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Stangl, Paul. "The Soviet war Memorial in Treptow, Berlin". Geographical Review 93, n.º 2 (1 de abril de 2003): 213–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1931-0846.2003.tb00030.x.
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Bozhko, L. y K. Kysliuk. "Memorial tourism as a component of memorial culture". Culture of Ukraine, n.º 78 (23 de diciembre de 2022): 7–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.31516/2410-5325.078.01.
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The purpose of the article is to demonstrate the memorial tourism as a component of memorial culture — promising direction of post-war tourism in Ukraine, to determine the reasons for its demand and the role it can play in current cultural situation. Memorial tourism is a new form of memorial activity: the creation of a “place of memory” for committed crimes (museumification of places of tragedies; opening of individual monuments; memorial complexes; museums; exhibitions dedicated to tragic events; creation of organized burials), etc.
The methodology. In the research process, the methods of abstraction, analysis and synthesis were used in the historiographical study of the memorial tourism, empirical method was used for collecting and describing material about the first virtual museums of the Russian-Ukrainian war, content analysis and statistical method were used for comparing the content of popular Telegram news channels about the war with the exhibits of these museums.
The results. The analysis of the literature showed that the phenomenon of memorial tourism has a global character. It becomes part of the global structure of contemporary mediating and tourism narratives of peace, reconciliation and sustainability paradigms. The paradigms of “shared memories” introduce a new vision of war memory as an alternative of the patriotic, aggressive and militarized approach. The authors note that the most expedient is the promotion of Ukraine on the international arena as a “place of memory” for the largest-scale destruction since the Second World War. This is the practice of the first virtual museums of the Russian-Ukrainian war. It currently corresponds to the content of acute cultural memory, represented in one of the most widespread Ukraininan media discourses. This approach will allow the state to popularize civic values, encourage active diplomacy, and stimulate tourism as a tool of economic development.
The scientific novelty. Consideration of the relationship between the theory of memorial tourism and the first practices of museumification of the Russian-Ukrainian war and one of the leading Ukrainian media discourses of its coverage.
The practical significance. The materials of this article can be used to develop programs or strategies for the development of memorial tourism in the war and post-war times in Ukraine.
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Rubin, Vladimir Aleksandrovich. "The key stages of creation and functionality of the sites of war memorial heritage". Культура и искусство, n.º 1 (enero de 2021): 37–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.7256/2454-0625.2021.1.34559.
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The relevance of studying the war memorial heritage consists in the adoption of new norms of the Constitution of the Russian Federation on protection of historical truth, which implies commemoration of the defenders of the homeland, and heroism of the people. The subject of this article is the stages of creation and functionality of the sites of war memorial heritage in time and in space. The object of this research is the war memorial heritage. The author highlights and analyzes six key stages of creation and functionality of the sites of war memorial heritage: motivational-explanatory (grounds for memorialization); procedural-memorial (procedure for perpetuation of the memory); maintenance-protective (repair, restoration, improvement; prevention of unlawful actions (inaction) with regards to the sites of war memorial heritage); mobilization (relocation of a war memorial site); destructive (demolition, damage); constructive-restorative (reconstruction of a site). The scientific novelty consists in comprehension of the key stages of creation and functionality of the sites of war memorial heritage, which is of scientific, theoretical and practical interest for the development of effective cultural strategies in the future. The conclusion is made that the period of creation and functionality of the war memorial sites is characterized by the presence of six key stages. The tangible component of a site can be subjected to destructive processes, including demolition. However, sustainability of the symbolic component allows subsequent regeneration of tangible mediums of the monuments, which is confirmed by constructive-restorative activity. The author underlines the antagonism of the tangible and symbolic components of war memorial heritage, in the context of which tangible is constantly subject to modernization, while symbolic should remain unchanged.
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Shchepetkov, Nikolay I. y Tatyana N. Zavgorodskaya. "Remembrance Light At Memorial Sites". Volume 28, Number 6, 2020, n.º 03-2020 (diciembre de 2020): 136–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.33383/2020-028.
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Everyone in Russia has been preparing to the 75th anniversary of the victory in World War Two despite the fact that the state-level commemoration events are being impeded by the global disaster which may be compared to a world war: the COVID‑19 pandemic. Like a war, it will eventually end but the memory about the anniversary must and will live on. Therefore, the subject of the article is topical: commemoration light and memory in light of an eternal flame and artistic and sacral illumination (Tribute in Light, like it was in New York in 2001). Numerous issues of architectural lighting of memorial sites and monuments in different Russian cities are under consideration. Positive and negative examples of light design solutions are described. It is also noted that information on contemporary state of this area is extremely insufficient.
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Goldin, Vladislav I. "The Russian Civil War: History and Memory". Vestnik of Northern (Arctic) Federal University. Series Humanitarian and Social Sciences, n.º 6 (15 de diciembre de 2020): 113–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.37482/2687-1505-v069.
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This paper covers the results of the All-Russian Scientific Conference “Allied Intervention and the Civil War in the Russian North: Key Problems, Historical Memory and Lessons of History” that was held in Arkhangelsk in September 10–11, 2020. Scholars from 14 regions of Russia as well as from Ukraine and Norway took part. The participants discussed important problems of the War’s origins and reasons, contemporary conceptualization, results and consequences, historical lessons and memory about the war, as well as the role of Allied Intervention in Russia and the Russian North. In addition, the questions of dialectic of Allied Intervention and the Civil War in Russia and the Russian North were considered, as well as the War’s international, national, regional and local dimensions, its military, political, economic, social, and cultural processes, and the issue of humans in the war. The participants attended the opening of the Yuryev Military Line memorial in the military-historical park located at the battlefield of 1918–1919 along Arkhangelsk–Moscow railroad.
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Chedzhemov, Sergey R. "Memorial War in the Modern World: History and Theory". Vestnik of North Ossetian State University, n.º 1 (25 de marzo de 2022): 69–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.29025/1994-77120-2022-1-69-75.
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2022 marks the anniversary of the Battle of the Caucasus, one of the fateful battles of the Great Patriotic War. The multinational Russian people are sensitive to the historical memory of their heroic ancestors, the great feat of the Soviet people who saved Europe and the whole world from fascist enslavement. This fully applies to the residents of the Republic of North Ossetia-Alania. However, today in the world the “cold” war and the détente of international tensions have been replaced by the “memorial” war. Historical reality and people’s memory are distorted, monuments to the dead are overthrown. Scientists engaged in the analysis of historical and legal problems need to do everything possible to defend historical truth and expose lies and distort the results of World War II. The authors, based on the analysis of normative and historical sources, focus on the problems of the so-called “memorial war”, the factors that determine the current state of our society, which needs to build up and modernize the system of patriotic educational work based on historical search. The article applies an interdisciplinary approach that allows using the methods of historical and historical-legal research, which is consistent with the order of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation dated November 10, 2017 №. 1093 on the approval of a new nomenclature of scientific specialties. This makes the issues raised in the article very relevant. The materials of the article can be used in the methodology of teaching historical disciplines, conducting educational work in educational institutions.
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de Courville, Stanislas. "Lambeaux de monde". Chiasmi International 25 (2023): 73–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/chiasmi20232511.
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The Russian invasion of 2022 was based on an organized process of influence on the Ukrainian population, aimed at obtaining their support or neutralizing their possible resistance, in concert with the state apparatus. We find, in the backdrop of this process, the memorial conflict between these two countries and their neighbours, concerning World War II and the Soviet Union. This war of influence, or political warfare, which falls within new forms of contemporary hybrid warfare, profoundly has to do with images, especially moving images. The cinematic images, the debauchery of their propaganda during the Second World War and throughout the existence of the USSR, still weighs on the bodies and minds; the new media has in many ways inherented them and their way of reenacting or extending propaganda on an individual or group scale. We will then question the place of images, and in particular those in motion, in the war between Russia and Ukraine since 2014 to describe the way in which they have served or still serve the military-memorial device deployed by the Russian invader.
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Herasymchuk, Volodymyr. "Commemorative Practices During the War: Bohdan Mazur’s project Memory of Civilian Victims". ARTISTIC CULTURE. TOPICAL ISSUES, n.º 20(1) (22 de abril de 2024): 104–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.31500/1992-5514.20(1).2024.306919.
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The article explores actual issues related to the memorial aspect of commemorating the fallen civilians of Ukraine as a result of russian aggression, focusing on the creative aspects of the commemorative issue in the space of urban architecture and forms of social communication aimed at creating such memorial zones as a part of the collective memory and commemorative policy of the state as a whole. The aim of the paper is to analyze creative practices and socio-cultural (institutional) interactions that strive to implement memorial cultural policy during the war. The subject field of the article is the practical implementation of the idea of the memorial architectural project In Memory of Civilian Victims by Bohdan Mazur, a famous Ukrainian sculptor. It is on the example of the implementation of B. Mazur’s memorial project that the author highlights contradictory approaches and views, problem areas of this project’s implementation: from the forms of memorialization of tragic events to the ways of communicating with authorities, opinion leaders, and professional experts on this issue in the context of wartime.
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Goldin, V. I. "On the Ways of Comprehension of the Civil War in Russia: Key Problems and Historical Memory". Modern History of Russia 11, n.º 2 (2021): 518–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/11701/spbu24.2021.214.
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This article describes the all-Russian scientific conference “International Intervention and Civil War in Russia and the Russian North: key problems, historical memory, and lessons of history”, held in Arkhangelsk, September 10–11, 2020. Co-organizers of the conference were the Russian Military-Historical Society and its Arkhangelsk branch, the Government of the Arkhangelsk Region, the M. V. Lomonosov Northern (Arctic) Federal University , and the Association of the Russian Civil War Scholars. Conference sponsors were the Russian Military- Historical Society and the Government of the Arkhangelsk Region. Established and younger scholars from 14 regions of Russia, as well as from Ukraine and Norway, took part in the conference and its proceedings. Conference participators considered the key problems of genesis, origins, and causes for the Russian Civil War, its modern conceptualization, the role of international intervention in Russia and the Russian North, results, consequences, and historical lessons of this war. Special attention was given to preparing of Volume XII (in two books), Civil War in Russia, 1917–1922, of the 20-volume academic series History of Russia and problems of historical and cultural memory of the Russian Civil War. Four sections and three roundtables considered questions of the dialectical relationship of international intervention and Civil War in Russia and the Russian North; of international, national, regional, and local dimensions of the Civil War; and of the individual at war. Conference participators pointed out the necessity of responsible, competent, and objective historical studies of the Russian Civil War, an attitude of care towards existing monuments and memorials, and strict examination and scientific expertise of new memorial projects devoted to this war.
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Vasiliev, A. A., A. E. Uzhanov y Yu V. Pechatnova. "Memorial Law: National and International Aspects". Journal of Law and Administration 19, n.º 4 (6 de febrero de 2024): 63–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/2073-8420-2023-4-69-63-84.
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Introduction. This article conducts an interdisciplinary study of memory policy, which includes terminological explication and legal analysis of concepts similar in meaning, assessment of the relevance and need to legalize terms related to memory policy, determination of the effectiveness of official memory policy, prediction of its political and social consequences in the long term and exploring the normative limits of national memorial legislation. The purpose of the study is the conceptualization of memorial law.Materials and methods. The main research method is participant observation of the processes of implementation in Russian society and abroad of the concepts of national, historical and social memory, as well as the construction of norms and regulations for establishing legal relations in the field of conservation of military memorial heritage objects. Methods of express diagnostics of problem situations, legal assessment of incidents, sociological and expert surveys (including questionnaires and testing), and modeling were used.Research results. As a result of the study, the need to develop a special federal law on the protection of the military memorial heritage of the Russian Federation, as well as the development of an international (universal) Charter (Convention) on the protection of military memorial heritage sites formed as a result of the Second World War, was substantiated. Discussion and conclusion. It has been established that there is no single position in the scientific community regarding the need for memorial legislation. This largely depends on the political and ideological preferences of a particular author. At the same time, it was concluded that in legal science the conceptual foundations for the formation of memorial law as a special legal complex for the preservation, transmission and protection of historical memory and memorial (war memorial) heritage have been poorly studied. In addition, both at the level of legal doctrine and according to law enforcement practice, the issue of the status and legal means of preserving military memorial heritage has been practically not studied. In this connection, the authors propose the development of a Union Nation Charter for the Protection of Military Memorial Heritage for the purpose of holistic and comprehensive legal regulation of the area under study.
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Kotov, Boris. "German Expansion in the Ottoman Empire on the Eve of the First World War in the Russian Press Comments". ISTORIYA 13, n.º 9 (119) (2022): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.18254/s207987840022832-4.
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The Balkans and the territory of the Ottoman Empire (especially the Straits region and Asia Minor) on the eve of the First World War were the main region where Russian and Austro-German interests clashed. The article deals with the reaction of the Russian press to sending of the German military mission to Istanbul in winter 1913—1914, headed by General Liman von Sanders. The author stressed that this action of the Berlin Government contributed to the further growth of anti-German sentiments in the Russian society on the eve of the First World War.
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Taran, Olena. "A Cultural and Symbolic Aspect of Memorial and Burial Loci (In the Realities of the Russian-Ukrainian War)". Folk art and ethnology, n.º 3 (30 de septiembre de 2023): 43–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/nte2023.03.043.
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The events of the russian-Ukrainian war, especially the last year and a half of its active phase, show how death and dying strongly fixed in space and place. The ability of spaces and places associated with death (cemeteries) and dying (places of death – spontaneous memorials) to evoke the deepest memories and intense emotions are a testament to the power of place and a reminder that the power of symbolic space is in emotion, not function. One of the expressions of collective grieving is memorial sites, whose choice has a deep symbolic meaning. Through careful anthropological analysis of burial sites and memorial sites, the intense emotional experiences associated with death, including grief, bereavement, and reminiscence, can be understood. Funeral and memorial practices are mediated by several spaces – the body (corporeal), the place of death/dying, the morgue, the cemetery, the crematorium, the memorial of memory, the virtual space of the cyber world – the networked martyrologists. The conflict arising from the ongoing performance and recording of memory in public space is reflected in debates about expressions and markers of private grief in public spaces and related disputes about what constitutes a ‹sacred› place. The tragedies of civilian deaths during shelling are part of what are becoming new ritual forms and memorials, constructing a permanent memory of the dead in the material landscape of lived space. The tradition of designing memorials during the russian-Ukrainian war creates a «register of sacred history» – a set of shared historical experiences and views that define and unite the community. Processes of memorialization after a tragic death, which are increasingly taking place in public, are becoming medialized and are used by the state as a political tool. The nature of the memorial landscape creates a specific style of communication, in which the entire society is engaged in spatial dialogue.
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Khlebnikova, Varvara. "Russian diplomat A.S. Ionin on the status of Montenegro after the Congress of Berlin and Russia's foreign policy plans in the west of the Balkan peninsula". Slavs and Russia, n.º 2019 (2019): 310–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.31168/2618-8570.2019.13.
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The article deals with the activities of the Russian diplomat A.S. Ionin working as au Consul General in Dubrovnik, and the fi rst Russian resident minister in the Montenegrin principality afterwards in 1878. Ionin was not only the initiator and creator of the mission in Cetinje. He actively helped the Montenegrin government to develop a framework for foreign policy after the signing of the San Stefano and Berlin treaties. He also analyzed the post-war situation in the Balkan Peninsula and contributed to the development of the status quo policy to consolidate Russia's successes achieved in the war of 1877-78 and neutralize the unfavourable political consequences of the concessions made under pressure from the European powers at the Congress of Berlin.
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Baranov, Nikolay N. "Split Memory: World War I Memorialisation Practices in the Weimar Republic". Izvestia of the Ural federal university. Series 2. Humanities and Arts 23, n.º 3 (2021): 22–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.15826/izv2.2021.23.3.043.
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The problem of historical memory and the politics of memory, the formation and evolution of memorial culture has become relevant in the context of the “mnemonic turn” in historiography, which began in the 1980s and continues until now. The events of World War I and its consequences in the interwar period occupied a central place in the communicative memory of the Germans and were the main object of historical politics in the Weimar Republic. For obvious reasons, there could be no place for triumphal memory in Germany. The memory of heroes acquired a special emotional meaning and pushed the grief memory version into the background, which was a natural compensation for the catastrophic defeat. Attempts by the official authorities and parties of the Weimar coalition to create a common memorial space of the last war for national consolidation and their own legitimisation ended in failure. In the conditions of a deep socio-political split in society on the brink of civil war, the opposing groups created and spread their own versions of the memory of war, not only competing, but also directly hostile to each other. At the same time, its main carriers were veteran organisations of various party affiliations. They were characterised by a specific memorial culture of admiration for the idealised image of the front-line soldier and disdain for the ones in the rear. As a result, the most significant places of memory, i.e. the Tannenberg Memorial in East Prussia and the Neue Wache building in Berlin never acquired national significance. In the confrontation between conflicting versions of memory, the advantage remained on the side of the conservative, nationalist, and anti-republican forces.
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Sniegon, Tomas. "From state terror to international conflict. A place of memory: Katyn as a foreign policy tool of Putin’s Russia". FAREWELL TO IMAGINED POST-SOVIETNESS: A Political and Methodological Necessity 2, n.º 1 (1 de enero de 2023): 78–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.54881/211stts.
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This text discusses the transformations of the Katyn memorial site near Smolensk in western Russia, where, in 1940, the mass murder of more than 4,000 Polish military officers who were prisoners of war occurred. After the Soviet Union’s admission of guilt in 1990, it seemed for two decades that Katyn could also serve as a place for mutual reconciliation between post-communist Poland and post-Soviet Russia. However, in the period of increasing tension between Russia and Poland after 2010, the monument in Katyn became an object of Russian–Polish confrontation. The author concludes that the Katyn memorial complex today illustrates the tendency to patriotize and detraumatize Soviet crimes, whereby the positive events of the Soviet era – especially the victory over Germany in World War II – are ‘Russified’ and newly politically traumatized in parallel with the trivialization and marginalization of murder and crimes against human rights. The new form of memory in Katyn reflects an increasingly firmly dictated line from above that combines Russian nationalism, Orthodox faith, and a sentimental view of the period of Communist rule.
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Сергей Петрович, Поцелуев, Гаас Алан Александрович y Яковлев Александр Дмитриевич. "MONUMENTAL COMMEMORATION AND RUSSIAN IDENTITY IN THE NORTH CAUCASUS: CAN NON-ACCEPTANCE OF DECISIONS BE A RATIONAL POLITICAL STRATEGY?" STATE AND MUNICIPAL MANAGEMENT SCHOLAR NOTES 1, n.º 1 (marzo de 2023): 197–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.22394/2079-1690-2023-1-1-197-204.
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The article is devoted to the phenomenon of the "monument war" in the North Caucasus in the context of Russian nation-building. The authors analyze the historical dynamics of the commemoration in the North Caucasus, depending on its historical stages and political actors. Further, the article examines the causes of the actual 'war of monuments' in the North Caucasus and formulates its essence. At the same time, the question is raised about the assessment of the position of the authorities regarding this "war" in terms of the policy of "non-decision-making" (according to P. Bachrach and M. S. Baratz). In conclusion, the authors interpret the memorial conflicts in the North Caucasus as a request for a modern (in the spirit of E. Renan) concept of the Russian nation.
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SPRIGGE, MARTHA. "Tape Work and Memory Work in Post-War Germany". Twentieth-Century Music 14, n.º 1 (febrero de 2017): 49–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1478572217000056.
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ABSTRACTSonic traces of the Third Reich have held significant memorial power in post-war Germany. This article traces three works that sample one of the most well-known recordings from the Nazi period: Joseph Goebbels's declaration of Total War, delivered on 18 February 1943, and broadcast on newsreel and radio the following week. In both message and material, this recording epitomizes Friedrich Kittler's claim that tape is a military technology. The works examined span different memory debates in post-war Germany: Bernd Alois Zimmermann realized Requiem für einen jungen Dichter (1967–9) as West Germans were engaging in the first public discussions of the Holocaust, Georg Katzer's Mein 1989 (1990) is an East German composer's early response to the fall of the Berlin Wall, while Marcel Beyer's novel Flughunde (The Karnau Tapes, 1995) reveals the continued attempt to address the legacy of the Third Reich after German Reunification. Analysed together, these works create new configurations of discourse about wartime memory, moving away from geopolitical contours. Each of these artists transforms tape's wartime uses – namely dissemination and encryption – into forms of memorial labour. Through their physical and conceptual manipulations of tape, these artists create less deterministic readings of the Nazi past.
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Batishchev, R. Yu. "War Commemorations of Russian Orthodox Church as the Mechanism to Construct Civil Religion in Modern Russia". Tempus et Memoria 3, n.º 2 (2022): 56–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.15826/tetm.2022.3.038.
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The article considers war commemorations and memorial practices of the Russian Orthodox Church in the context of the formation of civil religion in contemporary Russia. It is emphasized that the relations between the army and the church are the most institutionalized, including those concerning the politics of memory. The factors which determine the centrality of images of war in historical representations, including religious actors, are considered. The main specificity of the representation of the wars of the past within the framework of religious discourse is highlighted.
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McKenzie, Brent. "Remembrance Tourism: Maarjamäe Memorial Versus The Estonian Victims of Communism Memorial". International Conference on Tourism Research 15, n.º 1 (13 de mayo de 2022): 247–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.34190/ictr.15.1.374.
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The people of the Republic of Estonia experienced severe oppression and terror during the latter half of the 20th century following their forced annexation into the Soviet Union. Additionally, the Soviet military can rightfully be credited with decisively driving Nazi Germany out of Estonia, during World War II. These related, but conflicting results, has resulted in two different memorials, and two radically different perspectives, located within 500 meters of each other, in the Estonian capital city of Tallinn. This research examines the impact of such confrontation in ideals and remembrance, through the promotion (or lack of), funding, and maintenance of history, through memorials in public space. This research addresses these questions through a comparison of two Memorials located within sight of each other, the Maarjamäe Memorial and the Estonian Victims of Communism Memorial, in Tallinn, Estonia. The comparison of the two Memorials highlights the challenges involved in the construct of remembrance, as well as the related construct of nostalgia, within markets such as Estonia that has two distinct ethnic groups, Estonian, and Russian, and how their respective views of the constructs shape the success or failure of such tourism attractions. The findings of this research will be of benefit to other regions with a similar past, when it comes to remembrance and reflection through tourism.
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Vasiliev, A. A. y A. E. Uzhanov. "Military memorial heritage as a social phenomenon and an international legal problem: on the way to a solution". Safety and Reliability of Power Industry 16, n.º 1 (24 de mayo de 2023): 41–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.24223/1999-5555-2023-16-1-41-48.
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This article discusses conceptual approaches to understanding the problem of international legal protection of Soviet monuments, military graves and places of memory of the Great Patriotic War (military memorial heritage (MMH) sites) in the form of the formation of a new sub-branch of international law — military memorial law, the necessity of introducing the concept of "military memorial heritage" into legal circulation is justified, a mechanism for the legal protection of MMH sites is proposed. The article outlines some issues of the formation of a special International Charter "On the protection of the military memorial heritage", and reveals a number of its legal aspectsworked out in social practice by the tools of public diplomacy during the International Relay of Memory and Gratitude "The Fatherland of a Feat — to the Fatherland of a Hero".The material for the study is made up of the works of Russian and foreign scientists and social practitioners in the field of historical and social memory, considering monuments and memorial places symbolizing the exploits and victims of the Great Patriotic War as sites of a specific heritage of civilization that require special legal protection at both national and supranational and international levels. The experimental project in which the first regulatory standards were worked out in the field of perpetuating the memory of the defenders of the Fatherland in the projections of a number of inter-municipal agreements is the Russian electric power industry and the distribution power grid complex.By the methods of participant observation and independent legal expert review, during the implementation of more than 20 inter-municipal agreements established on the basis of the feats of citizens of the USSR during the Great Patriotic War (40 villages and cities with a population of 2 million people), as well as by monitoring the situation with the preservation of monuments in more than 200 villages and cities of about 10 countries of the world, a number of regulatory norms have been worked for the future international legal act in the format of a Charter (or Convention), their description is given and the author's version of the proposed structure is formulated.
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Ryabichenko, Arkadiy. "The “Cemetery War” in the Town of Mo i Rana. To the History of Soviet War Memorial Heritage in Northern Norway". ISTORIYA 14, n.º 8 (130) (2023): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.18254/s207987840027790-8.
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The events surrounding the Soviet military burial site at the Mo cemetery in the town of Mo i Rana are a bright page of the Soviet military memorial heritage's history in Northern Norway. In 1945, at the burial place of 90 Soviet prisoners who worked on the construction of the Nordlandsbanen rail route, the monument was erected by their comrades. In 1948, through the efforts of the residents of Mo municipality, the monument destroyed by weather was rebuilt. Plans by the central authorities to move the remains from the cemetery to the island of Tjøtta during the all-Norwegian campaign faced with public protest led by members of the Communist Party of Norway. The removal of the remains, scheduled for November 2, 1951, didn’t take place in connection with a large-scale protest action, which later called the “cemetery war”. Residents of Mo i Rana are rightfully proud of this page in their history. In 2020, the memorial at the Mo cemetery was opened after renovation initiated by concerned citizens. In 2021, the efforts of the authorities and residents of Rana municipality to preserve the memory of Soviet soldiers’ feat were marked by Russian state awards.
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Gabowitsch, Mischa. "War Monuments and the Transformation of Russian Memorial Culture in the Long 20th Century". Kritika: Explorations in Russian and Eurasian History 23, n.º 3 (junio de 2022): 675–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/kri.2022.0048.
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Volkhonsky, Mikhail A. y Akhmet A. Yarlykapov. "THE IMAGE OF GAREGIN NZHDEH IN ARMENIAN AND RUSSIAN COLLECTIVE MEMORY: SYMBOLIC CONFLICT IN URBAN SPACE (BASED ON RESEARCH IN ARMAVIR AND KRASNODAR)". History, Archeology and Ethnography of the Caucasus 18, n.º 4 (25 de diciembre de 2022): 1126–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.32653/ch1841126-1140.
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This article analyzes the symbolic aspects of the protracted conflict in Armavir between the city authorities and the leadership of Armavir branch of the Union of Armenians of Russia (from 2012 to 2019) in connection with the installation of a memorial plaque near the Armenian church in honor of the political figure Garegin Nzhdeh. The analysis of the conflict from the perspective of the concept of "symbolic politics" allowed us to identify some specifics of the policy of remembrance carried out by the Armenian diaspora in Russia. The conflict was caused by the different perception of Garegin Nzhdeh's image in the Russian and Armenian cultural memory. For the collective memory of the Russian Armenians Nzhdeh is primarily a national hero, who fought for the independence of Armenia. In the Russian collective memory Nzhdeh is only a politician, who collaborated with the Nazi Germany during the Second World War. As the study showed, during the conflict Armenian and Russian activists used different kinds of memory policy strategies ("symbolic erasure", "symbolic camouflage" and "reformatting" of the previously created memorial space). The study also revealed some structural peculiarities of the collective, cultural and functional memory of Russian Armenians. In particular, the study showed that the collective memory of Russian Armenians has the character of an amalgam, which combines uncomplementary elements of Russian and Armenian collective, cultural memory.
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Karagodin, Andrey Vasil'evich. "The Crimean War of 1853-1856 in the light of the "memorial turn": reflecting on the book by the English historian Orlando Figes "Crimea. The Last Crusade"". Исторический журнал: научные исследования, n.º 3 (marzo de 2022): 93–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.7256/2454-0609.2022.3.38260.
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The article reviews O. Figes' monograph "Crimea, The Last Crusade", dedicated to the Crimean War of 1853-56, published in Russia in 2021. The work of the English historian is considered primarily in the light of approaches to the study of historical memory developed in modern historical science. It is noted that, despite the rich tradition of studying the Crimean War in Russian and Western historiography, the topic of the formation of historical memory of the war of 1853-1856 and the existence of the image of this war in Russia and the countries of the anti-Russian coalition for more than a century and a half has been touched upon little in the literature. Meanwhile, the ongoing discussion in the world historical science on the topic of the "memorial turn" convinces of the importance of updating the memory of such important events of the past as the Crimean War. The emphasis on "places of memory", such as the city of Russian glory of Sevastopol, as can be seen from the public agenda, is also becoming an important means of foreign and domestic policy, a way of reflecting society on its past, present and future, an instrument for solving political and state tasks broadcast through the education system, literature, art, and the press. In this sense, the topic of memorialization of the Crimean War in various countries, raised by O. Figes, undoubtedly needs further development in the Russian historiorgraphy.
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Lawson, Brendan, Joël Glasman y Irina Mützelburg. "Humanitarian Numbers in the Russian–Ukrainian War". Journal of Humanitarian Affairs 5, n.º 1 (14 de septiembre de 2023): 52–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.7227/jha.102.
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In this interview, Irina Mützelburg discusses the production and spreading of humanitarian numbers in the on-going Russian–Ukrainian war since February 2022. She traces the emergence of the announced number of Ukrainian refugees several months before the beginning of the full-scale invasion and analyses the ways in which the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) and the International Organization for Migration (IOM) compile statistics respectively on Ukrainian refugees abroad and internally displaced persons (IDPs). Numbers are produced to be coherent and higher, to illustrate the need for attention and funding. Furthermore, the debated issue of Ukrainians who (were) moved to Russia since the invasion is reviewed, discussing not only the numbers, but also the ways the Ukrainian and the Russian states frame the ways and reasons for which Ukrainians came to Russia. Finally, the interview covers the term ‘evacuee’ and ‘evacuation’ that both Russian and Ukrainian politicians and media use in unusual ways and which have been taken up by international media outlets. Irina Mützelburg is a post-doctoral researcher at the Centre for East European and International Studies in Berlin and a co-coordinator of the German-French ANR-DFG project, Limspaces, researching everyday life in Moldova and Ukraine. Currently she studies the educational situation of displaced pupils from Ukraine in Germany. She holds a PhD from Sciences Po Paris and has published on Ukraine, migration policies, norm transfer and public policy analysis in the Journal of Intercultural Studies, European Journal of Migration, Revue française de science politique, Revue d’études comparatives Est-Ouest, Revue Gouvernance and Trajectoires. Her book Transferring Asylum Norms to EU Neighbours: Multi-Scalar Policies and Practices in Ukraine has been published with Palgrave Macmillan (London) in 2022.
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Rosenshield, Gary. "Socialist Realism and the Holocaust: Jewish Life and Death in Anatoly Rybakov's Heavy Sand". PMLA/Publications of the Modern Language Association of America 111, n.º 2 (marzo de 1996): 240–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/463104.
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Anatoly Rybakov's Heavy Sand (; 1978), the first widely read work of Russian fiction since the 1930s to deal extensively with Jewish life during the Soviet period, is a bold—and problematic—attempt to overcome the negative stereotype of the Jew in Russian culture and to create a memorial to the Soviet Jews murdered by the Nazis. However, governmental and self-imposed censorship, socialist realism, and the narrator's conflicted Russian-Jewish identity vitiate this rehabilitative project. Rybakov's use of socialist realism to heroize the Jews and to present their destruction as part of a larger plot to exterminate the Slavs distorts and de-Judaizes the Soviet Jewish catastrophe of the Second World War. Heavy Sand is replete with tensions and contradictions. On the one hand, the author celebrates Jewish family life and writes of a memorial to murdered Jews that includes a potentially subversive Hebrew inscription; on the other, he denies the significance of Jewish identity and provides a Russian translation of the Hebrew inscription that accords with Soviet policy and ideology. In the end, Heavy Sand conceals more than it reveals about Jewish life and death in the Soviet Union; it represents an aesthetics of—and a testimony to—not remembering but forgetting.
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Kotov, Boris S. "“Germany and the Balkan Feud”: The Russian Press Assessment of German Policy During the Two Balkan Wars of 1912–1913". Novaia i noveishaia istoriia, n.º 3 (19 de julio de 2024): 107–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s0130386424030094.
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By analysing leading Russian newspapers on the eve of the Great War, the author illustrates the perception of German policy by Russian public opinion during the two Balkan wars of 1912–1913. He concludes that during the ten months of the Balkan crisis, the attitude of the Russian press towards Germany underwent a significant transformation. In the first two months of the Balkan War (October and November 1912), when Berlin was not openly declaring its support for Austrian claims, one could find favourable comments on German policy in Russian newspapers. The attitude of the Russian press to Germany shifted in a negative direction under the influence of Chancellor Theobald von Bethmann Hollweg’s speech in the Reichstag on 2 December 1912, when for the first time since the beginning of the Balkan War Berlin publicly declared its readiness to back its Austrian ally’s claims with arms in hand. Russian society experienced even greater disappointment in German politics after the start of the London Meeting of Ambassadors, at which the German representative supported the proposals of the Austrian side, and after a new speech by Bethmann-Hollweg in the German parliament on April 7, 1913, when the Reich Chancellor declared “racial opposites” between the Slavic and German peoples and laid full responsibility for maintaining a tense the situation in Europe affects the pan-Slavic circles of Russia. These two speeches by the head of the German government and Berlin’s support for Austrian claims at the London Conference were negatively perceived by the overwhelming majority of the Russian press. At the same time, the disagreements between Germany and Austria-Hungary that emerged during the Bucharest Peace Conference and immediately after it gave the Russian press reason to declare a serious crisis of the Triple Alliance. The article concludes that there was a significant increase in anti-German sentiment in Russia under the influence of German behavior during the Balkan crisis of 1912–1913. Thus, the two Balkan Wars became an important milestone not only in the history of international relations at the beginning of the 20th century, but also in the propaganda preparations for the First World War.
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Koznova, I. E. "The image of the Russian peasantry in A. Platonov’s the stories and plays during the Great Patriotic War". Vestnik of Samara University. History, pedagogics, philology 27, n.º 3 (26 de noviembre de 2021): 8–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.18287/2542-0445-2021-27-3-8-16.
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Fiction embodies the diverse cultural and historical memory of society and offers its own answers about the impact of war on a person, the long-term humanitarian consequences of the war. In his military stories and plays A. Platonov presented a wide panorama of images of the fighting people, among which the image of peasantry occupies a central place. Memory is considered as the leading concept of the writers creativity. Features of perception of war, life and death, good and evil by ordinary soldiers are revealed. A. Platonovs military stories are very significant for the cultural memory of Russian society. Focusing on the peasant roots of the fighting people, the writer warned of the danger of forgetting this. Platonovs constant interest in the memorial aspects of culture is realized in his military prose largely from the point of view of the world picture of Russian peasants. Village and its inhabitants, faith and family, land, bread, labor-symbols of the Motherland in Platonov, the embodiment of historical continuity. These aspects were reflected later in popular memories of the war, in the peasant perception of the war as sacrificial heroism.
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Alpeev, Oleg. "Russian Planning a War against the Great Britain, Austria-Hungary and Turkey Coalition in 1878". Slavs and Russia, n.º 2019 (2019): 120–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.31168/2618-8570.2019.3.
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The article considers Russia planning a war against the coalition of Great Britain, Austria-Hungary and Turkey in 1878. When the Russo-Turkish war of 1877-1878 was over, the Russian high military command attempted to resolve the Eastern Question and seize the Strait of Bosphorus and Constantinople. Having faced the opposition from Great Britain and Austria-Hungary, the Rus-sian command hesitated to capture Constantinople and the Bosphorus, which led to Russia's failure at the Congress of Berlin. War plans worked out by the General Staff and two-star general N.N. Obruchev, meant to help conduct military operations in the Balkans and Galicia were never realised.
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Mankevich, Dmitrii V. y Maxim E. Megem. "International heritage in the memorial landscape of the Kaliningrad region". Baltic Region 15, n.º 2 (2023): 139–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.5922/2079-8555-2023-2-8.
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This article aims to analyse the structure of sites in the Kaliningrad region commemorating events, phenomena or figures of international history, as well as to reveal their symbolic significance. The study uses empirical data on the origin, time of construction and purpose of the monuments, memorials and other places of commemoration. Theoretically, it draws on the concepts of cultural memory and sites of memory. The idiographic and historiographic methods were employed along with general scientific methods. At the core of the region’s international memorial landscape structure are sites commemorating the German past of the area or linked to Lithuanian and, less frequently, Polish national cultures. The structure of the memorial heritage is largely a product of the selective preservation of pre-war monuments and constructions in the Soviet period and post-Soviet commemorative activities in the Kaliningrad region, ‘a region of cooperation’. Its most substantial, German, component is a complex symbolic system honouring the intellectual culture of East Prussia and its prominent figures. And, not unlike its Lithuanian and Polish components, it lacks inner unity. Most of the memorial objects examined have been integrated into all-Russian or regional historical narratives and corresponding discourses. Reflecting the ‘Russian story line’ in the local history, it has been appropriated by the local culture of memory.
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Nikolic-Ristanovic, Vesna. "German experiences in documenting and presenting information about past crimes to the public". Temida 15, n.º 3 (2012): 5–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tem1203005n.
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This paper aims to present German experiences in documenting the crimes of the past using Berlin as a case study. The first part provides a brief overview of the history and the broader social context in which the process of dealing with the past took place in Germany in general, and in Berlin in particular, as well as the most important characteristics of data on crimes that were presented to the public. The second part provides an overview and analysis of the data presented in two memorials: the Topography of Terror and the Memorial to the Murdered Jews of Europe. These two memorials are examples of presenting information about war crimes that can be considered as fairly inclusive, thus the goal of their presentation is to highlight the potential that these approaches may have in creating a social memory and the overall attitude of society toward the past. The findings presented in this paper are the result of the research carried out by the author in Berlin in June 2011.
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Pushkareva, Yuliya Gennadevna y Alena Vasil'evna Zharnikova. "Memorial urbanonymy of Ulan-Ude as commemoration of the heroes of the Great Patriotic War". Филология: научные исследования, n.º 9 (septiembre de 2021): 20–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.7256/2454-0749.2021.9.34512.
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This article examines the inner-city names of the capital of the Republic of Buryatia – Ulan-Ude. Using the method of continuous sampling, the author determined the lexical-semantic group “Heroes of the Soviet Union, Participants of the Great Patriotic War” in the memorial urbanonyms. The research leans on the reference dictionary “The Streets of Ulan-Ude are Historical Monuments”, and online map of the city of Ulan-Ude 2GIS. The goal of this research is to analyze the memorial urbanonyms of Ulan-Ude, determine the names of Heroes of the Soviet Union, natives of Buryatia and other cities of the Soviet Union recorded in the urbanonymicon of the capital of the republic, as well as compile the list of proper names of this lexical-semantic group that are not inscribed in the map of Ulan-Ude. The subject of this study is the memorial urbanonyms of Ulan-Ude, motivated by the lexical-semantic group “Heroes of the Soviet Union, Participants of the Great Patriotic War”. The conducted research reinforces the thesis statement that memorial urbanonyms are the universal category and reflected on the maps of multiple Russian cities, including Ulan-Ude. The conclusion is made that the creation of new names for inner-city objects should be based on the established traditions and rules of nomination in order to fit into the existing linguistic system of the city, be attributable to the object, and contribute to its differentiation. The article reveals the names of Heroes of the Soviet Union that are neither included in the urbanonymicon of Ulan-Ude nor reflected in the map. The acquired results can serve as the recommendation for the municipal administration to use memorial names from the lexical-semantic group “Heroes of the Soviet Union”, which are not included in the urbanonymicon of Ulan-Ude.
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Ulanov, Philipp I. "5TH ANNIVERSARY OF THE PATRIOTIC WAR OF 1812. PRACTICES OF COMMEMORATION". RSUH/RGGU Bulletin. Series Political Sciences. History. International Relations, n.º 3 (2020): 76–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.28995/2073-6339-2020-3-76-88.
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This article examines the commemoration practices in marking 5th anniversary of the Patriotic war of 1812. Those celebrations became actually the first commemorative event dedicated to that war. A historical analysis is based on the material of mass media and memoirs of contemporaries. The focal point of the article is the collective memory formation process: what ceremonies were carried out and what goals were pursued by the state, what were the narratives of historical memory that existed in the press. The study of historical memory and its formation means, and specifically with regard to the anniversaries of the Patriotic war of 1812, has become widely prevalent in modern Russian historiography. However, historians rarely focus their attention on the 5th jubilee of the war. The study of that event from the point of view of the memorial history problematic will reveal not only the emerging of the narratives of historical memory, but also will be the starting point in the further study of their evolution and changes. The study of that dynamics is extremely important, because using the memory of the Patriotic war of 1812 has contributed to forming the national identity and self-consciousness of the Russian population over the past two centuries.
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Scarrocchia, Sandro. "The Italian Memorial At Auschwitz: An Approach Through Conservation Theory". Images 6, n.º 1 (2012): 119–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18718000-12340009.
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Abstract According to Bruno Zevi, the Italian Memorial housed at Block 21 of the Auschwitz concentration camp is among the most significant works of contemporary architecture. Recently, it has become the focus of a political and cultural conflict that is itself worthy of study. The memorial was designed as a post-war symbol of the anti-Fascist movement. It is thus heavily influenced by the politics of the Resistance, which characterized the First Republic and influenced the Italian Constitution. However, this sort of politics is incompatible with the post-Berlin-Wall narrative that the Museum of Auschwitz on the international level, along with various Italian governments on the national level, have decided to promote in the twenty-first century. Yet the Italian Memorial is an integral part of the World Heritage UNESCO site at Auschwitz, and its removal or transfer elsewhere, besides constituting a loss for Italian cultural identity, would also vitiate and downgrade the history of Auschwitz. This study looks at the memorial in terms of the discipline of conservation, applying principles elaborated by the Vienna School (Alois Riegl and Max Dvořák) to show how new exhibitions for the pavilions threaten to transform Auschwitz from a monument and historical document into a museum-style fairground, and to reveal the political motivation behind claims of the Memorial’s contemporary irrelevance.
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Kareva, Natalia V. y Evgeny G. Pivovarov. "“Die deutsche Grammatica … von Charmyntes” (Berlin, 1713): Creation, Author and Readers". Slavistica Vilnensis 66, n.º 1 (17 de noviembre de 2021): 42–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/slavviln.2021.66(1).59.
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The first printed German language grammar, created for Russians, “Die deutsche Grammatica <…> von Charmyntes” was published in Berlin, in 1713. The authors investigate its extant copies, paying particular attention to the variants, held in the Russian Academy of Sciences and the Russian National Library. They verify the assumption, stated by K. Koch (2002), that J. L. Frisch was the compiler of the manual, and discuss, why he might hide under the odd alias “Charmyntes”. The scholar’s biography and scientific legacy are succinctly outlined. Frisch’s role in the establishment of the first Russian-German coterie is considered. He taught several noble students from Russia (first — the Golovkins, especially Alexander, his long-time friend and collaborator; and then — “Moscowitische Prinzen oder Knaesen” — the Dolgorukies and Repnins). Frisch’s works were purchased for Russian private and public libraries. Some of them could be presented to the scholars (G. F. Müller) or aristocrats (tsarevna Maria Alekseyevna), visiting him. The authors suggest hypotheses, why Charmyntes did not want to reveal his real name and his possible encouragers: Muscovite acquaintances or German patrons. “Die deutsche Grammatica” was published in the year momentous for Prussian foreign affairs. The new king was establishing allied relations with Peter I. The country gradually waded into the Great Northern War.
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Senkāne, Olga. "NARRATIVES OF INSCRIPTIONS ON MEMORIAL PLATES OF JEWS, RUSSIANS, LATVIANS AND LATGALIANS: MEMORY CULTURE DISCOURSE". Via Latgalica, n.º 3 (31 de diciembre de 2010): 102. http://dx.doi.org/10.17770/latg2010.3.1680.
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<p>Linguistic execution and narrative structure of the memorial plaques demonstrates not only ideology, axiology etc. of certain ages, culture of memory as such, but also trends in linguistic applications, with respect/without respect to the state language policy representing the respective historical stage (period of the first Latvian independent state, Soviet times, years of the third awakening and independence). The language/languages used in narratives of memorial plaques in the Rēzekne City, structure and content of the narratives depends on 1) location of the memorial plaque (cemetery, city sights, downtown or outskirts, etc.) 2) time period for installation of the memorial plaque (periods of independence/Soviet times), 3) national/religious affiliation of the dead/killed, 4) the pathos to be achieved (patriotic, heroic, philosophical, ritual, etc.).</p><p>Monolingual memorial plaques in Latvian or bilingual memorial plaques (in Latvian and Russian) constitute the largest quantity in Rēzekne. During the independence periods these are mostly devoted to: 1) politicians, public and culture figures, clergy (8), 2) Latvian/Latgalian freedom fighters, warriors (3), 3) victims of the Holocaust and the communist terror (3). During the Soviet period a special focus is on the World War II fighters against fascism and the victims of fascism, as well as some prominent cultural figures of socialist era – directors, specialists in literature, artists (11).</p><p>Memorial plaques installed before June 1940 are monolingual; plaques installed from WW II to 1989 are bilingual; plaques installed or renovated during the period when Latvia regained national independence are monolingual (in Latvian or Latgalian) or multilingual (in Russian, Latvian, English and German).</p><p>Inscriptions of the Soviet-era memorial plaques (predominantly in Russian and Latvian) are dominated by heroic pathos, which is based in the respective ideology; in inscriptions of the independence time a tone of patriotism and religious rituals is topical, as well as there is also considerable use of the language diversity (utilization of Latgalian and English). Jewish memorial plaques installed during recent years of independence to the Holocaust victims, usually are in 3-4 languages (in Latvian, Yiddish, Russian and English). Text of memorial plaques in multiple languages may be slightly different (choice of lexemes) while maintaining the overall low-key pathos.</p><p>The Jewish Holocaust memorial plaques are one of the few multilingual signs in Rēzekne. Order of inscriptions in 3 or 4 languages enables to reason about the hierarchy of languages during the Soviet era and the years of independence, at the beginning of 21st century. In trilingual signs of the Soviet-era plaques Latvian language is featured as the last one – after Yiddish and Russian, while the plaque installed in 2006 already represents different layout hierarchy indicating the prevailing role of Latvian as the official language where the victims’ mother tongue moves to the second position, but Russian in memorial plaques is still more important than English. Layout and stylistics of the narrative in this memorial plaque inscription is seemingly neutrally informative (where, when, who, did what), but contains moderate dramatic qualities, modest reminder of active participation of the locals in extermination of Jews. The inscription can represent the direction of narration in the memory culture of the Holocaust victims: inscriptions have a reminiscent, recapturing function (so the recipient needs preliminary knowledge), therefore they lack emotionality and the dramatic qualities, evaluative style resources, unlike the Jewish tombstone inscriptions.</p><p>Latgalian memorial plaques in Rēzekne are still rare, total number of them are five and they are falling mainly within the religious (Catholic identity) discourse, largely devoted to prominent Latgalian clergy, the clergy patrons, the victims of communist terror. These memorial plaques in terms of narrative expansion of the inscriptions are not focused on reminder or reconstruction as it is, for example, in the inscriptions on plaques of the Holocaust victims, and are performing another important function of narrative – creating memory (knowledge) for those who lack it, providing a ready-made, educational, observational, emotional assessment – this is a very important feature of the Latgalian memorial plaques. Inscription narratives show respect to an addressee without knowledge, therefore subtexts are not intended there.</p><p>National and territorial identity of Latgale in the historical and contemporary perspective is featured by the syncretism of cultures. Use of languages on the inscriptions of Rēzekne memorial plaques is indicative of the existence of multilingual environment the least respect for which is shown during the first Latvian independence (1818–1940) and also during the restoration of independence period, as most of the Soviet-era plaques renovated in 90ies of the 20th century and early 21st century now are monolingual (in Latvian), but at the time of installation (50–70ies of the 20th century) they have been mostly bilingual (in Latvian, in Russian) or made only in Russian. Today, after regaining independence, the Latvian prevails in the multilingual urban landscape, the Russian still is quite enduring (especially in the outskirts of town), Latgalian is gradually moving away from formal constraints, and revived, but the Jewish is irretrievably withering away. Unfortunately, culture of memories in format of Hebrew memorial plaques and tombstone inscriptions will soon be the only lingual evidence of the existence of this historically so important element of the regional identity.</p>
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Levchenkov, Aleksandr S. "ALL-RUSSIAN SCIENTIFIC AND PRACTICAL CONFERENCE “COVERAGE OF THE GREAT PATRIOTIC WAR IN MODERN MEDIA”, MAY 4, 2023". RSUH/RGGU Bulletin. Series Eurasian Studies. History. Political Science. International Relations, n.º 4 (2023): 134–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.28995/2686-7648-2023-4-134-144.
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On May 4, 2023, the All-Russian Scientific and Practical Conference “Coverage of the Great Patriotic War in modern media” was held at the Russian State University for the Humanities. Among the key objectives of the conference was to define the evolution of approaches to the study in historical science and coverage in modern media of the history of the Great Patriotic War in Russia and neighboring countries. The conference attracted the attention of well-known specialists and young researchers from a number of Russian universities and research centers, museum and memorial institutions and non-profit organizations engaged in scientific and educational activities, and media representatives. Much attention at the conference was paid to the modern development of the Eurasian space, issues of historical politics and “wars of historical memory” in the post-Soviet space, closely related to geopolitical transformations, socio-political and ethno-territorial crises and conflicts. The conference demonstrated the great interest of researchers to the study of both the issues of the Great Patriotic War itself and its coverage in the modern media space, the evolution of images of the past in the framework of historical politics in various countries in the context of the transforming world order. At the same time, one of the priority areas for concentrating efforts for Russian specialists is the development of cooperation with colleagues in the countries of the Commonwealth of Independent States.
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Mikhalev, Alexey V. "Русские места памяти в современном Харбине: имперские смыслы и советские символы". Oriental studies 16, n.º 1 (14 de abril de 2023): 153–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.22162/2619-0990-2023-65-1-153-162.
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Introduction. The study analyzes Russian places of memory in contemporary Harbin. Goals. The paper seeks to answer the question if a memorial consensus regarding the Russian heritage in China is possible, the term ‘memorial consensus’ as such denote a certain formal or informal agreement — between governments or within the community — whether to accept or reject certain symbols of the past, and how to interpret the historical events. That would guarantee conflict-free attitudes to places of memory and their due use for ritual purposes. Moreover, such an agreement regulates how certain memorials or memorable dates associated with a common history may be used in a way most acceptable to all the parties. And the present-day war on monuments around the world makes the study timely enough. In this regard, the Chinese experiences of forming a model for accepting a common past are of essential interest. Materials and methods. Methodologically, the work clusters with memory studies. The paper relies on the concepts ‘places of memory’ and ‘cultural memory’ to apply them to empirical materials of Heilongjiang and focus on toponyms, monuments, cemetery, museum exhibitions, architectural monuments, including Orthodox Christian churches. The discussion shall comprise not only monuments associated with White Russian émigrés but also later Soviet memorials. The paper investigates topographic data, visual materials, reference books dealing with historical and cultural landscapes, and historical works. Discussion. In terms of academic disciplines, the study involves historical, political science, sociological, and cultural approaches. This makes it possible to combine the analysis of the position of memorial objects with political changes in the region. Results. The work shows that a memorial consensus about the ‘Russian past’ has been formed in Harbin to meet tourist needs within the city’s image. This has been facilitated by the rapid development of domestic tourism in China. An important role in finding a memorial consensus was played by the constant dialogue between leaders of the two countries. The study identifies a total of three periods when relationships between national leaders had positive impacts on the policy towards the past. The first period is the time of the union between I. V. Stalin and Mao Zedong, the second period is the dialogue between B. N. Yeltsin and Jiang Zemin, and the third one is the tandem of V. V. Putin and Xi Jinping.
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Sak, K. V. y A. D. Popov. "GLOBAL PEACE AND FRONTLINE WOUNDS: CREATING OF THE SOVIET COMMITTEE OF WAR VETERANS AND THE CONTRADICTIONS OF THE MEMORY POLICY IN THE USSR OF THE 1950s". Вестник Пермского университета. История 63, n.º 4 (2023): 108–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.17072/2219-3111-2023-4-108-121.
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The article examines the background and process of creating the Soviet Committee of War Veterans (SKVV) in 1956, as well as its activities in the first years of its existence in the context of international peacekeeping and internal socio-cultural changes. Since 1945, this marked the first attempt to create a public organization that united all major-categories of Soviet veterans of the Great Patriotic War. The Soviet leadership’s desire to join international federa-tions of former World War II participants became primary motivation behind the SKVV’s formation in the mid-1950s. The leadership of the USSR wanted to use the memory of the war in peacekeeping discourse as one of the relevant and effective tools of public diplomacy. To achieve this, they made previously undesirable compromises. For example, they agreed to intensify the exchange of veteran delegations with foreign countries and recognized the veteran status of former Soviet prisoners of war who participated in the resistance movement in Europe. In parallel with international activities in the internal political conditions of the “thaw”, the structures of the SKVV became the environment for the emergence of numerous grassroots initiatives among veterans in social and memorial spheres. As a result, the state-party leadership received not only a new collective actor for public diplomacy, but also a for-malized community of former war veterans who proposed various initiatives and were ready to participate in their implementation. The paper is based on little-known documents from the federal archives, including the Archive of the Foreign Policy of the Russian Federation, State Archive of the Russian Federation, and Russian State Archive of Contemporary History.
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Pivovar, Efim I. y Elena A. Kosovan. "PUBLICATION OF СOLLECTIONS OF DOCUMENTS ADDRESSED TO THE 75TH ANNIVERSARY OF THE VICTORY IN THE GREAT PATRIOTIC WAR (THE CASE OF THE ARCHIVES OF POST-SOVIET STATES)". RSUH/RGGU Bulletin. Series Eurasian studies. History. Political science. International relations, n.º 3 (2020): 102–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.28995/2686-7648-2020-3-102-114.
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The article focuses on the publication activities of post-Soviet archives within the framework of memorial events in honor of the 75th anniversary of the Victory in the Great Patriotic War. The authors note a wide variety of forms for these events, paying special attention to the publication of collections of documents and materials addressed to various topics and issues associated with the Great Patriotic War and post-war events. First of all, that is the tragedy and heroic deed of the civilian population of the Soviet Union during the war, including the participation of civilians in the partisan movement, as well as the history of military everyday life and the psychology of the Soviet soldier and the Soviet internationalism in the context of the war and post-war events. The analysis of the publication activities of the archives of the member states of the Commonwealth of Independent States allows the authors to conclude that it was the archives of the Russian Federation that led the most energetic publication activities, implementing both regional and federal anniversary publication projects (among the latter, the authors distinguish the all-Russian project “With No Status of Limitation”). As early as in the first half of the anniversary year 2020, archivists of the Russian Federation prepared collections covering the participation of Russian regions in the Great Patriotic War. Unlike the Russian archives, the archives of other member states of the Commonwealth of Independent States in 2019 – the first half of 2020 were less productive in their publication activities. However, the authors note the publications of the National Archives of the Republic of Belarus (already published:“Khatyn. On the Way to Recognition. Documents and Materials” and “Operational Summaries of the Belarusian Headquarters of the Partisan Movement. January–July 1944”, were announced: the publication of document collections related to the operation “Cormorant” and the restoration of agriculture in the Belarusian SSR in 1946–1950); of the State Archives of Minsk Region (“Life during War” collection was published), and the State Service of Records and Archives Management of the Trans-Dniester (Pridnestrovian) Moldavian Republic (“There is Such a Profession to Defend the Motherland” – an electronic collection of documents was prepared).
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Mikhailov, V. V. "MOBILISATION IN AUSTRALIA AND THE FORMATION OF THE AUSTRALIAN AND NEW ZEALAND CORPS (ANZAC) IN 1914". Scientific Notes of V.I. Vernadsky Crimean Federal University. Historical science 6(72), n.º 2 (2020): 95–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.37279/2413-1741-2020-6-2-95-104.
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The author studies the history of formation of the Australian-new Zealand army corps (ANZAC) formations after the beginning of the First world war. The mobilization activities of the governments of Australia and New Zealand, the reaction of societies in these countries to the world war and participation in it, the features of recruitment of the Australian Imperial Force (AIS) and the new Zealand expeditionary force, the characteristics of the corps command are studied. It shows the main events during the transport of the first convoy with ANZAC troops to training camps in Egypt in the autumn of 1914, the victory of the Australian cruiser Sydney over the German raider – light cruiser Emden during the AIS convoy. Special attention is paid to the connection of events of formation and transport ANZAC with Russia – the presence in the body of Russian emigrants volunteers, and participation in the protection of the convoy and against German raiders in the Pacific and Indian oceans warships of the Russian Navy, «Pearl» and «Askold». The article uses archival materials of the Australian War Memorial and English archives, diary entries and letters of participants of the first convoy from Australia to Alexandria (Egypt).
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Jędraszczyk, Katarzyna. "Proces uzgadniania pamięci w kontekście „wojny pomników” na Ukrainie w latach 2014-2022". Politeja 20, n.º 3(84) (28 de septiembre de 2023): 45–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.12797/politeja.20.2023.84.04.
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THE PROCESS OF MEMORIAL RECONCILIATION IN THE CONTEXT OF THE “WAR OF MONUMENTS” IN UKRAINE IN 2014-2022
The years 2014-2022 witnessed dynamic changes in Ukraine’s social, political and symbolic landscape. In its conflict against Ukraine, the Russian Federation employed methods of hybrid warfare that extended into the realms of communication, ideology, and historical discourse. In response, Ukraine sought to emphasize the distinctiveness and divergence of its symbolic sphere. Decommunization efforts included renaming streets and systematic removal of monuments associated with the communist era. The full-scale war that commenced after February 24, 2022, added deeper meaning to this process. The removal of monuments now extends beyond those commemorating figures and events from the communist period (decommunization), and extends to the tsarist and post-1991 Russian periods (deimperalization and derussification). The current article examines the dynamics of the monument removal process and the government’s endeavors to organize and institutionalize spontaneous public action. Prior to February 2022, decommunization in Ukraine focused on the Ukrainian collective memory, but now the “war of monuments” is directed against Russia. The analysis draws upon Michael Rothberg’s concept of multidirectional memory.
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Strunina-Borodina, Nataliia G. "On the Russian financial assistance to Montenegro: From the origins of Russian-Montenegrin relations to the beginning of the 20th century". Slavic Almanac, n.º 1-2 (2020): 123–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.31168/2073-5731.2020.1-2.1.07.
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In 1711, official relations were established between Russia and Montenegro. Since 1715, Russia began to pay a constant financial subsidy to Montenegro. Over the years, its amount was growing, more and more new items of expenditure were added to the main subsidy. Based on documents, we note a special increase in these payments at the period of the Great Eastern Crisis of 1875-1878, during the Montenegrin-Turkish War of 1876-1877 and the Russian-Turkish war of 1877-1878. Because of the latter, the Berlin Treaty was signed, officially securing the independence of Montenegro and its territorial expansion. In the post-war decade, Russia repeatedly provided loans to Montenegro for various needs, including military ones, and helped, almost annually, by sending foodstuffs. In 1889, two dynastic marriages were contracted between the Russian Empire and the Montenegrin principality. Before this, Petersburg had covered all the external debts of the Principality. Since 1895, Russia took upon itself the financing of one battalion of the Montenegrin army, and since 1902 of two battalions with a total cost of 331 thousand rubles. In our opinion, financial “injections” were an important measure of Russian-Montenegrin relations, which can be used to judge the interest of the Russian Empire in Montenegro, as well as the significance of this small Balkan country for the Russian Foreign Ministry’s policy plans.
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Owsiński, Piotr A. "Propaganda und Manipulation in der Sprache Anhand der offiziellen Stellungnahmen des Russischen Aussenministeriums". Politeja 20, n.º 6(87) (20 de diciembre de 2023): 69–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.12797/politeja.20.2023.87.04.
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THE PROPAGANDA AND LINGUISTIC MANIPULATION IN THE LANGUAGE OF POLITICS ON THE BASIS OF THE OFFICIAL STATEMENTS OF THE RUSSIAN FOREIGN OFFICE ABOUT THE RUSSIAN INVASION OF UKRAINE (2022) Persuasion, disinformation, manipulation, censorship, which are elements of propaganda, can be regarded as central terms of the language of politics, especially during conflict situations and wars. The question of interest is in what ways the specific language techniques are used by the Russian Foreign Affairs Department for the purposes of propaganda in the context of the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine. The paper analyzes the official statements of Maria Zakharova, the Director of the Information and Press Department of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation that are available on the web page of the Embassy of Russia in Berlin. The following examinations are confronted with the well-documented nature of the persuasive language in Nazi propaganda before and during World War II. The aim of such analysis is to examine in what ways and to what extent the specific propaganda techniques they are used to justify the war that Russia has started by invading Ukraine.
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Krasilnikova, Ekaterina I. y Dmitrii I. Petin. "The Monument to the Victims of the Explosion on August 1, 1918 in Omsk: The History of a Private Commemoration in the City Memorial Space". Herald of an archivist, n.º 1 (2022): 66–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.28995/2073-0101-2022-1-66-80.
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The study presented to the readers is devoted to an unstudied Siberian monument associated with the period of the Civil War and long since lost. The relevance of the study is due to a rather weak scientific understanding of specifics of the development of memorial culture in Siberia at this difficult historical stage and of its ongoing influence on the modern memorial processes. The emergence and existence of the monument to the victims of an ammunition explosion on August 1, 1918 in Omsk has been traced within the frameworks of development of the Russian memorial culture and memorial space in the Siberian cities. The authors establish the monument’s origin and its fate up to its disappearance. To interpret these events, general trends in the Soviet era state policy of memory and peculiarities of the urban environment of the period are taken into account. The main sources are valuable and mostly unpublished documents and photos (including those from private collections), which are being thus introduced into scientific use. The study is oriented to the problem field of memory studies; it addresses problems of cultural memory, its formation, development, and transformations under the influence of various factors. It also uses biographical and problem-historical methods. This theoretical complex permits to interpret the half century existence in Omsk of a monument erected on a private initiative, while linking its appearance to the particular historical situation. The publication may be of interest to specialists in the field of cultural and historical memory, researchers of urban cultural space, Civil War in Siberia, urban everyday life and Omsk local history.
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Clarke y Wóycicka. "Cultural Diplomacy in the War Museum: The Case of the German-Russian Museum Berlin-Karlshorst". History and Memory 31, n.º 2 (2019): 78. http://dx.doi.org/10.2979/histmemo.31.2.0078.
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Ushiyama, Rin. "‘Comfort women must fall’? Japanese governmental responses to ‘comfort women’ statues around the world". Memory Studies 14, n.º 6 (diciembre de 2021): 1255–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/17506980211054308.
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This article examines Japanese governmental responses to memorial statues dedicated to ‘comfort women’ – women across the Asia-Pacific whom the Japanese military forced into conditions now recognised as sexual slavery before and during World War Two. This article discusses four cases around the world in which Japanese government officials have demanded the removal of comfort women statues: 1) Glendale, California; 2) San Francisco; 3) Manila; and 4) Berlin. The global expansion of comfort women memorialisation is significant to contemporary statue politics and crises of memory in three ways. Firstly, East Asian diasporas have become important actors in the remembrance of Japanese colonialism and the Asia-Pacific War outside East Asia. Secondly, these statues constitute attempts by diasporas to recover and reclaim a traumatic past through material culture. Thirdly, despite the global geographical reach of comfort women memory activism, neither nationalism nor the power of the nation-state have declined in today’s transnational world.
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Porzgen, Yvonne. "Siege Memory – Besieged Memory? Heroism and Suffering in St Petersburg Museums dedicated to the Siege of Leningrad". Museum and Society 14, n.º 3 (9 de junio de 2017): 412–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.29311/mas.v14i3.654.
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The official Soviet narrative of the Second World War used the concept of heroism to imbue war commemoration with an obligation towards the state. Such a concept was designed to make subsequent generations feel inferior to their predecessors and obliged to give of their best. Today, the victory serves as the strongest connection between Soviet and modern Russian patriotism. The paper argues that the memory of the Siege of Leningrad (1941-1944) as treated in museums in St Petersburg today is an appropriation by present-day Russian propaganda of the Soviet narrative. Soviet memorial sites are developed to foster support for Russia rather than the former Soviet Union. While the use of the heroic paradigm continues, the definition of heroism has changed to include each and everybody who suffered during the Siege. With collective heroism as the leading image, a critical view of the historic events becomes all but impossible. The paper makes references to the alternative narratives of literature, memoirs and diaries to contrast the version of the Siege presented in the museum exhibitions.
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Kolonitskii, B. I. y M. G. Matskevich. "LENIN AS A “SITE OF MEMORY” OF POST-SOVIET RUSSIA. MEMORY ABOUT POLITICS AND MEMORY ABOUT THE MEMORIAL PROJECT". Вестник Пермского университета. История, n.º 3(58) (2022): 125–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.17072/2219-3111-2022-3-125-137.
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The article discusses the history of the communist memorial project, with Vladimir Lenin at its core. A theoretical framework is based on the concepts by Pierre Nora (‘sites of memory’) and Jan Assmann (‘cultural memory’ and ‘communicative memory’). The data sources are public opinion polls, transcripts of state officials' speeches, media coverage, and expert interviews conducted by the authors themselves. The cult of Lenin, which was important for the formation of Soviet identity, was sometimes an outcome of conflicts and compromises, employed in the most unpredictable ways. Opponents and open adversaries of the communists indirectly participated in its construction. The authors offer their explanations for the fact that today the memory of both Lenin and the Revolution is not perceived as a viable resource by any prominent political actor in Russia. Contemporary Russian society is divided in assessing Lenin's historical role, but the majotiry of citizens oppose the dismantling of the Soviet memorial project. The memory of Lenin is associated not with historical events, but with the Soviet memorial project instead. The “anti-revolutionary consensus” also influences attitudes towards this memorial project: the majority of Russians reject the revolution as a country’s prospect, they also reject symbolic politics regarded as revolutionary. This also blocks the radical dismantling of the Soviet memorial project. Lenin and the 100-year-old revolutionary events do not evoke vivid and strong emotions, unlike memories of repressions or the Great Patriotic War.
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Timofeev, Alexey Y. "The centenary of World War I in Serbia: A war of monuments". Slavic Almanac, n.º 3-4 (2020): 127–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.31168/2073-5731.2020.3-4.1.07.
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The anniversary of the First World War in Serbia has become an oc-casion for exacerbating public discussion and drawing attention to the rise of revisionism in NATO countries. Fear of a revision of the history of World War I infl uenced Serbian society and elites on the eve of the centenary. The concerned Serb elites responded with a wide range of events organized in Serbia and Republika Srpska. Within the framework of the commemorative events dedicated to the anniversary, monuments, installed and restored by the Serbian authorities and their foreign part-ners, have received special signifi cance. These were monuments to the Serbian patriot G. Princip, to the famous Iron Regiment, to the woman volunteer-soldier Milunka Savic. They are traditional fi gures of the Ser-bian memory of the First World War. At the same time, Serbian authori-ties did not succeed in their attempt to perpetuate in monumental forms the head of the Serbian military intelligence D. Dimitrievic-Apis, the leader of the Serbian nationalist organization Black Hand, which patron-ized the Mlada Bosna organization that prepared the assassination on Franz Ferdinand. The Russian-Serbian monuments of the First World War in Serbia presenting Nicholas II and the military brotherhood of the two peoples were of special signifi cance. All new monuments have become memorial sites and at the same time attractive points for vari-ous political forces expressing their sympathies and antipathies through symbolic gestures towards them.