Tesis sobre el tema "Bilan environnemental"
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Ouldboukhitine, Salah-Eddine. "Modélisation théorique et expérimentale du comportement énergétique et environnemental des toitures végétalisées". Thesis, La Rochelle, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LAROS387.
Texto completoGreen roofs have a positive effect on the energy performance of buildings, providing a cooling effect in summer, along with a more efficient harnessing of the solar radiation, due to the reflective properties of the foliage. To assess these effects, a thermodynamic model was developed as well as the thermo-physical properties of the green roof components were characterized.The proposed model is based on energy balance equations expressed for foliage and soil media. The influence of the mass transfer on the thermal properties, and evapotranspiration were taken into account. Then, the water balance equation was added into the developed model and numerical simulations were performed. In order to evaluate the temperatures evolution at foliage and soil ground levels.Three of the main physical properties of green roofs were experimentally investigated to determine some of the green roofs’ modeling key parameters. First, the thermo-physical properties of green roofs were characterized by correlating the thermal conductivity of the substrate with the water content for different substrates and maximum water capacities. Next, the moisture storage was characterized using the dynamic vapor sorption technique. Third, themicro-structural properties of green roof substrate were characterized using mercury intrusion porosimetry. In addition to these characterizations, the evapotranspiration term, which is very important in the water balance, was measured.The model was experimentally validated according to a green roof platform (scale 1:10) constructed on the site of the University of La Rochelle. Measurements have also been conducted in a full scale building equipped with green roofs. Once the proposed model validated, it has been coupled to a building thermal code (TRNSYS) to evaluate the impact of green roofs on the energy performance of buildings.The results show that the effect of mass transfer in the subtract was very effective in reducing the model errors. Comparisons were undertaken with a roof slab concrete model; a significant difference in temperature (up to 30 °C) between the outer surfaces of the two roofs was noticed in summer. The heat flux through the roof was also evaluated. The roof passive cooling effect was three times more efficient with the green roof. In the winter, the green roof reduced roof heat losses during cold days; however, it increased these losses during sunny days. With a green roof, the summer indoor air temperature was decreased by 2 °C, and the annual energy demand was reduced by 6% for an oceanic climate such as that of La Rochelle. Finally, the simulations performed for different climates suggest that green roofs are thermally beneficial for hot, temperate, and cold European climates
Pictet, Jacques. "Méthodologie multicritère d'aide à la négociation environnementale : application à l'étude d'impact sur l'environnement, à l'écobilan, à l'éco-audit et au bilan environnemental régional /". [S.l.] : [s.n.], 1995. http://library.epfl.ch/theses/?nr=1372.
Texto completoVERICEL, JEAN-MARC. "Technologie et milieu naturel : bilan critique des apports de l'économie et de l'écologie : quelles convergences entre les disciplines ?" Lyon 2, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996LYO22012.
Texto completoWe have decided to take seriously the ecologists' warning : the great bio-geochemical cycles are so disturbed that they eventually call into question the existence of man on earth. For the economist who is interested in production, it amounts to consider critically the technical and scientific development which is now "spreading out" on a planetary scale. Only an overall approach would permit to view the importance of this phenomenon which concerns the relation between man an nature, and man as a cultural being. It is through the convergence of economics and ecology that we have tried to show the "evolution" of those two subjects in a more "operational" direction - as D. Janicaud would say. The logic of the technical development-which cannot be regarded as neutral but as bearing the "cartesian" plan of the domination of nature-can be enhanced by ontological and phenomenological approach. However, it doesn't imply that one should become a technophobe. To swerve from the "apories" of the splitting of object and subject, without falling into "naturalism" or "positivism", is the stake of the search for a unified approach in a human perspective, of the relation between man and nature, with a view to understand and control the global pollutions. The examination of the so called "alternative" theories in the ecological field, reveals
Bréard, Guy. "La Loire chinonaise : un hydroécosystème utilisé par l'industrie nucléaire : bilan et devenir". Tours, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987TOUR4505.
Texto completoBlanck, Gaëtan. "Utilisation de produits non traditionnels pour le traitement des matériaux de terrassement : impact sur les propriétés géotechniques et bilan environnemental". Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LORR0126/document.
Texto completoSustainable development principles lead earthworks companies to use all natural materials and to reduce the environmental impact of their activities. In this context, the use of industrial organic products derived from the processing of renewable matter has been proposed. In this study, three non traditional products have been selected: an enzymatic solution, a lignosulfonate and an acid solution. In a first approach, hydromechanical properties of four treated soils (a silt, a clayey soil and two sands) were investigated. The experimental results showed interesting applications for the silt when its natural water content is low. Indeed, the compaction ability of the soil was increased after enzymatic and lignosulfonate treatments. Thus, savings of water and energy could be expected during the construction stage. To gain a better understanding of the mechanisms of the treatment products, the microstructure of treated soil were investigated with scanning electron microscopy, mercury injection porosity and was completed by the study of a surfactant addition in soils. The global aim of the study was beyond the characterization of mechanical behavior of treated soils, therefore, environmental balance was also estimated for the different applications defined in accordance to the experimental results. For enzymatic and lignosulfonate treatments, a comparison of the global environmental impact was done thanks to a life cycle assessment methodology. This approach showed that technical and environmental interest are associated for the compaction of dry soils when the production and transport steps have limited environmental impact as demonstrated in the sensitivity analysis
Blanck, Gaëtan. "Utilisation de produits non traditionnels pour le traitement des matériaux de terrassement : impact sur les propriétés géotechniques et bilan environnemental". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LORR0126.
Texto completoSustainable development principles lead earthworks companies to use all natural materials and to reduce the environmental impact of their activities. In this context, the use of industrial organic products derived from the processing of renewable matter has been proposed. In this study, three non traditional products have been selected: an enzymatic solution, a lignosulfonate and an acid solution. In a first approach, hydromechanical properties of four treated soils (a silt, a clayey soil and two sands) were investigated. The experimental results showed interesting applications for the silt when its natural water content is low. Indeed, the compaction ability of the soil was increased after enzymatic and lignosulfonate treatments. Thus, savings of water and energy could be expected during the construction stage. To gain a better understanding of the mechanisms of the treatment products, the microstructure of treated soil were investigated with scanning electron microscopy, mercury injection porosity and was completed by the study of a surfactant addition in soils. The global aim of the study was beyond the characterization of mechanical behavior of treated soils, therefore, environmental balance was also estimated for the different applications defined in accordance to the experimental results. For enzymatic and lignosulfonate treatments, a comparison of the global environmental impact was done thanks to a life cycle assessment methodology. This approach showed that technical and environmental interest are associated for the compaction of dry soils when the production and transport steps have limited environmental impact as demonstrated in the sensitivity analysis
Pech, Sophath. "Les aspects énergétiques de l'économie du Cambodge : bilan et perspectives : Thèse de Doctorat en Sciences économiques". Nice, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001NICE0031.
Texto completoGaly-Lacaux, Corinne. "Modifications des échanges de constituants mineurs atmosphériques liées à la création d'une retenue hydroélectrique. Impact des barrages sur le bilan du méthane dans l'atmosphère". Toulouse 3, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996TOU30310.
Texto completoMawussi, Gbénonchi. "Bilan environnemental de l'utilisation de pesticides organochlorés dans les cultures de coton, café et cacao au Togo et recherche d'alternatives par l'évaluation du pouvoir insecticide d'extraits de plantes locales contre le scolyte du café (Hypothenemus hampei Ferrari)". Phd thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2008. http://oatao.univ-toulouse.fr/7844/1/mawussi.pdf.
Texto completoHoudet, Joël. "Entreprises, biodiversité et services écosystémiques. Quelles interactions et stratégies? Quelles comptabilités?" Phd thesis, AgroParisTech, 2010. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00531612.
Texto completoMartin, Jean-Christophe. "Impacts économiques d'une politique de réduction des émissions de gaz à effet de serre pour la région Aquitaine". Bordeaux 4, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010BOR40028.
Texto completoRegional council of Aquitaine, thanks to increasing area of competence because of different laws of decentralization, can contribute to national effort of reducing greenhouse gas emissions (GHG). In order to make it, It has implemented in 2005 a climate plan to avoid 2 883 ktCO2eq for 2007-2013. However, considering of poor regional accounting, it is confronted with a lack of study to implement efficiently its climate plan. The aim of this thesis is precisely to make some studies in order to guide regional council in this field. Input-output analysis was used because of its ability to integrate the complexity of interindustrial trade with a detailed sectored study. The aim of the first part of the thesis is to outline the method of constructing a regional accounting, namely a making of input-output table with a GHG emissions inventory associated. The second part of this thesis shows different applications of input-output analysis in order to answer to regional issues on GHG emissions. The first interest of input-output analysis is to calculate both direct and indirect contribution of sectors emissions. By applying optimization methods, economic restructuring could be estimated in order to reconcile both GHG emissions reduction and economic growth objectives. The use of structural decomposition analysis has advantage to pick out main forces explaining evolution of GHG emissions and, so, to use these results to make forecasting of regional GHG emissions until 2013. Moreover, it was possible to determine a budget of opportunity cost from construction of road and rail infrastructures leading to finance projects to offset theirs emissions by using optimisation methods
Riot, Jeanne. "Le management de l’environnement à travers ses instruments : De la diffusion d’outils à la construction de dynamiques d’action collective pour l’innovation environnementale". Thesis, Paris, ENMP, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013ENMP0085/document.
Texto completoFirms reduce their environmental impacts thanks to a series of environmental assessment tools such as LCA and Bilan Carbone (the latter being a specific form of carbon footprint assessment tool). which are supposed to act as decision support tools. However, even if these tools are widely spread among companies, the question of their performativity, or the way they effectively change managerial practice, remains. In other words several of these assessment tools do not become ipso facto management instruments. Research on environmental sciences link the difficulties of assessment tools appropriation to the tools' inherent properties (ergonomics, scientific models' robustness) and are subject to a to constant revision work. In this thesis, we explore the organisational and cognitive dimensions of this appropriation; in particular the emergence of epistemic and practice communities structured around the instruments, which constitute a receptive environment for their deployment.Based on a field work in an environmental consultancy agency, this thesis examines for six empirical case studies the process and the conditions under which the instruments trigger a sustained collective action. Beyond the basic instrument level, we study the features that are implemented in the course of collective actions and their unexpected effects. This research project highlights the existence of a variety elaborate devices, which affect firms learning capabilities. The characterisation of these devices helps identifying new managerial figures and intermediate communities, integrated to a greater or lesser extent to the company, playing a key role in the dynamics of collective action
Riot, Jeanne. "Le management de l'environnement à travers ses instruments : De la diffusion d'outils à la construction de dynamiques d'action collective pour l'innovation environnementale". Phd thesis, Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Paris, 2013. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-01022741.
Texto completoBoutaud, Aurélien. "Le développement durable : penser le changement ou changer le pansement ? : bilan et analyse des outils d'évaluation des politiques publiques locales en matière de développement durable en France : de l'émergence d'un changement dans les modes de faire au défi d'un changement dans les modes de penser". Phd thesis, Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Saint-Etienne, 2005. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00781187.
Texto completoBaldi, Isabelle. "Santé et environnement en Aquitaine : bilan des données disponibles et perspectives épidémiologiques". Bordeaux 2, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995BOR23023.
Texto completoThiers, Stéphane. "Bilans énergétiques et environnementaux de bâtiments à énergie positive". Phd thesis, École Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Paris, 2008. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00004692.
Texto completoWignacourt, Alex. "Caractérisation, mesure et évaluation des indicateurs techniques, économiques et financiers des éco-matériaux : application au secteur du bâtiment". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Ecole centrale de Lille, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009ECLI0020.
Texto completoEco-materials, have revealed a number of interesting characteristics compared with more traditional technical or architectural solutions. The criteria so far used to differentiate them were often related to the preservation of the environment or health. The main research objective has been to study the technical, economic and financial advantages of such more environmentally friendly materials by collecting selected referential information- assessment indicators and criteria- inside a proposed system of reference. The first part of my work has been devoted to identifying eco-materials in the broader context of the conception of high environmental quality buildings. The position of eco-materials in international and European Environmental Quality Management Systems for Buildings- SMQEB- has then been reviewed in a second part. The third part of this work has consisted in designing a technical, economic and financial prescription decision tool for eco –materials. In the final part, the main concern has been to implement this designed and tested methodology within the Nord Pas De Calais region. An elaborate construction system - a flat roof - has been selected to compare a set of eco-built solutions with more conventional ones. The technical, economic, financial, environmental and health criteria have in-fine been used in easily understood language: the cost/profit ratio
Almansour, Essam. "Bilans énergétiques et environnementaux de filières biogaz : approche par filière-type". Thesis, Bordeaux 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011BOR14469/document.
Texto completoAnaerobic digestion is emerging as an efficient technology for energy production as well as for of organic residues treatment. An analysis of the anaerobic digestion in different chosen procedures is led by an approach based on the standard procedures definition, filled from technical investigations with existing installations and professionals. These standard procedures allow us to study the overall energy and environmental balance sheets of anaerobic digestion in order to compare it with other processes by using the approach of life cycle assessment. Energetically, an important potential for more than 11 Mtoe/year is estimated from available resources in chosen procedures. Agricultural resources contribute to a significant portion of this potential. The residual waste from food industries completes this potential knowing that the amount of waste processed with anaerobic digestion is important on the french territory. Environmentally, the biogas recovered is advantageous to anaerobic digestion against comparison procedures. The results of comparative studies of LCA are sensitives to the impact assessment method adopted in relation to their sensitivity to certain aspects. The LCA results are also sensitives to the definition of procedures and define other procedures, when we have doubts, remains an important perspective not to be neglected
Moinard, Victor. "Conséquences de l’introduction de la méthanisation dans une exploitation de polyculture-élevage sur les cycles du carbone et de l’azote. Combinaison de l’expérimentation et de la modélisation à l’échelle de la ferme". Electronic Thesis or Diss., université Paris-Saclay, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021UPASB049.
Texto completoThe anaerobic digestion (AD) of animal effluents is strongly developing in France. It produces renewable energy (biogas). Like undigested effluents, the use of anaerobic digestates in the field enables the recycling of nutrients and organic matter in the soil, which decreases the need for synthetic fertilizers and maintains soil organic carbon stocks. However, the treatment and field application of those organic products can also cause greenhouse gas emissions and contaminants. The on-farm AD nfluences those impacts. In order to control them, we need to understand how the co-digestion of animal effluents with imported organic wastes influences C and N cycles at the farm scale. We studied this question with the support of a case study at INRAE in Nouzilly (Centre – Val de Loire, France): a crop and livestock farm where an anaerobic digester treats the cattle effluents together with imported wastes. During the MetaMetha field experiment, we compared N fluxes during a crop rotation that was fertilized with synthetic N fertilizers, undigested cattle slurry and farmyard manure, or digestates issued from their digestion. We found that digestates can substitute synthetic fertilizers, despite the risk of ammonia (NH3) emissions. Earthworms can be negatively impacted just after the application of digestate of slurry, but the input of organic matter induced similar positive impacts after two years. We then evaluated the STICS and SYS-Metha models to simulate the field experiment, and digestate treatment and storage, respectively. Both models were coupled to simulate C and N fluxes at the farm scale. The models showed that when large amounts of digested wastes are imported, AD promotes substitution of synthetic N fertilizers and storage of soil organic C, but also NH3 emissions. The study enabled us to better evaluate the consequences of the on-farm AD and therefore to optimize the sector
Sani, Rababe. "Étude des transformations microstructurales de mélanges argile/Combustibles Solides de Récupération (CSR) lors de la cuisson : relations entre propriétés physico-chimiques, mécaniques et thermiques". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Ecole nationale des Mines d'Albi-Carmaux, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018EMAC0005.
Texto completoThe valorization of co-products rich in organic and inorganic materials as additives in formulations based on clay matrix can improve both the mechanical and thermal performances of ceramic materials as well as the energy balance of the manufacturing processes of these products. This study focused on the incorporation of Solid Recovered Fuels (SRF) into the clay ceramics for civil engineering in close collaboration with TERREAL as part of the ANR funded LabCom RESPECTc project. Firstly, two SRF were selected and used as additives to improve the properties of ceramic materials from to clay mixture deposits named ML and MC from TERREAL. The influence of the nature, the amount of SRF, the grain size of SRF and the nature of clay matrix on the physico-chemical, mechanical and thermal properties of the clay/SRF mixtures were studied between 30°C and 1100°C. In all cases, the addition of SRF into the clay mixture (ML or MC) has enhanced the insulating nature of the ceramic materials by reducing their thermal conductivity. The addition of SRF has also improved the mechanical properties of the ceramic materials, depending on the nature and the amount of SRF added, the rate and the nature (shape, size and distribution) of the porosity created. The study demonstrated that interactions between clay minerals and inorganic elements of SRF have a significant effect on mechanical and thermal properties. The results showed that the addition of 4 wt.% of SRF15-1 containing an ash content of 65.7 wt.% into clay matrix ML led to increase the mechanical strength of the material based on the clay matrix ML of the order of 32%. Then, a kinetic model of thermal sintering based on the dimensional variations of ceramic materials between 650°C and 1000°C was developed from thermomechanical analysis (TMA) of the clay mixtures (with or without SRF). The main objective is to better understand the mechanism of the thermal sintering involved. The model developed showed a good adequacy with the experimental data. The results showed that the thermal sintering step of these mixtures is carried out by the presence of a liquid phase and that the addition of SRF has accelerated the densification of ceramic materials. This has led to decrease the usual firing temperature of ceramic materials, allowing a significant energy savings. Finally, an environmental assessment was carried out during the firing of clay/SRF mixtures. This study was particularly focused on the contribution of SRF to the energy balance and impact of critical gas emissions such as CO2, CO and HCl. The results showed that CO2 and CO emissions during firing of clay/SRF mixtures increased due to the thermal decomposition of the organic matter of SRF and that less than 50 wt.% of chlorine was converted to HCl (18-31 ppm). The energy balance showed that the addition of SRF into the ML matrix compensates for a significant part of the natural gas usually used as fuel during firing of these ceramic materials. This was reflected by a thermal energy saving and reduction of CO2 emissions from the decarbonatation of the clay matrix
Beziat, Pierre. "Effets des conditions environnementales et des pratiques culturales sur les flux de carbone et d'eau dans les agrosystèmes". Phd thesis, Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse III, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00447499.
Texto completoRobert, Colas. "Comprendre les changements d'utilisation des terres en France pour mieux estimer leurs impacts sur les émissions de gaz à effet de serre : De l'observation à la modélisation". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016USPCC263.
Texto completoFrance is required to account for annual land-cover changes and induced carbon fluxes). This inventory is difficult to calcula te, for data source are complex and contradictory. Moreover, this sector is important as its role in combating climate change is emphasized. This thesis proposes improvements to several identified methodological issues: imperfect data sources, Jack of knowledge about other potential sources„ poorly evaluated uncertainties, validation of landscape dynamics consistency..Thus, the objective of this thesis is to analyse and assess current and potential data sources for computing land-cover change area matrixes, in order to enhance the robustness of the inventory. A scientific approach is conducted to assess the inventory, to understand what causes uncertainties in land cover products, to compile datasets and their metadata, to study the landscape dynamics, and to define a new methodological framework allowing better and more consistent estimates of land cover change rates at national scale.This work suggests that the finest spatial, thematical and temporal resolution levels lead to overestimation of false positives. Accuracy and consistency are preferable to precision and scale dependency must be considered. Finally, we propose an interoperability framework for data integration, via a modeling protocol linking land cover change estimation and spatial allocation
Cathalot, Cécile. "Devenir et impact des apports fluviaux sur les marges continentales : importance biogéochimique et environnementale du recyclage dans les sédiments du prodelta du Rhône". Paris 6, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA066378.
Texto completoThe main purpose of this work was to study the biogeochemical fate of the Rhône River particulate organic matter, and investigate the mechanisms involved in the carbon cycle of its delta. In situ microsensors measurements allowed us to perform high resolution oxygen profiles in the sediment and estimate thus the sediment recycling. It appears that the seasonal variability of the Rhône River inputs, both in quality and in quantity, impacts the benthic mineralization activity in the Rhône River delta. Nevertheless, the influence of these pulsed inputs is limited in time: deltaic sediments are a stable centre of organic carbon degradation. More than just a major mineralization area, isotopic analyses (14C and δ13C) showed that the prodelta also acts as a massive burial centre for organic particulate matter of the Rhône River. Using a stationary diagenetic numerical model, we were able to quantify these burial and degradation terms, and highlighted the importance of anoxic mineralization processes. Moreover, an important pool of suspended matter particles feeding the prodelta and originating from the adjacent continental shelf was identified: terrigeneous and marine particles, already degraded and that have encountered many deposition/resuspension cycles, dilute the riverine particles and decrease thus the lability of the material reaching the sea floor. Finally, respiration measurements in the water column underlined the impact of hydrological variations of the Rhône River that change distinctly the carbon export terms from the delta towards the continental margin
Béziat, Pierre. "Effets des conditions environnementales et des pratiques culturales sur les flux de carbone et d'eau dans les agrosystèmes". Toulouse 3, 2009. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/733/.
Texto completoAgrosystems represent an important proportion of terrestrial ecosystems (more than one third in Europe) and play a key role in sustainable development issues. For instance, they produce green house gasses (GHG) that contribute to climate changes whose feedback on agrosystem functioning and management are still difficult to predict. Therefore, studies on biogeochemical cycle in agrosystems and their GHG production are essential. The main objective of this PhD thesis was the study of cropland carbon and water cycles using 1) micro meteorological measurements of mass and energy fluxes at the soil/vegetation and atmosphere interface and 2) data describing crop dynamics (phenology, biomass, leaf area) for two experimental crop sites located near Toulouse in South West France. This work showed that micro meteorological measurements of fluxes by the eddy covariance method (EC) are well suited to quantify agrosystem carbon and water budgets and to study the main physical and ecophysiological processes driving the different fluxes. From these measurements, carbon and water fluxes were analysed. A methodology to compute GHG budgets at plot scale considering GHG emissions associated with farm operations was developed at our sites and applied to the CarboEurope-IP cropland sites, representing an important range of crop species and management regimes. Annual net CO2 fluxes measurements between the soil/vegetation system and the atmosphere showed that agrosystem act mostly as atmospheric carbon sinks. However, accounting for carbon inputs through organic fertilisation and seeds and outputs through harvest together with vertical CO2 fluxes measurements showed that cropland are rarely carbon sinks and most often act as carbon sources (127 ± 243 g C m-2 y-1 for 41 site-years of the CarboEurope-IP network). .
Waked, Antoine. "Caractérisation des aérosols organiques à Beyrouth, Liban". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris Est, 2012. http://theses.univ-paris-est.fr/intranet/2012/TH2012PEST1169_complete.pdf.
Texto completoThe chemical composition of PM2.5 includes both organic and inorganic compounds. Organic compounds, which constitute a significant fraction of the PM2.5 mass, can be emitted directly as primary aerosol from sources such as fossil-fuel combustion, biomass burning, and natural biogenic emissions, or formed in the atmosphere via chemical reactions leading to secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation. SOA, which account for 20 – 80 % of total organic aerosol, are currently a major source of uncertainty in air quality modeling. The identification and quantification of the chemical composition of the organic fraction of PM2.5 and its source apportionment are of great interest, especially in the Middle East region where data on organic aerosols are currently lacking. Lebanon, a small developing country in the Middle East region located on the eastern shore of the Mediterranean basin represents a good example for characterizing organic aerosols in this region. To address this issue, the air quality in Beirut (the capital city of Lebanon) was investigated with a focus on organic aerosols. First, an air pollutant emission inventory was developed for Lebanon with a spatial resolution of 5 km x 5 km and for Beirut with a spatial resolution of 1 km x 1 km. The results obtained show that the road transport sector is the major contributor to carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxides (NOx) and non-methane volatile organic compounds (VOC) emissions, whereas fossil fuel-fired power plants and large industrial plants are the major contributors to sulfur dioxide (SO2) and primary particulate matter (PM) emissions. Then, two intensive 15-day measurement campaigns were conducted at a semi-urban site located in a Beirut suburb to characterize air pollutant concentrations. The first measurement campaign took place in July 2011 and the second in February 2012. Measurements included PM2.5, organic carbon (OC) and elemental carbon (EC) mass concentrations as well as a molecular characterization of organic aerosols. Using these data, a source apportionment of organic aerosols was conducted for summer and winter. In summer, biogenic precursors such as monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes were the major source of OC due to intensive solar radiation and high ambient temperatures that promote biogenic VOC emissions and photo-oxidation reactions. In winter, biomass burning was the major source of organic aerosols because of the intensive use of wood burning for heating. Finally, air pollutant concentrations in Beirut were simulated for July 2011 with the Polyphemus/Polair3D chemical-transport model (CTM). The emission inventory mentioned above was used as input to the model. Meteorological simulations were conducted with the Weather Research and Forecasting model (WRF) using different configurations and the configuration leading to the best agreement with the observations was used to drive the air quality simulations. The simulated air pollutant concentrations were compared to the measured concentrations collected during the summer measurement campaign. The results show that the model reproduces satisfactorily the concentrations of ozone (O3), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), carbon monoxide (CO), and the major components of PM2.5. The differences obtained between the modeled and measured air pollutants concentrations are due in part to uncertainties in input data. Future studies should address the reduction of uncertainties such as those of the emission inventory. In addition, measurement campaigns involving several sites are needed to better characterize air pollution in Beirut and provide a more complete database to evaluate simulated air pollutant concentrations
Smida, Rafik. "TIC et environnement : optimisation et efficacité énergétique. (Cas de la Tunisie)". Thesis, Université Côte d'Azur (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016AZUR0037.
Texto completoThe relationship between ICT, environment and energy efficiency causes a lot of controversies. Theseconcepts are rarely associated, especially for smaller emerging economies. Yet each has a significant impacton the other. The negative effects of ICT on the environment are various, in the same way, use and diffusionof ICT can also benefit the environment. This PhD thesis put forward further study impacts of ICT on energyconsumption and emissions of greenhouse gases, at the macro level for the case of Tunisia. The generalcontext of this thesis focuses on the relationship between the environment and the innovation theory, whilethe specific context focuses specifically on the energy consumption of ICT. Our approach is inserted underthe theory of innovation and economic basis for the use of new technologies, specifically at the intersectionof industrial economics and environmental economics. Our research focused on three main aspects:theoretical, empirical and descriptive. Firstly, this study handled the theory of environmental innovationsand its relationship with general purpose technology and ICT especially. Secondly, this thesis has allowed usto develop a detailed descriptive analyses based on the data and statistics from the World Bank, and otherinstitutions. Thirdly, a set of statistical tests and rigorous econometric models were applied to determine thelink between ICT investment and energy efficiency in Tunisia
Ben, Alaya Ibtissem. "Bilan des qualités psychométriques du « Questionnaire for Teacher Interaction » (QTI) : zones d’ombre sur l’environnement d’apprentissage au Québec et en Tunisie". Thèse, Université de Sherbrooke, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11143/11629.
Texto completoCourp, Thierry. "Flux et bilans de matière dans un environnement de marge continentale : la marge nord-occidentale méditerranéenne". Perpignan, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990PERP0096.
Texto completoBen, Livier. "Étude de l'injection du carburant gazeux de substitution GNV dans les moteurs à pistons : imagerie laser, bilans énergétique et environnemental". Toulouse, INPT, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001INPT006H.
Texto completoAmazirh, Abdelhakim. "Monitoring crops water needs at high spatio-temporal resolution by synergy of optical/thermal and radar observations". Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019TOU30101.
Texto completoOptimizing water management in agriculture is essential over semi-arid areas in order to preserve water resources which are already low and erratic due to human actions and climate change. This thesis aims to use the synergy of multispectral remote sensing observations (radar, optical and thermal data) for high spatio-temporal resolution monitoring of crops water needs. In this context, different approaches using various sensors (Landsat-7/8, Sentinel-1 and MODIS) have been developed to provide information on the crop Soil Moisture (SM) and water stress at a spatio-temporal scale relevant to irrigation management. This work fits well the REC "Root zone soil moisture Estimates at the daily and agricultural parcel scales for Crop irrigation management and water use impact: a multi-sensor remote sensing approach" (http://rec.isardsat.com/) project objectives, which aim to estimate the Root Zone Soil Moisture (RZSM) for optimizing the management of irrigation water. Innovative and promising approaches are set up to estimate evapotranspiration (ET), RZSM, land surface temperature (LST) and vegetation water stress through SM indices derived from multispectral observations with high spatio-temporal resolution. The proposed methodologies rely on image-based methods, radiative transfer modelling and water and energy balance modelling and are applied in a semi-arid climate region (central Morocco). In the frame of my PhD thesis, three axes have been investigated. In the first axis, a Landsat LST-derived RZSM index is used to estimate the ET over wheat parcels and bare soil. The ET modelling estimation is explored using a modified Penman-Monteith equation obtained by introducing a simple empirical relationship between surface resistance (rc) and a RZSM index. The later is estimated from Landsat-derived land surface temperature (LST) combined with the LST endmembers (in wet and dry conditions) simulated by a surface energy balance model driven by meteorological forcing and Landsat-derived fractional vegetation cover. The investigated method is calibrated and validated over two wheat parcels located in the same area near Marrakech City in Morocco. In the next axis, a method to retrieve near surface (0-5 cm) SM at high spatial and temporal resolution is developed from a synergy between radar (Sentinel-1) and thermal (Landsat) data and by using a soil energy balance model. The developed approach is validated over bare soil agricultural fields and gives an accurate estimates of near surface SM with a root mean square difference compared to in situ SM equal to 0.03 m3 m-3. In the final axis a new method is developed to disaggregate the 1 km resolution MODIS LST at 100 m resolution by integrating the near surface SM derived from Sentinel-1 radar data and the optical-vegetation index derived from Landsat observations. The new algorithm including the S-1 backscatter as input to the disaggregation, produces more stable and robust results during the selected year. Where, 3.35 °C and 0.75 were the lowest RMSE and the highest correlation coefficient assessed using the new algorithm
Sani, Rababe. "Étude des transformations microstructurales de mélanges argile/Combustibles Solides de Récupération (CSR) lors de la cuisson : relations entre propriétés physico-chimiques, mécaniques et thermiques". Thesis, Ecole nationale des Mines d'Albi-Carmaux, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018EMAC0005/document.
Texto completoThe valorization of co-products rich in organic and inorganic materials as additives in formulations based on clay matrix can improve both the mechanical and thermal performances of ceramic materials as well as the energy balance of the manufacturing processes of these products. This study focused on the incorporation of Solid Recovered Fuels (SRF) into the clay ceramics for civil engineering in close collaboration with TERREAL as part of the ANR funded LabCom RESPECTc project. Firstly, two SRF were selected and used as additives to improve the properties of ceramic materials from to clay mixture deposits named ML and MC from TERREAL. The influence of the nature, the amount of SRF, the grain size of SRF and the nature of clay matrix on the physico-chemical, mechanical and thermal properties of the clay/SRF mixtures were studied between 30°C and 1100°C. In all cases, the addition of SRF into the clay mixture (ML or MC) has enhanced the insulating nature of the ceramic materials by reducing their thermal conductivity. The addition of SRF has also improved the mechanical properties of the ceramic materials, depending on the nature and the amount of SRF added, the rate and the nature (shape, size and distribution) of the porosity created. The study demonstrated that interactions between clay minerals and inorganic elements of SRF have a significant effect on mechanical and thermal properties. The results showed that the addition of 4 wt.% of SRF15-1 containing an ash content of 65.7 wt.% into clay matrix ML led to increase the mechanical strength of the material based on the clay matrix ML of the order of 32%. Then, a kinetic model of thermal sintering based on the dimensional variations of ceramic materials between 650°C and 1000°C was developed from thermomechanical analysis (TMA) of the clay mixtures (with or without SRF). The main objective is to better understand the mechanism of the thermal sintering involved. The model developed showed a good adequacy with the experimental data. The results showed that the thermal sintering step of these mixtures is carried out by the presence of a liquid phase and that the addition of SRF has accelerated the densification of ceramic materials. This has led to decrease the usual firing temperature of ceramic materials, allowing a significant energy savings. Finally, an environmental assessment was carried out during the firing of clay/SRF mixtures. This study was particularly focused on the contribution of SRF to the energy balance and impact of critical gas emissions such as CO2, CO and HCl. The results showed that CO2 and CO emissions during firing of clay/SRF mixtures increased due to the thermal decomposition of the organic matter of SRF and that less than 50 wt.% of chlorine was converted to HCl (18-31 ppm). The energy balance showed that the addition of SRF into the ML matrix compensates for a significant part of the natural gas usually used as fuel during firing of these ceramic materials. This was reflected by a thermal energy saving and reduction of CO2 emissions from the decarbonatation of the clay matrix
Ogutu, Benjamin Keroboto Za'Ngoti. "Energy balance mathematical model on climate change". Thesis, Paris 6, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA066224/document.
Texto completoThe goal of this study is to build a global reduced-complexity model of coupled climate-economy-biosphere interactions, which uses the minimum number of variables and equations needed to capture the fundamental mechanisms involved and can thus help clarify the role of the different mechanisms and parameters. The Coupled Climate-Economy-Biosphere (CoCEB) model takes an integrated assessment approach to simulating global change. While many integrated assessment models treat abatement costs merely as an unproductive loss of income, the study considered abatement activities also as an investment in overall energy efficiency of the economy and decrease of overall carbon intensity of the energy system. The study shows that these efforts help to abate climate change and lead to positive effects in economic growth. Due to the fact that integrated assessment models in the literature mainly focus on mitigation in the energy sector and consider emissions from land-use as exogenous, the global climate-economy-biosphere (CoCEB) model was extended by adding a biomass equation and the related exchanges of CO2 and used to investigate the relationship between the effects of using carbon capture and storage (CCS) and deforestation control, and the economy growth rate. These measures are found to reduce the impacts of climate change and positively affect the economy growth. These results remain nevertheless sensitive to the formulation of CCS costs while those for deforestation control were less sensitive. The model developed brings together and summarizes information from diverse estimates of climate change mitigation measures and their associated costs, and allows comparing them in a coherent way
Gervois, Sébastien. "Les zones agricoles en Europe : évaluation de leur rôle sur les bilans d'eau et de carbone à l'échelle de l'Europe ; sensibilité de ces bilans aux changements environnementaux sur le vingtième siècle". Paris 6, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004PA066390.
Texto completoCathalot, Cécile. "Devenir et impact des apports fluviaux sur les marges continentales : importance biogéochimique et environnementale du recyclage dans les sédiments du prodelta du Rhône". Phd thesis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00813147.
Texto completoAlazard, Marina. "Étude des relations surface-souterrain du système aquifère d'El Haouareb (Tunisie centrale) sous contraintes climatiques et anthropiques". Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013MON20023.
Texto completoIn semi-arid environment, surface waters are unevenly distributed in time and space and particularly vulnerable. The total annual rainfall is generally low and the rain events are rare and intense, causing severe flooding and erosion. Therefore, the groundwater resource is widely exploited, often inducing overexploitation problems.To overcome the negative consequences of these hydrological regimes, large dam have been built to increase the water storage. These structures can paradoxically create a water deficiency in some areas by inducing evaporation losses and reducing aquifer recharge. In central Tunisia, the Merguellil catchment provides an example of hydrological processes profoundly changed by the construction of a large dam. The basin is of strategic importance for the region. It feeds the great agricultural plain of Kairouan which suffers f overexploitation for decades. Before the building of the El Haouareb dam, the Merguellil intermittent flows were the main source of recharge to the Kairouan plain aquifer. Dam El Haouareb built in 1989 now blocking surface runoff, recharge occurs further upstream through the cracked limestone base of the structure. This modification of the hydrological causes a significant loss of water by evaporation and concentrate recharge of the plain at the foot of the dam.The purpose of this thesis work is to identify the recharge mechanisms occurring at the threshold of El Haouareb. Infiltration from the lake was quantified calculating the water budget of the reservoir. The total water budget between 1989 and 2006 was made up by: infiltration 56%, evaporation 24%, abstraction 14% and dam releases 6%. Calculations had been conducted for smaller time scale to allow the quantification of the entries in the aquifer system.The identification of flows passing through the calcareous threshold was conducted by crossing hydrodynamic approaches (signal analysis) and geochemical (profiles and records of electrical conductivity and temperature, major ions, stable isotopes of the water molecule). The comparison of different methods helped to consolidate the results and to overcome the imperfections of some field data in a hydrological and hydrogeological complex context.A basic model and a simplified diagram of the El Haouareb aquifer have been established and allow anticipating the evolution of recharge in the Merguellil catchment under future climatic pressure
Bertaud, Du Chazaud Guy. "La loi du 2 mai 1930 sur la protection des sites et son application en Aquitaine, bilan et réflexion méthodologique : 1930-1934". Paris 4, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986PA040283.
Texto completoThe French parliament in 1930, standing from a text of 1906, has felt convenient to organize the preservation of naturel monuments and sites. This law has been extensively used in Aquitaine: 550 sites have been protected since 50 years. Two of the dispositions of this law are mere reproductions of the law on the preservation of historical monuments: the classification of sites. The third one, the protected zone around an historical monument or a site, has been only need 4 times in Aquitaine. The "protected zone" has been replaced, in 1983, by the "protected zone for architectural and rural patrimony". The regional study shows, though an exhaustive analysis of the field realities based on our 12 tiers classifications, the real impact of the 1930 legislation, and its limitations. The standard image of the protected site, the "rural landscape" counts only for 11% of sites. 18% have as main focus waters (lakes, rivers, ocean shores). Many sites are also centered on castles or villages. It would be logical to make the "service des sites" a section or the "direction du patrimoine" in the ministry of culture. A standardized inventory of sites would be also very useful. It would be good, finally, to promote the image of sites among the members of local councils and among the general population
Ogalama, Yabo Gabriel. "La pratique de l'urbanisme en Afrique Subsaharienne : bilan et perspective stratégique. L'exemple de la ville de Bangui (Centrafrique)". Thesis, Tours, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013TOUR1804/document.
Texto completoCities in Africa often grow in population develop at the rate of 5% yearly and sometimes go beyond 7%. When a city grows at the rate of 7% per year, its population doubles every ten years. This means that the capacities of infrastructures and equipments should be doubled. But developing countries do not have the financial capacities to stand it. As a result, there are many problems among which the degradation of equipments, the environment and precarious areas. How to plan such cities? After a study of large cities such as Abidjan, Lomé, Ouagadougou and their planning documents methods used, Bangui is chosen as the main site of the research. To plan is to articulate strategic stakes to local practices. This involves to link planning documents to other sectoral documents (for sewage, retail trade, transports…)
Ogutu, Benjamin Keroboto Za'Ngoti. "Energy balance mathematical model on climate change". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 6, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA066224.
Texto completoThe goal of this study is to build a global reduced-complexity model of coupled climate-economy-biosphere interactions, which uses the minimum number of variables and equations needed to capture the fundamental mechanisms involved and can thus help clarify the role of the different mechanisms and parameters. The Coupled Climate-Economy-Biosphere (CoCEB) model takes an integrated assessment approach to simulating global change. While many integrated assessment models treat abatement costs merely as an unproductive loss of income, the study considered abatement activities also as an investment in overall energy efficiency of the economy and decrease of overall carbon intensity of the energy system. The study shows that these efforts help to abate climate change and lead to positive effects in economic growth. Due to the fact that integrated assessment models in the literature mainly focus on mitigation in the energy sector and consider emissions from land-use as exogenous, the global climate-economy-biosphere (CoCEB) model was extended by adding a biomass equation and the related exchanges of CO2 and used to investigate the relationship between the effects of using carbon capture and storage (CCS) and deforestation control, and the economy growth rate. These measures are found to reduce the impacts of climate change and positively affect the economy growth. These results remain nevertheless sensitive to the formulation of CCS costs while those for deforestation control were less sensitive. The model developed brings together and summarizes information from diverse estimates of climate change mitigation measures and their associated costs, and allows comparing them in a coherent way
Choffel, Quentin. "La différenciation des masses d'eau à l'intérieur de l'étang : stratification verticale, zonation horizontale, bilan thermique et centre thermique". Thesis, Orléans, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019ORLE1167.
Texto completoPonds are at the heart of environmental issues in terms of quality and quantity of water resources. Temperature is an effective indicator in these measurements because of its reactivity and the ability to diffuse the most downstream. The pond is often considered as a black box in studies and the knowledge of its thermal functioning should be the first element in its quantification. In this study, the inclusion of volumes in the thermal analysis of the 1,137,181 original hourly thermal data, through the heat budget, allows to measure and quantify the whole behavior of the ponds, distinct from that of the lakes. The heat budget is a synthetic indicator of all the factors that bring and extract calories from the environment and can be used in its primary objective to measure calorific exchanges within the water body and between the water body and the river environment. The spatial heterogeneity in the zonal aspect of the pond is influenced by the effect of the driving force of the wind or the surrounding environment, the presence of shade or hydrological inputs. A new indicator, the heat center, has been created, taking into account three-dimensional variations in the heat balance, stratification and stability of several areas of the pond in order to quantify the dissociation of water masses within the water body. The integration of thermal zoning opens up new management opportunities to reduce the thermal impact of the pond downstream or to promote the development of certain heat-sensitive fish species. From meteorological data it is possible to anticipate areas of heat expansion whose differences can be significant, measured at more than 3°C on a very small pond related to the shading effect, or at more than 10°C between two sectors of a large multi-block pond under the influence of winds
Gabrielle, Benoît. "Modélisation des cycles des éléments eau-carbone-azote dans un système sol-plante et application à l'estimation des bilans environnementaux des grandes cultures". Châtenay-Malabry, Ecole centrale de Paris, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996ECAP0491.
Texto completoThe field-assessment of the environmental impacts of crop production has emerged as a critical issue, since modern agriculture should be expected not to pose major threats. We have here assessed the nitrogen (N) pollutions, caused by such a crop (oilseed rape), through both experimental and modeling approaches. Two types of pollution were investigated : the leaching of nitrate below the root zone, and the gaseous emissions of ammonia (NH3) and nitrous oxide (N2O) to the atmosphere. The prediction of N fluxes at the boundaries of the soil-crop system requires the use of a model simulating the dynamics of water, carbon and N within this system. Among the approaches of various complexities undertaken in the literature, we chose two models representing either a simple (CERES) or a more theoretical (DAISY) viewpoint. Five data sets corresponding to a range of climate and soil conditions were used to test various options for both models. None of the models clearly outranked the other. DAISY performed better as regards heat and mass transfer in soil, but CERES proved a superiority for the simulation of crop growth. Actually, the precisions of the models were also dependent on the type of medium investigated : we then suggested that a functional classification of soils could serve as a basis for determining the form of model to use, that would offer the best precision for a given set of available inputs. Overall, the modifications we proposed to the soil components of CERES allowed this simple approach to yield a satisfactory accuracy in the prediction of the water, carbon and nitrogen fluxes in the soil-crop system
Ambrosi, Philippe. "Amplitude et calendrier des politiques de réduction des émissions face aux risques climatiques : leçon des modèles intégrés". Paris, EHESS, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004EHES0106.
Texto completoTo date, climate change damages estimates are far from being reliable and non controversial. Therefor, this thesis compares - trough a family of optimal control integrated assessment models, RESPONSE - which CO2 mitigation policies are recommended for three more and more tangible proxies of climate risks : a set of constraints regarding magnitude and rate of global warming, a preference for current climate regime and an explicit modelling of climate change damages. Given the cascade of uncertainties from emissions to damages, results suggest to anticipate emissions reductions because abatements further delayed may induce significant regret in case of bad news about climate response or singularities in damages. Results also demonstrate that the eventuality of non-catastrophic threshods in damages is sufficient to increase earlier optimal abatements
Robert, Colas. "Comprendre les changements d'utilisation des terres en France pour mieux estimer leurs impacts sur les émissions de gaz à effet de serre : De l'observation à la modélisation". Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016USPCC263/document.
Texto completoFrance is required to account for annual land-cover changes and induced carbon fluxes). This inventory is difficult to calcula te, for data source are complex and contradictory. Moreover, this sector is important as its role in combating climate change is emphasized. This thesis proposes improvements to several identified methodological issues: imperfect data sources, Jack of knowledge about other potential sources„ poorly evaluated uncertainties, validation of landscape dynamics consistency..Thus, the objective of this thesis is to analyse and assess current and potential data sources for computing land-cover change area matrixes, in order to enhance the robustness of the inventory. A scientific approach is conducted to assess the inventory, to understand what causes uncertainties in land cover products, to compile datasets and their metadata, to study the landscape dynamics, and to define a new methodological framework allowing better and more consistent estimates of land cover change rates at national scale.This work suggests that the finest spatial, thematical and temporal resolution levels lead to overestimation of false positives. Accuracy and consistency are preferable to precision and scale dependency must be considered. Finally, we propose an interoperability framework for data integration, via a modeling protocol linking land cover change estimation and spatial allocation
El, Bouazzaoui Ibtissam. "L'EMPREINTE ECOLOGIQUE : Proposition d'un modèle synthétique de représentation des empreintes à l'échelle " Micro " d'une organisation ou d'un projet". Phd thesis, Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Saint-Etienne, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00776465.
Texto completoValin, Hugo. "Changements d'usage des sols, marchés agricoles et environnement". Thesis, Paris, AgroParisTech, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014AGPT0011/document.
Texto completoLand use change is estimated to have generated 17% of anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions in the 2000s, a large part coming from deforestation. The main driver of these emissions is expansion of agricultural activities, for the need of local development in tropical regions. However, they have also been caused by the dynamics of globalisation which has stimulated agricultural trade flows. Thus, today, there are new concerns with respect to how agricultural policies are influencing land use changes in other parts of the world through international market responses. In this work I consider three concrete illustrations of where these effects can be of significant magnitude: i) agriculture intensification in developing countries, ii) trade agreements, and iii) biofuel policies. I find that for each of these policies, market responses are likely to play a significant role in the final greenhouse gas emission balance. Mitigation of emissions through agricultural intensification could have quite beneficial outcomes, but the rebound effect on the demand side would offset a large part of greenhouse gas emission savings attributable to the land sparing effect. With the example of a possible EU-MERCOSUR trade agreement, I also show the adverse effect of liberalising certain specific agricultural products closely connected to land use change dynamics without adequate accompanying measures. Last, the indirect land use change effect of biofuels is likely to offset a large part of their alleged GHG emission savings. Land use change responses depend on many behavioural parameters, however, and providing precise estimates constitutes a challenge. I use different modelling approaches to quantify their magnitude and extensively explore the level of confidence on the basis of current state of econometric findings.New approaches should be elaborated to take account of this externality in public policy assessments, together with an appropriate consideration of the uncertainty ranges associated with these effects
Cikankowitz, Anne. "Méthodologie d'évaluation des performances environnementales de techniques en vue de les comparer puis de les valider "meilleures techniques disponibles". Phd thesis, Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Saint-Etienne, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00776081.
Texto completoLeveillard, Florine. "Méthodologie de minimisation de la pollution appliquée au traitement de surface : étude de l’entraînement comme vecteur de pollution". Thesis, Saint-Etienne, EMSE, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011EMSE0598/document.
Texto completoCurrently, via the prevention principle, environmental regulations incite industries to implement strategies to reduce the pollution at the source (ICPE, IPPC, IED). Industries are sometimes lost in front of various proposed technical solutions. The application of cleaner production strategies such as good operational procedures and good practices of management allow to answer these constraints.The metal finishing activity uses a lot of water and chemicals and thus generates polluted effluents. The objective of this work is to propose a simple methodology of limitation of the pollution flows and of the water specific consumption of metal finishing workshops.Then, experimental studies have allowed, on one hand, to create an easy method of the drag-out calculation and, on the other hand, to show and to quantify the influence of different parameters on the drag-out, from a qualitative and quantitative point of view. They are, for example, the shape and the roughness of the treated pieces, the draining time, the superficial tension of the treatment solutions but also the stirring type and duration of rinsing.All these elements, integrated into the methodology of pollution minimization, allow to realize a diagnosis of the process line. Moreover, it permits to estimate the impact of a modification of this installation on the specific consumption of water, on the pollution balance assessment and on the rinsing quality. So, this methodology can help to optimize and to limit consumptions of water and chemicals not only on the process line but also in wastewater treatment plant, so decreasing the environmental impacts and the running costs
Ayadi, Abdessalem. "Vers une organisation globale durable de l’approvisionnement des ménages : bilans économiques et environnementaux de différentes chaînes de distribution classiques et émergentes depuis l’entrepôt du fournisseur jusqu’au domicile du ménage". Thesis, Lyon 2, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LYO22010/document.
Texto completoUrban logistics and the last mile in particular, is a major concern for cities today. To address this concern, we have established in the introductory chapter a history of the problem of urban logistics. This allows a better understanding of its development over the years, and deducing that it’s essential to study the supply chain in its entirety to better solve the problem of urban logistics. However, we were faced with a daunting task: the lack of comprehensive and reliable data. In addition, there has been a multiplication of distribution channels in recent years. This includes the delivery from warehouses to stores and further to households from the retail space.Therefore, we intended to identify all existing and emerging logistics organizations in France and beyond (one year exchange stay in England and Switzerland for research purposes). To do this, we established in the second chapter certain parameters that differentiate the logistics modes of various organizations upstream (from manufacturers to retail stores) and downstream (from retail stores to households). Unfortunately, there does not exist any economic and environmental assessment to settle between different forms of traditional and modern electronic distribution, by taking into account the various characteristics of different products families (non-food, dry, fresh, frozen) and the diversity of their delivery modes.Faced with constraints of such size, we conducted surveys with different actors of distribution channels, which provided the opportunity to make contacts, thus collect firsthand and so far unpublished technical and economic data. In addition to the resolution of empirical inadequacy in the third chapter, this research also helped to develop a methodological approach related to the reconstruction and evaluation of logistics costs and emissions (in warehouses, transit platforms, retail stores and shared platforms) and also the costs and emissions of vehicles (trucks, delivery van, cars, public transport, bikes, motorbikes and walking).Finally, this research has lead to the construction of a database and the development of a decision support tool to infer, in the fourth chapter, the economic and environmental appraisal of the entire supply chain from the supplier's warehouse to the final customer. This tool can be useful for public policy, future strategies of retailers and Third-Party Logistics providers to focus on efficient and sustainable modes of organization, and even it will benefit the customer to estimate the costs and emissions of its acts of purchase in classic and e-grocery shopping
Waked, Antoine. "Caractérisation des aérosols organiques à Beyrouth, Liban". Phd thesis, Université Paris-Est, 2012. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00765845.
Texto completoNabet, Fouzi. "Etude du réajustement du lit actif en Loire moyenne, bilan géomorphologique et diagnostic du fonctionnement des chenaux secondaires en vue d'une gestion raisonnée". Phd thesis, Université Panthéon-Sorbonne - Paris I, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01001675.
Texto completoLapègue, Jean. "Aspects quantitatifs et qualitatifs de la pluviométrie dans deux enjeux majeurs de la problématique de l'eau à Mayotte : la ressource hydrique, l'assainissemnt pluvial et l'érosion". La Réunion, 1999. http://elgebar.univ-reunion.fr/login?url=http://thesesenligne.univ.run/99_23_Lapegue.pdf.
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