Artículos de revistas: "Bengal settlers"

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Sengupta, Debjani. "The dark forest of exile: A Dandakaranya memoir and the Partition’s Dalit refugees". Journal of Commonwealth Literature 57, n.º 3 (septiembre de 2022): 520–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00219894221115908.

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The Partition of India in 1947 has often been studied through the lenses of territoriality, communal identity, and the high nationalist politics of the attainment of the two nation-states of India and Pakistan. However, the history of nation-making is inextricably linked with the account of Dalit communities in divided Bengal, their aspirations and arrival in West Bengal, and their subsequent exile outside the newly formed state to a government-chosen rehabilitation site called Dandakaranya in central India. From the 1950s, the Dalit population of East Pakistan began migrating to West Bengal in India following their leader Jogendra Nath Mandal who had migrated earlier. Subsequently, West Bengal saw a steady influx of agriculturalist Dalit refugees whose rehabilitation entailed a different understanding of land resettlement. Conceived in 1956, the Dandakaranya Project was an ambitious one-time plan to rehabilitate thousands of East Bengali Namasudra refugees outside the state. Some writings on Dandakaranya, such as those by Saibal Kumar Gupta, former chairman of the Dandakaranya Development Authority, offer us a profound insight into the plight of Dalit refugees during post-Partition times. This article explores two texts by Gupta: his memoir, Kichu Smriti, Kichu Katha, and a collection of essays compiled in a book, Dandakaranya: A Survey of Rehabilitation. Drawing on official data, government reports, assessments of the refugee settlers, and extensive personal interaction, Gupta evaluates the demographic and humanitarian consequences of the Partition for the Dalit refugees. These texts represent an important literary archive that unearths a hidden chapter in the Indian Partition’s historiography and lays bare the trajectory of Scheduled Caste history understood through the project of rehabilitation and resettlement in independent India.

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Wemyss, Georgie. "White Memories, White Belonging: Competing Colonial Anniversaries in ‘Postcolonial’ East London". Sociological Research Online 13, n.º 5 (septiembre de 2008): 50–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.5153/sro.1801.

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This paper explores how processes of remembering past events contribute to the construction of highly racialised local and national politics of belonging in the UK. Ethnographic research and contextualised discourse analysis are used to examine two colonial anniversaries remembered in 2006: the 1606 departure of English ‘settlers’ who built the first permanent English colony in North America at Jamestown, Virginia, and the 1806 opening of the East India Docks, half a century after the East India Company took control of Bengal following the battle of Polashi. Both events were associated with the Thames waterfront location of Blackwall in the east London borough of Tower Hamlets, an area with the highest Bengali population in Britain and significant links with North America through banks and businesses based at the regenerated Canary Wharf office complex. It investigates how discourses and events associated with these two specific anniversaries and with the recent ‘regeneration’ of Blackwall, contribute to the consolidation of the dominant ‘mercantile discourse’ about the British Empire, Britishness and belonging. Challenges to the dominant discourse of the ‘celebration’ of colonial settlement in North America by competing discourses of North American Indian and African American groups are contrasted with the lack of contest to discourses that ‘celebrate’ Empire stories in contemporary Britain. The paper argues that the ‘mercantile discourse’ in Britain works to construct a sense of mutual white belonging that links white Englishness with white Americaness through emphasising links between Blackwall and Jamestown and associating the values of ‘freedom and democracy’ with colonialism. At the same time British Bengali belonging is marginalised as links between Blackwall and Bengal and the violence and oppression of British colonialism are silenced. The paper concludes with an analysis of the contemporary mobilisation of the ‘mercantile discourse’ in influential social policy and ‘regeneration’ discourse about ‘The East End’.

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Shamsuddoha, Md y Ms Rifat Jahan. "Santal Community in Bangladesh: A Socio-historical Analysis". Asian Journal of Humanity, Art and Literature 5, n.º 2 (31 de diciembre de 2018): 89–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.18034/ajhal.v5i2.339.

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The Santals are one of the most ancient indigenous communities in Bangladesh. Many historians denote them as the earliest settlers in greater Bengal. They mainly belong to Austro-Asiatic group of pre-Aryan settlers. Being the indigenous community of the country, they should have been more influential and developed. But the reality is different. Santals are deprived of stately rights and privileges in many aspects. It has a historical legacy of isolation and clash. As Santals live isolated from mainland people, proper attention was never given to them. Rather they were tortured and oppressed both by colonial and post-colonial rulers, which led them to launch many resistances. But ultimately those resistances could not completely stop the deprivation. In spite of all these challenges, Santals are still struggling to uphold their socio-cultural tradition. The absence of written document in Santal society created a paucity of information in the reconstruction of their history. Therefore, secondary source was mainly used in this research. This study tries to explore the social customs, livelihood and cultural features of Santal community keeping a special focus on the historical development. It indicates that they have historically been deprived in many ways, but they are still able to uphold their distinct cultural features in most of the cases.

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Sen, Amrita y Sarmistha Pattanaik. "How can traditional livelihoods find a place in contemporary conservation politics debates in India? Understanding community perspectives in Sundarban, West Bengal". Journal of Political Ecology 24, n.º 1 (27 de septiembre de 2017): 861. http://dx.doi.org/10.2458/v24i1.20971.

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Abstract We document the economic and socio-cultural vulnerability of a forest-dependent community inhabiting the forest fringe island of Satjelia in the Indian Sundarban. Using simple artisanal methods, they have practiced traditional livelihoods like fishing and collecting wild honey from the forests for more than a century. Despite having established cultural integrity and traditional occupations, this group is not indigenous, and are therefore treated as 'others' and 'settlers.' An ethnographic study describes these various forms of livelihoods and the ways that threatens local subsistence. We also document the bureaucratic and hierarchical structure of protected area (PA) management, showing it has little or no accommodation of this community's local traditional knowledge. Finally, we ask whether there is any scope for integrating 'non-indigenous' environmental knowledge, for a more egalitarian transformation of socio ecological relations within these communities. Keywords: Conservation, conflict, indigenous, political ecology, Sundarban, traditional livelihoods

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Haque, C. Emdad y Md Jakariya. "Bengal Delta, Charland Formation, and Riparian Hazards: Why Is a Flexible Planning Approach Needed for Deltaic Systems?" Water 15, n.º 13 (27 de junio de 2023): 2373. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w15132373.

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A comprehensive understanding of the dynamic characteristics of geomorphological, ecological, and human systems is essential to explaining complex charland (mid-channel island) processes and crafting and implementing policy measures. This work demonstrates that the characteristics and outcomes of riparian hazards are determined by the interactive dynamics between hydrogeology and human conditions, which constitutes a novel contribution to the literature in this research area. We further contend that such dynamic social-ecological systems demand a flexible, adaptive management and planning approach. The present research has three key interdisciplinary objectives: (i) to analyze the salient features and characteristics of the geomorphological and riparian systems of the Bengal Delta; (ii) to analyze the evolutionary discourse of the legal systems concerning eroded (diluvion) and accreted (alluvion) land in Bangladesh; and (iii) to assess the characteristics of the coping and adaptation strategies employed by charland inhabitants. The findings of this research reveal that delta-building processes, which are characterized by dynamic shifts in the river channels, along with the erosion and accretion of charlands have made Bangladesh’s land and water systems very dynamic and unstable. The destabilization of these systems increases the inhabitants’ vulnerability to riparian hazards, which consistently results in the displacement of settlers and, consequently, a serious deterioration in their socioeconomic status. At present, Bangladesh does not have an effective institutional framework and structure for resettlement planning; therefore, the formulation of a comprehensive national resettlement policy with adequate flexibility to adapt to changing scenarios is urgently needed.

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Vink, Markus. "From the Cape to Canton: The Dutch Indian Ocean World, 1600-1800 — A Littoral Census". Journal of Indian Ocean World Studies 3, n.º 1 (18 de septiembre de 2019): 13–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.26443/jiows.v3i1.59.

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As an exercise in trans-oceanic history, this article focuses on the Dutch IndianOcean World in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries from the Dutch EastIndia Company or VOC’s permanent colony at Cape Town, South Africa, inthe Far West to its seasonal trading factory at Canton (Guangzhou), in the FarEast. It argues that the ‘seismic change’ after 1760 noted by Michael Pearsonand associated with the British move inland from their Bengal ‘bridgehead’should be extended to the contemporary polycentric Dutch expansion intothe interior of, most notably, South Africa, Ceylon, Java, and Eastern Indonesia.Demographic measuring points include the number of Dutch citizens andsubjects, comprising European settlers, mixed peoples, and indigenous populations; and: the size and composition of the population of central nodal places in the Dutch Indian Ocean thalassocratic network in the late seventeenth and late eighteenth centuries. By the end of the period, both ‘John Company’(EIC) and ‘Jan Kompenie’ (VOC) effectively were, to some extent, reversingthe colonial gaze inland turning from maritime merchants into landlords andtax collectors. These seismic changes with multiple epicenters were the harbinger of tidal waves about to sweep both the littoral and interior of the modern Indian Ocean World.

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Hyslop, Jonathan. "The world voyage of James Keir Hardie: Indian nationalism, Zulu insurgency and the British labour diaspora 1907–1908". Journal of Global History 1, n.º 3 (noviembre de 2006): 343–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1740022806003032.

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In 1907–1908, the British labour leader, James Keir Hardie, made a round-the-world tour, which included visits to India, Australasia and southern Africa. The support for Indian nationalism which he expressed precipitated a major international political controversy, in the course of which Hardie came under severe attack from the Right, both in Britain and in her colonies. In southern Africa, the issue, combined with Hardie’s earlier criticism of the repression of the 1906 Bambatha rising in Natal, sparked rioting against Hardie by British settlers during his visit. This article seeks to show how Hardie’s voyage illuminates the imperial politics of its moment. Hardie’s journey demonstrates how politics in the British colonies of his era took place not within local political boundaries, but in a single field which covered both metropolis and colonies. The article is a case study which helps to illustrate and develop an argument that the white working classes in the pre-First World War British Empire were not composed of nationally discrete entities, but were bound together into an imperial working class which developed a distinct common ideology, White Labourism, fusing elements of racism and xenophobia with worker militancy and anti-capitalism. The current paper refines this analysis of the politics of the imperial working class by situating it in relation to the rising force of Indian nationalism in the same period, and to the changes this development generated in the politics of the settler colonies and the imperial centre. In India, Hardie forged links with the dynamic new political mobilization that had followed on the crisis over the partition of Bengal. In doing so, he entered, as an ally, into the discursive struggle which Indian nationalists were waging for self-government. By taking a pro-Indian position he antagonized the British Right. Labourites in the white settlement colonies wanted to defend Hardie, as a representative figure of British labour, but were embarrassed by the fact that Hardie’s position on India went against the grain of White Labourist ideology. In southern Africa, local leaders of British labour did opt to defend Hardie. But they did so not only at the risk of alienating their members, but also at the price of being forced into direct confrontations with anti-Hardie groupings.

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Rashid, Masud Ur. "In Search of a Settlement Pattern for Bengal Delta Through Theoretical Re-Interpretations". Creative Space 8, n.º 1 (30 de noviembre de 2020): 21–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.15415/cs.2020.81003.

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The purpose of this study based on secondary source materials is to reinterpret and classify settlementtypology that has relevance to the Bengal Delta. The theoretical analysis were used to figure out the Delta Settlement typologies and to study commonalities or core issues related to settlement formation. This desktop study together with available literature shows that many studies were carried out on the evolution of settlements and also on patterns of settlements. Globally settlements were seen to be fundamentally classified into two broad groups on the basis of their historic origin, that is, hunters and gatherers settlements and settled agricultural settlements. Among the settled agricultural pattern, there is a sub-group of wet-rice cultivation culture. Studies show that Bengal Delta typology is situated in a special thread of ‘rain-fed rice cultivation culture’ in the ‘warm-humid’ Bengal Delta region. With this textual footing, several conceptual ideas were evaluated and finally, the five principles of Doxiadis regarding the universal settlement formulation specifying the core components have been found relevant and also Mowla’s hypothesis for settlement formation in the warm humid Bengal Delta has been found to be of relevance to explain the formation and evolution of the settlements model of the Bengal Delta found through the historic interpretation of old documents and subsequent studies.

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Baral, Sayantika y Tuhin Ghosh. "Partition of Bengal: Impact on Displaced Women and their Contribution to Refugee Movement in West Bengal". Feminist Research 8, n.º 1 (2 de mayo de 2024): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.21523/gcj2.24080101.

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Indian independence in 1947 and its consequences created a major change in the Indian administrative structure in which British India split into Hindu-dominated India and Muslim-dominated Pakistan, respectively. This division also fragmented the undivided Bengal and West Bengal and East Pakistan appeared on the world political map. These partitions played a crucial role among the inhabitants of both regions and they started to leave their country of origin. Hindus from East Pakistan especially women were one of those migrants who were displaced from their motherland and settled in West Bengal. This study deals with the situation, women faced during and after their displacement in West Bengal. It highlights their movement to achieve rehabilitation benefits from the government and their struggle to be financially independent individuals. Several archival reports, books, newspaper articles, etc. helped provide information regarding refugee women’s conditions from East Pakistan to West Bengal.

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Hossain, Ashfaque. "The world of the Sylheti seamen in the Age of Empire, from the late eighteenth century to 1947". Journal of Global History 9, n.º 3 (13 de octubre de 2014): 425–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1740022814000199.

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AbstractThis article examines the maritime activities and emigration of Muslim Sylhetis, from what today is north-eastern Bangladesh. Among the Bengali people, Sylhetis were the pioneers in crossing the sea in the Age of Empire. In their voyages, they worked as crewmen on merchant ships, and then began to settle abroad, mainly in Britain and the USA. Some of those who settled in Britain started restaurants and lodging houses. One of the unexplored questions of South Asian historiography is: why was it the Sylhetis who became seamen and emigrants, even though they lived about 300 miles away from the sea? This article traces the socioeconomic, religious, and ecological environment of Sylhetis to understand their transnational mobility, notably within the increasingly interconnected realms of the British empire.

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Skorokhodova, Tatiana G. "The Ethical Thought of the Bengal Renaissance:A Discovery of Morality in Indian Tradition (1815–1870)". Философская мысль, n.º 8 (agosto de 2023): 52–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.25136/2409-8728.2023.8.40991.

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The origin of Modern Indian ethical thought is described in the article. The author depicts the genesis of ethics as originated from the works by key personalities of the Bengal Renaissance XIX – early XX century. The juxtaposition with traditional Indian thought permits to present the intellectual process in Modern Bengal elite minds as ‘discovery of morality’. Based on hermeneutic analysis of the texts on moral problematics from Rammohun Roy and the Brahmo Samaj thinkers to Krishnamohun Banerjea, the author reconstructs the becoming of Indian ethical thought in the context of their striving for the moral regeneration of traditional society. For the first time the genesis and becoming of thinking of Indian intellectuals about morality in its connections with the present condition of social decline in colonial India are disclosed in the research. The experience of Bengal thinkers of 1815–1870th demonstrates the solution of super-task to find ethics in ancient sacred texts and next to build religiously based ethics. The super-task had been settled by the method of interpretation that permits to see high moral precepts in high faith in One God of original religion as it opposed to polytheistic Hinduism. The result of applying the method was embodied in the creative and high conception of Hindu morality based on ethical God Creator. The Bengal thinkers are firmly convinced that displaced into periphery of Hindus’ consciousness morality as a code of normative ethics must be revived and turned into leading imperatives of consciousness of people.

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Mortuza, Shamsad. "Naxalgia and "Madhu Chakra" in Meghnadhbodh Rohoshya:". Crossings: A Journal of English Studies 11 (1 de marzo de 2020): 54–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.59817/cjes.v11i.439.

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This essay both pits Anik Datta's movie Meghnadhbodh Rohoshya against other literary works dealing with the Naxal question and examines its intertextuality to understand the multifaceted theme of political betrayal that subsumes the armed insurgency. On May 25, 1967, a group of trival sharecroppers in an Indian village called Naxalbari under the state of West Bengal resisted landowners from getting their yield. The protest got 11 villagers killed and spun off into a violent insurgency aimed at the annihilation of the people's enemy, and eventually exposed the Marxist/Maoist divide in the Communist Party of India. Released on the fiftieth year of the Naxalbari Movement, Anik Datta's movie tackles some of the unresolved conflicts of the past by giving them human faces. He uses the genre of mystery films to attempt an "objective" analysis of nuanced truth behind one symbolic betrayal that failed the movement. Datta narrates the story of a defector who left his idealist activism to settle for a comfortable and successful life abroad. The protagonist's defection serves as a parallel to the way the Bengali renaissance figure Michael Madhusudan Dutt left his religion, country and language for Europe and wrote in English. Anik Datta, however, focuses on Madhusudan on Meghnadhbodh Kavya , where the heroic code of a warrior clan is betrayed, and uses it as a temporal frame to negotiate with the present. This article critiques the multiplicity of exchanges between Madhusudan's epic and a contemporary tale of betrayal as found in the Anik Datta's film to comment on the culture and political components of the Naxalite movement and the nostalgia assiciated with it.

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Rumi, Emili. "Muslim Education in Murshidabad, a Bengal District during 1704-1947: A Review". IRA-International Journal of Management & Social Sciences (ISSN 2455-2267) 11, n.º 3 (18 de julio de 2018): 128. http://dx.doi.org/10.21013/jmss.v11.n3.p3.

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The historic city of Murshidabad-the earstwhile nawabi capital –a city founded in the year 1704 by Murshid Quli Khan, the Mughal diwan of Bengal. In 1704 Murshid Quli Khan transferred the capital of Bengal from Dhaka to Murshidabad and named the city after his name .The town is situated on the left bank of river Bhagirathi. It is the northern most district of the Presidency Division of West Bengal and lies between 23 o 43’ and 24 o 52’ north latitude and 87 0 49’ and 88 0 44’ east longitude . Under the Nawabs Murshidabad’s glory reached to the highest peak in almost all arenas. As a trading centre Murshidabad became famous. Many scholars came here and settled and they mixed with the local people freely and there developed a cosmopolitan culture. According o Sushil Chaudhury ‘‘It was a golden day of Murshidabad under the Nawabs’’. By the middle of the 18th century Murshidabad became one of the greatest centre of culture and education as the nawabs were the patrons of learned persons. But after the battle of Plassey the scenario of Murshidabad started changing .With the establishment of the British power we see gradual decline of its culture and education. Many of the British policies directly affected Murshidabad such as the shifting of court to Calcutta, introduction of permanent settlement, introduction of western education and declaration of English as the official language instead of Persian. Murshidabad is the only district of West Bengal where Muslims outnumbered the Hindus since 1901 and formed the majority community. Presently this district is a backward district of West Bengal .When we enquire the causes of this backwardness we find education as one of the major causes. The present paper is a modest attempt to analyse the educational progress in Murshidabad under the Nawabs and also under the British. The paper will also enquire the causes of educational backwardness of this district.

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Mallick, Ross. "Refugee Resettlement in Forest Reserves: West Bengal Policy Reversal and the Marichjhapi Massacre". Journal of Asian Studies 58, n.º 1 (febrero de 1999): 104–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2658391.

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While boating down the ganges delta on a visit to the Reserve Forest Tiger Sanctuary, I noticed on the bank some idols overlooking the river. When I asked about their significance, it was explained that a tiger had killed and carried off a girl; these idols were meant to ward off future attacks. Since I was on tour with a West Bengal government Secretary who had police bodyguards to protect him against pirates and tigers, we had none of the apprehensions locals experienced. As the launch continued downstream, the conversation among the government officials took an unexpected turn. They talked of a massacre in the area of Untouchable refugees who had illegally settled in the protected forest reserve: the killings were said to number in the thousands of families.

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Sen, Anandaroop. "Insurgent law: Bengal Regulation III and the Chin-Lushai expeditions (1872–1898)". Modern Asian Studies 56, n.º 5 (septiembre de 2022): 1515–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x21000366.

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AbstractThis article studies the adjudicatory practices deployed by colonial military and police forces during a series of punitive British expeditions in the eastern frontiers of British India and the northern reaches of British Burma, specifically the Lushai and Chin Hills in the late nineteenth century. It magnifies the lives, deaths, and afterlives of two ‘tribal’ chiefs of Lushai Hills. Among others, these figures were held responsible for a series of raids carried out in the settled British territories of the northeastern frontiers in the 1890s. After a few inconclusive skirmishes with the British expeditionary force, they were apprehended and imprisoned in a jail in Hazaribagh under the preventive detention act of Bengal Regulation III of 1818, which was reserved and designed to arrest political dissidents of the empire. After a few months, two of them, Liengpunga and Khalkam, were found hanging from the windows of their prison latrine. The British administration labelled these deaths as suicides and closed the cases. The article opens them up. In doing so, it narrates an oblique history of the Scheduled District Act of 1874 which removed hill districts from the jurisdictions of regular courts. By focusing on the historical imbrication of Bengal Regulation III of 1818 in the Scheduled District Act, the article highlights the punitive techniques embedded in the seeming protectionist impulse of the colonial state, something that persists in India's administration of the Northeast region. Closer to the concerns of this issue, it reflects on a legal genealogy of tribal subjects in South Asia.

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al Sajib, S. M. Sadat y Muhammad Kazim Nur Sohad. "Contested Peace: The Chittagong Hill Tracts Peace Accord". Social Change 48, n.º 2 (junio de 2018): 260–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0049085718768912.

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Located in the south-east corner of Bangladesh, the Chittagong Hill Tracts (CHT) have a history of a vicious conflict between its Bengali settlers and the Paharis, specifically the indigenous community, the Pahari-adivasis. The region’s already volatile background further escalated thanks to the nation-building approach that was being followed by the state after Bangladesh became independent in 1971. This inclination triggered an insurgency movement whose leaders demanded regional autonomy and a recognition of their identity so that people could lead a life of dignity. To quell the movement, the state resorted to military force. Later to introduce peace, the CHT Peace Accord was signed in 1997. However, though it did succeed in bringing about an element of stability, the accord failed in its larger objective as it excluded the engagement of the larger mass of Pahari people. Just over twenty years after the accord was signed, we examine, through a research study, why it neither lead to sustainable peace nor was it successful in its goal of conflict management.

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Majumdar, Ananda. "INDIA – CANADA RELATIONS POST-COLD WAR PERSPECTIVE – PART 1". EPH - International Journal of Humanities and Social Science 2, n.º 3 (4 de agosto de 2017): 11–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.53555/eijhss.v2i3.20.

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From the perspective of this great relations, the purpose of this essay is to explore a dynamic amalgamation between two great democracies on the basis of education, culture, economy, defence, social phenomena, it is a broad-based story since India’s independence to at present through which a relation between India and Canada has been settled on a true nature through various ways of cooperation, contribution, support, aid and many more. I am in Canada and as a student and researcher I would like to approach this relation more fruitful and cordial by its nature. I would like to pursue my study in International Development and topic like this will be helpful for me to explore ideas, presentation, proposal writing, and developments between countries which is useful for the development of human being. This topic is my academic thesis during my master’s program in International Relations at Jadavpur University, Kolkata, and West Bengal, India.

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Sur, Malini. "Battles for the Golden Grain: Paddy Soldiers and the Making of the Northeast India–East Pakistan Border, 1930–1970". Comparative Studies in Society and History 58, n.º 3 (julio de 2016): 804–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0010417516000360.

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AbstractThis essay explores the fragmentation of provincial rice fields into warring postcolonial territories in mid-twentieth-century South Asia. I focus on rice as a powerful grain that connected the shifting borders of British colonial Assam and Bengal, and later Northeast India and East Pakistan (1930–1970). I show how state repression and competing claims to rice harvests contended with shifting terrains. At important historical junctures, rice came to link cultivation and territorialization, state violence and food, and dispossession and espionage. I engage with the powerful symbolism attached to rice by colonial and post-colonial officials, border guards, and cultivators who were variously conceived of as peasants andadivasis, as they sought to settle, cultivate, demarcate, and govern new national boundaries in a radically changing landscape. This paper situates rice battles within current discussions on Asia's borderlands to show how rice established the border as a space for alterity and to expose the blurred boundaries between static peasants and mobileadivasis, and between cultivation and soldiering.

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Shah Alam, M. y Abdullah Al Faruque. "The Problem of Delimitation of Bangladesh’s Maritime Boundaries with India and Myanmar: Prospects for a Solution". International Journal of Marine and Coastal Law 25, n.º 3 (2010): 405–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157180810x517015.

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AbstractThe sea areas of Bangladesh are reportedly rich in straddling fish stocks and mineral resources, including hydrocarbons. But a long-standing dispute over maritime boundary delimitation with India and Myanmar remains a major stumbling block in exploration of these resources. The overlapping claims of these three countries over the maritime zones in the Bay of Bengal need to be settled for peaceful exploration of natural resources. While India and Myanmar want to delimit the maritime boundary on the basis of the equidistance principle, Bangladesh demands that delimitation should be based on the equitable method. The special geographical circumstances of the coastal zones of these countries warrant that any delimitation, whether agreed or determined by a third party, must result in an equitable solution. The decisions of the international courts and tribunals, state practice, and the Law of the Sea Convention clearly demonstrate that there has been a shift from the equidistance principle to the equitable principle of delimitation and strongly indicate that the equitable principle is the preferred method of delimitation.

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IBRAHIM, FARHANA. "Cross-Border Intimacies: Marriage, migration, and citizenship in western India". Modern Asian Studies 52, n.º 5 (21 de junio de 2018): 1664–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x16000810.

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AbstractThis article examines intersections between sexuality, migration, and citizenship in the context of cross-border and cross-region marriage migration in Kutch, Gujarat, to underscore that women's mobility across borders is one site on which national cultural and political anxieties unfold. It argues that contemporary cross-region marriage migration must be located within the larger political economy of such marriages, and should take into account the historical trajectories of marriage migration in particular regions. To this end, it examines three instances of marriage migration in Kutch: the princely state's marriages with Sindh, nineteenth-century marriages between merchants from Kutch and women from Africa, and contemporary marriage migration into Kutch from Bengal. The article asks whether the relative evaluation of these marriages by the state can be viewed in relation to the settlement policies undertaken after partition, where borderlands were to be settled with those who were deemed loyal citizens. Finally, by historicizing marriage—as structure, but also aspirational category—it seeks to move away from the singularity of marriage as framed in the dominant sociological discourse on marriage in South Asia.

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Bhardwaj, Gobind Sagar, Balaji Kari y Arvind Mathur. "Utilisation of honey trap method to ensnare a dispersing sub-adult Bengal Tiger Panthera tigris tigris L. in a human dominated landscape". Journal of Threatened Taxa 13, n.º 8 (26 de julio de 2021): 19153–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.11609/jott.6476.13.8.19153-19155.

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The need to conserve the tiger, an endangered species and avoid interactions with humans is among the main objectives of forest management of tiger reserves in India. The objective of the study is show that male tigers can be trapped by pheromones in urine and feces of tigress for subsequent translocation. A sub-adult male tiger strayed out of Sariska Tiger Reserve into the human dominated areas to look for territory. Attempts to tranquilize the tiger failed due to dense vegetation. Then the urine and feces of a captive tigress was used to trail the tiger, capture him, and release him into his natal area thereby avoiding incidents with humans. Tracking data indicated that the tiger had settled in the northern area part of Sariska and subsequently sired seven cubs with two tigresses.

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RAY, REEJU. "Interrupted Sovereignties in the North-East Frontier of British India, 1787–1870". Modern Asian Studies 53, n.º 2 (31 de enero de 2019): 606–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x17000257.

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AbstractThe Khasi, Jaintia, and Garo Hills in the North East Frontier of British India were subject to shifting and differentiated forms of colonial governance. Defying notions of coexistence with or autonomy from colonial rule, the colonial history of this region was bound up with specific spatio-temporal constructions. By examining the nature of jurisdictional and political encounters in the Khasi, Jaintia, and Garo Hills, this article addresses the interruptions to imperial sovereignty in the Frontier. Imperial sovereignty moved in juridical forms, affecting and being affected by classificatory challenges such as hills and plains, hill tribal, and settler. The relationship between jurisdictional boundaries, plural authority, and imperial sovereignty appears in judicial and revenue files of different levels of the English East India Company government and the British government. Recurrent boundary disputes between the spatio-temporal units of hills and plains during the late eighteenth and late nineteenth centuries point towards contingent strategies of governance. The unfolding of these disputes over the course of the nineteenth century also show that law and jurisdiction as carriers of imperial sovereignty were spatially and temporally uneven. The historical processes highlighted in this article concern the sub-region of Khasi, Jaintia, and Garo Hills and parts of the Sylhet district of British Bengal, which, at present, constitute the Indian state of Meghalaya and parts of northern Bangladesh, respectively.

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Richards, J. F. y J. Hagen. "XI. A Century of Rural Expansion in Assam, 1870-1970". Itinerario 11, n.º 1 (marzo de 1987): 193–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0165115300009451.

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The seven districts of present-day Assam state, comprising 7.8 million hectares (78,496 km2), lie in the valley of the Brahmaputra river in the extreme northeast of India. On the map they form an extended finger of riverine land pointing toward the mountain boundary. Assam has been a steadily developing frontier region since the middle decades of the nineteenth century. One arm of this development has been that of the plantation economy devoted to tea production in the highlands. British capital, British managers, and Indian coolie labor formed the essential elements in this growing export-oriented economy. From 1870 another settler-based frontier society emerged when peasant migrants from Bengal and ex-tea-laborers took up government-owned wastelands along the Brahmaputra and its tributaries to grow paddy rice. Together these two forces have transformed the face of the land and created a new society in Assam over the past century. The British colonial regime's policies generally favored the development and growth of both the estate and the smallholder sectors of Assam's economy. In this process the indigenous Assamese — whether peasant cultivators or tribal hill peoples — have faced immense pressures on their society and way of life. The purpose of this essay is to delineate the transformations in the land and the agricultural economy that accompanied this process in Assam.

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Nag, Debarshi y Zainab Farhat. "Bureaucratic Leadership at Ground Level: A Case Study of Block Development Officers in West Bengal (India)". Indian Journal of Public Administration 67, n.º 2 (junio de 2021): 188–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00195561211025976.

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Max Weber coined the term ‘bureaucratic leadership’ to define leadership in government organisations based on a set of predetermined regulations, strict functions and fixed roles under a static hierarchy. Almost all government organisations adhere to these principles including the civil services, but, at the ground level of administration, a rational and workable form has been developed by the civil servants to suit their roles. The post of a Block Development Officer (BDO) in the civil services is assigned to play multiple roles to govern the block effectively. From being a leader who would motivate and facilitate a team of officials in development as well as general administration, a diplomat who would set the right chord with the political functionaries at various levels to settle upon a consensus in every issue, a crisis manager who would rush forward, with limited resources, to face any natural calamity or a serious law and order issue, a strict disciplinarian who would ensure transparency in fiscal matters, an entrepreneur who would motivate the people to become self-reliant with the help of government schemes, a BDO is indeed ‘the cutting edge of administration’. The entire administration depends upon a Block Development Officer to deliver the much needed “public service” to the residents of the Block at all times and under all circumstances. This article is intended to study the practical forms of ‘bureaucratic leadership’ performed by BDOs while discharging their duties efficiently both during crises and in normal circumstances.

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Banerjee, Shashwati y Kishor Goswami. "Self-employed or Paid Employed: Who can Earn more among the Slum Dwellers and Why?" Progress in Development Studies 20, n.º 1 (23 de octubre de 2019): 7–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1464993419870961.

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Past literature in the context of slum dwellers rarely acknowledges the occupational variation in informal job types. The dearth of studies also exists in specifying the informal types where public policy can result in their improved livelihoods. Based on 240 respondents settled in the slums of four districts of West Bengal, it analyses the types of informal employment in offsetting poverty of the slum dwellers. The participation of only 27 percent of the women in informal employment as compared to 73 percent of the male suggests the existence of gender gap in informal employment. The study finds that irrespective of the types of informal employment, the workers mostly belong to the economically weaker sections. The self-employed population is better regarding earning, using the formal account for savings, and job security (tenure). The findings suggest the enhancement of opportunities for the vendors and drivers among the self-employed, and the labourers working in the electrical and electronic sectors among the paid-employees. The district, gender, relationship status, and social network are among the major variables that determine the self-employment pattern of the slum dwellers.

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26

Saha, Subro. "Caste, Reading-habits and the Incomplete Project of Indian Democracy". CASTE / A Global Journal on Social Exclusion 2, n.º 1 (16 de mayo de 2021): 153–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.26812/caste.v2i1.264.

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Emphasizing on the functioning of caste as embodiment, this paper attempts to show how the internalization of dominant caste-based framework(s) shapes our habits of thinking which include epistemological and pedagogical orientations as well. The paper briefly traces how such frameworks have settled through historical shifts and shaped dominant imagination of the nation’ that has appropriated caste-system as its essence. To show such making of a dominant framework of caste and Hindu-nation, the paper briefly turns towards nineteenth century Bengal, both as a reminder of the many forms of dwelling within vernacular communities and how such multiplicities came to be reduced within a hegemonic framework of majoritarian Hindu- nation. Such making, the paper submits, shapes a doubleness of the decolonial project of nation-making which finds its paradoxical settlement within the postcolonial democratic framework through the embodiment of the majoritarian (casteist) framework of Hindu-nation. The paper, therefore, examines how such problems of embodiment become an infrastructural problem that haunt one’s everyday imagination, and therefore calls for creation of infrastructures that can enable a training of imagination to unlearn such embodied frameworks of segregation. As one such small onto- epistemological possibility, the paper examines the role of aesthetic education and its suspending potentials.

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Vinod Kumar Sharma y Nikesh Sharma. "A Study of Occupational Structure and Livelihood among Tibetan People in-Exile in India". East Asian Journal of Multidisciplinary Research 1, n.º 8 (30 de septiembre de 2022): 1663–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.55927/eajmr.v1i8.1162.

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Tibetans in exile i.e Nepal, Bhutan, India and other parts of the world are those, who along with the Dalai Lama, escaped their own native place after Chinese aggression or occupation of Tibet in the year of 1959. Therefore, they have been forced to move in Exile and with the time span, the people of Tibet community have been settled in 41 Tibetan settlements located in different parts of India like Karnataka, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Arunachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir, West Bengal etc. But as far as Nepal and Bhutan is concerned, 17 Tibetans settlements are located in Nepal and 7 in Bhutan, where Tibetan refugees have been resided (survey report of 2019). Whereas Dharamshala is the capital city of Tibetan Govt. in exile and also considered as the largest settlement of North India in Himachal Pradesh having the 8,517 population number comprising 4,424 male and 4,093 female(2019). But as per the survey report of 2019, the present population of Tibetans outside Tibet is 145100, out of which one lakh estimated population of Tibetans residing in India. Apart from India near about 16,000 in Nepal, 1800 in Bhutan and 25,000 Budhist population living in other parts of the world.

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Haque, Md Masidul y Koichi Hoyanagi. "Influences of sea level on depositional environment during the last 1000 years in the southwestern Bengal delta, Bangladesh". Holocene 31, n.º 6 (18 de febrero de 2021): 915–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0959683621994671.

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This study illustrates the influences of sea-level on the depositional process during the last 1000 years of the southwestern delta, Bangladesh. Sediments of eight litho-sections from landward in upper delta plain to seaward in lower delta plain along the Rupsa-Pasur river were studied. Sedimentary facies, total organic carbon, total nitrogen, δ13C value, diatom assemblages, and radiocarbon dating of deposits were carried out to determine the paleoenvironments that were influenced by the relative sea-level (RSL) change over time. During the 850–1300 AD, RSL was reached up to +80 cm higher than the present level where tidal-influenced bioturbated light yellow to gray mud deposited in the upper delta plain area. RSL was dropped up to −110 cm during 1300–1850 AD, organic-rich bluish-gray mud, mangrove peat, and terrestrial influenced yellowish-gray mud were deposited successively in the lower delta plain area, and the terrace was formed at landward due to the lowering of the base level. RSL started to rise after the period 1850 AD where tidal-influenced sediments gradually increased and deposited in the upper part at seaward and terrestrial flood sediment deposited over the erosional surface at the landward part. The estimated average sedimentation rate (1.96–2.89 mm/year) is not enough to offset the effect of subsidence and present sea-level rise over the study area. The rising trend of the sea creates inundation in the lower delta plain area, also hinders upstream water flow. For that, terrestrial flood sediments settle over the erosional surface in landward, and tidal-influenced sediment gradually onlap upon it from seaward.

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Mukhopadhyay, Aju. "Tagore and Naipaul on Indian and European Civilisations: Patriotic and Biassed Views Changed their Perspectives." IJOHMN (International Journal online of Humanities) 4, n.º 2 (10 de octubre de 2018): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.24113/ijohmn.v4i2.73.

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V. S. Naipaul was writer of Indian origin writer settled in Great Britain and Rabindranath Tagore was Bengali writer born and brought up in India. Both were Nobel Laureates in Literature. Based on their overall behavior and treatment with the colonized people, Tagore a patriot to the core, saw and judged the foreign colonisers from his Indian patriotic point of view. He realised how and why they sucked India for their own benefit to the utter neglect of Indians. But Naipaul’s ancestors migrated perhaps under compulsion to the Caribbean islands where Naipaul was born (Chaguanas, Trinidad and Tobagos). He settled in England and stayed put there for the major part of his life. Compared to his background Britain was new found paradise for him. Ambitious, he studied English and was imbued in their culture. He wrote as if Britain was more than his birth land. He was awarded Nobel Prize as a British, a European. From his perspective he was not only indebted but deeply moved to love that country and continent. His name and fame spread from there. India had nothing to do about it except his Indian origin background taking the clue from his ancestors. He had some tilt towards India nothing of it remained when India was compared to Britan or Europe. He was obliged to see the world through their spectacles. His ideas and favour for Britain and Europe was generated by his position and interest in life. Judged Neutrally it was a biased view.

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30

Manna, Papiya. "Measuring Functionality of the Low-cost Housing for the Urban Poor: Unheard Voices of Asansol City, West Bengal". Space and Culture, India 6, n.º 1 (28 de junio de 2018): 91–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.20896/saci.v6i1.288.

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In inclusive development paradigm, every person has the right to access basic amenities, and housing is one of them. Urban governance has to provide shelter to its citizens, and when the poor occupy a sizable portion of this population, the roles of urban governance become more crucial. A significant portion of the city dwellers in-migrate into the city from the surrounding areas. They are mainly unskilled or semi-skilled people, who have migrated into the cities in search of livelihood and settle down in places which gradually transforms into slums. In India, public housing as a part of poverty alleviation, aims to provide shelter as well as a comfortable environment to the beneficiaries. The key objectives of this research are to find out the role of the local government of Asansol, West Bengal in providing housing to the landless poor and to examine the responses from the housing dwellers. Mixed method approach has been applied here, and people's responses have been recorded with a semi-structured questionnaire based on purposive sampling technique. However, it has been found that the ability to access essential services is not the same for all sections of the society. This signals that when the questions of accessing resources are linked to the poor, either their voices fail to reach the appropriate places or they remain unheard in most spheres. Thus, the gap between the government and the poor are widening regarding the provision of essential services, accountability and regularity of monitoring of the public housing environment. As a result, the functionality of the low-cost housing is yet to achieve the desired goal of inclusivity in Asansol. Urban space is still exclusive for poor and vulnerable.

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Yuksel, Metin. "Tawfiq Wahbi and the Reform of the Kurdish Language in Contact Zones". Archiv orientální 91, n.º 3 (29 de enero de 2024): 403–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.47979/aror.j.91.3.403-421.

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This study explores the life story and works of Tawfiq Wahbi, an Ottoman-Kurdish military, political, and intellectual figure. Born in Sulaimaniya in 1891, Wahbi received his education in Sulaimaniya, Baghdad, and İstanbul. He became a captain in the Ottoman army. He served as a minister and senator in Iraq. Following the 1958 Revolution, he settled in Great Britain, where he died in 1984. Wahbi is mostly known for his studies onthe Kurdish language. He contributed to Kurdish, Arabic, and English literary, cultural, and academic journals. The first study devoted to Wahbi’s intellectual biography in English, this article suggests that his scholarly interest was mainly shaped through his knowledge of and active engagement with European Orientalist scholarship. This paper suggests that Wahbi’s intellectual journey can be fittingly analyzed with reference toArif Dirlik’s use of the concept of “contact zone,” developed in the context of the relationship between Euro-American Orientalists and Bengali and Chinese intellectuals. In other words, Wahbi’s access to European languages and the scholarship produced in these languages in general, and his collaboration with British Orientalists in particular, seem to have been crucial in his endeavor of reforming Kurdish.

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Chanda, S. K. "(P1-6) Community-Based Disaster Management: An Effective Approach in Bangladesh". Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 26, S1 (mayo de 2011): s100—s101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x11003384.

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Natural disaster like cyclone, tidal bore, flood, tornado etc. is a common phenomenon in Bangladesh. Tropical cyclones associated with tidal surges occur at the rate of 1.3 a year in the coastal districts, cyclone in 1970 and 1991 claimed over 500,000 and 138,000 lives respectively in the coastal districts and offshore islands. The vulnerability is so miserable that they have to go and settle in the newly accreted land in Bay of Bengal and its surrounding areas which is occasionally hit by tidal bore or devastating cyclone. The main susceptibility comes from weak social and economic structures of the country. Housing quality, preexisting poor health and nutritional status, social welfare infrastructure, and economic resilience determine the magnitude of a disaster's effect and its long term consequences. In recent years, improved early warning systems and preparedness measures have helped reduce mortality, but no significant change in morbidity. However the effective disaster preparedness systems and capabilities for post-disaster emergency phase usually provides through volunteer contributions and local authority at the neighborhood level. The government's relief team, NGOs and foreign teams took couple of days to few weeks to start operation properly after devastating disasters like Sidr in 2007. However the basic survival and emergency assistance like clothes, shelter, food and medicine which saved thousand of lives were managed by community people themselves. Active participation of local communities, those have rich experience of coping with natural disaster both in preparedness and emergencies are essential for successful disaster reduction policy and practice, also putting value on our traditional social and cultural bondage. So strategies for disaster preparedness should be focused at family and community levels, support to community-based low-cost technology, promotion and development of human resources and integration disaster management components into development policies and empower the people to face the challenges of disasters.

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Lahkar, Dr Biman y Jetmoun Chakhap. "Origin of the Tai-Phake community of the Brahmaputra valley and their acculturation with the greater Assamese society". History Research Journal 5, n.º 5 (26 de septiembre de 2019): 103–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.26643/hrj.v5i5.7966.

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The present paper tries to throw some light on the origin of Tai-Phake community living in selected pockets of Assam and deal with the change in life and culture of Tai-Phake community of Namphake village. The Tai-Phake people were originally from the Hu-kwang valley of Myanmar. They migrated in and around 1775 from Hu-Kwang valley to Assam in search of better life. To sustain their lives the people settled around the river side because of availability of water for various works. Water also helps them for cultivation of crops i.e. agriculture, which was their main occupation. The river plays an important role in the Tai-Phake community of Namphake village. The process of modernization is observed with the help of comparison in lifestyle, food, traditional practices among the older generation and new generation. Many of the festivals have vanished because of the irregular practices. There is influence in the language of the Tai-Phake community because of acculturation with different culture like the Assamese, Bengali etc. Monastery was considered to be the place where people worship, cultural gathering and educational hub but in the present period it is used only for worshipping and considered as a tourist hub. The people of Namphake village has tried to hold on to their original customs and beliefs and has preserved it by arranging evening classes of tai languages for the people, wearing traditional dresses during festival and marriage festivals and marriages. Conclusions are drawn based on the analysis of the collected information during the survey time.

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S, Maharajan. "AN ECOCRITICAL APPROACH TO AMITAV GHOSH’S THE HUNGRY TIDE". Kongunadu Research Journal 4, n.º 1 (30 de junio de 2017): 18–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.26524/krj167.

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The aim of this paper to Projects the impact of ecology in literature Ecocriticism is the interdisciplinary area which includes the study literature and environment. The literary scholar analyzes the text not only for the environmental concerns but also to the treatment of ecology as the subject of nature in literature. The word ecocriticism may have been first used William Rueckart's essay which entitled “Literature and Ecology: An Experiment in Ecocriticism”. The Hungry Tides tells the very present story of the present day adventure, identity, history and love. Ghosh here presents the nature not as the setting of picturesque beauty alone it also aprosis as hungry of human blood. The tide and its surages stand for all the devastating the aspects of nature. Amitav Ghosh's The Hungry Tide set in the Sunder bans, is a sage of Indo-American marine biologist Piya Roy. She has been to the Tide country of sunder bans in Bengal with a view to studying river dolphins.Two characters Fokir, a local fisherman who helps her to locate dolphins in Garijiontda pool and Kanai Dutta, a Delhi- based business man who meets her on his way to visit his aunt Nilima come closer to Priya's heart in course at time. Nirma's human Nirmal once had a mission for helping the displaced refugee who settled on the sunder bans island of Morichjhapi. He has this commitment to work for and help the refugee as he falls in love with a refugee, Kusum, mother of inbant Fokir. The novelist inborns that Kanai visits the 'tide country' together the lost journal written by his dead uncle Nirmal. The journal is an account of the lives of the Morichjhapi Island which is later ruthlessly evicted by military troops which claims the life of Kusum. A sudden cyclone kills Fokir when he is assisting Piya on a journey on waterways. Finally Piya determines to establish a research trust in memory of Fokir and seeks help from Nilima and Kanai to translate her dream into reality.

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Ara, Aniba Israt y Arshad Islam. "The Expansion of Penang under the East India Company". Research in Economics and Management 6, n.º 3 (6 de septiembre de 2021): p31. http://dx.doi.org/10.22158/rem.v6n3p31.

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This study highlights that the British had long experiences in the Malay Peninsula before Francis Light’s acquisition and development of Penang, due to the central role of Malayan ports such as Kedah, Takuapa, Langkasuka, Terengganu, Palembang, Siak, and Malacca in global trade between China and India. Under the influence of Islam, Malacca (and, to a lesser extent, Kedah) became a Muslim Sultanate and reached its peak in this trading network, which attracted European traders (and subsequent colonialism), initially from Portugal and Spain, and later France, the Netherlands, and Britain. After the East India Company attained hegemony in India, it was strongly placed to extend its power from its presidencies in Calcutta, Bombay, and Madras. The EIC’s main focus was Bengal, where the Company founded the Fort William College as its headquarters in Calcutta. As trade with China became more important, the Malay Peninsula commensurately became a more attractive destination for investment due to its closer proximity to the Chinese sea lanes, and closer access to the Indo-Malay hinterlands and their products. In 1784, the EIC sent Kinloch to Aceh but he was unsuccessful in negotiating to establish a factory there. Nevertheless, they succeeded in establishing a foothold in Malaya with Francis Light’s embassy to Riau, Kedah, and Penang. Kedah also became prosperous under the Muslim Sultanates. Many Chinese and Indian merchants were settled there, benefitting from the trade in jungle products like camphor, betelnut, bird nests, situated near the Kedah River, was identified as a strategic location. Sultan Muhammad Jiwa Zainal Abidin Muazzam Shah II of Kedah (r. 1710-1778) at that time was facing many internal as well as external conflicts. His son Sultan Abdullah Mukarram Shah (r. 1778-1797) also suffered the same fate. As a result of internal crisis and dynastic intrigues, he agreed to lease Penang to the EIC in exchange for military assistance in 1785. In July 1786, Francis Light sailed from Calcutta and reached Penang in August, and thus Penang became an EIC stronghold.

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Stephan Hembrom, Sanoj, Ankan Das y MD Mojibur Raham. "Tribal Migrant Labourers in the Sundarbans: Effects of Migration on prevalent Social, Cultural and Political Life". Journal of Asian and African Studies, 29 de junio de 2022, 002190962211015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00219096221101590.

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A closed reading of the mobility of tribal life in West Bengal can take us to the Sundarbans in the southern fringes of Bengal; where the Santhals can be traced, who migrated from their homelands in the Chota Nagpur, to the tide country (Sundarbans) only a few centuries ago, to clear forested lands and to start cultivating the virgin land. Colonization here plays a very important role, since this migration was a direct result of the colonial barbarity on the tribal populations in the Chota Nagpur Plateau during the 18th century. Migrant labour, though is mostly understood in terms of seasonal migration, in this case, the opposite is noticed. Here, whole tribes migrated, who can also be credited as one of the first settlers in a land which was otherwise the realm of the deadly Royal Bengal Tigers (where no humans lived). In this context, the paper will seek to outline the tribal roots of the Santhals, Mundas and Oraons, who migrated from other parts of the country to the Sundarbans. The similarities in their folk traditions and religion though can be a mere coincidence, believing in which can restrict one from engaging in the fantastic possibility of rich research in the field. This paper will also address the functioning of the tribal labour at that point of time, and how it changed the whole paradigm of migration, especially the notion of mobility. The paper will employ information from several government accounts and journals, which recorded data about the migration of the Santhals to the Sundarbans.

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Verges, Francoise y Carpanin Marimoutou. "Moorings: Indian Ocean Creolizations". PORTAL Journal of Multidisciplinary International Studies 9, n.º 1 (6 de junio de 2012). http://dx.doi.org/10.5130/portal.v9i1.2568.

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In this essay written in 2004, Françoise Vergès and Carpanin Marimoutou explore the ways in which processes and practices of creolization occurred in Réunion Island. They argue that creolization must be analyzed within the historical, political and cultural context in which they emerge. Vergès and Marimoutou reflect on these processes -- frictions, conflicts, and exchanges among slaves, settlers, migrants, and indentured workers from Madagascar, Mozambique, Gujarat, Bengal, France, Tamil Nadu, Southern China, Malaysia, Vietnam..., who were brought or came on the uninhabited island, colonized by the French in the 17th century. The authors also looked at the post-colonial moment, the French policies of assimilation and repression in the 1960s-1970s. For them, vernacular cultural practices and memories of struggle continue to work as counter strategies against local and national reactionary politics. In their conclusion, Vergès and Marimoutou look at the current form of globalization and its consequences on processes of creolization.

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Anowar, Tarik. "The Identity Crisis of Bengali Dalit Refugees in Manoranjan Byapari’s Autobiography Interrogating My Chandal Life". Contemporary Voice of Dalit, 31 de octubre de 2021, 2455328X2110427. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2455328x211042722.

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Manoranjan Byapari is a famous Bengali Dalit writer whose family migrated from East Pakistan and took shelter in a refugee camp in West Bengal. In his autobiography Interrogating My Chandal Life, Byapari has given an account of Bengali Dalits’ victimization on the basis of caste in the pre-Partition Bengal and post-Partition West Bengal. In colonial Bengal, Dalits were known as Chandal or Untouchables. In 1911, their identity was recognized as Namashudras. After migrating to West Bengal, they were identified as Bangal and Dalit refugee. West Bengal and central governments did not warmly welcome the Namashudra refugees. They were sent to refugee camps which were crowded, unhygienic and did not provide adequate dole. Later they were sent to Andaman, Dandakaranya and other parts of India for their rehabilitation. In this dire situation, the Communist Party of India (Marxist) appeared as the Messiah to the Dalits and protested against the rehabilitation policy of the ruling government. The fake sympathy of the communist party had been revealed when they came in power in 1977 in West Bengal. Most of the communist leaders were upper-caste Hindus. In 1979, communist government secretly massacred the Namashudra refugees who were settled on the Marichjhapi Island. The state sponsored murder of Dalits remained undiscovered for many years. This study will examine the impacts of the Partition of Bengal on Dalits. It will further address how the state government provided different treatment to the Namashudra refugees for their lower caste identity.

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"Conflict among Indigenous Communities and Settler Bengali Community of Chittagong Hill Tracts: Is There a Way to Peace?" Asian Journal of Social Sciences and Legal Studies, 6 de abril de 2021, 35–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.34104/ajssls.021.035040.

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The Chittagong Hill Tracts (CHT) of southeastern Bangladesh is the most isolated and geographically unique region of the country, with its hilly composition, vast valleys, cascading streams, and rivers. It is also home to at least 11 indigenous communities, each with its distinct language, culture, and traditions, and a large quantity of Bengali settler population. Since the beginning, there has been tension between the indigenous communities and the Bengali settler community residing in CHT. Now, this tense situation is becoming more and more intense with each passing year, where you almost can’t have a conversation about CHT without discussing ethnic conflict. Therefore, we need to look for ways out of the current juncture. During my visit to CHT, I found that a lack of understanding between the two entities and unsatisfactory implementation of the 1997 peace accord is causing distrust and frustrations among the ethnic groups, leading them toward increased ethnic violence and eradicating the likelihood of peace further from this hilly region. Therefore, we have to look for ways to foster understanding between the indigenous communities and settler community, in order to create a sense of interconnectedness among them which, in turn, will persuade them to overcome their differences and sympathize with one another. In addition, the unimplemented clauses of the Peace Accord should be implemented as soon as possible to regain indigenous populations' trust and to give them a sense of security on their own ancestral land.

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Mal, Surajit y Sahina Khatun. "The Status of Women Among the Tribal Communities of West Bengal, India". Research Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences, 31 de marzo de 2022, 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.52711/2321-5828.2022.00001.

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The tribal population has been enumerated as scheduled tribe population since 1951 in accordance to the constitution (Scheduled tribe) order, 1950. They are the aboriginal or Adivasi or early settler of India and they are the most backward groups in India. This paper focuses on the status of tribal women in their community with respect to their male counterparts both in general and tribal populations. Four indicators such as sex ratio, literacy rate, the general fertility rate of women and women's work participation rate are taken to assess the status and the gender discrimination among the tribal communities. The modified Sopher’s Disparity Index (1974) of Kundu and Rao (1986) has been used to identify the gender disparity and Pearson’s correlation co-efficient techniques have been used to analyze the correlation among the indicators. It has been found that like any other community in India, tribal women face gender discrimination. They are engaged in different economic sectors as economic assets of tribal households but they are often deprived to get their social rights. This paper also finds out the causes of gender disparity and suggests some measures to mitigate the gender discrimination.

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Zahan, Ishrat. "Diasporic crises make Iqbal an alien both home and abroad in Adib Khan’s Seasonal Adjustments". International Journal of Social Science and Human Research 6, n.º 10 (30 de octubre de 2023). http://dx.doi.org/10.47191/ijsshr/v6-i10-102.

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This paper attempts to portray the psychological crises of a Bengali diaspora, Iqbal Ahmed Chuadhary settled in Australia around two decades portrayed in the Seasonal Adjustments written by a Bangladeshi award-winning writer Adib Khan. A long term diasporic feeling makes Iqbal unable even to integrate and to assimilate his own native culture and religion at his native land. As a Bengali migrant, Iqbal has to encounter the changes because of different cultural environment both home and abroad. As a result, he has to undergo a psychological trauma due to his failure to cope up with any culture neither his native culture nor the foreign culture. This research study intends to focus on how the long term diaspora makes changes in the attitude to the native culture and creates a cultural gap in the mind of a Bengali expatriate. To validate the theoretical concept ‘Hybridity’ and ‘Third Space’ by Homi. K. Bhabha , a complete textual analysis is required.

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Nayeem, Asha Islam. "The Quest for Teachers of the Right Stamp as Prerequisite to Progress of Female Education in Eastern Bengal: The Partition Interlude". Arts Faculty Journal, 13 de diciembre de 2012, 53–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/afj.v4i0.12932.

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When the nineteenth century came to its glorious end, in Bengal, the storm surrounding the question of womens education had settled in favor of progress. Conditions for the spread of female education, however, were still precarious, to say the very least. The three chief deterrents to the spread of female education, as recorded in official documents, were: (a) the custom of early marriage, after which girls dropped out of school and more often than not lapsed into ignorance; (b) the system of purdah, the social custom which prevented grown up girls from venturing out of the house to attend school; and, (c) the lack of female teachers (Report on Public Instruction, 1899-1900).DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/afj.v4i0.12932 The Arts Faculty Journal Vol.4 July 2010-June 2011 pp.53-74

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Naveen, Mallam. "The Refugee, an Anguish of Million". Creative Saplings, 30 de julio de 2022, 25–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.56062/gtrs.2022.1.4.3.

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"The partition of India left a dark and ineradicable mark in the history of India, which created painful anguish among millions of people, especially in Bengal and Punjab. The sea change about the independence of India made an inexplicable turn of events in the annals of history. The spirit of brotherhood and the generation of human values collapsed suddenly with the advent of independence in the country. This socio-political aspect touched upon the playwright Asif Currimbhoy in making the play The Refugee. Currimbhoy tried to generate compassion through human suffering in and around Bengal, especially in Calcutta. The present play, The Refugee, draws the parallel between Yassin, the young refugee from East Pakistan, and Sen Gupta, a refugee to India from East Pakistan many years earlier. In the beginning, Yassin is cloudy and undecipherable with his indecisive acts towards the cause. On the other hand, Sen Gupta crossed borders many years earlier as a refugee, and he is now well settled in India with his friendly attitude and hardworking nature. Surprisingly, both are at present unperturbed towards the worsened situation of millions of refugees, who are in the camps and outside of the house of Sen Gupta and who need to be addressed by the concern. This play is about the anguish of millions of refugees. It is an act of resolution of dilemma in irony about the influx of refugees growing in number."

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Bhattacharyya, Sayan, Prashil Dighe, Ruchi Ruchi, Atul Raj, Amit Banik y UK Chattopadhyay. "Assessment of airborne fungi from animal establishments in and around Kolkata, West Bengal". Eastern Journal of Medical Sciences, 2 de mayo de 2022, 18–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.32677/ejms.v7i1.3245.

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Background: Airborne transmission of pathogenic Fungi to humans from the environment, animals, or other humans are very common and cause various disease like Aspergillosis, aspergilloma (fungus ball), allergic sinusitis, and allergic bronchopulmonary disease, Flu-like illness, chronic lung disease etc. Materials and methods: The present study was conducted to analyze fungi present in around the environment of local meat market, fish market and farms. This was determined through air quality sampling using the ‘Settle plate technique’ using SDA agar plate and were analyzed at 37°C and 25°C after incubation using Lactophenol cotton blue mount. Results: The highest number of fungi were isolated from farms (37%) followed by chicken shop (24%) , Mutton shop(23%) and fish shops(16%). Aspergillus flavus(21%) was prominent in chicken shop while AspergIllus fumigatus(19%) was prominent in Mutton shop. Fusarium (19%) and Rhizopus spp.(18%) were prominent in farm air. Conclusion: The study is significant from One health point of view and stresses the importance of proper ventilation , sanitation and importance of sunlight in order to minimize load of fungi in air.

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"Social Capital and its Transformative Influence in Relation to Violent Conflicts: An Interpretative Study on Chittagong Hill Tracts (CHTs) in Bangladesh". Asian Journal of Social Sciences and Legal Studies, 19 de agosto de 2022, 138–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.34104/ajssls.022.01380147.

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The Chittagong Hill Tracts (CHTs) have been witnessing recurring clashes between the Indigenous Peoples (IPs) and the Bengali Settlers (BSs) over a long period of time. However, being a relatively new term, social capital provides a critical lens through which this paper might evaluate the nature of violent conflicts in the CHTs. A thorough consideration of the notion of social capital and its application to a conflict analysis allows for a more comprehensive understanding of how violent conflict occurs and impacts social cohesion in the region. The consequence is twofold: first, a better knowledge of how violent conflicts allows for the creation of conflict prevention techniques that not only reduce the chances of violent conflicts but also make use of existing networks to boost social capital. Second, a thorough grasp of social capital aids in the planning and implementation of post-conflict reconstruction. This study aims to examine the literature on social capital and conflicts, as well as to present a critical analysis of how social capital influences violent conflicts in CHTs.

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46

Deb, Pamela. "Housing Condition, Livelihood Pattern and Socio-cultural Life of Oraon, Munda and Santal Tribes in Dooars, Jalpaiguri District, West Bengal: The Migrants from Chota Nagpur Plateau Region". Contemporary Voice of Dalit, 3 de marzo de 2022, 2455328X2110694. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2455328x211069487.

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The Oraon, Munda and Santal are the three major Scheduled Tribes of the Jalpaiguri district of West Bengal. During the colonial period (mainly between 1880 and 1930), their arrival from the Chota Nagpur region to the Dooars region (Jalpaiguri district) took place by the British. In the present article, an attempt has been made to assess housing condition, livelihood pattern and socio-cultural life of the concerned tribes. For this purpose, 650 household surveys were carried out with the help of semi-structured questionnaire, focus group discussion, informal interviews and field visits. The study finds that, after being displaced from their homeland (Chota Nagpur Plateau region) and settled for long in the Jalpaiguri district, they undergone many changes in their habitat, economic condition and society, but it did not bring any improvement in their quality of life. The deplorable residence, lack of housing amenities and necessities, inadequate income, illiteracy, loosening of social organization are the major features presently prevalent among them.

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Chakraborty, Kunal y Snehasish Saha. "Assessment of bank erosion and its impact on land use and land cover dynamics of Mahananda River basin (Upper) in the Sub-Himalayan North Bengal, India". SN Applied Sciences 4, n.º 1 (14 de diciembre de 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s42452-021-04904-x.

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AbstractBank erosion is the predominant character of River Mahananda in the Sub-Himalayan North Bengal. The present study aims to identify the bank erosion mechanism as well as the impact of river bank erosion on land use and land cover (LULC) dynamics of the study area. Survey of India (SOI) topographical map 78 B/5 (1975) and satellite imageries for the temporal year of 1991 and 2019 from USGS have been used for the study. For the assessment of bank erosion process Bank erosion hazard index (BEHI) model has been adopted here. The channel migration has been delineated by the superimposition of temporal bank lines extracted from the temporal satellite imageries. LULC analysis has been carried out through the supervised classification technique using remote sensing and GIS tools. Form the assessment of BEHI it can be visualized that the scores have been ranging from 30.75 to 44.30 which indicates high to very high vulnerable areas under fluvial erosion. The channel migration for the temporal period from 1991 to 2019 is ranging from 7.72 to 411.16 m along the studied reach which reflects the high erosion effectiveness. From LULC classes it has been assessed that settled or built-up areas have been increased and the water body is gradually decreased overall in the study area. The study resulted that the river bank erosion has its direct impact on land use of the studied area. In the study vulnerable sites to fluvial erosion have been delineated and unplanned land use can be managed through sustainable way.

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GÖKTAŞ, Vahit y Saeyd Rashed Hasan CHOWDURY. "An Evaluation of Mu'in al-Din Chishti's Sufi Influences in the Indian Subcontinent: The Case of Chishti Tariqa". Şırnak Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi, 23 de mayo de 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.35415/sirnakifd.1244284.

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This article aimed to analyse the life and works of Mu'in al-Din Ḥasan Ibn Sayyid Giyaseddin as- Sijzī al-Chishti (d. 633/1236) as well as the effects of the Chishti Tariqa of which he was the founder, in the Indian Subcontinent. The importance and effects of Chishti Tariqa, the first and largest sect of India, in the spread of Islam and the construction of the basic structure of Islamic civilisation and culture are mentioned. The Chishti Tariqa emerged around 930 CE in Chishti, a small town near Herat, Afghanistan. The Chishti Tariqa got its name from its founder Mu'in al-Din Chishti. The essential condition of the Chishti Tariqa is a life in accordance with the Qur'an and Sunnah, that is, following the Sharia. According to Mu'in al-Din Chishti, Sufism without Sharia is superstitious. People who follow the path of Sufism without following the Shari'a cannot enjoy spiritual life in any way. Mu'in al-Din Chishti settled the Chishti order in Lahore and Ajmer in India in the middle of the 12th century. Mu'in al-Din Chishti is among the most well-known scholars, thinkers and sufis in the Indian subcontinent. In addition, Mu'in al-Din Chishti has a distinguished personality in social life. He saw the religious life as a service to the creatures and inculcated his followers to be in the social life and to serve the creatures. For this reason, he considered meeting the needs of the needy and feeding the hungry as a requirement of obedience to Allah and never neglected this. Due to his influence in India, Mu'in al-Din Chishti was given titles such as "Merciful to the Poor, Sun of India and Spiritual Sultan of India". He first stayed in Bukhara and Samarkand for a while for his education and then went to Baghdad. Mu'in al-Din Chishti also visited many important Islamic science centres of the period, such as Damascus, Mecca, Medina, Hamadan, Tabriz, Herat, Nishapur, Isfahan, Gorgan, Sabzevar, Balkh, and came to Lahore in India via Ghazni. Mu'in al-Din Chishti was also an influential Islamic scholar who devoted himself to the spread of Islam. Due to his invitation, many people accepted Islam in groups. The rulers of the period were disturbed due to the increasing number of Mu'in al-Din Chishti's influence circle and the people around him. The Hindu Raja, the king of the period, who thought his authority would be in danger, started to persecute Mu'in al-Din Chishti and his followers in various ways. However, Mu'in al-Din's influence on the people increased continuously despite all these problems. According to historical records, approximately nine million non-Muslims became Muslims in India under the influence of Mu'in al-Din Chishti. The study aimed to delineate Mu'in al-Din Chishti's life, scientific personality, works, influences and sect, lineage, mystical views, his travels for science, the Islamic scholars he met during his travels and learned knowledge, and his societal influences. Moreover, Turkish, English, Bengali, Urdu, and Hindi resources were used while preparing this article. Chishti's sufi doctrines were discussed through essential concepts in his works and the sect's method. In addition, the article also described the relations of Chishti with the rulers of his own time, the difficulties he encountered during his guidance of the people, and the reasons for these difficulties

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