Tesis sobre el tema "Bilan des émissions de gaz à effet de serre – Afrique"
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Mostefaoui, Mounia. "Assessment of the three main anthropogenic greenhouse gases emissions and removals by bottom-up and top-down methods : a main tool for the evaluation of the respect of the Paris Climate Accords. A case study over Africa". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022SORUS460.
Texto completoSince the second part of the 20th century, the role of three main greenhouse gases (GHG) : Carbon Dioxide (CO2), Methane (CH4) and Nitrous Oxide (N2O) has been clearly established by the scientific community as the main cause of the recent forcing of the Earth energetic processes from human-induced activities, resulting among other disturbances in an increase of the annual mean surface temperatures. As GHG are well-mixed in the atmosphere and due to the complexity of atmospheric transport processes, the main emitters do not necessarily face the consequences of the additional radiative forcing that they directly induce. In this study, we restrict the analysis to CO2, CH4 and N2O because they are the most important GHG in the atmosphere. For the following-up of GHG, the Paris Agreement has a device named the “Enhanced Transparency Framework “(ETF). Within the ETF, countries have to report annually or biannually their GHG emissions and removals starting in 2023 within the Global Stocktake (GST). The ETF is based on the Monitoring, Reporting and Verification (MRV) provisions of the PA, aiming at the measurement of GHG for the PA signatory countries, at the centralization of the regularly updated country-reports, and at the verification of the respect of the countries ex ante vs. ex post pledges. This GST will represent a challenge for many Non-Annex I countries, including Africa, where emissions and removals in national inventories have been irregular since the UNFCCC creation in 1992. The literature tends to be scarce about GHG emissions from African countries, usually thought to be small emitters by non-experts. However, the recent Sixth Assessment Report (AR6) of the IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) underlines with high confidence that the speed of surface temperature increase in Africa has already been higher than elsewhere in the world due to anthropogenic emissions (IPCC Working Group I, 2021). Recent analyses also predict a fast increase of African emissions correlated with its demographic growth, which is the fastest in the world. Pioneering papers on anthropogenic emissions and the carbon balance in Africa like the one of Ciais et al. (2011), already underlined that “Africa is likely to increase its share of global emissions over the coming decades” (Canadell, 2009). That is the reason why we chose to strictly restrict to Africa the scope of our central analysis in the original study of the present manuscript. Our aim is to assess African CO2, CH4 and N2O anthropogenic emissions and removals using bottom-up datasets (inventories and process-based models) and to compare them with top-down inversions coming from satellites over three decades (1990-2018) in order to deliver trends’ analyses. The purpose of this analysis is also to discuss the following main question: how can the current state of science help for the evaluation of the Respect of the Paris Agreement (PA) in Non-Annex I countries, and most specifically in Africa? Chapter 1 presents CO2, CH4 and N2O main features and impacts with regards to the Earth Radiative Budget forcing, and contextualizes the scientific monitoring of GHG emissions and removals from anthropogenic origins in the climate policy context of the Monitoring, Reporting and Verification (MRV) provisions of the PA. Chapter 2 delivers an original analysis of GHG emissions and removals trends over the last three decades for the case of Africa. Chapter 3 discusses more broadly the conclusions of the African case analysis and proposes larger perspectives from both a scientific and from a climate policy view for future developments in the evaluation of the respect of the PA
Martin, Jean-Christophe. "Impacts économiques d'une politique de réduction des émissions de gaz à effet de serre pour la région Aquitaine". Bordeaux 4, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010BOR40028.
Texto completoRegional council of Aquitaine, thanks to increasing area of competence because of different laws of decentralization, can contribute to national effort of reducing greenhouse gas emissions (GHG). In order to make it, It has implemented in 2005 a climate plan to avoid 2 883 ktCO2eq for 2007-2013. However, considering of poor regional accounting, it is confronted with a lack of study to implement efficiently its climate plan. The aim of this thesis is precisely to make some studies in order to guide regional council in this field. Input-output analysis was used because of its ability to integrate the complexity of interindustrial trade with a detailed sectored study. The aim of the first part of the thesis is to outline the method of constructing a regional accounting, namely a making of input-output table with a GHG emissions inventory associated. The second part of this thesis shows different applications of input-output analysis in order to answer to regional issues on GHG emissions. The first interest of input-output analysis is to calculate both direct and indirect contribution of sectors emissions. By applying optimization methods, economic restructuring could be estimated in order to reconcile both GHG emissions reduction and economic growth objectives. The use of structural decomposition analysis has advantage to pick out main forces explaining evolution of GHG emissions and, so, to use these results to make forecasting of regional GHG emissions until 2013. Moreover, it was possible to determine a budget of opportunity cost from construction of road and rail infrastructures leading to finance projects to offset theirs emissions by using optimisation methods
Savard-Duquet, Nikolas. "Mobilité et changements climatiques : bilan et analyse des émissions de gaz à effet de serre liées aux déplacements des résidents de la région de Québec". Thesis, Université Laval, 2010. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2010/26880/26880.pdf.
Texto completoCaminade, Cyril. "Rôle de l'océan et influence des émissions d'origine anthropique sur la variabilité climatique en Afrique". Toulouse 3, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006TOU30239.
Texto completoAmbrosi, Philippe. "Amplitude et calendrier des politiques de réduction des émissions face aux risques climatiques : leçon des modèles intégrés". Paris, EHESS, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004EHES0106.
Texto completoTo date, climate change damages estimates are far from being reliable and non controversial. Therefor, this thesis compares - trough a family of optimal control integrated assessment models, RESPONSE - which CO2 mitigation policies are recommended for three more and more tangible proxies of climate risks : a set of constraints regarding magnitude and rate of global warming, a preference for current climate regime and an explicit modelling of climate change damages. Given the cascade of uncertainties from emissions to damages, results suggest to anticipate emissions reductions because abatements further delayed may induce significant regret in case of bad news about climate response or singularities in damages. Results also demonstrate that the eventuality of non-catastrophic threshods in damages is sufficient to increase earlier optimal abatements
Chang, Jinfeng. "Amélioration de la représentation des systèmes prairiaux dans un modèle de dynamique de végétation global". Versailles-St Quentin en Yvelines, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014VERS0010.
Texto completoThere is an urgent need to improve our knowledge on large scale understanding of the role of grassland in global greenhouse gas (GHG) budget, and of how grassland ecosystem will respond to future global change. This thesis aims at improving the representation of grassland system in the model ORCHIDEE DGVM, and further using the new model to assess carbon (C) and GHG budgets of grassland ecosystem and their responses to climate change and anthropogenic managements. ORCHIDEE-GM (grassland management) was developed through integrating into ORCHIDEE the parameters and functions related to grassland management originated from a managed grassland ecosystem model PaSim. ORCHIDEE-GM was validated at both site-level and continental-level (Europe) through comparing its results to various data from statistics, remote sensing products, and site observations. The new model simulated a significant C and GHG sink of European grassland ecosystem in the recent five decades, and a positive trend of grassland net biome productivity (NBP) during the last two decades. Nearly half (48%) of the positive trend can be attributed to changes in grassland management intensity, namely to the reduction of livestock numbers across the European Union (EU). Moreover, an increase in grassland potential productivity was simulated over Europe in response to future global change. The increase can be attributed to the rising CO2, and importantly, to the phenological shifts caused by warming, which have a series of implications on grassland management, feed security (or vulnerability) and CO2 and water fluxes
Seddiki, Fatma. "Contrôle en ligne des polluants élémentaires dans les effluents gazeux par ICP-HF : étalonnage et justesse". Lyon, INSA, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997ISAL0031.
Texto completoYue, Chao. "Fire simulation in the ORCHIDEE biosphere model : implications for global carbon fluxes". Versailles-St Quentin en Yvelines, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014VERS0016.
Texto completoAnthropogenic biomass burning and wildfires release greenhouse gases (CO2, CH4, N2O), reactive gases (CO, NOx) and aerosols into the atmosphere, and contribute to regional and global climate change. In forest regions affected by fires, fire also legate a sustained long-term carbon sink during the postfire vegetation recovery. It is thus important to incorporate fire processes into Earth system models, to be able to quantify the large-scale fire contribution to the terrestrial carbon balance, and predict future fire-climate-vegetation feedbacks. In this thesis, the prognostic fire module SPITFIRE has been incorporated into the process-based dynamic vegetation model ORCHIDEE. Evaluation studies show that the fire model is capable of capturing the essential climatic and anthropogenic drivers of burned area in the 20th century, but the frequency and size of very large fires are underestimated. Fires are found to reduce on average the terrestrial carbon sink compared with a simulation without fire, with larger fire-induced sink reduction occurring during drier and warmer years. Model factorial experiments indicate that fires during the last three decades, combined with rising CO2 and climate effects on the vegetation, have contributed to most of the pan-boreal (45oN–90oN) carbon sink at early 20th century. At the site level, the postfire forest carbon sink in North American boreal forests, as observed by chronosequences of biometric measurements and of eddy-covariance CO2 fluxes, are ascribed to a combination of forest regrowth from fire recovery and atmospheric CO2 increase, i. E. , the postfire carbon sink is amplified by the CO2 fertilization effect on forest growth
D'Angelo, Benoît. "Variabialité spatio-temporelle des émissions de GES dans une tourbière à Sphaignes : effets sur le bilan carbone". Thesis, Orléans, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015ORLE2058/document.
Texto completoPeatlands cover only 2 to 3% of the land area but store between 10 and 25% of the soil carbon. The outcome of the anthropic and climatic pressure on these ecosystems is uncertain regarding their functions and storage. A better understanding of these ecosystems is needed to determine the factors and their interactions on greenhouse gas (GHG) emission. This work consist in monitoring GHG emissions and controlling factors in a Sphagnum peatland to estimate its carbon balance. Experimentation on mesocosms were carried out to explore the effect of hydrology on the fluxes and a monitoring on 4 sites was made to study the daily variability. Results show that La Guette peatland was a carbon source (-220 ± 33 gC m-2 an-1) in spite of the high water table level. The importance of the spatial variability measured in the site was also demonstrate. The hydrology effect was confirmed by the mesocosms experiments and high water table level shows that gas transport might have an effect. Finally the study of the daily variability show that the temperature sensitivity of the respiration might be different between day and night and that synchronizing soil temperatures and respiration can improve the respiration representation
Toussaint, Flora. "Variabilité temporelle des processus biogéochimiques influençant le carbone organique terrigène dans les sédiments du prodelta du Rhône". Versailles-St Quentin en Yvelines, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013VERS0059.
Texto completoDeltaic areas are the main link between continents and the coastal zone. The Rhône prodelta shows intense sedimentation and mineralization rates which decrease rapidly off the River mouth to the continental shelf. This study was carried out under the "MERMEX river" project with the objective of identifying sources of organic matter and studying the temporal variability of biogeochemical processes affecting the fate of organic carbon. It also aimed at calculating mass balances for carbon fluxes in the Rhône prodelta. The prodelta has been studied intensively with fourteen sea cruises spread over three years of thesis and the completion of the development of an autonomous benthic station equipped with oxygen microelectrodes. This dataset has highlighted the temporal variations (seasonal and annual) of benthic mineralization. An Increase of benthic mineralization have been identified during resuspension events. Isotopic measurements of carbon (δ13C and Δ14C) coupled with density separations allowed to discriminate organic carbon sources and determine the process for sedimentation and burial of the material. Several processes interact: the retention of terrigenous organic matter in the prodelta (around 50%), the transport by resuspension of dense and fine material from the continental shelf, the low proportion of marine plankton carbon in sediment and massive inflows of black carbon during river floods. Terrigenous organic matter is mainly subject to the process of burial and mineralization is strongly related to its reactivity
Thanwerdas, Joël. "Estimation des émissions et puits de méthane par inversion atmosphérique multi-contraintes du transport et de la chimie atmosphérique à l’aide d’un ensemble d’observations". Electronic Thesis or Diss., université Paris-Saclay, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021UPASJ015.
Texto completoAtmospheric methane mole fractions have been multiplied by 2.6 since the beginning of the industrial era. This increase greatly amplified the impact of methane on global warming, ecosystems and human health. Understanding the biogeochemical cycle of methane and quantifying its sources and sinks from the global to the national scale is crucial to implement and evaluate the effectiveness of policies to mitigate methane emissions. Atmospheric inversion methods allow to estimate methane sources and sinks by combining information from observations of atmospheric methane mole fractions and a priori knowledge of its sources and sinks through chemistry-transport modeling. Furthermore, using the additional information provided by observations of methane isotopic signals (in 13C:12C and in D:H) can help to better differentiate between the multiple emission categories and reduce uncertainties in their estimates compared to assimilating methane mole fractions alone. The aim of this PhD was to investigate the evolution of the methane cycle over the last 20 years by integrating new functionalities to the CIF-LMDz-SACS inversion system used at LSCE. First, the LMDz-SACS chemistry-transport model was enriched to include the methane sink by chlorine which has a large influence on the isotopic fractionation of atmospheric methane. The influence of chlorine concentrations on methane mole fractions and its 13C:12C isotopic signal was rigorously quantified and found to be important for the representation of methane isotopic signals. Second, the CIF-LMDz-SACS inversion system was enhanced and the sensitivity of the system to some configuration parameters was analyzed. Finally, the new system was used to explain the increase in atmospheric methane mole fractions since 2007, after they stabilized between 1999 and 2006. Taking into account the large uncertainties in source isotopic signatures, our results suggest that this increase was caused by increases in emissions from 1) fossil fuels and 2) agriculture and waste. By contrast, if the source isotopic signatures are considered perfectly known, the distribution of total emissions among the different emission categories is radically changed and our results suggest this time that the increase in methane mole fractions after 2007 was caused by increases in emissions from 1) fossil fuels, 2) agriculture and waste and 3) wetlands. This work suggests that reducing uncertainties in source isotopic signatures and increasing the number of available isotopic observations would allow the isotopic constraint to express its full potential to better separate different sources of methane on a regional scale
Danjou, Alexandre. "Émissions de CO2 estimées par données satellitaires sur les villes à forte croissance démographique". Electronic Thesis or Diss., université Paris-Saclay, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022UPASJ029.
Texto completoCities are responsible for more than half of all greenhouse gas emissions. While many cities have committed to emission reduction trajectories, many lack the infrastructure to develop their emissions budgets. The measurement of CO2 plumes from cities by satellite imagery, coupled with atmospheric inversion methods, could allow quantifying direct CO2 emissions from cities, or at least detecting trends in their evolution.OCO-3, with its Snapshot Area Maps (SAMs) mode, is the first instrument to provide 2D (≈80km*80km) images of the total CO2 column at high resolution (≈2km*2km). In particular, these SAMs target atmospheric plumes of CO2 from cities and powerplants, with the goal of quantifying their emissions. Methods to estimate these emissions must be reliable and fast to process all available images (several thousands for OCO-3), whose number will increase with the CO2M and GeoCarb missions. The inversion methods by direct flux calculation (Integrated Mass Enhancement, Cross-Sectional and Source Pixel) or with a Gaussian plume model require little computation time. This thesis aims to evaluate the accuracy of these CO2 plume inversion methods and to study the favorable cases in terms of target and observation condition. This is done in a theoretical framework (atmospheric transport simulations) and by applying the methods to acquired SAMs.We quantify and analyze the different sources of error of these methods in detail using satellite pseudo-images of plumes, first over Paris and then over 31 cities in the world. The error of these methods is mainly due to errors in the estimation of the background concentration (XCO2 concentration that does not come from the city emissions) and in the estimation of the effective wind that carried the plume. We show, with a decision tree learning method, the sensitivity of the error on the emission estimate to the variability of the wind direction in the PBL and to the city's emission budget. The set of pseudo-images for which the emissions are large (>2.1ktCO2/h) and the wind direction variability low (<11°) gives a bias and a theoretical IQR lower than 10% and 60% of the emissions, when these are estimated with the optimal inversion configuration with a Gaussian plume.We finally apply our methods to the OCO-3 SAMs and show that the sensitivities of the theoretical error to the two selection parameters are reflected in the difference of the emission estimates from our methods and from a spatialized inventory (here ODIAC). More than half of the SAMs are not usable with our methods (too few points, low sampling downwind of the city,..). Our emission estimates are lower than those of the ODIAC inventory (≈-25% with the inversion using the Gaussian plume). One source of this underestimation is the error in the wind reanalysis product used. The IQR of the difference between the emissions estimated by our methods and by the inventory is also larger (150%) than the theoretical error. Two important reasons for this are the uncertainties in the inventory emissions and in the wind field reanalyses used. This work suggests that the estimation of urban CO2 emissions requires further methodological development to reduce, amongst other, the error in the estimation of background plume concentrations. However, the error in the wind fields remains a problem, regardless of the inversion method used. Suggestions are made to add a selection layer to the pseudo-images. In addition, more frequent images will be needed to hope to detect trends in city emissions on a multi-year scale
Robert, Colas. "Comprendre les changements d'utilisation des terres en France pour mieux estimer leurs impacts sur les émissions de gaz à effet de serre : De l'observation à la modélisation". Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016USPCC263/document.
Texto completoFrance is required to account for annual land-cover changes and induced carbon fluxes). This inventory is difficult to calcula te, for data source are complex and contradictory. Moreover, this sector is important as its role in combating climate change is emphasized. This thesis proposes improvements to several identified methodological issues: imperfect data sources, Jack of knowledge about other potential sources„ poorly evaluated uncertainties, validation of landscape dynamics consistency..Thus, the objective of this thesis is to analyse and assess current and potential data sources for computing land-cover change area matrixes, in order to enhance the robustness of the inventory. A scientific approach is conducted to assess the inventory, to understand what causes uncertainties in land cover products, to compile datasets and their metadata, to study the landscape dynamics, and to define a new methodological framework allowing better and more consistent estimates of land cover change rates at national scale.This work suggests that the finest spatial, thematical and temporal resolution levels lead to overestimation of false positives. Accuracy and consistency are preferable to precision and scale dependency must be considered. Finally, we propose an interoperability framework for data integration, via a modeling protocol linking land cover change estimation and spatial allocation
Lin, Xin. "Variabilité des concentrations atmosphériques de gaz à effet de serre et inversion des flux de méthane en Asie du Sud et de l’Est". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016SACLV076.
Texto completoSouth and East Asia (SEA) is the world’s largest anthropogenic greenhouse gas (GHG) emitting region during the recent decades, yet estimates of regional GHG budgets remain uncertain either from bottom-up or top-down approaches. The aim of the thesis is to improve understanding of GHG budgets in SEA through atmospheric measurements from surface stations and regional inverse modeling. The first part of the thesis presents measurements of CO2, CH4, N2O, SF6, CO, and H2 from regular flask sampling at Hanle, Pondicherry and Port Blair, three new Indian stations established in the framework of the Indo-French collaboration. Time series of tracer concentrations are analyzed and related to variations in natural/anthropogenic fluxes and monsoon circulations in the Indian sub-continent, showing potential of these stations to constrain estimates of regional GHG fluxes. The second part of the study involves simulation of CO2 and CH4 using a zoomed version of the global chemistry transport model LMDzINCA, with a horizontal resolution of ~50km over SEA. Model performance is evaluated against observations from 30 surface stations in SEA and adjacent regions. The zoomed transport model shows the ability to reasonably reproduce CO2 and CH4 variabilities at stations, and improves model performance for CH4 compared to the standard model version within the zoomed region. Lastly, the CH4 emissions in SEA are retrieved for the year 2010 using atmospheric surface stations and a Bayesian inversion system PYVAR-LMDz-SACS with the zoomed model grids. Different setups of prior information are used in inversions to account for uncertainties in bottom-up inventories of anthropogenic emissions. Significant reduction in emissions compared to the prior estimates is found for East Asia (by 14–20%), particularly in North China (by 20–35%). The inverted CH4 budgets are sensitive to prior anthropogenic emissions in East Asia, especially in North China where coal mine hotspots dominate the budgets yet their representation is highly uncertain among different inventories
Ben, Brahim Mohammed. "Effets de la nutrition phosphatée sur la croissance et le bilan de carbone des jeunes plants de pin maritime". Nancy 1, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996NAN10101.
Texto completoLin, Xin. "Variabilité des concentrations atmosphériques de gaz à effet de serre et inversion des flux de méthane en Asie du Sud et de l’Est". Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016SACLV076.
Texto completoSouth and East Asia (SEA) is the world’s largest anthropogenic greenhouse gas (GHG) emitting region during the recent decades, yet estimates of regional GHG budgets remain uncertain either from bottom-up or top-down approaches. The aim of the thesis is to improve understanding of GHG budgets in SEA through atmospheric measurements from surface stations and regional inverse modeling. The first part of the thesis presents measurements of CO2, CH4, N2O, SF6, CO, and H2 from regular flask sampling at Hanle, Pondicherry and Port Blair, three new Indian stations established in the framework of the Indo-French collaboration. Time series of tracer concentrations are analyzed and related to variations in natural/anthropogenic fluxes and monsoon circulations in the Indian sub-continent, showing potential of these stations to constrain estimates of regional GHG fluxes. The second part of the study involves simulation of CO2 and CH4 using a zoomed version of the global chemistry transport model LMDzINCA, with a horizontal resolution of ~50km over SEA. Model performance is evaluated against observations from 30 surface stations in SEA and adjacent regions. The zoomed transport model shows the ability to reasonably reproduce CO2 and CH4 variabilities at stations, and improves model performance for CH4 compared to the standard model version within the zoomed region. Lastly, the CH4 emissions in SEA are retrieved for the year 2010 using atmospheric surface stations and a Bayesian inversion system PYVAR-LMDz-SACS with the zoomed model grids. Different setups of prior information are used in inversions to account for uncertainties in bottom-up inventories of anthropogenic emissions. Significant reduction in emissions compared to the prior estimates is found for East Asia (by 14–20%), particularly in North China (by 20–35%). The inverted CH4 budgets are sensitive to prior anthropogenic emissions in East Asia, especially in North China where coal mine hotspots dominate the budgets yet their representation is highly uncertain among different inventories
Benoist, Anthony. "Eléments d'adaptation de la méthodologie d'analyse de cycle de vie aux carburants végétaux : cas de la première génération". Phd thesis, École Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Paris, 2009. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00005919.
Texto completoAmmoura, Lamia. "Vers une quantification des secteurs d’émission de CO2 de l’agglomération parisienne". Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015SACLV035/document.
Texto completoIn response to changing air quality and climate, there is a growing interest in quantifying emissions ofatmospheric pollutants and greenhouse gases from urban areas. Currently emission inventories provide the most detailed description of anthropogenic emissions. However, their estimates rely on the combination of activity proxies and emission factors for individual source sectors calibrated for benchmarck situations that may significantly differ from real conditions. Paris, the third largest megacity in Europe, can be considered in this context. We used methods based on in situ measurements in this region to characterise the urban signal and independently assess the latest estimates from the regional inventory. The methods we developed rely on the joint analysis of atmospheric tracers (CO, NOx, VOCs) which are co-emitted with CO2 during incomplete combustion processes in ratios that are characteristic of each emission sector. These ratios between co-emitted species are thus an appropriate tool to study the urban signal. During this PhD, we developed several methods to evaluate the ratios using measurements for a major CO2 emission source in Paris (road traffic) or for measurements acquired in the urban atmosphere. We revealed spatial and seasonal variabilities in these ratios and the main conclusions were not necessarily in complete accordance with the ones from inventories or previous studies. We also compared our results to the estimates provided by the latest regional inventory, which appears to overestimate them in most cases. Finally, we combined the results obtained with the multi-species analysis to the ones provided by isotopic analyses (which are often used as a reference to study anthropogenic emissions). According to the analyses of these measurements, CO2 emissions in Paris came mostly from combustion of fossil fuels (81 %) and the use of each fossil fuel is almost equally distributed. Finally, the satisfactory agreement found between the two approaches (multi-species and isotopic one) confirmed their relevancefor the analysis of mean urban signals
Deleuze, Christine. "Pour une dendrométrie fonctionnelle : essai sur l'intégration de connaissances écophysiologiques dans les modèles de production ligneuse". Lyon 1, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996LYO10090.
Texto completoWittig, Sophie. "Estimating methane sources and sinks in the Arctic using atmospheric data assimilation". Electronic Thesis or Diss., université Paris-Saclay, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023UPASJ002.
Texto completoThe Arctic is an especially critical region with regard to global climate change. With temperatures in high northern latitudes increasing around three times faster than the global average, changes in environmental characteristics such as declining sea ice extend or thawing permafrost soils are proceeding rapidly. As a consequence, positive climatic feedbacks are triggered in this region, whereby the Arctic warming is accelerated even further. One important impact is the high risk of increased methane (CH4) emissions. CH4 is a potent greenhouse gas whose global average concentration in the atmosphere has increased by about 160 % since pre-industrial times, a trend that is also reflected in the Arctic. Currently, various CH4 sources, both natural and anthropogenic, are contributing to CH4 emissions from the Arctic region. Anthropogenic emissions are predominantly caused by the extraction and distribution of fossil fuels by the Arctic nations. The dominant natural source of CH4 are high northern latitude wetlands; however, other freshwater systems, wildfire events, geological fluxes and oceanic emissions of different origins also contribute to the Arctic CH4 budget. Furthermore, the thawing and destabilization of terrestrial and sub-sea permafrost will potentially increase CH4 emissions in the near future, for instance by the exposure of degradable soil organic matter. However, assessing the amount of CH4 emissions in the Arctic and their contribution to the global budget still remains challenging. This is on the one hand due to the difficulties in carrying out accurate measurements in such remote areas. Besides, high variations in the spatial distribution of methane sources and a poor understanding of the effects of ongoing changes in carbon decomposition, vegetation and hydrology also complicate the assessment. Therefore, the aim of this work is to reduce uncertainties on current bottom-up estimates of CH4 emissions as well as soil oxidation by implementing an inverse modeling approach in order to better quantify CH4 sources and sinks for the most recent years (2008 to 2019). More precisely, the objective is to detect occurring trends in the CH4 emissions and potential changes in seasonal emission patterns as well as to analyze the capability of the current stationary observation network in the Arctic to constrain the different CH4 sectors and to detect possible future trends caused by a potential “methane bomb”. The implementation of the inversion included hereby footprint simulations obtained with the atmospheric transport model FLEXPART, various emission estimates from inventories and land surface models as well as data of atmospheric CH4 concentrations from 42 surface observation sites in the Arctic nations. The results of the inversion showed that the majority of the CH4 sources currently present in high northern latitudes are poorly constrained by the existing observation network. Therefore, conclusions on trends and changes in the seasonal cycle could not be obtained for the corresponding CH4 sectors. Only CH4 fluxes from wetlands are adequately constrained, predominantly in North America. Within the period under study, wetland emissions show a slight negative trend in North America and a slight positive trend in East Eurasia. Overall, the estimated CH4 emissions are lower compared to the bottom-up estimates but higher than similar results from global inversions. The insufficient constraint by the observation network is also shown by a hypothetical scenario simulating future increases in CH4 emissions. Thereby, the applied trends are not only incorrectly detected in the regions they are assigned to, but elevated CH4 emissions are also attributed to areas where no trend is given by the scenario. A hypothetical expanded observation network of stationary sites show hereby only minor improvements
Veloso, Amanda Gabriela Maia. "Modélisation spatialisée de la production, des flux et des bilans de carbone et d'eau des cultures de blé à l'aide de données de télédétection : application au sud-ouest de la France". Toulouse 3, 2014. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/2695/.
Texto completoThe agricultural lands that occupy more than one third of Earth's terrestrial surface contribute to climate change and are also impacted by those changes, since their production is conditioned by climatic conditions and water resources. The main objective of this thesis is therefore to quantify and analyze the production and also the main components of the carbon and water biogeochemical cycles for crop ecosystems in contrasted climatic years, focusing specifically on the winter wheat crop, in order to identify the best strategies for maintaining crop production and reducing environmental impacts. The study area is located in southwest France. We propose a regional modeling approach that combines: i) high spatial and temporal resolutions optical remote sensing data, ii) simple crop models and iii) an extensive set of in-situ measurements for models' calibration and validation. The combined use of these three 'tools' opens new perspectives for advanced agro-ecosystems modeling and monitoring at regional or global scales
Kyulavski, Vladislav Dimitrov. "Greenhouse gas emissions and soil carbon stocks associated with crop residues and organic fertilizers mixtures in sugar cane cropping systems". Thesis, La Réunion, 2019. https://elgebar.univ-reunion.fr/login?url=http://thesesenligne.univ.run/19_27_VDKyulav.pdf.
Texto completoIn the current environmental context, it is crucial to optimize the use of resources to reduce waste and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Renewable resources use and recycling lies at the heart of the circular economy model, in which a waste is a mobilizable, transformable, reusable and therefore renewable resource. In agriculture, the “virtuous circle” of circular economy can be achieved through the recycling of organic wastes as fertilizer and the adoption of an agroecological approach that favors ecosystem services for pest control, soil protection and carbon stocks increase, one of the examples of which is mulching. In sugarcane cropping systems straw left on the soil surface is also increasingly coveted by industrial sector to produce second-generation agrofuels. The emerging competition for biomass use and the underlying environmental issues make it necessary to assess both, the agronomic and the environmental advantages and disadvantages of joint recycling of sugarcane mulch and organic fertilizers. Therefore, the objectives of this work are i) to compare the effect of fertilizers of contrasting physicochemical quality, on the decomposition of a sugarcane mulch, and ii) to evaluate the potential of GHG emissions from mulch-fertilizer mixtures, according to the quantity of straw left and the quality of the fertilizers applied. The research strategy adopted in a first step aimed to detect carbon/nitrogen interactions during the combined recycling of straw and organic fertilizers. We have thus tested the predictability of the mineralization dynamics of C and N of the organic materials alone, or in mixture (straw/fertilizer) in the laboratory, by a simple additive model, and a mechanistic model of carbon and nitrogen transformation in the soil - CANTIS. Our results showed that both models overestimated the C mineralization and did not correctly predict the N mineralization of the mixtures. This antagonistic interaction for the mixtures was corrected by the application of a contact factor in CANTIS, which reflects the bioavailability decrease of C and N, due to distribution heterogeneities at a fine scale within the soil. In a second step, we conducted field trials (under real conditions) to measure both the decomposition of sugarcane straw mixed with organic fertilizers and GHG emissions. The amount of straw decomposed was proportional to the initial amount left and was affected neither by the amount of straw nor the type of fertilizer provided. This proportionality is transposable to the potential for carbon sequestration in the soil and should be considered when setting up carbon sequestration or when exporting the straw for alternative use. The type of fertilizer plays a key role in GHG emissions in the short term after fertilization. The highest average CO2 and N2O emission fluxes were obtained by applying pig slurry, which has a high water content and is rich in mineral N. Conversely, the kinetics of GHG emissions from solid fertilizers have been governed by environmental factors, some of which could be controlled, such as water intake or fertilizer quantity application. The use of organic fertilizers is beneficial when they are rich in organic N and poor in water content, such as dry sewage sludge, but the mineralization of nitrogen in this case is gradual and requires elaboration of a specific application strategies to meet crop needs. A better integration of the interactions between the different N and C sources should be considered, in order to develop modeling as a precise tool for the management of an agroecosystem
Verbeke, Thomas. "Développement et quantification des impacts de l’ozone sur la biosphère continentale dans un modèle global de végétation". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Versailles-St Quentin en Yvelines, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015VERS026V.
Texto completoOzone (O3) is a gas recognized as a major atmospheric pollutant of the 21st century, due to its strong oxidant properties. As a secondary pollutant, O3 is produced by photochemical reactions between both anthropogenic and biogenic precursors. Numerous experimental studies have highlighted the phytotoxic effects of O3, which severely impairs photosynthesis, reduces crop yields and forest growth. Numerical models are used in order to quantify the impact of O3 at global scale. In this thesis, the major work was to develop a new parameterization based on the dose/response concept and to integrate it in the global vegetation model ORCHIDEE. We used a semi-mechanist approach to represent the effects of oxidative stress induced by O3 on photosynthesis. Parameters were obtained by comparing modelled and observed physiological variables related to free-air and open-top chamber fumigation experiments, carried out during the growing period for different plant species corresponding to several plant functional types in the model. Sensitivity tests were conducted to evaluate the influence of O3 and its interactive effects with CO2 and water-stress on the ecophysiological processes in ORCHIDEE. We reproduced the curvilinear response observed on photosynthesis at the leaf level during a growing season, and the elevation of CO2 concentration partially mitigates the O3 effect. The induced simulated stomatal closure slows down the impact on photosynthesis coupled to conductance by reducing the entering O3 fluxes. It also decreases transpiration and increases soil water content, which protects vegetation from higher water-stress. However, observed changes in autotrophic respiration are not simulated and the impact on foliar surface is underestimated. In order to evaluate the performance of our model, we compared the simulated impact on annual net primary productivity (NPP) with the empirical linear dose/response relationships recommended by UNECE to assess the risk for different types of ecosystems. Moreover, at global scale, we found results similar to those from another land surface model using a different impact relationship. Finally, we estimated that current O3 concentrations cause locally a decrease in total annual net productivity up to 11.7% on average in the north-west of USA, and could decrease the soil carbon content by 10.9% in this region and by 42.5% in Indonesia, if current O3 pollution remains the same for 50 years. This work confirms that impact of O3 on vegetation is non-negligible in the model ORCHIDEE, and must be considered in global carbon budget modelling
Brotons, Jefferson. "Le plan climat-air-énergie de la Métropole Aix-Marseille-Provence : une analyse juridique". Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AIXM0456/document.
Texto completoThrough the analysis of the legal components of the climate action at an intercommunal scale, the question is whether the legal framework built in order to reach the objectives of GHG emissions mitigation and climate change adaptation appears suitable in terms of efficacy and implementation. We explore the establishment of the climate planning document of Aix-Marseille-Provence Metropolis, an institution affected by numerous structural changes in link with territorial reforms
Ammoura, Lamia. "Vers une quantification des secteurs d’émission de CO2 de l’agglomération parisienne". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015SACLV035.
Texto completoIn response to changing air quality and climate, there is a growing interest in quantifying emissions ofatmospheric pollutants and greenhouse gases from urban areas. Currently emission inventories provide the most detailed description of anthropogenic emissions. However, their estimates rely on the combination of activity proxies and emission factors for individual source sectors calibrated for benchmarck situations that may significantly differ from real conditions. Paris, the third largest megacity in Europe, can be considered in this context. We used methods based on in situ measurements in this region to characterise the urban signal and independently assess the latest estimates from the regional inventory. The methods we developed rely on the joint analysis of atmospheric tracers (CO, NOx, VOCs) which are co-emitted with CO2 during incomplete combustion processes in ratios that are characteristic of each emission sector. These ratios between co-emitted species are thus an appropriate tool to study the urban signal. During this PhD, we developed several methods to evaluate the ratios using measurements for a major CO2 emission source in Paris (road traffic) or for measurements acquired in the urban atmosphere. We revealed spatial and seasonal variabilities in these ratios and the main conclusions were not necessarily in complete accordance with the ones from inventories or previous studies. We also compared our results to the estimates provided by the latest regional inventory, which appears to overestimate them in most cases. Finally, we combined the results obtained with the multi-species analysis to the ones provided by isotopic analyses (which are often used as a reference to study anthropogenic emissions). According to the analyses of these measurements, CO2 emissions in Paris came mostly from combustion of fossil fuels (81 %) and the use of each fossil fuel is almost equally distributed. Finally, the satisfactory agreement found between the two approaches (multi-species and isotopic one) confirmed their relevancefor the analysis of mean urban signals
Liu, Yunsong. "Characterizing methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions through mobile platforms from local to national scale". Electronic Thesis or Diss., université Paris-Saclay, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022UPASJ021.
Texto completoMethane and carbon dioxide are the most abundant human-induced greenhouse gases (GHG) in the atmosphere. Their increasing atmospheric concentration is the main driver of climate change. Therefore, it is critical to monitor the evolution of their sources and sinks. Accurate characterization and quantification of their territorial emissions from different sectors are required in order to determine and manage efficient mitigation actions and policies. The main goal of this Ph.D. is to improve the characterization of CH4 and CO2 sectoral emissions from local to national scale through the development of mobile observation strategies including platforms such as car, drone and aircraft.This study consists of three parts. The first part aims at verifying a national CH4 inventory with a replicable method. I focus on surveying and quantifying significant methane emitters that represent 28% of national (Cyprus) methane emissions. These are essentially landfills and cattle farm areas. The approach is based on car-based mobile measurements and Gaussian plume dispersion modelling. The calculated methane emissions from landfills and enteric fermentation of cattle were about 160% and 40% larger, respectively, than the bottom-up sectoral estimates used in the national inventory. These mobile surveys show that an ensemble of in situ measurements targeting representative methane emission hotspots with consistent temporal and spatial coverage can largely improve national bottom-up emission inventories.The second part focuses on methods to quantify CH4 emissions for the oil and gas industry. It compares ten state-of-the-art commercial methane quantification systems through a series of controlled release experiments at an inert compressor station. The controlled releases covered a range of situations including various leak rates and wind conditions. The results indicated that ‘source-level' systems (close to single leak) generally underestimate emissions, while ‘site-level' systems (integrating emissions for the site) relying on atmospheric dispersion slightly overestimate emission rates. The analysis of this part highlights that unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) have the potential to bridge the gap between ground-based and airborne observations but are strongly wind sensitive.The last part focused on the development of UAV GHG measurements. I have developed and validated a novel portable UAV-CO2 sensor system that is lightweight but remains sufficiently precise. Through a careful sensor characterization, correction and calibration procedure, we reach an in-flight precision of ± 2 ppm (1σ) at 1 Hz and ± 1 ppm (1σ) at 1 min. This system is relatively inexpensive and easy to reproduce, and has the potential to perform a wide range of field applications, such as urban and point source emissions monitoring.In short, this Ph.D. makes a step forward for future reconciliation of GHG emission estimates based on various observation systems and different approaches, and seeks methods that are easily duplicated and applicable to other regions and emission sectors. While mobile approaches presented here clearly represent important monitoring options, significant challenges remain in current capacity to estimate routinely anthropogenic GHG emission trajectories with sufficient precision and at large scale
Cochran, Ian Thomas. "The local-level management of climate change : the case of urban passenger transportation in France". Paris 9, 2012. http://basepub.dauphine.fr/xmlui/handle/123456789/9783.
Texto completoThe reduction of GHG emissions is one of the largest and most pressing collective-action problems facing humanity. Addressing this transversal, trans-boundary policy challenge requires action at multiple scales of governance: from behavioral changes by individuals to modifications of local, national and international regulatory frameworks and decision-making processes. Taking an interdisciplinary approach, this project draws on theories on collective action, institutional economics, multilevel governance, and indicators in decision making to analyze what appears to be an increasingly polycentric governance approach to achieving cross-scale action on GHG mitigation. This dissertation addresses the over-arching question of what governance changes are needed to deliver lasting GHG emissions reductions in the urban passenger transport sector in France? Achieving greenhouse gas mitigation is dependent not only on the ability of actors to coordinate action, but also on the information tools needed to integrate these issues into decision-making at multiple levels of government and across policy priorities. Thus, GHG mitigation must be linked as an often-complementary issue with existing policy priorities. The analyses and findings resulting from this dissertation have a number of contributions to make both to the theoretical literature as well as to general policy practice and the specific decision-making process in France in terms of transport, urban planning and climate governance
Breka, Jean Noël Ouraga. "Mise en place d'une logistique verte : (Technique d'optimisation de l'émission du CO2 d'une plate-forme distributeur vers les sites du client : une application au secteur agroalimentaire français)". Paris 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA010027.
Texto completoEl, yazidi Abdelhadi. "Estimation des flux de CO2 et de CH4 en France en utilisant les concentrations atmosphériques du réseau ICOS et les techniques d'assimilation de données". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SACLV067.
Texto completoSince the industrial revolution, the economic and the demographic growths have increased exponentially,leading to an enhancement of the fossil fuels combustion, such as coal, oil, and natural gas. Consumingthese source of energy amplifies the greenhouse gas emissions, mainly carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane(CH4), whose accumulation in the atmosphere lead to the increase of the greenhouse effect. According tothe 5th assessment report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), it is extremely likely(95-100% of certainty) that the observed increase in the greenhouse effect is related to the increase of theanthropogenic emissions. However, the estimations of the GHG budget at the regional and the nationalscales remains highly uncertain. The aim of this thesis is to improve the estimation of the CO2 and CH4fluxes in France, using data assimilation techniques and atmospheric measurements provided by theIntegrated Carbon Observation System (ICOS) network.The first phase focuses on analyzing the measured CO2, CH4, and CO (Carbon monoxide) atmosphericconcentrations provided by surface monitoring stations. This study is concerned with the problem ofidentifying atmospheric data influenced by local emissions that can result in spikes in the GHG time series.Three methods are implemented on continuous measurements of four contrasted atmospheric sites. The aimof this analysis is to evaluate the performance of the used methods for the correctly detect the contaminateddata. This work allows us to select the most reliable method that was proposed to perform daily spikedetection in the ICOS Atmospheric Thematic Centre Quality Control (ATC-QC) software.Secondly, we simulate the atmospheric concentrations of CO2 and CH4 using the chemistry transport modelCHIMERE in a domain centered over France for the year 2014. The objective of this study is to evaluate thesensitivity of simulated concentrations using different input data (sensitivity to the meteorological transportand sensitivity to the surface fluxes). This work led to the quantification of both the transport and surfacefluxes errors based on the combination of different simulations. Thus, the most reliable combination of thebest input data was selected for the flux inversion study.Lastly, the measured CO2 and CH4 concentrations are used by the PYMAI inversion system (Berchet et al.,2013 and 2015) in order to estimate the CO2 and CH4 fluxes in France. The Inversion is performed for onemonth in winter (January) and one month in summer (July), using the transport model CHIMERE. Theinversion results have provided very interesting results for the regional estimation of the CO2 and CH4surface fluxes in France with an uncertainty reduction that may attain 35% of the national totals
Goret, Marine. "Etude des interactions entre le climat urbain et le CO2 : modélisation des flux de CO2 et application à l'échelle d'une ville". Thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019INPT0119.
Texto completoClimate and CO2 are closely tied. The link between them is so well established that the objectives for global warming mitigation are expressed in terms of the maximum amount of CO2 equivalent that can be emitted. The amount of CO2 present in the atmosphere at a given time is the result of complex exchanges and equilibriums between the atmosphere and the earth's surface. The latter is composed not only of oceans, vegetation and natural soils, but also cities. Exchanges between the atmosphere and urban surfaces come mainly from four contributors: building emissions, road traffic, human respiration and urban vegetation. Two of these contributors depend on climate: buildings and vegetation. Buildings emissions, at least at high and medium latitudes, are strongly related to space heating, and therefore fluctuate with the outside temperature. As for the vegetation, its growth and open-up speed depends on the weather and climate conditions and more particularly on temperature, precipitation and solar radiation. The CO2 emitted by the city is then transported through the atmosphere by the local atmospheric circulation which is the result of the synoptic situation modified by the city's influence. Therefore there are strong interactions between climate and CO2 at the city scale: the city's carbon footprint depends on the local climate, and the transport of CO2 through the atmosphere is influenced by the atmospheric circulation induced by the city. The aim of this thesis is to study these interactions. That's why, the modeling of CO2 exchanges between urban surfaces and the atmosphere has been added to the urban micro-climate model TEB. This allows to verify that the physical processes that link CO2 emissions/uptakes in the city and the urban climate are well identified and understood. The model is evaluated on two case studies each of which specifically assessed one of the contributors to city/atmosphere CO2 exchanges that is weather-sensitive: the buildings on the Toulouse site (France), and the vegetation on the Kumpula site (Finland). These two sites demonstrate the model's ability to reproduce CO2 exchanges between urban surfaces and the atmosphere as well as their daily and seasonal cycles. The Toulouse site underlines the importance of a detailed knowledge of the inhabitants' energy behaviour in order to simulate the CO2 emissions of buildings. Kumpula site demonstrates the ability of the ISBA model, designed to describe the interactions between non-urban vegetation and the atmosphere, to describe the CO2 exchanges between urban vegetation and the atmosphere. The model, thus validated, is used to carry our simulations of CO2 emissions from buildings on the scale of the entire urban agglomeration of Toulouse. These simulations once again highlighted the necessity of a good knowledge of the inhabitant's energy behaviors: on our case study (four days in winter), the 2°C reduction of the nigth-time space heating setpoint temperature reduces CO2 emissions by 33%. During these simulations, the transport of CO2 emitted by the city through the atmosphere is also monitored. This shows that, despite a calm wind situation, the CO2 plume created by the city dissipates rapidly (less than a day), limiting the increase in CO2 concentration over the city. Simulations on other cities are neeeded to determine if this result can be generalized. During this thesis, we studied climate/CO2 interactions at the city scale. In the future, it would be interesting to carry out simulations in future climate or in coupled mode with climate models in order to study the feedback between local and global climate/CO2 links
Wang, Yilong. "The potential of observations of radiocarbon in atmospheric CO2 for the atmospheric inversion of fossil fuel CO2 emission at regional scale". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016SACLV113.
Texto completoClimate change has prompted nations, provinces, and cities to take actions to reduce anthropogenic sources of CO2 and other greenhouse gases. Accurate and consistent quantification of the emissions is required for both scientists and policymakers. Inventories of the CO2 emissions due to fossil fuel combustion are based on statistical data collected and reported by the emitters themselves and their quality is highly variable between countries. In principle, atmospheric measurements and inverse modeling could provide independent information to verify and evaluate these emissions. However, there are difficulties to separate the fossil fuel CO2 signal (FFCO2) from the signal of natural CO2 fluxes, in the atmospheric CO2 measurements from ground based continental networks. In this thesis, I aimed to improve the understanding of the potential of atmospheric 14CO2 measurements, one of the few tracers helping to separate FFCO2 from the signal of other CO2 sources, for the objective estimate of the fossil fuel emissions at national or provincial scales based on atmospheric inversion.I developed global inversion systems based on the global coarse-resolution (2.5°×3.75°) LMDZ atmospheric transport model, and on continental networks of atmospheric observations of CO2 and 14CO2, solving for the fossil fuel emissions at sub-continental / monthly scales in Europe and in China.In Chapter 2, I defined and quantified critical sources of modeling errors and their impact on the inversion of large-scale budget of the fossil fuel emissions when using a global inversion system and assuming FFCO2 data can be directly derived from 14CO2 measurements. The analysis highlighted the impact of ignoring the spatial distribution of the emissions and FFCO2 at a resolution higher than that of the transport model.In Chapter 3, I applied inversions with the system, assumptions and diagnostics of the modeling error from Chapter 2 in a series of Observing System Simulation Experiments to evaluate the skill of such an inversion system and of different virtual observation networks for estimating regional budgets of fossil fuel emissions in Europe. Results indicate that if assimilating continuous 2-week mean FFCO2 data from 17 existing 14CO2 European sites, the inversion would reduce the uncertainties in monthly fossil fuel emissions of western Germany by 30% compared to the assumed uncertainty in the inventories used as a prior knowledge in the Bayesian framework of the inversion. Using a larger network of 43 European sites that may be available in the future, up to 47% uncertainty reduction could be achieved for annual budgets of fossil fuel emissions for regions where the network would be the densest.In Chapter 4, I implemented a global isotopic inversion system that jointly assimilates atmospheric observations of CO2 and 14CO2 to simultaneously solve for fossil fuel emissions and natural CO2 fluxes over Europe and China. The purpose is to move beyond the assumption that variations in 14CO2 relate only to FFCO2 by accounting for non-fossil 14CO2 fluxes. The results confirm that 14CO2 data are useful to separate FFCO2 from the signal of natural fluxes at sites close to large emission regions, making 2-week mean 14CO2 data more efficient than daily CO2 data for estimating the emissions
Masse, Antoine. "Développement et automatisation de méthodes de classification à partir de séries temporelles d'images de télédétection : application aux changements d'occupation des sols et à l'estimation du bilan carbone". Phd thesis, Toulouse 3, 2013. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/2106/.
Texto completoAs acquisition technology progresses, remote sensing data contains an ever increasing amount of information. Future projects in remote sensing like Copernicus will give a high temporal repeatability of acquisitions and will cover large geographical areas. As part of the Copernicus project, Sentinel-2 combines a large swath, frequent revisit (5 days), and systematic acquisition of all land surfaces at high-spatial resolution and with a large number of spectral bands. The context of my research activities has involved the automation and improvement of classification processes for land use and land cover mapping in application with new satellite characteristics. This research has been focused on four main axes: selection of the input data for the classification processes, improvement of classification systems with introduction of ancillary data, fusion of multi-sensors, multi-temporal and multi-spectral classification image results and classification without ground truth data. These new methodologies have been validated on a wide range of images available: various sensors (optical: Landsat 5/7, Worldview-2, Formosat-2, Spot 2/4/5, Pleiades; and radar: Radarsat, Terrasar-X), various spatial resolutions (30 meters to 0. 5 meters), various time repeatability (up to 46 images per year) and various geographical areas (agricultural area in Toulouse, France, Pyrenean mountains and arid areas in Morocco and Algeria). These methodologies are applicable to a wide range of thematic applications like Land Cover mapping, carbon flux estimation and greenbelt mapping
Verbeke, Thomas. "Développement et quantification des impacts de l’ozone sur la biosphère continentale dans un modèle global de végétation". Thesis, Versailles-St Quentin en Yvelines, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015VERS026V.
Texto completoOzone (O3) is a gas recognized as a major atmospheric pollutant of the 21st century, due to its strong oxidant properties. As a secondary pollutant, O3 is produced by photochemical reactions between both anthropogenic and biogenic precursors. Numerous experimental studies have highlighted the phytotoxic effects of O3, which severely impairs photosynthesis, reduces crop yields and forest growth. Numerical models are used in order to quantify the impact of O3 at global scale. In this thesis, the major work was to develop a new parameterization based on the dose/response concept and to integrate it in the global vegetation model ORCHIDEE. We used a semi-mechanist approach to represent the effects of oxidative stress induced by O3 on photosynthesis. Parameters were obtained by comparing modelled and observed physiological variables related to free-air and open-top chamber fumigation experiments, carried out during the growing period for different plant species corresponding to several plant functional types in the model. Sensitivity tests were conducted to evaluate the influence of O3 and its interactive effects with CO2 and water-stress on the ecophysiological processes in ORCHIDEE. We reproduced the curvilinear response observed on photosynthesis at the leaf level during a growing season, and the elevation of CO2 concentration partially mitigates the O3 effect. The induced simulated stomatal closure slows down the impact on photosynthesis coupled to conductance by reducing the entering O3 fluxes. It also decreases transpiration and increases soil water content, which protects vegetation from higher water-stress. However, observed changes in autotrophic respiration are not simulated and the impact on foliar surface is underestimated. In order to evaluate the performance of our model, we compared the simulated impact on annual net primary productivity (NPP) with the empirical linear dose/response relationships recommended by UNECE to assess the risk for different types of ecosystems. Moreover, at global scale, we found results similar to those from another land surface model using a different impact relationship. Finally, we estimated that current O3 concentrations cause locally a decrease in total annual net productivity up to 11.7% on average in the north-west of USA, and could decrease the soil carbon content by 10.9% in this region and by 42.5% in Indonesia, if current O3 pollution remains the same for 50 years. This work confirms that impact of O3 on vegetation is non-negligible in the model ORCHIDEE, and must be considered in global carbon budget modelling
Marie, Guillaume. "Modélisation du bilan carboné et hydrique d’une forêt méditerranéenne à structure complexe : de l'année au siècle". Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014AIXM4336.
Texto completoThe carbon balance of forest ecosystems involves many complex processes. At larger scales, ecological processes can not be modelled in a simplified way, but these have not been clearly identified. Furthermore, the development of mixed forest is increasingly promoted and this type of stand has additional degrees of complexity. On the one hand, complex canopy structure is likely to influence carbon fluxes, and other coexisting species may respond differently to climate change. Font-Blanche forest is an original case study that has not been studied in modelling because of its heterogeneity. In add, climate models predict significant reductions in rainfall during the 21st century for the Mediterranean region; But the century time scale maybe very demanding in computation time if ones want to taking into account the canopy structure. Then in this thesis we are modified a 3D mechanistic forest ecosystem model (noTG) to extend its temporal scale from year to century, thanks to meta-modelling technique. The meta-modelling gives good results and we used the meta-modeled version of noTG (notgmeta) to predict carbon and water balance of Font-blanche forest between 2008-2100 according to differents climate change scenario. According to model simplification, we find that photosynthesis, soil respiration and plant respiration are stimulated until 2100 with a decrease of this stimulation at the end of the simulation. We find that spatial representation of canopy and feedback effect of the water balance plays an important role and can not be simplified in the long-term simulation since the dynamics of species represents the largest source of carbon balance variations
Le, Breton Morgane. "Performativité de la comptabilité carbone : de la construction des règles aux dispositifs de management du carbone". Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PSLEM055/document.
Texto completoSince sustainable development has spread, management tools have been developed in companies in order to tackle this problem. For climate change, the goal is to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. To do that, carbon markets, carbon taxation and limits of emissions are traditional policy tools. Less known, carbon accounting has been developed in order to assess greenhouse gas emissions, make it visible and therefore to make it possible to reduce them. However carbon accounting’s effects remain mostly unknown. In this thesis, I address collective action problem around this tool in a managerial perspective. Therefore I tackle carbon accounting's performativity by analyzing hidden model which is embedded in it and by studying its managerial effects. My methodology rests upon a qualitative research by using case studies specifically. I explain first that there are different logics behind the common term “carbon accounting”: an engineering and a financial one. Managerial effects are also varied: a strategy oriented toward the emission reduction is sometimes settled but mostly other effects are created (claim for more and more transparency, etc.). Finally I propose theoretical contributions (performativity), empirical ones (ADEME and companies’ reflections) and methodological ones (performativity analysis through managerial tools)
El, yazidi Abdelhadi. "Estimation des flux de CO2 et de CH4 en France en utilisant les concentrations atmosphériques du réseau ICOS et les techniques d'assimilation de données". Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SACLV067/document.
Texto completoSince the industrial revolution, the economic and the demographic growths have increased exponentially,leading to an enhancement of the fossil fuels combustion, such as coal, oil, and natural gas. Consumingthese source of energy amplifies the greenhouse gas emissions, mainly carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane(CH4), whose accumulation in the atmosphere lead to the increase of the greenhouse effect. According tothe 5th assessment report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), it is extremely likely(95-100% of certainty) that the observed increase in the greenhouse effect is related to the increase of theanthropogenic emissions. However, the estimations of the GHG budget at the regional and the nationalscales remains highly uncertain. The aim of this thesis is to improve the estimation of the CO2 and CH4fluxes in France, using data assimilation techniques and atmospheric measurements provided by theIntegrated Carbon Observation System (ICOS) network.The first phase focuses on analyzing the measured CO2, CH4, and CO (Carbon monoxide) atmosphericconcentrations provided by surface monitoring stations. This study is concerned with the problem ofidentifying atmospheric data influenced by local emissions that can result in spikes in the GHG time series.Three methods are implemented on continuous measurements of four contrasted atmospheric sites. The aimof this analysis is to evaluate the performance of the used methods for the correctly detect the contaminateddata. This work allows us to select the most reliable method that was proposed to perform daily spikedetection in the ICOS Atmospheric Thematic Centre Quality Control (ATC-QC) software.Secondly, we simulate the atmospheric concentrations of CO2 and CH4 using the chemistry transport modelCHIMERE in a domain centered over France for the year 2014. The objective of this study is to evaluate thesensitivity of simulated concentrations using different input data (sensitivity to the meteorological transportand sensitivity to the surface fluxes). This work led to the quantification of both the transport and surfacefluxes errors based on the combination of different simulations. Thus, the most reliable combination of thebest input data was selected for the flux inversion study.Lastly, the measured CO2 and CH4 concentrations are used by the PYMAI inversion system (Berchet et al.,2013 and 2015) in order to estimate the CO2 and CH4 fluxes in France. The Inversion is performed for onemonth in winter (January) and one month in summer (July), using the transport model CHIMERE. Theinversion results have provided very interesting results for the regional estimation of the CO2 and CH4surface fluxes in France with an uncertainty reduction that may attain 35% of the national totals
Masse, Antoine. "Développement et automatisation de méthodes de classification à partir de séries temporelles d'images de télédétection - Application aux changements d'occupation des sols et à l'estimation du bilan carbone". Phd thesis, Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse III, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00921853.
Texto completoWang, Yilong. "The potential of observations of radiocarbon in atmospheric CO2 for the atmospheric inversion of fossil fuel CO2 emission at regional scale". Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016SACLV113/document.
Texto completoClimate change has prompted nations, provinces, and cities to take actions to reduce anthropogenic sources of CO2 and other greenhouse gases. Accurate and consistent quantification of the emissions is required for both scientists and policymakers. Inventories of the CO2 emissions due to fossil fuel combustion are based on statistical data collected and reported by the emitters themselves and their quality is highly variable between countries. In principle, atmospheric measurements and inverse modeling could provide independent information to verify and evaluate these emissions. However, there are difficulties to separate the fossil fuel CO2 signal (FFCO2) from the signal of natural CO2 fluxes, in the atmospheric CO2 measurements from ground based continental networks. In this thesis, I aimed to improve the understanding of the potential of atmospheric 14CO2 measurements, one of the few tracers helping to separate FFCO2 from the signal of other CO2 sources, for the objective estimate of the fossil fuel emissions at national or provincial scales based on atmospheric inversion.I developed global inversion systems based on the global coarse-resolution (2.5°×3.75°) LMDZ atmospheric transport model, and on continental networks of atmospheric observations of CO2 and 14CO2, solving for the fossil fuel emissions at sub-continental / monthly scales in Europe and in China.In Chapter 2, I defined and quantified critical sources of modeling errors and their impact on the inversion of large-scale budget of the fossil fuel emissions when using a global inversion system and assuming FFCO2 data can be directly derived from 14CO2 measurements. The analysis highlighted the impact of ignoring the spatial distribution of the emissions and FFCO2 at a resolution higher than that of the transport model.In Chapter 3, I applied inversions with the system, assumptions and diagnostics of the modeling error from Chapter 2 in a series of Observing System Simulation Experiments to evaluate the skill of such an inversion system and of different virtual observation networks for estimating regional budgets of fossil fuel emissions in Europe. Results indicate that if assimilating continuous 2-week mean FFCO2 data from 17 existing 14CO2 European sites, the inversion would reduce the uncertainties in monthly fossil fuel emissions of western Germany by 30% compared to the assumed uncertainty in the inventories used as a prior knowledge in the Bayesian framework of the inversion. Using a larger network of 43 European sites that may be available in the future, up to 47% uncertainty reduction could be achieved for annual budgets of fossil fuel emissions for regions where the network would be the densest.In Chapter 4, I implemented a global isotopic inversion system that jointly assimilates atmospheric observations of CO2 and 14CO2 to simultaneously solve for fossil fuel emissions and natural CO2 fluxes over Europe and China. The purpose is to move beyond the assumption that variations in 14CO2 relate only to FFCO2 by accounting for non-fossil 14CO2 fluxes. The results confirm that 14CO2 data are useful to separate FFCO2 from the signal of natural fluxes at sites close to large emission regions, making 2-week mean 14CO2 data more efficient than daily CO2 data for estimating the emissions
Qiu, Chunjing. "Modélisation de la dynamique du carbone et des surfaces dans les tourbières du nord". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SACLV022.
Texto completoNorthern peatlands play an important role in the global carbon (C) cycle as a long-term CO2 sink and the one of the largest natural methane (CH4) sources. Meanwhile, these substantial carbon stores will be exposed in the future to large warming and wetter conditions that characterize climate change in the high latitudes and, because of the large amount of C stored in northern peatlands, their fate is of concern. In this thesis, I integrated a representation of peatlands water and carbon cycling into the ORCHIDEE-MICT land surface model (LSM), with the aim to improve the understanding of peatland C and area dynamics since the Holocene, to explore effects of projected climate change to northern peatlands, and to quantify the role of northern peatlands in the global C cycle.Firstly (Chapter 2), I implemented peatland as an independent sub-grid hydrological soil unit (HSU) which receives runoff from surrounding non-peatland HSUs in each grid cell and has no bottom drainage, following the concept of Largeron et al. (2018). To model vertical water fluxes of peatland and non-peatland soils, I represented peat-specific hydrological parameters for the peatland HSU while in other HSUs the hydrological parameters are determined by the dominant soil texture of the grid cell. I chose a diplotelmic model to simulate peat C decomposition and accumulation. This two-layered model includes an upper layer (acrotelm) that is variably inundated and a lower layer (catotelm) that is permanently inundated. This model showed good performance in simulating peatland hydrology, C and energy fluxes at 30 northern peatland sites on daily to annual time scales. But the over simplification of the C dynamics may limit its capacity to predict northern peatland response to future climate change.Secondly (Chapter 3), I replaced the diplotelmic peat carbon model with a multi-layered model to account for vertical heterogeneities in temperature and moisture along the peat profile. I then adapted the cost-efficient version of TOPMODEL and peatland establishment criteria from Stocker et al. (2014) to simulate the dynamics of peatland area within a grid cell. Here the flooded area given by TOPMODEL is crossed with suitable peat growing conditions to set the area that is occupied by a peat HSU. This model was tested across a range of northern peatland sites and for gridded simulations over the Northern Hemisphere (>30 °N). Simulated total northern peatlands area and C stock by 2010 is 3.9 million km2 and 463 PgC, fall well within observation-based reported range of northern peatlands area (3.4 – 4.0 million km2) and C stock (270 – 540 PgC).Lastly (Chapter 4), with the multi-layered model, I conducted factorial simulations using representative concentration pathway (RCP)-driven bias-corrected past and future climate data from two general circulation models (GCMs) to explore responses of northern peatlands to climate change. The impacts of peatlands on future C balance of the Northern Hemisphere were discussed, including the direct response of the C balance of the (simulated) extant peatland area, and indirect effects of peatlands on the terrestrial C balance when peatlands area change in the future.Future work will focus on including influences of land use change and fires on peatland into the model, given that substantial losses of C could occur due to these disturbances. To have a complete picture of peatland C balance, CH4 and dissolved organic C (DOC) losses must be considered
Piponiot, Camille. "Quel futur pour les forêts de production en Amazonie ? Du bilan Carbone de l'exploitation forestière à la recherche de compromis entre services écosystémiques (bois d'oeuvre, biodiversité et carbone)". Thesis, Guyane, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018YANE0008/document.
Texto completoHalf of the world's tropical forets are designated by national forest services as production forests. While here have been numerous studies on the impact if devorestation on carbon emissions and biodiversity loss in the tropics, the long-term impacts of selective logging are still poorly studied; However, the importance of these production forests is increasing. Not only must they meet the growing tropical timber demand, but their role in Carbon storage and the biodiversity conservation is increasingly recognized. The studies developped in this thesis are threefold. First, a carbon balance model of logging is developped, and regional differences in post-logging carbon recovery of timber volume on the Amazon, and thus the unsustainability of current logging practices. These models (carbon and timber) were developped on a Bayesian framework, with support and data from the Tropical managed Forest Observatory (TmFO : www.tmfo.org), a netword of 9 research institutions and more than 200 forest plotswhere post-logging forest dynamics have been monitored for <30 years in the Amazon. Finally, a comparative analysis of prospective scenarios was carried out, where potential tradeoffs between ecosystem services (timber, carbone and biodiversity) were explored using multi-criteria optimization analysis
Valin, Hugo. "Changements d'usage des sols, marchés agricoles et environnement". Thesis, Paris, AgroParisTech, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014AGPT0011/document.
Texto completoLand use change is estimated to have generated 17% of anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions in the 2000s, a large part coming from deforestation. The main driver of these emissions is expansion of agricultural activities, for the need of local development in tropical regions. However, they have also been caused by the dynamics of globalisation which has stimulated agricultural trade flows. Thus, today, there are new concerns with respect to how agricultural policies are influencing land use changes in other parts of the world through international market responses. In this work I consider three concrete illustrations of where these effects can be of significant magnitude: i) agriculture intensification in developing countries, ii) trade agreements, and iii) biofuel policies. I find that for each of these policies, market responses are likely to play a significant role in the final greenhouse gas emission balance. Mitigation of emissions through agricultural intensification could have quite beneficial outcomes, but the rebound effect on the demand side would offset a large part of greenhouse gas emission savings attributable to the land sparing effect. With the example of a possible EU-MERCOSUR trade agreement, I also show the adverse effect of liberalising certain specific agricultural products closely connected to land use change dynamics without adequate accompanying measures. Last, the indirect land use change effect of biofuels is likely to offset a large part of their alleged GHG emission savings. Land use change responses depend on many behavioural parameters, however, and providing precise estimates constitutes a challenge. I use different modelling approaches to quantify their magnitude and extensively explore the level of confidence on the basis of current state of econometric findings.New approaches should be elaborated to take account of this externality in public policy assessments, together with an appropriate consideration of the uncertainty ranges associated with these effects
Marescaux, Audrey. "Carbon cycling across the human-impacted Seine River basin : from the modeling of carbon dioxide outgassing to the assessment of greenhouse gas emissions". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SORUS479.
Texto completoSeveral recent studies have highlighted significant fluxes of carbon dioxide (CO2) from inland waters in the global carbon cycling. The first main objective of this thesis was to quantify and understand carbon dynamics in the Seine River basin, which is deeply impacted by human activities. For this purpose a new inorganic carbon (IC) module was implemented in the biogeochemical Riverstrahler model, to simulate spatial and temporal variations in carbon forms in the drainage work. A second major objective was to size both aquatic and terrestrial emissions as a part of a joint assessment of three main GHGs (CO2, methane –CH4, and nitrous oxide –N2O). Field campaigns in rivers draining various land uses in different hydrological seasons, showed a supersaturation in CO2 of the Seine hydrosystem leading to CO2.emissions to the atmosphere. The main factor controlling the CO2 partial pressure (pCO2) was the concentration of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) (R2=0.56, n=119, p<0.05), modulated by hydro-climatic conditions and groundwater contribution. In small streams, DOC concentrations were dependent on the soil organic carbon stock. For the main stem, a long-term analysis (1970-2015) showed that pCO2 tracked urban pollution, decreasing from the 2000s after improvement of wastewater treatment. The validation of the IC module newly implemented in Riverstrahler showed that IC inputs to the Seine River dominated the overall carbon budget (1138 ktC yr-1 on average for the period 2010-2013) of which less than 2% was produced from biogeochemical processes (27 ktC yr-1). In addition, CO2 outgassing represented 30% of IC outputs while exports to the estuary represented 69% of IC outputs. OC inputs were comparatively lower, accounting only for 104 ktC yr-1. Analysis of the biogeochemical processes of the Seine River showed a negative net ecosystem production (NEP), the river being mostly heterotrophic. In order to complete the modeling of the fate of carbon in the Seine River, the Riverstrahler model was combined with the estuarine C-GEM model, towards an integrated approach to the Land-to-Ocean Aquatic continuum. Representing 34% of the river mirror area, the estuary thus contributes ~23% of the CO2 emitted from the whole estuary-river aquatic continuum (estimated at 445 kt C for the year 2010). In addition, analyses of available institutional databases and measurements of other GHGs (CH4 and N2O) enabled estimation of aquatic emissions at 3.7% of the Seine basin total emissions (2,276 ktCO2 equivalent yr-1), dominated by CO2 (95.3%), while agricultural (14,295 ktCO2 equivalent yr-1) and urban emissions (44,713 ktCO2 equivalent yr-1) accounted for 23.3% and 73.0%, respectively. A historical reconstruction of agricultural emissions for the whole of France (1850-2014) estimated that, among the 114,000 ktCO2 equivalent yr-1 emitted by the agricultural sector, 22% were represented by CO2, 49% by CH4 and 29% by N2O. Finally, two contrasting scenarios were explored (horizon 2040). The first, characterized by the current trend towards specialization and intensification, predicted an almost 1.5-fold increase in agricultural emissions. While the second, characterized by a transition to organic agriculture and dietary change, would reduce current emissions by about 50%
Nidhoimi, El-Assad. "Description et analyse du fonctionnement énergétique des espaces bâtis. Mises en œuvre systémique du bilan carbone associé. Application à l'Éco Ferme de Vincendo et au territoire de Mayotte". Thesis, La Réunion, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LARE0047/document.
Texto completoIn a context where the tensions linked to fossil energy resources are increasing, design a new way of understanding the energy context has become essential. The usual means of energy production and consumption have shown their limit with the appearance of new types of pollution for different sectors. In this thesis, we mainly focused on the electricity sector by proposing a tool to simulate electricity consumption and electricity production from renewable energies (RES). Simulation of electricity consumption allows having information on different observation scales based on a systemic and typological approach, according to which the associated carbon footprint to this consumption is being calculated as well as its annual cost. Subsequently, this consumption was analyzed at the hourly scale, which is to relate it to the production files in order to control the load curve. This control aims to smooth down the peaks of the load curve. The first analytical results, obtained by using the developed tools, show that it is possible to reduce the use of the normal electrical network to a certain level according to the dimensions of the RES production systems and storage
Qiu, Chunjing. "Modélisation de la dynamique du carbone et des surfaces dans les tourbières du nord". Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SACLV022.
Texto completoNorthern peatlands play an important role in the global carbon (C) cycle as a long-term CO2 sink and the one of the largest natural methane (CH4) sources. Meanwhile, these substantial carbon stores will be exposed in the future to large warming and wetter conditions that characterize climate change in the high latitudes and, because of the large amount of C stored in northern peatlands, their fate is of concern. In this thesis, I integrated a representation of peatlands water and carbon cycling into the ORCHIDEE-MICT land surface model (LSM), with the aim to improve the understanding of peatland C and area dynamics since the Holocene, to explore effects of projected climate change to northern peatlands, and to quantify the role of northern peatlands in the global C cycle.Firstly (Chapter 2), I implemented peatland as an independent sub-grid hydrological soil unit (HSU) which receives runoff from surrounding non-peatland HSUs in each grid cell and has no bottom drainage, following the concept of Largeron et al. (2018). To model vertical water fluxes of peatland and non-peatland soils, I represented peat-specific hydrological parameters for the peatland HSU while in other HSUs the hydrological parameters are determined by the dominant soil texture of the grid cell. I chose a diplotelmic model to simulate peat C decomposition and accumulation. This two-layered model includes an upper layer (acrotelm) that is variably inundated and a lower layer (catotelm) that is permanently inundated. This model showed good performance in simulating peatland hydrology, C and energy fluxes at 30 northern peatland sites on daily to annual time scales. But the over simplification of the C dynamics may limit its capacity to predict northern peatland response to future climate change.Secondly (Chapter 3), I replaced the diplotelmic peat carbon model with a multi-layered model to account for vertical heterogeneities in temperature and moisture along the peat profile. I then adapted the cost-efficient version of TOPMODEL and peatland establishment criteria from Stocker et al. (2014) to simulate the dynamics of peatland area within a grid cell. Here the flooded area given by TOPMODEL is crossed with suitable peat growing conditions to set the area that is occupied by a peat HSU. This model was tested across a range of northern peatland sites and for gridded simulations over the Northern Hemisphere (>30 °N). Simulated total northern peatlands area and C stock by 2010 is 3.9 million km2 and 463 PgC, fall well within observation-based reported range of northern peatlands area (3.4 – 4.0 million km2) and C stock (270 – 540 PgC).Lastly (Chapter 4), with the multi-layered model, I conducted factorial simulations using representative concentration pathway (RCP)-driven bias-corrected past and future climate data from two general circulation models (GCMs) to explore responses of northern peatlands to climate change. The impacts of peatlands on future C balance of the Northern Hemisphere were discussed, including the direct response of the C balance of the (simulated) extant peatland area, and indirect effects of peatlands on the terrestrial C balance when peatlands area change in the future.Future work will focus on including influences of land use change and fires on peatland into the model, given that substantial losses of C could occur due to these disturbances. To have a complete picture of peatland C balance, CH4 and dissolved organic C (DOC) losses must be considered
Waked, Antoine. "Caractérisation des aérosols organiques à Beyrouth, Liban". Phd thesis, Université Paris-Est, 2012. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00765845.
Texto completoDurocher, Simon. "Évaluation du bilan des émissions de gaz à effet de serre attribuables à l'utilisation de biosolides de papetières pour le reboisement d'un parc à résidus miniers non acides". Thèse, 2015. http://constellation.uqac.ca/2995/1/Durocher_uqac_0862N_10063.pdf.
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