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Deytieux-Belleau, Christelle, Séverine Gagne, Annie L'Hyvernay, Bernard Donèche y Laurence Geny. "Possible roles of both abscisic acid and indol-acetic acid in controlling grape berry ripening process". OENO One 41, n.º 3 (30 de septiembre de 2007): 141. http://dx.doi.org/10.20870/oeno-one.2007.41.3.844.
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<p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Aims</strong>: The objective was to better understand the mechanisms involved in grape ripening that brings about important changes in the physiology and chemistry of the fruit. So we focused on the involvement of two growth regulators: abscisic acid (ABA) and indol-acetic acid (IAA) in controlling grape berry ripening process.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Methods and results</strong>: We described the evolution of the two plant growth regulators during the development of cv. Merlot grapes (Vitis vinifera L.). In order to better understand the role of ABA and IAA in the ripening control, these two growth regulators were applied on the grapes at the onset of veraison. The hormonal profile was established on treated berries and different physiological parameters were assayed to evaluate the effects of both applications. The partitioning of both plant growth regulators in nontreated berries showed that ABA and IAA accumulated at the onset of ripening. Moreover, it appeared that endogenous ABA decreased progressively in the flesh while accumulated in the skin from the beginning of the colour change to maturity. The hormonal treatments modified the hormonal profile and several physiological parameters: sugar, acidity, colour, and Botrytis sensibility.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Conclusion</strong>: These findings suggest that both treatments have modified the ripening process. Exogenous ABA has induced advancement in grape ripening, while IAA application has delayed this process. These observations support the view that the grape ripening process may be influenced by the hormonal status.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Significance and impact of study</strong>: This study gives new information about the ripening control of the non-climacteric fruits. In grape berries, it provides evidence of a possible co-involvement of ABA and IAA in controlling ripening process.</p>
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Wang, Rufang, Gerco C. Angenent, Graham Seymour y Ruud A. de Maagd. "Revisiting the Role of Master Regulators in Tomato Ripening". Trends in Plant Science 25, n.º 3 (marzo de 2020): 291–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tplants.2019.11.005.
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NeSmith, D. Scott. "Response of Rabbiteye Blueberry (Vaccinium ashei Reade) to the Growth Regulators CPPU and Gibberellic Acid". HortScience 37, n.º 4 (julio de 2002): 666–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.37.4.666.
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Experiments were conducted during 1999 and 2000 at Griffin, Ga., with rabbiteye blueberries (Vaccinium ashei Reade) to determine how the growth regulator CPPU affected fruit set, berry size, and yield. CPPU (applied at two different timings) was used alone, and in conjunction with GA3 on mature, field-grown `Tifblue' plants. A control treatment without either growth regulator was also included. The CPPU concentration used was 10 mg·L-1 (a single application per treatment), and the GA3 concentration used was 200 mg·L-1 (two applications per treatment). Results from both years showed a positive benefit of CPPU with respect to fruit set and berry size, especially in the absence of GA3. Depending on timing, berry number per plant was increased by more than 200% in 1999 using CPPU. Berry size increases of more than 30% occurred in 2000 when CPPU alone was applied at 17 d after flowering (DAF). CPPU did not increase berry size of GA3-treated plants in either year. Total yield per plant during 2000 was 5.0, 7.1, and 8.3 kg for control, CPPU applied 7 DAF, and CPPU applied 17 DAF treatments, respectively, without GA3. While CPPU did substantially increase fruit set, berry size, and yield of `Tifblue', there was a notable delay in fruit ripening. These results suggest that CPPU may be useful for increasing yield of rabbiteye blueberries under conditions of inadequate fruit set (such as occurs in much of the Southeast), but a delay in ripening will likely result. Chemical names used: N-(2-chloro-4-pyridyl)-N′-phenylurea (CPPU); gibberellic acid (GA3).
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Yakushiji, H., K. Morinaga y Y. Koshita. "186 Berry Quality and Photosynthate Partitioning in Response to Plant Growth Regulators in Grape". HortScience 35, n.º 3 (junio de 2000): 422E—422. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.35.3.422e.
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The effects of 2,3,5-triiodobenzoic acid (TIBA) and naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) on berry maturation and photoassimilates partitioning were investigated. Five-year-old potted `Kyoho' grape grown under a non-heating glasshouse were used. TIBA (200 mg/L) and NAA (200 mg/L) were applied to clusters at the beginning of veraison (45 days after full bloom). TIBA application increased not only soluble solids concentration in the juice but also anthocyanin content of peel, compared with those of control. On the other hand, the application of NAA reduced berry growth and delayed the berry maturation with harder flesh, lower soluble solids, higher acidity and poor coloration. In order to examine the effect of both plant growth regulators on photoassimilates partitioning in plant tissues, the whole plants were fed with 13CO2 at 10 days and 20 days after application of TIBA and NAA. The 13C distribution of pericarp and peel in NAA application was found on the lowest among the treatments. However, there were no significant differences in the 13C distribution and 13C absorption rate of pericarps between TIBA and control. These results indicate that NAA weakened the sink activity in grape berries, resulted in smaller berry size and the delay of maturation, whereas the berry ripening induced by TIBA application could not be explained by the distribution of photoassimilates in grape berries.
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Wang, Tengfei, Huixiang Peng, Yingying Cao, Jing Xu, Yuhong Xiong, Kangchen Liu, Jing Fang, Fang Liu, Aidi Zhang y Xiujun Zhang. "Dynamic Network Biomarker Analysis Reveals the Critical Phase Transition of Fruit Ripening in Grapevine". Genes 13, n.º 10 (13 de octubre de 2022): 1851. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes13101851.
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Grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) fruit ripening is a complex biological process involving a phase transition from immature to mature. Understanding the molecular mechanism of fruit ripening is critical for grapevine fruit storage and quality improvement. However, the regulatory mechanism for the critical phase transition of fruit ripening from immature to mature in grapevine remains poorly understood. In this work, to identify the key molecular events controlling the critical phase transition of grapevine fruit ripening, we performed an integrated dynamic network analysis on time-series transcriptomic data of grapevine berry development and ripening. As a result, we identified the third time point as a critical transition point in grapevine fruit ripening, which is consistent with the onset of veraison reported in previous studies. In addition, we detected 68 genes as being key regulators involved in controlling fruit ripening. The GO (Gene Ontology) analysis showed that some of these genes participate in fruit development and seed development. This study provided dynamic network biomarkers for marking the initial transcriptional events that characterizes the transition process of fruit ripening, as well as new insights into fruit development and ripening.
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Susin, Eliane, Wendel Paulo Silvestre y Carine Cocco. "Effect of the application of abscisic acid and ethephon on the quality of Merlot grapes grown in Serra Gaúcha, South Brazil". Research, Society and Development 11, n.º 16 (11 de diciembre de 2022): e370111638513. http://dx.doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v11i16.38513.
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Currently, viticulture is using plant growth regulators as an alternative to increasing grape and must quality for vinification. This work aimed to evaluate the effect of different doses of abscisic acid and ethephon on the quality of Merlot grapes. The plant growth regulators were applied isolated and combined, on the stages of veraison and 15 days before harvest (DBH). The parameters of mass and berry diameter, soluble solids content, titratable acidity, must pH, phenolic compounds, and total anthocyanin contents. The results showed that the application of ethephon at the dose of 200 mg∙L-1 on veraison caused an earlier bunch threshing, an increased berry peel sensibility, and rupture ripening grapes, in both productive cycles. The use of abscisic acid at the dose of 600 mg∙L-1 helped increase the soluble solids content of the grapes, however, a strong influence of the climatic conditions was observed on the effect of the plant growth regulations on Merlot grapes.
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Vinogradov, D. V. y M. V. Evsenina. "Using growth regulators in production of peas". IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 996, n.º 1 (1 de febrero de 2022): 012029. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/996/1/012029.
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Abstract Intensive agriculture poses new challenges for science and practice that go far beyond increasing the gross yield. They include the prevention of lodging of cereals when high agricultural background, the synchronization of fruit ripening, which is necessary for their machine harvesting, an increase in the proportion of early harvesting with its unchanged value. The competent use of plant growth regulators will allow solving such problems. In most cases, they are not used to increase the yield of dry matter per unit area. This task is successfully solved by such traditional means as fertilizers. Physiologically active compounds are widely used in vegetable and berry crops, in crops of grain and legumes. These crops, due to their biological characteristics, require management of growth and development during the period of crop formation, especially in conditions of the Non-Black Earth Zone. All common pea varieties are characterized by uneven ripening, cracking of beans, being close to the soil and significant lodging of stems. All these things force researchers to search for physiologically active compounds that can shorten the stem, activate photosynthetic activity, accelerate maturation, facilitate harvesting and increase productivity. Undoubtedly, as the understanding of the mechanisms of hormonal regulation of plant growth and development is expanded and deepened, more and more possibilities will appear for managing these processes to increase productivity or reduce labor costs.
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He, Lei, Nan Meng, Simone D. Castellarin, Yu Wang, Qi Sun, Xiang-Yi Li, Zhi-Gang Dong, Xiao-Ping Tang, Chang-Qing Duan y Qiu-Hong Pan. "Combined Metabolite and Transcriptome Profiling Reveals the Norisoprenoid Responses in Grape Berries to Abscisic Acid and Synthetic Auxin". International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, n.º 3 (31 de enero de 2021): 1420. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22031420.
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The abscisic acid (ABA) increase and auxin decline are both indicators of ripening initiation in grape berry, and norisoprenoid accumulation also starts at around the onset of ripening. However, the relationship between ABA, auxin, and norisoprenoids remains largely unknown, especially at the transcriptome level. To investigate the transcriptional and posttranscriptional regulation of the ABA and synthetic auxin 1-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) on norisoprenoid production, we performed time-series GC-MS and RNA-seq analyses on Vitis vinifera L. cv. Cabernet Sauvignon grape berries from pre-veraison to ripening. Higher levels of free norisoprenoids were found in ABA-treated mature berries in two consecutive seasons, and both free and total norisoprenoids were significantly increased by NAA in one season. The expression pattern of known norisoprenoid-associated genes in all samples and the up-regulation of specific alternative splicing isoforms of VviDXS and VviCRTISO in NAA-treated berries were predicted to contribute to the norisoprenoid accumulation in ABA and NAA-treated berries. Combined weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) and DNA affinity purification sequencing (DAP-seq) analysis suggested that VviGATA26, and the previously identified switch genes of myb RADIALIS (VIT_207s0005g02730) and MAD-box (VIT_213s0158g00100) could be potential regulators of norisoprenoid accumulation. The positive effects of ABA on free norisoprenoids and NAA on total norisoprenoid accumulation were revealed in the commercially ripening berries. Since the endogenous ABA and auxin are sensitive to environmental factors, this finding provides new insights to develop viticultural practices for managing norisoprenoids in vineyards in response to changing climates.
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Valencia-Lozano, Eliana, José L. Cabrera-Ponce, Miguel A. Gómez-Lim y Jorge E. Ibarra. "Development of an Efficient Protocol to Obtain Transgenic Coffee, Coffea arabica L., Expressing the Cry10Aa Toxin of Bacillus thuringiensis". International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20, n.º 21 (26 de octubre de 2019): 5334. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms20215334.
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This report presents an efficient protocol of the stable genetic transformation of coffee plants expressing the Cry10Aa protein of Bacillus thuringiensis. Embryogenic cell lines with a high potential of propagation, somatic embryo maturation, and germination were used. Gene expression analysis of cytokinin signaling, homedomains, auxin responsive factor, and the master regulators of somatic embryogenesis genes involved in somatic embryo maturation were evaluated. Plasmid pMDC85 containing the cry10Aa gene was introduced into a Typica cultivar of C. arabica L. by biobalistic transformation. Transformation efficiency of 16.7% was achieved, according to the number of embryogenic aggregates and transgenic lines developed. Stable transformation was proven by hygromycin-resistant embryogenic lines, green fluorescent protein (GFP) expression, quantitative analyses of Cry10Aa by mass spectrometry, Western blot, ELISA, and Southern blot analyses. Cry10Aa showed variable expression levels in somatic embryos and the leaf tissue of transgenic plants, ranging from 76% to 90% of coverage of the protein by mass spectrometry and from 3.25 to 13.88 μg/g fresh tissue, with ELISA. qPCR-based 2−ΔΔCt trials revealed high transcription levels of cry10Aa in somatic embryos and leaf tissue. This is the first report about the stable transformation and expression of the Cry10Aa protein in coffee plants with the potential for controlling the coffee berry borer.
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Tikhonova, M. A. y E. V. Aminova. "Efficiency of application of the growth regulator organostim on grape variety arcadia in the conditions of Orenburg region". Pomiculture and small fruits culture in Russia 68 (21 de abril de 2022): 48–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.31676/2073-4948-2022-68-48-56.
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The article presents data on determining the effectiveness of the use of the growth regulator Organostim on grapes of the Arcadia variety in the conditions of the Orenburg region. The studies were carried out on the basis of the Orenburg branch of the Federal Research Center of Horticulture from 2019 to 2021. Vineyard was established in 2012. Objects of research were the introduced grape variety Arcadia, growth regulator Organostim, VR (15 g/l dihydroquercetin + 30 g/l triethanolammonium salt of orthoresoxyacetic acid). Getting a stable harvest occupies one of the main places in the viticulture industry of the Orenburg region. In modern agriculture, plant growth regulators are used, which improve plant root nutrition, increase resistance to stress factors, stimulate plant growth, the formation of ovaries and berries, accelerate ripening times, and improve product quality. As a result of the studies, data were obtained that showed that when using the Organostim option (2.0 l / ha), the maximum number of bunches was noted (12 pcs.), average berry weight (7.4 g), number of berries per bunch (105 pcs.). There is an increase in the mass of the bunch and productivity at a rate of consumption of an agrochemical of 2.0 l / ha by 22 % and 111 %, respectively, relative to the control variant. It was revealed that the average yield per hectare when using Organostim (2.0 l/ha) was 11.4 t/ha, and the increase was 6.0 tons. As a result of the studies, the effectiveness of the use of the plant growth regulator Organostim on the Arcadia grape variety was established.
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Tyagi, Kamal, Itay Maoz, Bettina Kochanek, Noa Sela, Larry Lerno, Susan E. Ebeler y Amnon Lichter. "Cytokinin but not gibberellin application had major impact on the phenylpropanoid pathway in grape". Horticulture Research 8, n.º 1 (1 de marzo de 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41438-021-00488-0.
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AbstractCytokinin and gibberellic acid (GA) are growth regulators used to increase berry size in seedless grapes and it is of interest to understand their effects on the phenylpropanoid pathway and on ripening processes. GA3 and synthetic cytokinin forchlorfenuron (N-(2-chloro-4-pyridyl)-N′-phenylurea, CPPU) and their combination were applied to 6 mm diameter fruitlets of ‘Sable Seedless’, and berries were sampled 51 and 70 days (d) following application. All treatments increased berry size and delayed sugar accumulation and acid degradation with a stronger effect of CPPU. CPPU, but not GA, reduced berry color and the levels of anthocyanins. While CPPU reduced the levels of anthocyanins by more than 50%, the combined treatment of GA+CPPU reduced the levels by about 25% at 51 d. CPPU treatment had minor effects on flavonols content but increased the levels of monomeric flavan-3-ols by more than two-fold. Phloroglucinol analysis using HPLC showed that proanthocyanidin content was significantly increased by CPPU, whereas mean degree of polymerization was reduced from 26 to 19. Volatile analysis by GC-MS showed changes in composition with CPPU or GA treatment with potential impact on flavor. RNA-seq analysis showed that GA had a minor overall effect on the transcriptome whereas CPPU had pronounced effects on gene expression at both 51 and 70 d. Comparing the control and CPPU at similar Brix of ca. 19.7°, a reduced expression of stilbene synthases (STSs) including their regulators MYB14 and MYB15, and other phenylpropanoid-related genes was observed in CPPU-treated grapes. Overall, our study shows that CPPU had a major influence on the phenylpropanoid pathway and affected multiple ripening-related processes.
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Deng, Lei, Tianxia Yang, Qian Li, Zeqian Chang, Chuanlong Sun, Hongling Jiang, Xianwen Meng et al. "Tomato MED25 regulates fruit ripening by interacting with EIN3-like transcription factors". Plant Cell, 6 de diciembre de 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/plcell/koac349.
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Abstract Fruit ripening relies on the precise spatiotemporal control of RNA polymerase II (Pol II)-dependent gene transcription, and the evolutionarily conserved Mediator (MED) coactivator complex plays an essential role in this process. In tomato (Solanum lycopersicum), a model climacteric fruit, ripening is tightly coordinated by ethylene and several key transcription factors. However, the mechanism underlying the transmission of context-specific regulatory signals from these ripening-related transcription factors to the Pol II transcription machinery remains unknown. Here, we report the mechanistic function of MED25, a subunit of the plant Mediator transcriptional coactivator complex, in controlling the ethylene-mediated transcriptional program during fruit ripening. Multiple lines of evidence indicate that MED25 physically interacts with the master transcription factors of the ETHYLENE-INSENSITIVE 3 (EIN3)/EIN3-LIKE (EIL) family, thereby playing an essential role in pre-initiation complex (PIC) formation during ethylene-induced gene transcription. We also show that MED25 forms a transcriptional module with EIL1 to regulate the expression of ripening-related regulatory as well as structural genes through promoter binding. Furthermore, the EIL1–MED25 module orchestrates both positive and negative feedback transcriptional circuits, along with its downstream regulators, to fine-tune ethylene homeostasis during fruit ripening.
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Lira, Bruno Silvestre, Maria José Oliveira, Lumi Shiose, Raquel Tsu Ay Wu, Daniele Rosado, Alessandra Cavalcanti Duarte Lupi, Luciano Freschi y Magdalena Rossi. "Light and ripening-regulated BBX protein-encoding genes in Solanum lycopersicum". Scientific Reports 10, n.º 1 (6 de noviembre de 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-76131-0.
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Abstract Light controls several aspects of plant development through a complex signalling cascade. Several B-box domain containing proteins (BBX) were identified as regulators of Arabidopsis thaliana seedling photomorphogenesis. However, the knowledge about the role of this protein family in other physiological processes and species remains scarce. To fill this gap, here BBX protein encoding genes in tomato genome were characterised. The robust phylogeny obtained revealed how the domain diversity in this protein family evolved in Viridiplantae and allowed the precise identification of 31 tomato SlBBX proteins. The mRNA profiling in different organs revealed that SlBBX genes are regulated by light and their transcripts accumulation is directly affected by the chloroplast maturation status in both vegetative and fruit tissues. As tomato fruits develops, three SlBBXs were found to be upregulated in the early stages, controlled by the proper chloroplast differentiation and by the PHYTOCHROME (PHY)-dependent light perception. Upon ripening, other three SlBBXs were transcriptionally induced by RIPENING INHIBITOR master transcriptional factor, as well as by PHY-mediated signalling and proper plastid biogenesis. Altogether, the results obtained revealed a conserved role of SlBBX gene family in the light signalling cascade and identified putative members affecting tomato fruit development and ripening.
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Xie, Xin, Shaokang Yue, Baosheng Shi, Hongxue Li, Yuhai Cui, Jingying Wang, Pengjie Yang, Shuchun Li, Xuyan Li y Shaomin Bian. "Comprehensive Analysis of the SBP Family in Blueberry and Their Regulatory Mechanism Controlling Chlorophyll Accumulation". Frontiers in Plant Science 12 (1 de julio de 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2021.703994.
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SQUAMOSA Promoter Binding Protein (SBP) family genes act as central players to regulate plant growth and development with functional redundancy and specificity. Addressing the diversity of the SBP family in crops is of great significance to precisely utilize them to improve agronomic traits. Blueberry is an important economic berry crop. However, the SBP family has not been described in blueberry. In the present study, twenty VcSBP genes were identified through data mining against blueberry transcriptome databases. These VcSBPs could be clustered into eight groups, and the gene structures and motif compositions are divergent among the groups and similar within each group. The VcSBPs were differentially expressed in various tissues. Intriguingly, 10 VcSBPs were highly expressed at green fruit stages and dramatically decreased at the onset of fruit ripening, implying that they are important regulators during early fruit development. Computational analysis showed that 10 VcSBPs were targeted by miR156, and four of them were further verified by degradome sequencing. Moreover, their functional diversity was studied in Arabidopsis. Noticeably, three VcSBPs significantly increased chlorophyll accumulation, and qRT-PCR analysis indicated that VcSBP13a in Arabidopsis enhanced the expression of chlorophyll biosynthetic genes such as AtDVR, AtPORA, AtPORB, AtPORC, and AtCAO. Finally, the targets of VcSBPs were computationally identified in blueberry, and the Y1H assay showed that VcSBP13a could physically bind to the promoter region of the chlorophyll-associated gene VcLHCB1. Our findings provided an overall framework for individually understanding the characteristics and functions of the SBP family in blueberry.
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Valencia-Lozano, Eliana, Jose Luis Cabrera-Ponce, Juan C. Noa-Carrazana y Jorge E. Ibarra. "Coffea arabica L. Resistant to Coffee Berry Borer (Hypothenemus hampei) Mediated by Expression of the Bacillus thuringiensis Cry10Aa Protein". Frontiers in Plant Science 12 (22 de octubre de 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2021.765292.
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Coffea spp. are tropical plants used for brewing beverages from roasted and grounded seeds, the favorite drink in the world. It is the most important commercial crop plant and the second most valuable international commodity after oil. Global coffee trade relies on two Coffea species: C. arabica L. (arabica coffee) comprising 60% and C. canephora (robusta) comprising the remaining 40%. Arabica coffee has lower productivity and better market price than robusta. Arabica coffee is threatened by disease (i.e., coffee leaf rust), pests [i.e., Hypothenemus hampei or coffee berry borer (CBB) and nematodes], and susceptibility to climate change (i.e., drought and aluminum toxicity). Plant biotechnology by means of tissue culture inducing somatic embryogenesis (SE) process, genetic transformation, and genome editing are tools that can help to solve, at least partially, these problems. This work is the continuation of a protocol developed for stable genetic transformation and successful plant regeneration of arabica coffee trees expressing the Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) toxin Cry10Aa to induce CBB resistance. A highly SE line with a high rate of cell division and conversion to plants with 8-month plant regeneration period was produced. To validate this capability, gene expression analysis of master regulators of SE, such as BABY BOOM (BBM), FUS3, and LEC1, embryo development, such as EMB2757, and cell cycle progression, such as ETG1 and MCM4, were analyzed during induction and propagation of non-competent and highly competent embryogenic lines. The particle bombardment technique was used to generate stable transgenic lines after 3 months under selection using hygromycin as selectable marker, and 1 month in plant regeneration. Transgenic trees developed fruits after 2 years and demonstrated expression of the Bt toxin ranging from 3.25 to 13.88 μg/g fresh tissue. Bioassays with transgenic fruits on CBB first instar larvae and adults induced mortalities between 85 and 100% after 10 days. In addition, transgenic fruits showed a seed damage lower than 9% compared to 100% of control fruits and adult mortality. This is the first report on stable transformation and expression of the Cry10Aa protein in coffee plants with the potential to control CBB.