Paulo com o Estado do Rio de Janeiro. O período escolhido para a realização da avaliação foi de uma década, entre os anos de 1998 a 2007, já que, o início das atividades do Comitê da Bacia do rio Paraíba do Sul no âmbito do Estado de São Paulo, ter sido no ano de 1994. Os parâmetros químicos definidos para a realização do estudo, a partir dos 16 pontos de monitoramento da água da CETESB (Companhia de Tecnologia e Saneamento Ambiental), localizados ao longo do curso do rio, no trecho paulista, foram: a DBO (demanda bioquímica de oxigênio) e o OD (oxigênio dissolvido), que representam o nível de poluição orgânica de origem doméstica em um corpo d\'água, conforme estabelece as legislações vigentes para a bacia hidrográfica do rio Paraíba do Sul. A importância deste estudo está relacionada com as condições em que as águas do rio Paraíba do Sul, entram na represa do Funil, no Estado do Rio de Janeiro, que tem reclamado muito da poluição do rio no trecho paulista, por ser este o manancial mais importante para o abastecimento da região metropolitana do Rio de Janeiro. Entende-se, portanto a preocupação daquele Estado com a qualidade da água do rio à montante da represa do Funil.
The Paraíba do Sul rives, at São Paulo, is undoubtedly one of the most important water courses of the State of São Paulo. Went to their banks that the development of Brazil occurred because of the planting of coffee, and as a liaison between the two main cities of Brazil, São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro, route known as \"macro-axis.\" Discharges of liquid household, without proper treatment, are now the sources that pollute the river more. This study aims to assess the evolution of the organic load of domestic origin, launched by the municipalities that make up the basin, until the limits of the State of São Paulo with the State of Rio de Janeiro. The period chosen for the evaluation was a decade between the years 1998 to 2007, since the beginning of activities of the Committee of the basin of the river Paraíba do Sul in the state of São Paulo, was the year 1994. The chemical parameters defined for the study, from 16 points to monitor the water CETESB (Cia. of Thecnology e Wasting Envoriomental), located along the course of the river, in São Paulo words, were the BOD (biochemical demand of oxygen) and DO (dissolved oxygen), representing the level of organic pollution of domestic origin in a body of water, as provides the existing laws for the basin of the river Paraíba do Sul The importance of this study is related to the conditions under which the waters of the river Paraíba do Sul, the funnel into the reservoir in the state of Rio de Janeiro, which has claimed much of the pollution of the river stretch in Sao Paulo, since this is the most wealth important for the supply of the metropolitan region of Rio de Janeiro. It is understood, therefore the concern that state with the water quality of the river upstream to the dam of the funnel.

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Oliveira, Suzane Silva de. "Remoção microbiológica de nitrogênio, fósforo, DQO e DBO em uma estação de tratamento de efluentes numa fábrica de concentrados de bebidas". Universidade Federal do Amazonas, 2012. http://tede.ufam.edu.br/handle/tede/3316.

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It is essential that there is proper treatment of industrial wastewater before its release to the receiving body. Therefore, it is necessary to know which type of treatment to suit particular type of effluent generated, so that it can comply with the environmental regulations to prevent damage to the environment, such as water pollution. This study aimed to evaluate the efficiency of microorganisms to reduce the amount of organic matter (COD, BOD), nitrogen and phosphorus in an activated sludge system in an industry concentrates of non-alcoholic beverages during the period 2009 and 2010, featuring the effluent before and after analyzing the treatment, assessing also the major classes of microorganisms that participated in the process of removing nitrogen and phosphorus loads, BOD and COD, and statistically evaluate the process variables determining the ratio of the organic load factor / microorganisms. The physico-chemical analyzes were performed according to methods described in Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, 20th Edition (1998) and 21st Edition (2005). For data analysis techniques were used for statistical analysis of variance, and trend graphs and efficiency in order to check the possibility of optimizing the treatment. All data were tabulated and statistical methods were applied using Minitab software version 14.0. The results were analyzed using boxplots for the years 2009 and 2010, where there was greater removal efficiency for the parameters of color, COD, BOD and phosphorus. Correlated result Nitrogen ammonia versus Total Nitrogen, in which we observed greater efficiency in removing Total Nitrogen. Exploratory analysis of data for the two years studied show dendograms characterized by formation of groups have different type and characteristic result of the effluent generated during the production process in particular. The average efficiency station for removal of solids, COD, BOD, color, and phosphorus was 91%, 94%, 88%, 98% and 99% in 2009 and 95%, 95%, 95%, 99% and 98% in 2010, respectively, even with parameters ranging entry in the system was able to reduce them to values that met the legal requirements of CONAMA Resolution 357/2005.
É indispensável que haja o tratamento adequado dos efluentes industriais antes do seu lançamento ao corpo receptor. Para tanto, torna-se necessário saber qual tipo de tratamento se adequa a determinado tipo de efluente gerado, a fim de que se possa cumprir com a legislação ambiental vigente para evitar danos ao meio ambiente, como a poluição das águas. Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a eficiência dos microorganismos em reduzir a quantidade de matéria orgânica (DQO, DBO), nitrogênio e fósforo em um sistema de lodos ativados em uma indústria de concentrados de bebidas não alcoólicas durante o período de 2009 e 2010, caracterizando o efluente antes e analisando-o após o tratamento, avaliando também as principais classes de microorganismos que participaram do processo de remoção das cargas de Nitrogênio e Fósforo, DBO e DQO, e avaliar estatisticamente as variáveis do processo determinando a relação do fator carga orgânica/microorganismos. As análises físico-químicas foram realizadas segundo as metodologias descritas no Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, 20th Edition (1998) and 21st Edition (2005). Para a análise dos dados usaram-se as técnicas estatísticas de análise de variâncias, além de gráficos de tendência e eficiência a fim de verificar a possibilidade de otimização do tratamento. Todos os dados foram tabulados e os métodos estatísticos foram aplicados usando programas do MINITAB versão 14.0. Os resultados obtidos foram analisados através de boxplots referentes aos anos de 2009 e 2010, onde observou-se maior eficiência de remoção para os parâmetros de cor, DQO, DBO e fósforo. Correlacionou-se resultado de Nitrogênio amoniacal versus Nitrogênio Total, no qual foi possível verificar maior eficiência em remoção de Nitrogênio Total. A análise exploratória dos dados relativos aos dois anos estudados mostram dendogramas caracterizados por ter a formação de grupos diferentes resultado do tipo e característica do efluente gerado pelo processo produtivo no período em específico. A eficiência média da estação para remoção de SST, DQO, DBO, cor e fósforo foi de 91%, 94%, 88%, 98% e 99% no ano de 2009 e 95%, 95%, 95%, 99% e 98% no ano de 2010, respectivamente, mesmo com parâmetros variando na entrada o sistema foi capaz de reduzi-los a valores que atendessem aos requisitos legais da Resolução CONAMA 357/2005.

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Tao, Jing. "Treatment of sanitary sewer overflow using fixed media bioreactors". Columbus, Ohio : Ohio State University, 2008. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1228071779.

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Shimizu, Wilson Akira. "Oxigênio dissolvido e demanda bioquímica de oxigênio no Rio Uberabinha: um estudo da poluição orgânica biodegradável". Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, 2000. https://repositorio.ufu.br/handle/123456789/18067.

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O rio Uberabinha, localizado na região do Triângulo Mineiro, em Minas Gerais, compõe a sub-bacia do rio Araguari, afluente da bacia do rio Paranaíba, na região hidrográfica do rio Paraná. Mede, da sua nascente no município de Uberaba à foz no rio Araguari, aproximadamente 150 km, percorrendo cerca de 135 km no município de Uberlândia. Drena uma bacia de cerca de 2.190 km2, onde se localizam as captações da água que abastece uma população que hoje se aproxima de meio milhão de habitantes. Os esgotos produzidos pela cidade são também todos descarregados no rio. O trabalho consistiu na análises de pH, temperatura, oxigênio dissolvido e demanda bioquímica de oxigênio em amostras coletadas em cinco pontos do rio Uberabinha, a partir de uma seção a montante da cidade, até cerca de 20,5 km a jusante do último ponto de lançamento de esgoto, abrangendo uma extensão de aproximadamente 42 km. Neste trecho, o relevo passa de medianamente dissecado para intensamente dissecado, com presença de inúmeras corredeiras e cachoeiras. As amostras foram coletadas de junho de 1999 a maio de 2000 e a vazão também foi medida nos dois pontos extremos de coleta. Os resultados mostram que os teores de OD sofrem uma redução ao receber a carga de poluição e gradativamente tendem a recuperar sua taxa de saturação. Em contrapartida, a DBO segue uma curva inversa, denotando a atuação do fenômeno da autodepuração, embora dentro do trecho estudado não se verifique ainda a completa remoção da carga orgânica.
The Uberabinha River, located in the region of Triângulo Mineiro, in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil, is part of the Araguari River sub-basin. From its head in the city of Uberaba to its mouth in the Araguari River, it measures approximately 150 km, spanning about 135 km in the municipality of Uberlândia. The river drains a watershed of about 2.190 km2, from which water is collected to supply a population that approaches half a million inhabitants. Later, the sewage produced by the city is also discharged directly into the river. This research consisted in the analyses of pH, temperature, dissolved oxygen and biochemical oxygen demand of samples collected in five points of the Uberabinha River, from a section starting upstream of the urban area down to 20.5 km downstream the last point of sewage discharge, encompassing approximately 42 km. In this river section, the landforms go from low to medium hills with many rapids and waterfalls. The samples were collected from June 1999 to May 2000 and the water flow was measured on the two extremes of the studied river section. The results show that the dissolved oxygen values are reduced when receiving the sewage and it tends to slowly return to its normal saturation rate. On the other hand, the biochemical oxygen demand follows a reverse path, as a result of the natural phenomenon of self-restoration even though the organic material is not yet completely removed from the studied river section.
Dissertação (Mestrado)

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Devata, Naveen Kumar. "Indicators for Minimizing Energy Consumption and GHG Emissions at Wastewater Treatment Facilities". ScholarWorks@UNO, 2010. http://scholarworks.uno.edu/td/1208.

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Wastewater treatment facilities around the world use significant amount of energy which contributes to large quantities of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. According to the U.S.EPA, nearly 3% of the USA's energy is used to treat wastewater. This consumption is increasing at faster rates with increase in population and regulations. Wastewater facilities use large number of pumps in their transfer stations, treatment plants, and effluent pump stations. All these pumps consume considerable amounts of energy. This study presents a preliminary energy inspection of two facilities from Louisiana. This audit provides an inventory of the energy consumed for various activities like pumping, treatment, and discharge. This analysis helps the operators to identify the potential power consuming areas and optimize by adopting several energy conservation measures (ECMs). This study also involves the quantification of GHG emissions based on the energy consumption. The benefits of the study include minimizing energy and GHG emission.

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Falcão, Jakeliny Costa. "Avaliação da autodepuração do Rio Tambay na cidade de Bayeux Paraíba/Brasil". Universidade Federal da Paraíba, 2011. http://tede.biblioteca.ufpb.br:8080/handle/tede/5521.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES
The water is usually classified as a renewable natural resource in quantity but not quality. The quality and quantity of it, will depend on how the man uses, but it is known that the man often uses this resource in an inappropriate way, causing often irreversible damage. The Tambay river is located in the city of Bayeux, state of Paraiba - Brazil, used in some places as municipal boundary between the towns of Bayeux and Santa Rita, with its river mouth located in the town of Bayeux in Paroeiras river and its source in the same town in the district of Alto da Boa Vista. This river has a length of approximately 3.51 km from the mouth to the source. Nearby its mouth river there is the dam of Santo Amaro, which years ago had breached its spillway and now appear as two distinct bodies of water. Water pollution originates from various sources, among which stand out domestic effluent, industrial effluents, the urban and agricultural runoff surface and is therefore associated with the use type and land occupation. It was observed that the population living around the basin using the river water for different uses such as irrigation, watering the animals, eviction of effluents, solid waste disposal, recreation, among others. To perform the research, some parameters were analyzed: pH, turbidity, color, total dissolved solids, nitrite, nitrate, dissolved oxygen, biochemical oxygen demand and thermotolerant coliform. The results of this analysis were compared with the values allowed by the CONAMA Resolution number 357/2005, to Class II river. It is observed that the parameters nitrite, nitrate, dissolved oxygen, biochemical oxygen demand, thermotolerant coliform, behaved mostly above those permitted by the above resolution. Organic pollution of a watercourse can be evaluated by the decrease in dissolved oxygen concentration and / or the concentration of organic matter in terms of concentration of oxygen needed to oxidize it. Dissolved oxygen (DO), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and thermotolerants coliforms were used as parameters to evaluate the self-purification of Tambay river. Evaluations were made of organic pollution profile through water sampling conducted over a period of one year and five months and were identified the areas of self-purification, over the course of the river, where it was possible to correlate DO with the BOD, but according with the results, Tambay river is in poor condition, silted, very polluted and unable to self-purify.
A água é comumente classificada como um recurso natural renovável em quantidade, mas não em qualidade. Tanto a qualidade quanto a quantidade da mesma vão depender da forma que o homem a usa, embora seja sabido que o homem utiliza muito esse recurso de forma inadequada, causando danos muitas vezes irreversíveis. O Rio Tambay está localizado no município de Bayeux, Estado da Paraíba - Brasil, servindo em alguns pontos como limite intermunicipal entre os municípios de Bayeux e Santa Rita, tendo a sua foz localizada na cidade de Bayeux no Rio Paroeiras e a sua nascente no mesmo município, no bairro Alto da Boa Vista. O referido rio tem extensão de aproximadamente 3,51 km da nascente à foz. Este trabalho tem como objetivo geral avaliar o processo de autodepuração do Rio Tambay na cidade de Bayeux Paraíba/Brasil, utilizando-se como parâmetros de qualidade da água o oxigênio dissolvido (OD) e a demanda bioquímica de oxigênio (DBO5). Nas proximidades da nascente existe o Açude Santo Amaro, que há alguns anos teve seu vertedouro rompido e, atualmente, apresentam-se como dois corpos d água distintos. A poluição das águas origina-se de várias fontes, dentre as quais se destacam os efluentes domésticos, os efluentes industriais, o deflúvio superficial urbano e agrícola estando, portanto, associada ao tipo de uso e ocupação do solo. Observou-se que a população residente na bacia utiliza a água do rio para os mais diversos usos, tais como: irrigação, dessedentação de animais, despejos de efluentes, descarte de resíduos sólidos, lazer, dentre outros. Para realização da pesquisa alguns parâmetros foram analisados: pH, turbidez, cor, sólidos totais dissolvidos, nitrito, nitrato, oxigênio dissolvido, demanda bioquímica de oxigênio e coliformes termotolerantes. Os parâmetros OD, DBO5 e coliformes foram utilizados para avaliar e identificar as zonas de autodepuração do rio em estudo. Para tanto foram construídos perfis sanitários ao longo do curso do rio, contudo foi possível correlacionar os parâmetros citados. Os resultados obtidos dessas análises foram comparados com os valores máximos permitidos pela Resolução no 357/2005 do Conselho Nacional de Meio Ambiente - CONAMA, para Rio de Águas Doce - Classe II, na qual está inserido o rio Tambay. Observa-se que os parâmetros nitrito, nitrato, oxigênio dissolvido, demanda bioquímica de oxigênio, coliformes termotolerantes, se comportaram na maioria das vezes acima do valor permitido pela Resolução supracitada. A poluição orgânica de um curso d água pode ser avaliada pelo decréscimo da concentração de oxigênio dissolvido e/ou pela concentração de matéria orgânica em termos de concentração de oxigênio necessário para oxidá-la. O oxigênio dissolvido (OD), a demanda bioquímica do oxigênio (DBO5) e os coliformes termotolerantes foram utilizados como parâmetros para avaliar a autodepuração do Rio Tambay. Foram feitas avaliações do perfil de poluição orgânica através de coletas de água realizada num período de um ano e cinco meses e foram identificadas as zonas de autodepuração, ao longo do curso do rio, onde foi possível correlacionar o OD com a DBO5. De acordo com os resultados obtidos o Rio Tambay encontra-se em péssimo estado, assoreado, bastante poluído e sem condições de se autodepurar.

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Debnárová, Andrea. "Porovnání vlivu různé délky inkubační doby na hodnotu BSK". Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta chemická, 2010. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-216626.

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Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) is commonly used for determining how fast biological organisms use up oxygen in a body of water. It is one of the essential methods used in water quality management and assessment. BOD could be considered as a quality level indicator of biologically treated water. This process is very time-dependent but most common period of incubation is five days - BOD(5). In this thesis different periods of incubation are compared - for BOD(5) with five days incubation period and BOD(2+5) with five days incubation period but also placed for two days to lowered temperature environment. These comparative tests were made for different types of water (surface water, waste water - water from mechanical level and biological level of treatment) For all kinds of determination of BOD the dilution method was used (ČSN EN 1899).

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Chen, Chun-Hung y 陳俊宏. "Measurement of Biochemical Oxygen Demand by Respirometry". Thesis, 2003. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/d56am7.

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碩士
朝陽科技大學
環境工程與管理系碩士班
91
Respirometry measurement of biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) has been promulgated by Standard Methods (Method 5210D, 20th edition, 1998) as a tentative method. The method has not been well studied for criteria for quality control (QC). The purpose of this study is to investigate factors affecting the measurement, especially the effect from seeding procedure. The purpose of this study was to examine the QC criteria for the RBOD5 method and to establish a new method for Taiwan National Institute of Environmental Analysis (NIEA). This study was carried out in four phases: (1) calibration procedure and factor; (2) reproducibility test by the GGA standard; (3) seeding effect; and (4) effect of abiotic uptake. The results of this study indicate that the calibration factor increases as the gas flow velocity increases. The liquid displacement method by distilled water yielded an f value close to the electrolytic method at the velocity between 1.0 ~ 5.0 mL/min, suggesting that distilled water is better than the oily liquid to as a substitute method for the electrolytic method. In addition, the f value decreased as the liquid height in the flowing cell increased, especially as the height exceeds 3.5 cm. The results of reproducibility test show that respirometric BOD (RBOD) varies greatly for the first 11 hr, primarily due to insufficient seeding of acclimated culture or lack of dominant consortium. After that, the variation of RBOD reduced to a Cv below 6 % until 72 hr. The system underwent endogenous phase with obvious variation increases until 108 hr, suggesting that acclimation is critical to minimize system variation. The abiotic uptake test was conducted for 40 minutes to achieve oxygen saturation. The Ou could reach up to 7.1 ~ 8.3 mg/L and OUR0 up to 24.1~29.7 mg/L-hr. This would account for a significant interference of 40 % for test samples from a typical secondary effluent (30 mg/L). The abiotic uptake could also seriously affect the determination of initial OUR and interfere activity tests based on OUR0. Results from the last phase of this study indicate that lag period decreases as the seed uptake ratio increases. Lag period exceeded 10 hr as seed uptake ratio was below 10 % and lag phase was increasingly reduced when seed uptake ratio was above 10 %. If the lag period is to be less than 6 hr as required by Standard Methods 5210D, a minimum seed uptake ratio of 15 % must be designed. For the seed control, total uptake should be greater than 80 mg/L for better reproducibility, presumably due to the requirement of sufficient seed population. Therefore, this study suggests that the 5-day depletion of seed control be at least 80 mg/L to reduce lag period. This is also important to avoid interference of abiotic uptake so that the results of test samples will not be over-corrected for seed uptake.

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WU, XIU-MING y 吳修明. "A study on short-term biochemical oxygen demand". Thesis, 1988. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/21454648480064256246.

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Chiang, Chih-Te y 蔣志德. "Development of a Biochemical Oxygen Demand Sensing System". Thesis, 2005. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/12727497199489664716.

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碩士
國立臺灣大學
生物產業機電工程學研究所
93
A biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) sensing system was developed using the combination of three-electrode electrochemical detector, seed from active sludge, and flow injection analysis system (FIA) in this study to examine the BOD of wastewater. The detector contained an Ag/AgCl electrode (reference electrode, RE) and a Pt electrode (working electrode, WE), which was coated with 20mL Nafion to reduce noises. The reactor was fabricated with acrylic plastic, and the seed of activated sludge was placed in an 18 mm (L) ´ 2 mm (W) ´ 2 mm (D) cave, in which the tested sample was reacted and detected with the above electrodes through the flow injection analysis system. Standard curves were built from the experimental data for both GGA (glucose-glutamic acid) synthetic wastewater and swine wastewater by different approaches: end-point, constant-time, quasi-kinetic I, and quasi-kinetic II, respectively. To verify the effect of this system, wastewater from pig farm were tested. The results showed that, when using the standard curves generated by GGA wastewater, the constant-time and quasi-kinetic I had better performance in estimating the BOD concentration, with the deviations of 8.96% and 7.65%, respectively. In addition, when using the standard curves generated by the swine wastewater, the end-point, constant-time and quasi-kinetic I had much better estimate than the above, with the deviations of 0.81%, 2.49%, and 1.69%, respectively.

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Teigao, Joana Margarida Maia. "Desenvolvimento e Implementação de Métodos Analíticos para Quantificação de Parâmetros Físico-Químicos em Diferentes Tipos de Águas: Subterrâneas, Superficiais e Residuais". Master's thesis, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10316/86394.

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Dissertação de Mestrado em Química apresentada à Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia
No âmbito da unidade curricular “Projeto Científico ou Projeto Industrial”, do Mestrado em Química, com especialização em Controlo de Qualidade e Ambiente, surgiu o interesse de experienciar, em ambiente empresarial, a relação entre a ótica teórica e prática. Daí resultou o estágio curricular na AGQ Labs Portugal. A AGQ Labs Portugal é formada por um Centro Tecnológico Químico, localizado em Alcochete, composto por laboratórios de análise e de ensaios avançados, com capacidade para oferecer serviços na área agronómica, alimentar, de mineração e saúde e segurança.Num primeiro momento, realizou-se a minha integração na empresa em questão, visando conhecer as normas em vigor, os protocolos estabelecidos para a determinação de cada parâmetro referente ao controlo de qualidade realizado.Num segundo momento, o trabalho na empresa teve como objetivo o estudo de estratégias de tratamento da amostra, após a definição das suas condições de validação de resultados, com especial ênfase nos ensaios realizados em laboratório como a determinação da carência química e bioquímica de oxigénio, dos sólidos suspensos e dissolvidos totais, em águas residuais, superficiais e subterrâneas.Durante a realização deste projeto foi possível ajudar na acreditação dos processos de amostragem de águas residuais, subterrâneas e superficiais, bem como na acreditação do método de determinação da carência bioquímica de oxigénio por sonda, através da realização das cartas de controlo, além da realização de comparações entre amostras, usando o método de Winkler e o método respirométrico.
Within the scope of the curricular unit "Scientific Project or Industrial Project", of the Masters in Chemistry, with specialization in Quality Control and Environment, emerged the interest to experience, in a business environment, the relation between theoretical and practical optics. This resulted in the curricular internship at AGQ Labs Portugal.AGQ Labs Portugal is formed by a Chemical Technological Center, located in Alcochete, composed of advanced analysis and testing laboratories, with capacity to offer services in the agronomic, food, mining and health and safety areas.In a first moment, I was integrated in the company in question, in order to know the standars in force, the protocols established for the determination of each parameter related to the quality control performed.In a second moment, the work in the company had as objective the study of strategies of treatment of the sample, after the definition of its conditions of validation of results, with special emphasis in the laboratory tests as the determination of the chemical and biochemical oxygen deficiency of the suspended solids and total dissolved solids in surface, groundwater and groundwater.During the realization of this project, it was possible to assist in the accreditation of the processes of sampling of waste, underground and superficial water, as well as assist in the accreditation of the method of determination of the biochemical oxygen demand by probe, through the accomplishment of control charts, and comparisons between samples, using the Winkler method and the respirometric method.

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Okosi, Emmanuel Okori. "The quality of water sample from Maungani community domestic water pots, Limpopo Province, South Africa". Diss., 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11602/823.

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Ribeiro, Daniel José Silva. "Support Vector Machines na previsão do comportamento de uma ETAR". Master's thesis, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1822/27885.

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Dissertação de mestrado em Engenharia Informática
O Data Mining é um processo de exploração de grandes quantidades de dados, com um potencial enorme para ajudar as empresas na extração de conhecimento que está oculto nos mais diversos sistemas de dados. Esta tecnologia é utilizada pelas empresas nos mais variados domínios, com o intuito de as ajudar em atividades de tomada de decisões. Entre os diversos campos de aplicações encontramos o domínio da Biologia e do Ambiente, em particular, as questões relacionadas com as Estações de Tratamento de Águas Residuais (ETAR). As ETAR são infraestruturas essenciais para manter o equilíbrio do meio-ambiente, sendo caracterizadas por terem várias fases de tratamento, nas quais são removidas impurezas como sólidos, matéria orgânica e nutrientes. Todo este processo dinâmico e complexo deve ser processado de forma eficiente, permitindo que o efluente final que nelas é tratado tenha a melhor qualidade possível. A previsão da qualidade da água tratada, com base nos vários fluxos que dão entrada nas ETAR, permite medir a eficácia do tratamento e, assim, obter alguma informação útil para um melhor controle de toda a infraestrutura. A ETAR em estudo neste trabalho de dissertação, localiza-se no Norte de Portugal e serve uma população de cerca de 45 mil habitantes. Os dados fornecidos para alimentação dos processos de interação levados a cabo são referentes a tratamentos realizados nessa ETAR durante o período de um ano. Este estudo pretendeu explorar técnicas de Data Mining preditivas, nomeadamente modelos de regressão, por forma a prever com eficácia os valores dos parâmetros de qualidade da ETAR. As medidas de qualidade do tratamento analisadas neste estudo, basearam-se nos parâmetros de previsão Carência Bioquímica de Oxigénio (CBO) e Sólidos Suspensos Totais (SST). Por sua vez, as técnicas de regressão adotadas neste trabalho são baseadas em Support Vector Machines, mais concretamente nos algoritmos Support Vector Regression e numas das suas variantes: Sequential Minimal Optimization. Este conjunto de técnicas tem sido aplicadas com sucesso em diferentes áreas, inclusive em alguns trabalhos relacionados com as ETAR. Pretendeu-se assim, à custa da utilização destas técnicas de previsão, definir um modelo comportamental para a ETAR em questão, por forma a analisar a sua capacidade preditiva neste tipo de sistemas complexos. Neste problema, as fases de análise e preparação dos dados mostraram-se determinantes na obtenção dos resultados alcançados. Analisaram-se ainda as diversas tarefas de modelação desenvolvidas neste estudo. Os modelos desenvolvidos demonstraram uma boa capacidade preditiva, especialmente na previsão do parâmetro do efluente final CBO. As técnicas de previsão utilizadas, para além da capacidade de modelação preditiva não linear, permitem ainda uma análise aos atributos mais influentes à qualidade dos parâmetros de previsão.
Data mining is a process of exploration of large data sets with a huge potential to assist companies in the extraction of knowledge that is hidden in their data systems. Companies in various fields use this technology, in order to assist them in decision-making. Among the various fields are included the Biology and Environment domains, in particular, issues related to the Wastewater Treatment Plants (WWTP). WWTP are essential infrastructures to maintain the environmental balance. Treatment plants are characterized by having several treatment stages in which is done the removal of solids, organic matter and nutrients. All of this dynamic and complex process must be handled efficiently to ensure a good quality effluent. The prediction of the treated wastewater quality, based on the measured inflow parameters, allow the treatment performance evaluation and yet to obtain some useful information for a better control of the entire infrastructure. The data used in this study were collected from a WWTP located in northern Portugal that serves a population of about 45,000 inhabitants, whose data was provided regarding the treatments performed in this WWTP during one year. This study aimed to explore data mining techniques for prediction, namely regression models, in order to successfully predict the concentrations of the quality parameters like Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) and Total Suspended Solids (TSS), which are actually the selected outflow parameters to be predicted in this work. The regression techniques used herein are based on Support Vector Machines (SVM), more particularly Support Vector Regression and in one of its variants: Sequential Minimal Optimization. This set of techniques has been successfully applied in different areas, including some WWTP related work, thus we intended to explore the SVM and analyze their predictive ability in this type of complex systems. The stages of data preparation and data analysis were shown to be crucial to obtain the results achieved. Several regression models for both predictive parameters were analyzed and compared, where the results show that accurate estimates can be achieved especially on the concentrations of BOD. The SVM, beyond the capability of non-linear predictive modeling, yet allow the analysis of the features that are most related to the quality of the prediction parameters.

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Carvalho, Mickael Alexandre Silva. "Previsão em tempo real da qualidade dos efluentes de uma ETAR". Master's thesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1822/36787.

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Resumen

Dissertação de mestrado em Engenharia Informática
Uma análise do desenvolvimento da sociedade, especialmente nas últimas décadas, permite verificar que é cada vez maior o número de informações geradas em todos os tipos de organizações. Esta quantidade de informação resulta da procura incessante pelo conhecimento. O surgimento das técnicas de Data Mining abriram novos horizontes nessa procura pelo conhecimento e permitem tornar uma organização mais competitiva e assim prosperar. As técnicas de Data Mining permitem inúmeras atividades, desde a obtenção desse conhecimento, intrínseco e dificilmente obtido apenas com a observação dos dados, como também na monitorização e previsão de diversas situações nos processos envolvidos nas organizações. No contexto das ETAR e no aperfeiçoamento do seu processo de tratamento, a utilização de técnicas de Data Mining revela-se uma atividade com bastante interesse, com diversos estudos encontrados. Atualmente uma das técnicas de Data Mining que mais tem chamado a atenção dos especialistas da área, são as técnicas de Support Vector Machines, pela sua generalização e pelos resultados obtidos. No contexto das ETAR são diariamente registados novos valores provenientes das diversas leituras realizadas por sensores de medição dos parâmetros físico-químicos, biológicos e microbiológicos das águas residuais. Estes sensores encontram-se situados ao longo das várias etapas do processo de tratamento. Um dos parâmetros analisados e alvo de previsão neste projeto baseia-se na Carência Bioquímica de Oxigénio, bastante importante para o processo de remoção de Sólidos Suspensos em ambientes de tratamento aeróbio e controlo do pH. Os constituintes dos efluentes que dão entrada diariamente nas ETAR possuem uma grande variabilidade em concentração e género. O surgimento diário de novos dados com uma grande variabilidade traz novas tendências e padrões que relacionam os diversos parâmetros das águas residuais. Uma desvantagem das técnicas de SVM é o tempo de aprendizagem dos modelos de previsão quando o conjunto de dados possui um volume extremamente grande, e nomeadamente, quando se torna necessário atualizar um modelo para a assimilação de novas caraterísticas dos dados. Para resolver esse problema, vários estudos têm-se focado numa atualização incremental dos modelos de previsão o que permite evitar o reprocessamento da aprendizagem de um novo modelo. Esta técnica permite reutilizar os conhecimentos adquiridos em modelos criados anteriormente. Neste projeto, procura-se demonstrar que os modelos de previsão criados podem trazer diversas melhorias para todo o funcionamento de uma ETAR, e principalmente no seu processo de tratamento, na sua monitorização e avaliação, importantes para a conservação do meio ambiente e da saúde pública. As ferramentas utilizadas para as várias tarefas de Data Mining foram o RapidMiner, o LIBLINEAR, e o TinySVM. Para tal, e seguindo a metodologia adotada, o CRISP-DM, a análise e a preparação dos dados foram fundamentais para a obtenção de resultados previsionais com alto índice de assertividade. Foram ainda utilizados métodos de avaliação para avaliar e comparar os modelos de previsão produzidos.
An analysis of the development of society, especially in recent decades, shows that an increasing number of information is generated in all types of organizations. This amount of information is the result of the constant search for knowledge. The emergence of Data Mining techniques have opened new horizons in this quest for knowledge and the best method of making a more competitive organization and thrive. The Data Mining techniques allows numerous activities, from obtaining such knowledge, intrinsic and hardly obtained only with the observation of data, such as monitoring and forecasting various situations in the processes involved in organizations. In the context of the WWTP and of improvement of the treatment process, the use of Data Mining techniques proves to be an activity with great interest. Currently, one of Data Mining techniques that has most attracted the attention of specialists in the area are the Support Vector Machines techniques, by its capacity of generalization and by the obtained results in works done in the domain. In a typical environment of a WWTP are daily recorded new values from readings made by measuring sensors of the physical, chemical, biological, and microbiological parameters of the wastewater. These sensors are located throughout the various stages of the water treatment process. One of the analyzed parameters and target of prediction tasks of this project is based on the biochemical oxygen demand, fairly important to the process of removing suspended solids in the aerobic treatment and control of pH. The constituents of effluents that arrive daily in a WWTP have a large variability in concentration and gender. The daily emergence of new data with large variability brings new trends and patterns that relate the various parameters of wastewater. In this project, were sought to show that the forecast models created can bring many improvements to the overall operation of a wastewater treatment plant and especially for the treatment process and monitoring and evaluation important for the conservation of the environment and public health. The tools used for the various tasks of Data Mining that are performed were the RapidMiner, LIBLINEAR, and TinySVM. To that end, and following the methodology adopted, the CRISP-DM, the analysis and data preparation processes were essential for obtaining results of forecast with high assertiveness. In this project, were also used assessment methods to evaluate and compare the predictive produced models.

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Tesis sobre el tema "Biochemical oxygen demand"

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