Tesis sobre el tema ""Benchmarking indicators""

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior
Benchmarking is considered one of the best performance analysis techniques to drive actions that will lead the company to a higher performance. The data collection phase is the one that requires more time and effort in the practice of benchmarking. The development of a database with pre-defined indicators favors the comparison of the performance of business processes. The objective of this research is to select a set of quantitative indicators of continuous variables for financial benchmarking practice, profitability, innovation and productivity, that are representative for benchmarking practice in Brazil and worldwide. It also aims to ascertain and list financial indicators of profitability, innovation and productivity used by the Benchmarking Index for corporate awards, journals and business support agencies. Representative indicators are those of widespread use in the business environment, easy to collect primary and secondary source and allow a comparison with banks of national and international data. As a methodological reference, we picked up an european benchmarking system - Benchmarking Index - with financial indicators of profitability, innovation and productivity. Through bibliographical research on corporate indicators and documentary research in technical journals, corporate awards and business support agencies, selected a set of indicators to determine the national database. The indicators were validated by application in micro and small enterprises (MSEs), medium and large companies. It was concluded that it is possible to develop a data base for benchmarking with predominantly financial ratios and profitability. It showed up the implementation of difficulty MSE due to failure to follow these indicators, although many of them can collect the indicators. It was observed also that these indicators are available in specialized magazines and have similar concepts, but with variations in composition. Finally, among the proposed indicators that are well spread in the business world, although there is no similar used in the Benchmarking Index, we highlight the indicators EBITDA, EBITDA margin and EBITDA variation.
Considera-se o benchmarking uma das melhores tÃcnicas de anÃlise de desempenho para direcionar aÃÃes que levarÃo a empresa para um desempenho superior. A fase de coleta de dados à a que demanda mais tempo e esforÃo na prÃtica do benchmarking. A elaboraÃÃo de uma base de dados com indicadores prÃ-definidos favorece a comparaÃÃo do desempenho de processos empresariais. O objetivo desta pesquisa à selecionar um grupo de indicadores quantitativos de variÃveis contÃnuas para prÃtica de benchmarking financeiro, de rentabilidade, de inovaÃÃo e de produtividade que sejam representativos para a prÃtica de benchmarking no Brasil e no mundo. Objetiva-se tambÃm averiguar e listar indicadores financeiros, de rentabilidade, de inovaÃÃo e de produtividade utilizados pelo Benchmarking Index, por prÃmios empresariais, revistas especializadas e por ÃrgÃos de apoio empresarial. Indicadores representativos sÃo aqueles de uso disseminado no meio empresarial, de fÃcil coleta em fonte primÃrias e secundÃrias e que permitam a comparaÃÃo com bancos de dados nacionais e internacionais. Como referÃncia metodolÃgica, escolheu-se o sistema de benchmarking europeu - Benchmarking Index - com indicadores financeiros, de rentabilidade, de inovaÃÃo e de produtividade. Por meio de pesquisa bibliogrÃfica sobre indicadores empresariais e de pesquisa documental em revistas tÃcnicas, prÃmios empresariais e ÃrgÃos de apoio empresarial selecionou-se um conjunto de indicadores para compor o banco de dados nacional. Os indicadores foram validados atravÃs de aplicaÃÃo em micro e pequenas empresas (MPE), empresas de mÃdio e de grande porte. Concluiu-se que à possÃvel elaborar uma base de dados para benchmarking com predominÃncia de indicadores financeiros e de rentabilidade. Evidenciou-se a dificuldade de aplicaÃÃo em MPEâs, devido ao fato de estas nÃo acompanharem estes indicadores, embora muitas delas possam coletÃ-los. Observou-se, ainda, que esses indicadores estÃo disponÃveis em revistas especializadas e que apresentam conceitos similares, mas com variaÃÃes na sua composiÃÃo. Por Ãltimo, dentre os indicadores propostos que sÃo bem disseminados no meio empresarial, embora nÃo haja similares utilizado no Benchmarking Index, destacam-se os indicadores EBITDA, margem EBITDA e variaÃÃo EBITDA.

The Nigerian transport system has been facing challenges due to the imbalance in the transport system. Goods and passenger movements in Nigeria are performed mainly by road, with the railway and inland waterways playing significant, but less important roles. The dominance of road transport in Nigeria has placed obstacles in the way of economic development and has reduced the quality of life for citizens as the large number of vehicles required to meet demand causes congestion and parking issues and, in the main, citizens suffer with high levels of local associated pollution and low levels of security and safety. Decision-makers need support to make the right decisions. Precise and relevant information are required to give a clear overall view of the issues at stake and to monitor the benefits of implementing efficient public transport systems. This research has identified the need to develop an organized, effective and efficient transport system in Nigeria. Key Performance indicators were identified and developed for the Nigerian transport sector, which were used for the survey. A transport users’ survey was carried out in four cities (Lagos, Warri, Ughelli and Benin) in Nigeria, with 474 participants in total comprising both male and female between the age ranges of 20-70, the results of the survey was analysed and Lagos RII values were the lowest among the four cities falling below 0.60. However there is a similar case of low RII values between the four Cities, which was Security during evening/night and Accessibility during evening/night. The UK survey results was also analysed and the RII values were above 0.80 indicating a very high performance of the UK transport system. Data on highway robbery incidents in Nigeria was also collected and analysed and it was found out that there will be a continuous increase in highway robbery incidents in Nigeria if adequate security measures are not put in place. A Strategic Benchmarking was done between Nigeria and United Kingdom because the United Kingdom is a developed country with a more organized transport system compared to Nigeria hence it was seen as a best practice. Also the spearman’s rank correlation coefficient was done between the United Kingdom and Nigeria survey results and there was a perfect positive correlation (rs =1) for Motor parks/Bus stops/Stations and very strong positive correlation (rs = 0.9) for Vehicles. In other words Nigeria can adopt the United Kingdom public transport strategy into its transport system because it will have a very positive impact on the development of the Nigerian transport sector. Therefore, having identified the challenges of the Nigerian transport sector and possible solutions, a Strategic Action Plan has been proposed for the Nigerian transport sector to: assist policy makers in making decisions, assist security personnel in taking proactive measures against transport insecurity, enhance the overall performance of the transport system.

O tema desta dissertação consiste no desenvolvimento de uma metodologia para comparar o desempenho de diferentes unidades industriais, abordados em usinas de um grupo siderúrgico. O objetivo principal deste trabalho é, utilizando indicadores que melhor avaliem o desempenho industrial, definir benchmarks entre as unidades, comparar as boas práticas existentes e direcionar ações para a gestão da rotina e da melhoria. Para tanto foram escolhidos os indicadores industriais mais representativos dentro do processo em estudo, e a partir deles desenvolveu-se uma ferramenta de comparação, baseada em conceitos estatísticos, calculou-se o desempenho comparativo entre diferentes unidades do grupo, indicando um procedimento de benchmarking interno. Conclui-se que há a possibilidade de avaliar a sustentabilidade do desempenho utilizando indicadores parametrizados, capazes de revelar quaisquer alterações no desempenho, além da aplicação do método estruturado de benchmarking para ajudar na priorização de investimentos, recursos para projetos e demais ações de rotina e de melhoria.
The subject of this work is the application of a methodology to compare the different industrial units performance, covered in mills of a steel group. The main objective of this work is, using indicators that best evaluates the industrial performance, define benchmarks between mills, and compare best practices and direct actions to routine and improvement management. Therefore, the most representative industrial indicators has been choose in the process in study, and based on this, a comparable tool has been deployed, and using statistics concepts, the performance between mills of the steel group has been calculated, using internal benchmarking. In conclusion is possible evaluate the sustainability of performance using parameterized indicators, revealing any change in the performance, beside the application of the methodology of benchmarking to help on prioritization of investments, resources for projects and others routine and improvement actions.

Mestrado em Economia e Política da Energia e do Ambiente
O presente trabalho incide no processo de avaliação de desempenho na área de tratamento de resíduos sólidos urbanos (RSUs), com recurso ao benchmarking. A gestão dos RSUs tem vindo a fazer face a exigências crescentes por parte das autoridades ambientais bem como dos utilizadores e cidadãos em geral. Trata-se de uma área na qual se tem verificado uma alteração profunda, nos últimos anos, e em relação à qual a informação é ainda escassa ou inconsistente. Neste documento é apresentada uma caracterização da gestão de resíduos na Europa e em Portugal, tendo em linha de conta o impacte da legislação comunitária nesta área. É também abordada a questão da sustentabilidade bem como a utilização da técnica de benchmarking na procura de melhores eficiências nas organizações. Para este estudo foi efectuado um exercício de benchmarking tendo em vista uma comparação de entidades que procedem ao tratamento dos RSUs em capitais da UE-15. Para tal, foram, primeiramente, definidas as variáveis chaves de que dependem as performances de tais organizações e os indicadores ambientais, económicos e sociais apropriados (as traves mestras no que é hoje considerado o desenvolvimento sustentável) tendo em conta a opinião de um painel de stakeholders. Foi, posteriormente, elaborado um questionário o qual foi enviado às respectivas entidades. A informação respeitante às oito organizações que optaram por participar neste estudo foi analisada, o que permitiu tirar algumas ilações, das quais se destaca que as organizações responsáveis pelo tratamento de RSUs na EU-15 têm efectivamente características muito diferentes ao nível de tecnologias utilizadas, dimensão, níveis de subcontratação, e vigência de determinados requisitos legais tais como as taxas verdes. O benchmarking revela-se útil na comparação entre organizações, relativamente a aspectos específicos mas, neste caso, não permite uma efectiva avaliação comparativa da sustentabilidade global, face às realidades distintas em que se enquadram as organizações de tratamento de RSUs
In this dissertation the use of benchmarking to compare the performance of municipal solid waste (MSW) management is analysed. MSW management has been facing increasing exigencies from environment authorities, customers and the general population. MSW management has undergone wide changes over the last years and the information available is insufficient or inconsistent in most cases. A characterization of waste management in Europe is presented, using Portugal as a focus point. The impact of European legislation is studied. The sustainability and the use of the benchmarking technique in the attempt to obtain better efficiencies are also described. A performance benchmarking exercise was carried out to compare the organizations that treat solid waste in the EU-15 capitals. Key variables of waste management and environmental, economic and social indicators were selected (the main aspects of what is today defined as sustainable development) taking into consideration the opinion of several stakeholders. A questionnaire was prepared and sent to the appropriate authorities responsible for the treatment of MSW. The data from the eight organizations that agreed to participate in this study was analysed, and the primary conclusions are that there are significant differences between these organizations regarding technologies, dimension, level of contracts, and the applicability of specific legislation such as green taxes. Due to these differences, the benchmarking is useful concerning the observation of specific aspects, but is not adequate for a comparative global sustainability evaluation.

High-quality drinking water and wastewater systems are essential to public health, business, and quality of life in the United States. Even though the current performance of these systems is moderate, the concern is about the future performance. Planning can be done for improvement once the current performance of utilities is evaluated, and areas with a scope of improvement are identified. Benchmarking and performance evaluation are key components in the process of continuous improvement for utility\'s performance. Benchmarking helps utilities make policies and programmatic decisions that reduce operational expenses and increase productivity by understanding areas of underperformance, understanding customer needs, developing future plans, and setting goals. This study establishes a strong case for implementing benchmarking methodologies among utilities to evaluate and improve performance.
There are many initiatives on performance benchmarking of utilities but a few of them focuses on one or few area of performance. There are a few initiatives which use subjective indicators. Additionally, consultants visit the utilities for performance evaluation. This research focuses on creating a web-based benchmarking platform for performance evaluation using holistic and quantitative indicators. Practical and robust methodologies are used and the research presents the current performance comparisons among utilities for areas that impact overall utility\'s performance. Web based benchmarking consists of two major parts -- data collection and result visualization. A major contribution from this study is the creation of an online performance benchmarking database. With time more data will be collected which will provide utilities an access to a better database for performance evaluation. The future work in this research will be analyzing the data and results for each participant for each set of indicators, and finding possible reasons for under performance, followed by suggesting solutions for improvement using the best practices.

Master of Science

Diante da realidade de segregação residencial existente no Brasil, determinada pela heterogeneidade de renda, de condições sociais entre bairros e distritos, evidencia-se uma sociedade cada vez mais penneada por iniquidades sociais e ambientais. Somado a isto, há o fato do crescimento da concentração populacional em áreas urbanas. Este e outros fatores geram transformações nas estruturas das cidades acentuando conflitos referentes ao uso e ocupação do solo. Tais conflitos requerem agilidade de suprir demandas de fornecimento de serviços essenciais, tais como de abastecimento de água e esgotamento sanitário, especialmente quando se trata destes serviços às populações vulneráveis. Para apoio a medição e visualização desse cenário, de forma a elaborar políticas públicas e empresarias, é fundamental a utilização de indicadores, os quais, no entanto, não estão prontamente disponíveis. Emerge assim a necessidade de proposição de indicadores que mensurem o fornecimento dos serviços às populações vulneráveis em áreas urbanas. Neste contexto, com estudo de caso para o Estado de São Paulo, Brasil, a pesquisa teve como enfoque atuar na interface teórica e prática para proposição de indicadores. Foram realizadas, então, revisão bibliográfica, análise documental e discussão crítica com base no aprendizado do estudo de caso. Doze indicadores foram propostos e um sistema de indicadores de benchmarking dos serviços de abastecimento e esgotamento sanitário voltados às populações vulneráveis foi estruturado. O sistema e os indicadores foram identificados por meio do alinhamento de diferentes visões dos atores, o que permitiu que fossem condizentes com a realidade dos serviços, e posteriormente, mais facilmente implementados.
The income heterogeneity and social conditions between neighborhoods and districts show a society increasingly permeated by social and environmental inequities by means the reality of residential segregation that exists in Brazil. In addition, there is population growth occurred concentrated in urban areas, this and other factors that generate transformations in the structures of cities accentuating conflicts regarding the use and occupation. Such conflicts require flexibility to supply demands for essential services such as to provi de water and sanitation services, especially aimed to vulnerable populations. For the measurement and visualization ofthis scenario, in order to produce the policies and business, it is essential to use of indicators, which, however, are not readily available. Thus emerges the need to propose indicators that measure the provision of services to vulnerable populations in urban areas. In this context, with case study in Sao Paulo State, Brazil, the research was focused on theoretical and practical interface to proposed indicators. Were performed also, literature review, document analysis and critical discussion based on the learning case study. Twelve indicators were proposed and a system of benchmarking indicators for the water supply and sanitation services to targeted vulnerable populations was structured. The framework and indicators were proposed by aligning different views of the actors, in a way to be consistent with the reality of services and more easily implemented.

The master thesis is focused on Evaluation of the Company´s Financial Performance Using Benchmarking Approach. The master thesis consists of three following parts. The first part deals with theoretical methods, especially benchmarking realization and its different types and models. The second part contains evaluation of the current situation in OBB stavební materiály s.r.o. and compares its business to others using benchmarking method. I used public data from financial annual accounts and database Amadeus. The last part includes complete evaluation of the company´s financial performance and recommendation on improvemet of the financial performance in company OBB stavební materiály s.r.o.

This thesis was initiated by Penta Investment as a reaction on the significant difference in EV EBITDA multiple of Fortuna and its peers, European listed betting and gaming companies. It seeks to find the reason for more than twice higher multiple and a possibility to increase it by applying best international practices in case there is a feasible way to do it for Fortuna. Three hypotheses address the possible reasons for the difference, peers incomparability, market inefficiency and opportunity for Fortuna to increase the multiple by bringing the most influential KPIs the average level of its peers. The analysis is done with a help of comparative analysis, benchmarking, regression analysis and interviews of equity analysts. As a result, action plan for increasing EV EBITDA multiple for Fortuna is developed.

BACKGROUND:The measurement of healthcare provider performance is becoming more widespread. Physicians have been guarded about performance measurement, in part because the methodology for comparative measurement of care quality is underdeveloped. Comprehensive quality improvement will require comprehensive measurement, implying the aggregation of multiple quality metrics into composite indicators.OBJECTIVE:To present a conceptual framework to develop comprehensive, robust, and transparent composite indicators of pediatric care quality, and to highlight aspects specific to quality measurement in children.METHODS:We reviewed the scientific literature on composite indicator development, health systems, and quality measurement in the pediatric healthcare setting. Frameworks were selected for explicitness and applicability to a hospital-based measurement system.RESULTS:We synthesized various frameworks into a comprehensive model for the development of composite indicators of quality of care. Among its key premises, the model proposes identifying structural, process, and outcome metrics for each of the Institute of Medicine's six domains of quality (safety, effectiveness, efficiency, patient-centeredness, timeliness, and equity) and presents a step-by-step framework for embedding the quality of care measurement model into composite indicator development.CONCLUSIONS:The framework presented offers researchers an explicit path to composite indicator development. Without a scientifically robust and comprehensive approach to measurement of the quality of healthcare, performance measurement will ultimately fail to achieve its quality improvement goals.

El principal objetivo de la presente tesis radica en la comparación de diferentes metodologías para comparar el nivel de desarrollo de los sistemas regionales de innovación. Una de las principales aportaciones es determinar por un lado el grado de robustez que las metodologías de evaluación de la capacidad innovadora ofrecen en la esfera regional. Tras haber observado las principales características así como las debilidades de dichos métodos, se pretende analizar las posibilidades que ofrece el análisis de eficiencia como método complementario en el estudio de la capacidad innovadora. El por qué de la utilización del concepto de eficiencia como propuesta alternativa a las existentes en la bibliografía radica en que las metodologías existentes están principalmente basadas en el concepto de cuanto más mejor , ya que su principal fundamento está en la cantidad de recursos utilizados, pero no en la forma en la que son empleados. En este sentido, creemos que la otra gran aportación de la tesis consistirá en mostrar la necesidad de incorporar criterios de eficiencia a las metodologías de evaluación (o benchmarking regional) de la capacidad innovadora. La metodología de actuación está constituida por tres principales líneas de actuación que se han definido como prioritarias para la consecución de los objetivos planteados con anterioridad: 1.- Comparar metodologías orientadas hacia la determinación de la capacidad innovadora regional en las comunidades autónomas españolas. 2.- Realizar un benchmarking sobre el Sistema Valenciano de Innovación. 3.- Mostrar la necesidad de complementar las metodologías de evaluación de la capacidad innovadora regional empleando para ello criterios de eficiencia.
Zabala Iturriagagoitia, JM. (2008). Benchmarking Regional Innovation Systems: the relevance of efficiency towards their performance [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/3787
Palancia

As perdas de água em sistemas de abastecimento apresentam-se como um dos maiores desafios das operadoras de água em todo o mundo. Nos últimos 12 anos os níveis de perda de água na distribuição no Brasil têm se mantido próximo à 40%, valor bem superior quando comparado a outras regiões do globo. Frente ao atual cenário de crise hídrica e aumento da demanda da água, as ações de controle de perdas requerem atenção. No cenário nacional, as bacias hidrográficas dos rios Piracicaba Capivari e Jundiaí destacam-se pelo empenho dos Comitês PCJ que têm atuado junto aos municípios para controlar os níveis de perdas da área. A crítica situação da disponibilidade hídrica nas bacias, o potencial de redução da pressão sobre os recursos hídricos e o ganho econômico se os níveis de perdas forem reduzidos reforçam a premência na adoção de práticas de controle de perdas eficientes. Nesta perspectiva, a presente pesquisa buscou identificar, no contexto das operadoras das bacias PCJ, quais práticas de controle de perdas de água na distribuição estão associadas ao desempenho considerado superior no controle, calculando o nível de perdas de água dos municípios e explorando quais práticas de controle são empregadas pelas operadoras. A primeira etapa metodológica correspondeu a aplicação da técnica de benchmarking junto as operadoras em estudo para avaliar o desempenho das mesmas no controle de perdas, incluindo a seleção de indicador, formulação de questionário de dados operacionais, coleta de dados online, análise da credibilidade dos dados e cálculo do nível de perdas de água de cada município com o ranqueamento dos mesmos. A segunda etapa foi direcionada ao levantamento e análise das práticas de controle de perdas empregadas pelas operadoras das bacias, mediante a aplicação in loco do questionário de práticas, elaborado a partir de revisão bibliográfica. Na terceira etapa, utilizando ferramentas estatísticas, as práticas de controle analisadas foram cruzadas com as categorias de desempenho, superior e inferior, identificando quais práticas de controle estão associadas as classes de desempenhos. A amostra final de municípios analisados incluiu 41, dos 70 membros dos Comitês, cujos dados se enquadraram nos níveis de credibilidade estabelecidos para fins de comparação de desempenho. A aplicação do benchmarking possibilitou analisar os desempenhos das operadoras que atuam na área, comparando os níveis de perdas de água e identificando quais municípios necessitam de urgência atenção em ações de controle. Testes de comparação de média, conduzidos com o produto do benchmarking evidenciaram que há diferenças significativas nos níveis de perdas de água quando considerado o porte do município, natureza jurídica da operadora e presença de favelas. A análise das práticas de controle empregadas apontou o empenho das operadoras da área em controlar as perdas de água, concentrando ações em trocas de rede, setorização e macromedição, sendo verificada diferenças significativas no índice médio de perdas quando uma prática é ou não aplicada. A análise de associação e correspondência indicaram que 24 práticas estão associadas e impactam os níveis de perdas de água. Salvo este aspecto, é imprescindível reforçar a importância do mix de práticas na obtenção de resultados mais eficientes e satisfatórios. Com caráter exploratório, as assertivas desse estudo podem nortear as ações de controle de outras operadoras sendo fundamentais estudos de custo benefício para definir quais práticas produzirão resultados de redução mais efetivos.
The water loss in supply system have presented as one of the biggest challenges of water companies around the world. In the last 12 years the water loss levels in Brazilians distribution systems have remained close to 40%, level higher than other areas in the globe. Face of the water crisis and increasing water demand, the actions to control the water loss require attention. In the national context, the Piracicaba, Capivari and Jundiai river basins have focus by the Committees efforts that have been acting along with the cities to control the water loss levels in the area. The critical situation of water availability in the river basins, the reduction potential on hydric resources and the financial gain, if the water loss levels have lowered, enhance the urgency to adopt efficient control practices of water loss. Accordingly, the present research has searched to identify, in the context of PCJ river basins water companies, which water loss control practices are associated with the higher performance, measuring the citys water loss levels and exploiting which control practices have applied by the water companies. The first methodological step was the application of the benchmarking technique to measure the performance in water loss control, including indicator choice, questionnaire formulation of operational data, online data collection, data reliability analysis and determination of cities water loss levels, with ranking of this. The second step had directed to the gathering and analysis of control practices adopted by the companies in the area, by applying the practices questionnaire, elaborated as of bibliographic review, in loco. In the third step, using statistic tools, the control practices had crossed with the performance in water loss control, higher and lower, identifying which practices have associated with the companies performance. The final sample analyzed included 41 cities, of the 70 PCJ Committees members, that data had fit in the reliability levels established for performance comparison purposes. The benchmarking application had enabled to analyze the companies\' performance comparing the water loss levels and identifying which cities need urgent attention in control practices. Testes of means comparison had emphasized that there are significant differences in the water loss levels when deemed the city size, company\'s legal nature and presence of slumbs. The control practices analysis had indicated the company\'s efforts to control the water loss, focusing in network exchange, district meters\' areas, macromediation system, been checked significant differences in the water loss average index when a practice is adopting or not. The association and correspondence analysis had indicated that 24 practices area associated and affect the water loss levels. Barring this aspect, is essential to strengthen the importance of control practices mix to achieve efficient and satisfactory results. With an exploratory profile, the results of this research can guide the control actions of others companies, been essential cost-benefit studies to establish which practices will generate reduction results more effectives.

Cette thèse porte sur les corridors et leur capacité relative à s'intégrer dans les chaînes d'approvisionnement internationales. Pour illustrer l'analyse, elle repose sur la réalisation d'études de cas portant sur la performance de corridors africains reliant le Tchad et le Niger aux marchés internationaux. Les chaînes d'approvisionnement sont des systèmes qui relient les organisations entre elles à travers des flux physiques et informationnels. Pour pouvoir les intégrer, toute entité doit être en mesure d'y contribuer en y apportant une valeur. Cette valeur permet aux chaînes d'approvisionnement d'atteindre un certain niveau de performance vis-à-vis leurs concurrents. En principe, elles cherchent donc à améliorer leurs performances et ceci passe par un certain nombre de stratégies dont la mise en œuvre dépend, entre autres, d'une circulation fluide d'information de qualité, d'un haut degré de fiabilité dans les processus logistiques et d'une collaboration effective entre les acteurs de la chaîne. En ce qui concerne les corridors, il s'agit également de systèmes qui relient les organisations entre elles. Mais contrairement aux chaînes d'approvisionnement, ils sont davantage territorialisés et ils forment des réseaux à travers lesquels les flux physiques et informationnels circulent. Leur valeur pour les chaînes d'approvisionnement est donc étroitement liée à la mobilité des biens, des personnes et des informations. Les corridors sont dotés de capacités qui leur confèrent plus ou moins de valeur selon les besoins relatifs des chaînes d'approvisionnement. Grâce à une matrice d'étalonnage construite à partir des besoins des chaînes d'approvisionnement, des capacités des corridors et des informations disponibles, les travaux entourant cette thèse tentent d'évaluer quels corridors sont susceptibles de mieux répondre aux besoins de certaines chaînes d'approvisionnement. Dans la mesure où à la fois les corridors et les chaînes d'approvisionnement sont des systèmes et considérant que l'évaluation de la performance ne peut faire abstraction d'éléments contextuels pour lesquels des indicateurs n'apportent que des réponses partielles, le processus d'étalonnage est complété par des études de cas qui permettent de mieux comprendre la performance relative. En conclusion, les travaux de cette thèse démontrent que les spécificités de chaque chaîne d'approvisionnement et des corridors empruntés ne peuvent faire l'objet d'une application universelle d'indicateurs de performance. Afin de bien appréhender l'intégration relative des corridors, il est nécessaire de pondérer les indicateurs en fonction des besoins précis de chaque chaîne d'approvisionnement. Par ailleurs, même si les corridors traditionnellement utilisés pour relier le Tchad et le Niger devraient maintenir leurs avantages dans un avenir rapproché, le potentiel d'amélioration sur l'ensemble des corridors est tel que la situation pourrait changer de façon significative à moyen et long termes. C'est notamment le cas pour les flux en provenance de / vers l'Asie qui augmentent rapidement à l'échelle africaine
This work considers corridors and their relative capability to integrate international supply chains. To illustrate the analysis, it is based on case studies pertaining to the performance of some African corridors linking Chad and Niger to global markets. Supply chains are systems that link organisations between them through physical and informational flows. To integrate them, it is necessary to contribute by providing value. This value enables supply chains to reach a given level of performance. Supply chains thus try to reach higher levels of performance through a certain number of strategies such as a seamless flow of information, a high degree of reliability in logistical processes and cooperation between stakeholders of the supply chain. Corridors are also systems that link organisation but they are more territorialized and form networks through which physical and informational flows circulate. Their value for supply chains is thus closely linked to the mobility of goods, persons and information. Corridors have capacities which provide them with more or less value according to the specific requirements of individual supply chains. With a benchmarking matrix built according to supply chain requirements, corridor capacities and available information, the work underlying this thesis tries to evaluate which corridors are susceptible of better answering to the specific need of certain supply chains. Given that both corridors and supply chains are systems and that the evaluation of performance cannot override contextual elements for which indicators only provide partial answers, the benchmarking process is completed by case studies that enable a better understanding of the relative performance. In conclusion, the work undertaken in this thesis demonstrates that the specificities of each supply chain and corridor cannot be objectively evaluated through the application of a universal benchmarking process based on performance indicators. To evaluate the relative integration of corridors, it is necessary to weigh the indicators according to the specific requirements of each supply chain. Moreover, even if the corridors traditionally used to link Chad and Niger should maintain their advantage in the short term, the potential for improvement on all the corridors analysed are such that this situation could significantly change in the medium and long terms. This is notably the case for flows to/from Asia which are growing rapidly at the African scale

A prática da Medicina Laboratorial vem mudando em conseqüência do desenvolvimento tecnológico e regulamentações dos Sistemas de Saúde levando à implantação de Sistemas de Qualidade e monitoramento de indicadores. A aplicabilidade e os potenciais benefícios do Benchmarking como instrumento de análise da qualidade foram testados em um grupo de oito laboratórios hospitalares através do recebimento, análise e devolução aos participantes de Relatórios de Acompanhamento relativos a indicadores diversos dos anos de 2005 e 2006. O método 6 foi utilizado, quando aplicável, para avaliar a qualidade dos processos. Foram colhidos dados de indicadores de produção, produtividade, absenteísmo segurança no trabalho, recoletas e tempo para liberação de laudos. O Benchmarking é uma ferramenta útil e aplicável para a gestão de qualidade nos laboratórios clínicos, principalmente quando associado a instrumento independente de avaliação de qualidade de processos, porém é necessária a definição de mecanismos que garantam a confiabilidade dos dados primários utilizados nos programas
Laboratory Medicine practice is changing as a result of technological development and regulations pressures, letting to the implementation of quality systems and monitoring indicators. This study tested Benchmarking applicability and benefits as a tool for quality analysis in brazilian laboratory medicine services. The study was performed with eight hospital laboratories through the receipt, analysis and return to the participants of Monitoring Reports, relating to several quality indicators for the years 2005 and 2006. 6 Sigma criteria was applied as independent assessment of process quality. Data obtained shows indicators of total production, productivity, absenteeism, safety at work, redraws and turn-around-times. Benchmarking showed to be a useful and feasible tool for quality management in Brazilian clinical laboratories, particularly when associated to independent tools for evaluating the quality of laboratorial processes

A carência na prestação dos serviços de abastecimento de água e de esgotamento sanitário se apresenta em maior grau nas populações com condições de baixa renda e graus significativos de exposição ao risco ambiental pela localização geográfica. A situação de vulnerabilidade socioambiental é resultado do crescimento sem controle da população, que posteriormente ocasiona um mercado de habitações insuficiente, com qualidade e localização inadequadas e com ausência de políticas públicas. Estas áreas denominadas irregulares, assentamentos precários, favelas, entre outros, são onde as empresas operadoras não conseguem atender a demanda de serviços pelo impedimento de legislação e condições impróprias para implantação de redes dos serviços. As empresas operadoras que possuem uma função técnica dependem do andamento dos programas de regularização fundiária à prestação dos serviços nestas áreas, assim que têm que atuar frente a esta problemática, porque no final sua gestão se vê comprometida também nas áreas de prestação regulares. Os modelos empresariais até agora adotados focalizam-se no desenvolvimento e no monitoramento na gestão para todas as áreas de prestação e omitem esse tratamento diferenciado. Uma ferramenta útil que ajuda a melhorar o desempenho das empresas operadoras é a utilização do processo de Benchmarking. Este processo é útil por ser um instrumento eficiente na prestação de serviços, mas este recurso tem sido pouco aproveitado na prestação de serviços públicos nas áreas irregulares. Por conseguinte, este projeto de pesquisa propor indicadores chave para Benchmarking voltados à prestação de serviços de abastecimento de água e esgotamento sanitário nas áreas com populações em situação de vulnerabilidade socioambiental no contexto de uma operadora que atua na Baixada Santista. A metodologia utilizada foi numa primeira parte de caráter exploratório, focada na revisão bibliográfica sobre a prestação dos serviços de água e esgoto nestas áreas, a contextualização de vulnerabilidade para estes serviços e os sistemas de indicadores existentes. E numa segunda, de caráter experimental, foram trazidas duas comunidades da Baixada como estudo de caso para entender a gestão da operadora nestas áreas; nas duas etapas se abordaram aspectos chave da pesquisa participativa. Por meio da aplicação de critérios de avaliação e as experiências na coleta de evidências definiram-se filtros de escolha para assegurar que os indicadores finais trataram mais de perto a problemática levantada. Este trabalho encontrou 10 indicadores, entre novos e modificados dos existentes, que potencialmente descrevem a prestação de serviços de abastecimento de água e esgotamento sanitário das populações em situação de vulnerabilidade, os quais permitem ser usados na tomada de decisão das empresas à universalização dos serviços de água e esgoto. Na aplicação do processo de Benchmarking encontraram-se apenas dois indicadores para comparar desempenho. Devido a que, as informações que a empresa tem para estas áreas é bastante limitada. Estes conjuntos de indicadores são inovação para o setor, pois estas medidas auxiliam a prestação das empresas nestas áreas. No entanto, as empresas precisam produzir informações para as áreas de vulnerabilidade, sendo que ainda não prestem os serviços; necessitam institucionalizar sistemas de indicadores específicos, que permitam conhecer e se planejar frente à gestão destas áreas e, finalmente possuir registros sob boas práticas de áreas já universalizadas.
The lack in the provision of water and sanitation services is given in a greater degree in populations with conditions of low-income and significant degrees of exposure to environmental risk by geographic location. The status of social and environmental vulnerability is a result of uncontrolled population growth, which subsequently causes an insufficient housing market, with unsuitable quality and location and lack of public policies. These areas called irregular, slum, among others, are where the Water Supply and Sanitation Services (WSS) cannot meet the demand for services caused by the impediment of law and improper conditions for network deployment services. WSS that have a technical function, depend on the progress of regularization programs for the provision of services in these areas, so they have to deal with this problem, consequently their models management is compromised also in the areas of regular provision. Actually, the business models adopted focus on the development and monitoring management for all service areas and omit this differential treatment. A useful tool used to help the WSS improvement and performance is to use the Benchmarking process. This process is useful for being an effective tool in providing services, but this resource has been taken a little advantage in supplying public services in irregular areas. Therefore, this research project proposes key-indicators for Benchmarking, focused on the provision services in areas with populations in situations of social and environmental vulnerability, in the context of a WSS operating in the Baixada Santista. The methodology used was in a first part, of exploratory character, the literature review was focused on the provision of water and sewerage services in these areas, the context of vulnerability to these services and systems of existing indicators. In a second part, two communities of Baixada were brought, an experimental basis, as a case study to understand the operator management in these areas; in the two steps are addressed key aspects of participative-research. Through the application of evaluation criteria and experiences in evidence collecting, filters were defined to ensure the final indicators treated more closely to the issues raised. This study found 10 indicators, including new and modified ones, which potentially describe the provision of water supply and sanitation service for vulnerable population; these indicators allow to be used in decision making of WSS universalization. The implementation of the Benchmarking process finds only two indicators to compare performance, because the information that the company has for these areas is very limited. These sets of indicators are innovation for the sector, because these measures help to provide services in these areas. However, WSS need to produce information for vulnerability areas, but they do not provide the services yet; they need to institutionalize specific indicators systems to provide them knowledge to manage these areas and, they must possess registers taken, under good practices, from already universalized areas.

This master thesis deals with the evaluation of the financial performance of the company. The financial performance will be measured by the method called benchmarking. The chosen company is Tente s.r.o., which will be compared with the appropriate competitors based on the chosen method. According to the results of the analysis, will also suggest effective measures to increase the current financial performance.

Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) play a vital role for organizations to measure project performance. The core objective of Key Performance Indicators is that not only organizations but also customers want their projects to be completed within the stipulated time and budget while maintaining the quality standards. Performance measurement is foundation for continual improvement. Subsequently, as a regular rule, benchmarking is the next step to improve contractors’ efficiency and effectiveness of products and processes. Camp (1989) introduced benchmarking concepts and defines it as “the continuous process of measuring products, industry leaders.” It is a problem to measure the performance of large projects such as construction and communication projects using predefined KPIs. Objective of this research is to find a framework to improve project performance through benchmarking of key performance indicators, to identify the suitable KPI prevailing in the construction industry of Kuwait and develop and calculate the KPIs to assess the performance of the construction projects and making recommendations to improve project performances of construction industry. For this study two Kuwaiti construction companies are selected i.e. Company AA and Company BB. Performance of their financial and non-financial data is analyzed. Primary data is collected through questionnaires and in performance of Company BB. Data also revealed that Company BB’s are having cost and time overrun. Organizations like Company BB have to investigate reasons of cost and time delays causing dissatisfaction. Decision of material selection and delivery time should be carefully taken. Organizations should improve its employment policies from selection to compensation, working conditions, motivations and availability of health and safety facilities; as satisfied customers can satisfy customers. Subsequently, Company BB management performance needs immense improvement at all levels and in all processes. Consideration of design quality indicators (DQI) as per requirement of stakeholders and bio-diversity impacts, it is impossible to satisfy the internal or external stakeholders of construction projects. This thesis contributes useful and new knowledge to the Kuwaiti construction industry. This study reveals the importance of significant KPIs needed for the growth of medium construction organizations through benchmarking the bigger organizations. The ultimate goal of this study is to highlight the importance of KPIs to access success of medium construction organizations. Although it is believed KPIs could be used for benchmarking of bigger size organizations.

Background: In response to the need for more comprehensive quality assessment within Australian residential aged care facilities, the Clinical Care Indicator (CCI) Tool was developed to collect outcome data as a means of making inferences about quality. A national trial of its effectiveness and a Brisbane-based trial of its use within the quality improvement context determined the CCI Tool represented a potentially valuable addition to the Australian aged care system. This document describes the next phase in the CCI Tool.s development; the aims of which were to establish validity and reliability of the CCI Tool, and to develop quality indicator thresholds (benchmarks) for use in Australia. The CCI Tool is now known as the ResCareQA (Residential Care Quality Assessment). Methods: The study aims were achieved through a combination of quantitative data analysis, and expert panel consultations using modified Delphi process. The expert panel consisted of experienced aged care clinicians, managers, and academics; they were initially consulted to determine face and content validity of the ResCareQA, and later to develop thresholds of quality. To analyse its psychometric properties, ResCareQA forms were completed for all residents (N=498) of nine aged care facilities throughout Queensland. Kappa statistics were used to assess inter-rater and test-retest reliability, and Cronbach.s alpha coefficient calculated to determine internal consistency. For concurrent validity, equivalent items on the ResCareQA and the Resident Classification Scales (RCS) were compared using Spearman.s rank order correlations, while discriminative validity was assessed using known-groups technique, comparing ResCareQA results between groups with differing care needs, as well as between male and female residents. Rank-ordered facility results for each clinical care indicator (CCI) were circulated to the panel; upper and lower thresholds for each CCI were nominated by panel members and refined through a Delphi process. These thresholds indicate excellent care at one extreme and questionable care at the other. Results: Minor modifications were made to the assessment, and it was renamed the ResCareQA. Agreement on its content was reached after two Delphi rounds; the final version contains 24 questions across four domains, enabling generation of 36 CCIs. Both test-retest and inter-rater reliability were sound with median kappa values of 0.74 (test-retest) and 0.91 (inter-rater); internal consistency was not as strong, with a Chronbach.s alpha of 0.46. Because the ResCareQA does not provide a single combined score, comparisons for concurrent validity were made with the RCS on an item by item basis, with most resultant correlations being quite low. Discriminative validity analyses, however, revealed highly significant differences in total number of CCIs between high care and low care groups (t199=10.77, p=0.000), while the differences between male and female residents were not significant (t414=0.56, p=0.58). Clinical outcomes varied both within and between facilities; agreed upper and lower thresholds were finalised after three Delphi rounds. Conclusions: The ResCareQA provides a comprehensive, easily administered means of monitoring quality in residential aged care facilities that can be reliably used on multiple occasions. The relatively modest internal consistency score was likely due to the multi-factorial nature of quality, and the absence of an aggregate result for the assessment. Measurement of concurrent validity proved difficult in the absence of a gold standard, but the sound discriminative validity results suggest that the ResCareQA has acceptable validity and could be confidently used as an indication of care quality within Australian residential aged care facilities. The thresholds, while preliminary due to small sample size, enable users to make judgements about quality within and between facilities. Thus it is recommended the ResCareQA be adopted for wider use.

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A saúde apresenta enorme desafio de conciliar qualidade com viabilidade financeira. Como premissa, é uma área que demanda fazer mais, com menos recursos e com resultados que podem impactar na vida das pessoas. No Brasil, hospitais de excelência têm iniciativas muito próximas as internacionais de destaque, visando atender requisitos de qualidade elevada, medindo sua performance, como os hospitais da ANAHP (Associação Nacional de Hospitais Privados), mas a principal questão desta pesquisa é em relação a quais indicadores representam melhor a área de atenção hospitalar e poderia ser aplicada para todos perfis de hospitais do país. Os indicadores avaliados neste estudo foram agrupados nas dimensões do BSC (Balanced Scorecard), onde foram considerados processos de gestão e assistenciais, além de aspectos financeiros, recursos humanos e percepção de qualidade pelo cliente. O trabalho propõe, a partir de 7 referências nacionais e internacionais, um conjunto de 30 indicadores, com preocupação de cobrir não apenas processos estratégicos de gestão, mas também assistenciais, menos avaliado em hospitais fora do grupo de excelência. Este conjunto de indicadores foi validado por especialistas em gestão e assistência, não apenas ligados a hospitais de excelência, mas também ao perfil de hospitais identificados como futuros “adopters”, mais prevalente no brasil, como os filantrópicos, na tentativa de explorar a percepção de viabilidade futura de adoção de uma plataforma nacional de bencharming hospitalar. Após validado o conjunto de indicadores, foi apresentado um protótipo não-funcional em uma plataforma tecnológica em ambiente web, disponível no domínio benchealth.com.br e realizada a avaliação sobre a viabilidade de importar estas informações a partir dos Sistemas de Informação Hospitalar (SIH) presentes no mercado e de acordo com o nível de sistematização, com intuito de avaliar a viabilidade de extração destes indicadores. O resultado deste estudo demonstrou aderência aos indicadores propostos, porém ficou evidente as dificuldades de obtenção de alguns indicadores, principalmente relacionados a processos assistenciais, menos sistematizados nos hospitais. Também entende-se como necessidade futura, avaliar viabilidade de outros indicadores que possuem representatividade em ambientes de excelência e ainda não fizeram parte deste estudo inicial.
The health area presents huge challenge of reconciling quality with financial viability. As a premise is an area that demands to do more, with fewer resources and with results that can impact lives of people. In Brazil, hospitals of excellence have initiatives that are very close to the most important international ones, aiming to meet high quality requirements, measuring their performance, such as hospitals members of ANAHP (National Association of Private Hospitals), which has a collection of indicators and comparison between participants, but the main question of this research is in relation to which Indicators better represent the area of hospital care and could be applied to all profiles of hospitals in the country. The indicators evaluated in this study were grouped into the BSC (Balanced Scorecard) dimensions, mainly related within management and assistance process, besides financial aspects, human resources and customer perception of quality. The work proposes, from 7 national and international references, a set of 30 indicators, with concern to cover not only strategic processes of management, but also assistance, less evaluated in hospitals outside the group of excellence. This set of indicators was validated by a group of management and healthcare specialists, not only linked to hospitals of excellence, but also to the widespread profile of hospitals, identified as future adopters, more prevalent in Brazil, such as non-profit, in an attempt to exploring the perception of future feasibility of adopting a national hospital benchmarking platform. After validating the set of indicators, a non-functional prototype was presented in a web-based technology platform, available in the benchealth.com domain, and an assessment was made to visualize the feasibility of importing this information from the Hospital Information Systems (HIS) most used in market, considering systematization level within HIT, in order to evaluate the viability of extracting these indicators. The result of this study showed adherence to the proposed indicators, but also signaled difficulties in obtaining some indicators, mainly related to care processes, less systematized in hospitals. It is also clear the need to assess the viability of other indicators that have representativeness in environments of excellence and have not yet been part of this initial study.

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Esta pesquisa objetivou a construção de um conjunto de indicadores de desempenho que foram calculados, analisados e em seguida avaliados pelos gestores de instituições de ensino, na forma de referenciais de excelência através de benchmanking. A partir disso, permitiu-se a identificação da eficácia das instituições participantes, facultando-lhes a tomada de decisões e implementação de melhorias, por meio da auto-avaliação e da avaliação comparativa às demais instituições de ensinos participantes da pesquisa. Para a realização da pesquisa, foram necessárias fases distintas. Na fase inicial de revisão bibliográfica, foi identificado um conjunto de indicadores para apoio a gestão, os quais serviram de base para a segunda etapa que correspondeu a um levantamento com dados coletados, referente ao período de 2007 e 2008, e posterior cálculo dos indicadores (a amostra contemplou 23 escolas públicas municipais, 5 pública estaduais, ambas pertencentes às cidades de Porto Alegre e São Leopoldo, e 11 instituições privada
This research aimed to construct a set of performance indicators that were calculated, analyzed an then evaluated by managers of educational institutions, as excellence standards through benchmarking. From this, the identification of the effectiveness of the participating institutions was made possible, providing them with decision making and implementation of improvements, through self assessment and benchmarking of other education institutions which took part in the research. For this research different phases were needed. In making the initial review, a set of indicators to support the management was identified, which served as the basis for the second stage that corresponded to data collection, covering the period 2007 and 2008, and subsequent calculation of the indicators (the sample included 23 local public, 5 public state schools, both within the cities of Porto Alegre and Sao Leopoldo, and 11 private institutions in the metropolitan area). In the third phase of the research, results were analyzed so t

The aim of this diploma thesis is to salute the financial situation of company FC Vysočina Jihlava, a.s. in the years 2009 – 2013 with use of selected methods of the financial analysis, aplication of benchmarking method. In the final part of thesis are formulated suggestions and recommendations which should lead to result in the improvement problem areas

The Thesis is focused on financial and business performance evaluation of a DITON company. The method used in a Thesis is benchmarking. The first part provides theoretical opportunities for certain issues with pointing out the benchmarking importance. The second part contains company`s introduction, their competitors and situation analysis. Afterwards follows the main part of a Thesis that is benchmarking with appropriate competitors. The aim of analysis is to find weaknesses of company and find resolution to improve financial and business performance.

This master’s thesis deals with the evaluation of the financial situation of DBC AG, spol. s.r.o. and proposals for its improvement in week areas. All analyses are processed using the methods of financial analysis, benchmarking and other relevant methods. Whole analysis is based on data from 2010-2014. The results are the basis for the proposal part of the thesis.

This master thesis is concerned with financial and business performance evaluation of the company RENATEX CZ a.s. Theoretical part deals with strategic analysis, company performance measuring methods, and financial analysis indicators. The practical part first evaluates RENATEX’s business environment and then, it provides a comparison of the company with selected competitors. While still using benchmarking methods, next phase of the thesis compares operational and financial indicators, services and products in offer, their quality, and implemented business strategies. Finally, the thesis suggests various measures to improve financial and business performance of the company.

L’utilisation excessive et inappropriée des antibiotiques a des conséquences individuelles et collectives dont l’antibiorésistance fait partie. Des programmes de bon usage des antibiotiques sont mis en place en établissement de santé (ES) sans toujours parvenir à améliorer les indicateurs d’antibiorésistance, possiblement du fait de facteurs locaux non identifiés ou non pris en compte. L’étude de ces facteurs locaux pourrait être réalisée à l’aide d’un outil spécifique d’analyse approfondie des causes (AAC) appliqué à des situations d’utilisation inappropriée des antibiotiques. Les objectifs de ce travail de thèse étaient d’identifier les facteurs humains (prescripteur et patient) et organisationnels influençant l’utilisation des antibiotiques à inclure dans un outil d’AAC ; d’identifier des situations qui sont des conséquences d’une utilisation inappropriée des antibiotiques et facilement repérables, qui seraient éligibles à une AAC ; et de définir des indicateurs pertinents pour mesurer l’effet de la réalisation des AAC sur l’utilisation appropriée des antibiotiques. Notre revue de la littérature a identifié 34 facteurs influençant l’utilisation des antibiotiques à inclure dans un outil d’AAC : six facteurs liés au prescripteur, dix liés au patient et 18 facteurs organisationnels. Notre second travail a montré que les notifications de pharmacovigilance permettraient de détecter la survenue d’effets indésirables médicamenteux (EIM) dans les suites d’une utilisation inappropriée d’un antibiotique. L’étude a montré que la moitié des EIM imputables au co-trimoxazole étaient évitables, dont 70% d’EIM graves. Deux tiers des prescriptions n’étaient pas conformes au résumé des caractéristiques du produit (RCP) et 30% des prescriptions étaient peu ou pas justifiées. Un troisième travail a montré qu’en dehors de l’exposition aux carbapénèmes, une exposition aux β-lactamines inactives sur P. aeruginosa, molécules fréquemment utilisées pour les traitements empiriques en réanimation, était un facteur de risque significatif d’acquisition de la résistance aux carbapénèmes. Ainsi les résultats de laboratoire pourraient permettre d’identifier l’acquisition d’une résistance secondaire à une utilisation inappropriée d’antibiotiques. Enfin, notre travail sur les indicateurs de suivi de l’utilisation des antibiotiques a permis de comparer trois indicateurs calculés à partir des consommations d’antibiotiques : indicateurs ANSM, AWaRe-like et ECDC. Tous types d’ES confondus, les trois indicateurs étaient corrélés, avec une corrélation plus forte entre les indicateurs ANSM et AWaRe-like. Au sein de certains types d’ES, les indicateurs n’étaient pas toujours corrélés, ce qui a entrainé des différences de classement des ES. Nos résultats ont suggéré l’utilisation de deux indicateurs complémentaires : l’indicateur ECDC reflétant davantage la pression de sélection antibiotique et l’indicateur AWaRe-like davantage perçu comme étant lié à la qualité de la prescription. Dans les suites de ce travail, il sera nécessaire de formaliser l’outil d’AAC et de le mettre en oeuvre dans différentes situations éligibles, pour orienter les choix d’interventions afin d’améliorer l’utilisation des antibiotiques à l’hôpital. L’intérêt des nouveaux indicateurs pour mesurer l’impact des actions d’amélioration et leur bonne compréhension par les acteurs locaux devront être évalués. Enfin, au-delà du niveau local des ES, nos travaux pourront être utiles au niveau national pour adapter les programmes de bon usage des antibiotiques préconisés et inclure le suivi de nouveaux indicateurs dans les surveillances nationales
Excessive and inappropriate use of antibiotics leads to individual and collective consequences, including antimicrobial resistance. Antibiotic stewardship programs are implemented in health care facilities (HCF) with contrasting results on antibiotic use, probably due to unidentified or unaccounted for local factors. These local factors could be explored using a specific tool for root cause analysis (RCA) of inappropriate use of antibiotics. The objectives of this thesis work were: 1) to identify the human (prescriber and patient) and organizational factors influencing antibiotic use to be included in an RCA tool; 2) to identify situations that are consequences of inappropriate antibiotic use and that are monitored in hospitals, which would be eligible for a RCA; and 3) to define relevant indicators to measure the effect of performing RCA on the appropriate use of antibiotics. Our literature review identified 34 factors influencing antibiotic use to be included in a RCA tool: six prescriber-related, ten patient-related and 18 organizational factors. Our second work showed that pharmacovigilance reports would detect the occurrence of adverse drug reactions (ADRs) following inappropriate antibiotic use. The study showed that half of the ADRs attributable to co-trimoxazole were preventable, of which 70% were serious, two thirds were not in compliance with the SPC, and 30% of the prescriptions were not justified. A third work showed that apart from exposure to carbapenems, exposure to β-lactam inactive on P. aeruginosa, molecules frequently used for empirical treatments in intensive care units, was a significant risk factor for the acquisition of carbapenem resistance. Thus, laboratory results could help identifying the acquisition of resistance resulting from inappropriate antibiotic use. Finally, our work on indicators consisted in comparing three indicators, based on antibiotic consumption, for HCF benchmarking: ANSM, AWaRe-like and ECDC indicators. Across all types of ES, all three indicators were correlated, with a stronger correlation between the ANSM and AWaRe-like indicators. According to HCF type, the indicators were not always correlated, resulting in differences in HCF ranking. Our results suggested the use of two complementary indicators: the ECDC indicator more reflective of antibiotic selection pressure and the AWaRe-like indicator more perceived as being related to the quality of the prescription. The next step will be to elaborate the RCA tool and implement it in different eligible situations to guide the choice of interventions to improve antibiotic use in hospitals. The usefulness of the new indicators to measure improvements resulting from interventions and their ability to be understood by local stakeholders should be assessed. Finally, beyond the use at hospital level, findings from our work will inform decision makers to guide national policies on appropriate use of antibiotics and to adapt national surveillance systems to include new relevant indicators

The master's thesis focuses on the assessment of the financial and business performance of the company Direct Parcel Distrubution CZ s. r. o. by using the methods of benchmarking. The first part of work provides a theoretical background for the issue, with an emphasis on benchmarking. The second part of the thesis contains introduction of the company and situational analysis of the company. The following is the main part of the thesis, the acutal benchmarking of the company with selected competitors. The thesis concludes proposals to improve the financial and business performance of Direct Parcel Distribution CZ s.r.o.

The goal of the thesis "Evaluation of the travel agency Expecta, s.r.o." is to determine the investment value of the company for the purpose of the future sale. Firstly the strategic analysis is applied, on which basis the future turnovers are estimated. Afterwards the company is analyzed from the financial point of view. The classical methods (ex. Horizontal and vertical analyses of the financial statements) and also analysis of EVA along with the diagnostic system of financial indicators "INFA" are used. The information arising from both analysisses serve as a basis for the construction of a planned profit and loss statement and a planned balance sheet. In the last part of this thesis the investment value of the firm is calculated by using a yield method based on the indicator EVA.

The master’s thesis deals with of assessment of the financial situation of the selected company in the period 2011 – 2015. The first part of thesis includes theoretical points, those are used for practice part. The thesis will evaluate the financial situation based on selected methods, mainly financial analysis, and will propose some steps, which will improve this detected situation.

"Numerous higher education (HE) institutions in the United States (US) have created sustainability agendas, including construction of sustainable buildings. More than 200 US HE institutions, have at least one Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) certified building on their campus (Princeton Review 2012). With the growing student population and need to house them, residence hall construction is rising nationwide. A profile of newly constructed building types shows residence halls hold the largest median area (Princeton Review 2012). In an effort to assess if sustainable residence halls are performing sustainably, a series of post occupancy evaluation (POE) indicators were selected. POE indicators were chosen through a review of widely adopted sustainability rating systems, scientific literature and student occupant feedback. The selected indicators address a range of parameters including: water and energy consumption, occupant thermal comfort, occupant consumption behavior and education, noise insulation (indoor and outdoor), and Facilities Management (FM) operational feedback. Furthermore, specific indicators such as building energy management systems (BEMS), building automation control systems (BACS) and artificial intelligence (AI) agents were examined. The proposed POE indicator framework data was collected from various key stakeholders including: designers, HE FM departments, residential life personnel, and student occupants. The dataset includes: actual temperature (T) and relative humidity (RH) measurements of a LEED-Gold residence hall, actual water (9 residence halls) and energy consumption (4 residence halls) data, and feedback from designers, HE FM departments and 593 student occupants (LEED and non-LEED residence halls). The proposed POE indicator framework triangulates quantitative and qualitative data, via investigative and diagnostic techniques; creating a comprehensive building performance picture, vis-à-vis technical and non-technical parameters."

This thesis analyzes the economic situation of the company using the methods of financial and economic analysis, identify problem areas and finally proposes measures to achieve the targeted improvement of the company.

This thesis addressed the need for improved analysis and interpretation of primary meter half-hourly energy consumption data. The current work offers a novel benchmarking technique that was tested for 6 types of municipal buildings. This approach is different from conventional annual benchmarking mainly because it uses electricity and gas data in half-hourly periods, together with outside temperature data. A survey to European local authorities’ metering and monitoring practices was conducted in order to assess municipal energy managers' current procedures and needs in terms of data analysis to assess building energy performance and to identify potential energy saving opportunities. The benchmarking approach was developed considering the energy managers’ needs, but also the state-of the art in terms of building energy monitoring techniques, particularly building energy signatures, and the analysis techniques used on electricity grid demand forecasting. The benchmarking approach is based on the use of a metric composed of several indicators that are related to the load demand shape profile and the building energy signature. The comparison of indicators for buildings of the same type using standard scores identifies uncommon load demand profile characteristics and/or gas dependency on outside temperature in specific buildings. The metric is able to support the identification of potential energy wastage, which is linked to the detection of opportunities to save energy. The benchmarking technique was tested in 81 municipal building owned by Leicester City Council. This methodology can be applied to any non-domestic building equipped with primary meters for registering half-hourly electricity and gas consumption. In theory, this approach can also be applied to residential buildings, and to other short time series data types, for example quarter-hourly or 10 minutes interval data. The main contribution of this thesis is to improve the objectivity of building primary meter half-hourly electricity and gas consumption data analysis and interpretation by using quantitative parameters, instead of subjective visualisation techniques. The interpretation of building consumption data in short time series periods can now be streamlined, automated and perhaps incorporated in existing energy analysis software. This thesis raises questions that can lead to future research projects aiming to improve the metric and also to enlarge the scope of its application to national and European scale, to other building types and to other utilities.

This master‘s thesis deals with the performance evaluation AGROMORAVIA, a.s. using of classic, modern and statistical methods and subsequent formulation of own designs and their benefits to improve company performance. Based on the analysis results are compared with a competitor. In addition, selected economic indicators are subjected to statistical analysis and the result is a prediction of future development, from which derives valuable information that serves the proposals for improving the current situation of the company in the coming years. Analyses are performed for the period 2006 to 2012.

The purpose of sustainability reports is to represent the progress of a company’s sustainability effort and status to stakeholders. There is a need for stakeholders to benchmark sustainability performance of companies. The objective of this research was to find evidence that the GRI Application Level used in the ranking GRI compliant sustainability reports, is an indicator of financial performance for companies trading on the JSE in South Africa.The results will show that there is no evidence to show that the GRI Applications Level is an indicator of financial performance. The consequence of this evidence is that the lack of adequate benchmark standards can de-motivate companies to strive for higher sustainability performance.
Dissertation (MBA)--University of Pretoria, 2012.
Gordon Institute of Business Science (GIBS)
unrestricted

The main aim of this master thesis is to analyse the current business model of Laminar Medica (CE) s.r.o.. Theoretical and methodological part contains the definitions of partial analyzes methodologies and procedures which will be utilized in the practical part. The second part of the thesis besides characteristics of the company itself focuses mainly on practical implementation and linkage of the partial analyzes. Their main purpose is to create comprehensive picture of current business model of the company Laminar Medica (CE) s.r.o., create financial plan and estimate the appraisal of the company. In the last part of the thesis, there will be an accomplished summarization of the main findings and formulation of the recommendations on how to enhance function of the current business model.

[ES] La colaboración empresarial evidenciada en pequeñas y medianas empresas (Pymes) está contribuyendo a ampliar su competitividad, impulsar diversos procesos de innovación y mejorar su rendimiento; siendo, por tanto, fundamental la medición eficaz del rendimiento como una práctica estratégica para impulsar su desarrollo y eficiencia colectiva. La medición del rendimiento (MR) es un elemento esencial para la planificación efectiva y el control empresarial; así como para la toma de decisiones, a fin de desplegar diferentes acciones de mejora. La MR en Pymes incluye las siguientes tres categorías: las medidas de rendimiento o indicadores, el diseño del sistema de medición del rendimiento (SMR) y su desarrollo. El diseño del SMR para redes de Pymes es un proceso importante para asegurar que el marco de medición integre tanto, los factores y elementos del rendimiento propios del contexto colaborativo abordado, así como los métodos y técnicas para un proceso de medición del rendimiento balanceado y con alineamiento estratégico. Sin embargo, en la literatura fueron pocos los estudios que abordaban a la MR en contextos colaborativos. Entre aquellos que lo hacían, la mayoría se relacionaba con el direccionamiento hacia las mejores prácticas; lo que señaló dificultades en cuanto a la consideración de diversos factores entorno a este grupo de Pymes y con ello su implicación en el desarrollo de SMRs específicos. Otro aspecto importante en el diseño del SMR es la presencia de múltiples tomadores de decisión, espacio que tampoco evidenció mayor aporte entre la literatura revisada. Al considerar estos aspectos en el marco del diseño de SMRs para redes de Pymes en colaboración, ninguna investigación presentó un abordaje que contemple todas las características de forma simultánea. Considerando estas brechas, este trabajo de investigación tiene por objetivo proponer un sistema de medición del rendimiento para redes colaborativas de pymes (SMR - RECOP) en un escenario de toma de decisiones en grupo, considerando un enfoque de alineamiento estratégico. La propuesta tiene como finalidad integrar los principales factores de influencia del entorno de la red de Pymes, los requerimientos de medición básicos y la visión de un crecimiento sostenible enmarcado en la eficiencia colectiva. La propuesta de medición del rendimiento utiliza el Balanced Scorecard (BSC) como herramienta para direccionar la estrategia de la red al interior del sistema de medición, donde los indicadores se encuentran en alineación directa con los objetivos estratégicos; además, la técnica Fuzzy TOPSIS para apoyar el proceso de toma de decisiones en grupo que permite la determinación de los objetivos estratégicos y; por último, mesas de diálogo como los espacios para la discusión de ideas y formulación de indicadores de medición. Estas técnicas, juntamente con los elementos citados anteriormente son integrados en una metodología de tres fases. El sistema de medición propuesto se aplica en un caso de investigación para fines de validación; la red de Pymes evaluada pertenece al sector agroindustrial productor de cacao en Ecuador, donde los contextos empresariales tanto de red y cadena se evidencian como las estratégicas colaborativas con importante presencia. La aplicación empírica del SMR - RECOP mostró como resultados necesarios de su desarrollo a los siguientes productos: un conjunto de objetivos estratégicos; un procedimiento establecido para la definición y selección de estos objetivos en el marco de la toma de decisiones en grupo; un mapa estratégico consolidado y por último un conjunto de indicadores de rendimiento. Estos resultados muestran consistencia con los estamentos pretendidos por la red y su contexto de desarrollo; así como con los requerimientos que enmarcan un SMR para Pymes.
[CA] La col·laboració empresarial evidenciada en petites i mitjanes empreses (Pimes) està contribuint a ampliar la seva competitivitat, impulsar diversos processos d'innovació i millorar el seu rendiment; sent, per tant, fonamental el mesurament eficaç de l'rendiment com una pràctica estratègica per impulsar el seu desenvolupament i eficiència col·lectiva. El mesurament de l'rendiment (MR) és un element essencial per a la planificació efectiva i el control empresarial; així com per a la presa de decisions, per tal de desplegar diferents accions de millora. La MR a Pimes inclou les següents tres categories: les mesures de rendiment o indicadors, el disseny de sistema de mesurament de l'rendiment (SMR) i el seu desenvolupament. El disseny de l'SMR per a xarxes de Pimes és un procés important per assegurar que el marc de mesurament integri tant, els factors i elements de l'rendiment propis de l'context col·laboratiu abordat, així com els mètodes i tècniques per a un procés de mesurament de l'rendiment balancejat i amb alineament estratègic. No obstant això, en la literatura van ser pocs els estudis que abordaven a la MR en contextos col·laboratius. Entre aquells que ho feien, la majoria es relacionava amb l'adreçament cap a les millors pràctiques; el que va assenyalar dificultats pel que fa a la consideració de diversos factors entorn a aquest grup de Pimes i amb això la seva implicació en el desenvolupament de SMRs específics. Un altre aspecte important en el disseny de l'SMR és la presència de múltiples prenedors de decisió, espai que tampoc va evidenciar major aportació entre la literatura revisada. A l'considerar aquests aspectes en el marc de el disseny de SMRs per a xarxes de pimes en col·laboració, cap investigació va presentar un abordatge que contempli totes les característiques de forma simultània. Considerant aquestes bretxes, aquest treball de recerca té per objectiu proposar un sistema de mesurament de l'rendiment per a xarxes col·laboratives de pimes (SMR - Recull) en un escenari de presa de decisions en grup, considerant un enfocament d'alineament estratègic. La proposta té com a finalitat integrar els principals factors d'influència de l'entorn de la xarxa de pimes, els requeriments de mesurament bàsics i la visió d'un creixement sostenible emmarcat en l'eficiència col·lectiva. La proposta de mesurament de l'rendiment utilitza el Balanced Scorecard (BSC) com a eina per adreçar l'estratègia de la xarxa a l'interior de el sistema de mesurament, on els indicadors es troben en alineació directa amb els objectius estratègics; a més, la tècnica Fuzzy TOPSIS per donar suport al procés de presa de decisions en grup que permet la determinació dels objectius estratègics i; finalment, taules de diàleg com els espais per a la discussió d'idees i formulació d'indicadors de mesurament. Aquestes tècniques, conjuntament amb els elements esmentats anteriorment són integrats en una metodologia de tres fases. El sistema de mesurament proposat s'aplica en un cas d'investigació per a fins de validació; la xarxa de Pimes avaluada pertany a el sector agroindustrial productor de cacau a l'Equador, on els contextos empresarials tant de xarxa i cadena s'evidencien com les estratègiques col·laboratives amb important presència. L'aplicació empírica d'el SMR - RECOP va mostrar com a resultats necessaris del seu desenvolupament als següents productes: un conjunt d'objectius estratègics; un procediment per a la definició i selecció d'aquests objectius en el marc de la presa de decisions en grup; un mapa estratègic consolidat i finalment un conjunt d'indicadors de rendiment. Els resultats obtinguts mostren consistència amb els estaments pretesos per la xarxa i el seu context de desenvolupament; així com amb els requeriments que emmarquen un SMR per a Pimes.
[EN] The business collaboration evidenced in small and medium-sized companies (SMEs) is helping to expand their competitiveness, promote different innovation processes, and improve their performance. Therefore, effective performance measurement is essential as a strategic practice to promote its development and collective efficiency. Performance measurement (PM) is an essential element for effective business planning and control; as well as for decision making, in order to deploy different improvement actions. PM in SMEs includes the following three categories: performance measures or indicators, the design of the performance measurement system (PMS), and its development. The design of the PMS for SME networks is an important process to ensure that the measurement framework integrates both the factors and elements of the performance, which belong to the collaborative context addressed, as well as the methods and techniques for a balanced performance measurement process and with strategic alignment. However, in the literature, few studies addressed PM in collaborative contexts. Among those that did it, the majority was related to directing toward best practices; which pointed to difficulties in considering various factors around this group of SMEs and thus their involvement in the development of specific PMSs. Another important issue in the design of the PMS is the presence of multiple decision-makers, a space that did not show a greater contribution among the literature reviewed. When considering these aspects in the framework of PMSs design for collaborative SME networks, no research presented an approach that considers all the characteristics simultaneously. Considering these gaps, this research work aims to propose a performance measurement system for collaborative networks of SMEs (PMS - RECOP) in a group decision-making scenario, considering a strategic alignment approach. The purpose of the proposal is to integrate the main factors that influence the environment of the SMEs network, the basic measurement requirements, and the vision of sustainable growth framed in collective efficiency The performance measurement proposal uses the Balanced Scorecard (BSC) as a tool to direct the strategy of the network within the measurement system, where the indicators are in direct alignment with the strategic objectives. In addition, the Fuzzy TOPSIS technique supports the group decision-making process that allows the determination of strategic objectives and; finally, dialogue tables as spaces for the discussion of ideas and formulation of measurement indicators. These techniques, together with the elements aforementioned, are integrated into a three-phase methodology. The proposed evaluation system is applied in a research case for validation purposes; the network of SMEs evaluated belongs to the agro-industrial sector that produces cocoa in Ecuador, where the business contexts of both the network and the chain are evidenced as collaborative strategies with an important presence. The empirical application of the PMS - RECOP showed the following products as necessary results of its development: a set of strategic objectives, such as an established procedure for the definition and selection of these objectives within the framework of group decision-making; a consolidated strategic map, and finally a set of performance indicators. The obtained results showed consistency with the states intended by the network and its development context, as well as the requirements that frame a PMS for SMEs.
Rojas Lema, XB. (2021). Sistema de medición del rendimiento para redes colaborativas de Pymes en el sector agroindustrial de Ecuador [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/165779
TESIS

This thesis focuses on the explanation and description of selected methods used to optimize the costs involved in the construction industry. The main objective of the work is to directly apply one chosen method at a given construction company and by use of this process recommend changes ultimately leading to cost optimization. Company data, based on defined indices, was compared with the data from public institutions. The merit of the indices were individually evaluated resulting in recommended proposals for future development.

O trabalho tem como objetivo avaliar a eficácia do processo de implantação de um programa de acreditação laboratorial através de indicadores. O uso dos indicadores vem sendo cada vez mais valorizado na gestão laboratorial por tratar-se de uma poderosa ferramenta para qualificar e quantificar falhas nos diferentes processos laboratoriais, bem como, auxiliar na implantação de medidas preventivas e corretivas, além de apontar a eficácia das ações tomadas. Nesse contexto, foi utilizado o modelo do Programa de Acreditação de Laboratórios Clínicos da Sociedade Brasileira de Patologia Clínica/Medicina Laboratorial (PALC SBPC/ML), o qual foi aplicado no Laboratório Unimed de Sorocaba. O ano de 2008 foi o ponto inicial para adequação do laboratório aos requisitos do PALC. Foram definidos 25 indicadores, sendo 14 focados aos aspectos gerenciais e 11 relacionados ao processo produtivo. Um grupo formado por 19 indicadores pôde ser comparado aos adotados pelo Programa de Indicadores Laboratoriais da SBPC/ML-ControlLab. A coleta de dados corresponde ao período entre 2006 e 2011. Para os indicadores avaliados pelo Programa de Indicadores Laboratoriais da SBPC/ML-ControlLab estabeleceu-se como meta a ser alcançada pelo Laboratório Unimed Sorocaba a mediana dos resultados obtidos pelos laboratórios participantes do programa. A análise estatística revelou que 10 indicadores apresentaram resultados satisfatórios e 4 Keila Furtado Vieira demonstraram piora. Outros 4 não apresentaram mudanças significativas e 7 não foram passíveis de análise estatística. Para os indicadores que se mostraram deficientes foram traçados planos de ação visando elevar a eficiência das respectivas atividades. A melhora dos indicadores refletiu as reestruturações de processo ocorridas para adequação à norma de acreditação escolhida
The aim of the present study was to evaluate the efficacy of implementation of a laboratory certification program by using laboratory quality indicators. The use of such indicators has been increasingly valued in laboratory management because it is a powerful tool to quantitatively and qualitatively measure mistakes in laboratory process, as well as in implementation of corrective and preventive measures and to identify the efficacy of the actions taken. The Clinical Laboratories Accreditation Program of the Brazilian Society of Clinical Pathology/Laboratory Medicine was applied in the UNIMED Sorocaba Clinical Laboratory (São Paulo, Brazil). Implementation of the requirements for certification started in 2008. Twenty four indicators were defined, 14 of those focused on management aspects and 11 focused on production aspects. A group composed of 19 indicators could be compared to those adopted by the Brazilian Society of Clinical Pathology/Laboratory Medicine and ControlLab named Laboratory Indicators Program. Data collection and analysis were performed between 2006 and 2011. The goal was to reach the median of the results established by the Laboratory Indicators Program. Statistical analysis revealed that 10 indicators presented satisfactory results, whereas 4 showed a worsened outcome. Four indicators did not change and 7 indicators could not be used for statistical analysis. Action planning was designed for the indicators below the acceptable levels Keila Furtado Vieira in order to improve the efficiency in those activities. Improvement of these indicators reflected the implementation of processes to adequate it to the guidelines of the certification program

[ES] Los servicios de agua y saneamiento son un bien considerado un derecho humano por la Asamblea General de Naciones Unidas. Sin embargo, al mismo tiempo, son un monopolio natural. Es por ello que los usuarios no pueden escoger el prestador que les suministre el servicio, sino que deben conformarse con que el opere en la zona. Así, con el fin de proteger a los usuarios de las posibles prácticas monopolísticas, es necesario supervisar la calidad del servicio prestado, así como su precio a través de un marco regulatorio. Actualmente, el marco regulatorio del sector del agua español no cuenta con una ley que regule el ciclo urbano del agua a nivel nacional que provea seguridad legal a los prestadores ni homogeneice el servicio prestado. Se trata de un sector muy atomizado, con responsabilidades dispersas entre distintos organismos y niveles administrativos. La consecuencia directa es un entramado regulatorio complejo sin una autoridad clara de guie los pasos del sector. Es por ello que los distintos actores que componen el sector empiezan a demandar una reforma que englobe sus necesidades y permita superar con éxito los retos a los que se enfrenta el sector. El propósito de esta tesis es concretar una serie de propuestas técnicas a medida para el sector del agua español que promueva la voluntad de la administración y las partes interesadas para dar el paso de reformar el sector. Para ello, se parte del estudio de los diversos métodos regulatorios y herramientas existentes, con el fin de evaluar su aplicación en los distintos marcos regulatorios internacionales y analizar cuáles serían de aplicabilidad al caso español. Tras dicho análisis, se concluye que se requieren nuevas herramientas para regular el sector con éxito. Por ello, se han diseñado una serie de metodologías basadas en la evaluación del desempeño de los servicios de agua. Éstas permiten una adecuada comparación e interpretación de los resultados obtenidos por los operadores con el fin de posibilitar una regulación económica y de la calidad del servicio que sea justa para todas las partes implicadas. Asimismo, fomentan la transparencia, la eficiencia, la mejora continua del sector y su sostenibilidad. Para finalizar, se detallan una serie de directrices técnicas que tratan los diversos aspectos a tener en cuenta al implementar un regulador en España, como son: las características que debería reunir y los aspectos a regular, la articulación de la regulación de la calidad del servicio y la regulación económica o cómo financiar e implementar dicho organismo. La principal novedad de estas propuestas de regulación es que están enfocadas de forma técnica, evitando la perspectiva económica con la que generalmente se diseñan los marcos regulatorios. De este modo, se garantiza que los usuarios reciban un servicio de calidad al mejor precio, preservando el derecho humano al agua.
[CA] Els serveis d'aigua i sanejament són un bé considerat un dret humà per l'Assemblea General de Nacions Unides. No obstant això, al mateix temps, són un monopoli natural. Per aquesta raó, els usuaris no poden escollir el prestador que els subministra el servei, sinó que s'han de conformar amb el que treballe en la seua zona. Així, amb la fi de protegir als usuaris de les possibles pràctiques monopolístiques, cal supervisar la qualitat del servei prestat, així com el ser preu mitjançant un marc regulador. Actualment, el marc regulador del sector de l'aigua espanyol no compta amb una llei a nivell nacional que regule el cicle urbà de l'aigua, que proporcione seguretat legal als prestadors dels serveis i homogeneïtze el servei prestat. Es tracta d'un servei molt atomitzat, amb responsabilitats disperses entre diversos organismes i nivells administratius. La conseqüència directa és un entramat regulador complexe sense una autoritat clara que guie les passes del sector. Per aquesta raó, els distints actors que formen part del sector comencen a demandar una reforma d'aquest marc, de forma que s'engloben les seues necessitats i els permeta superar amb èxit els reptes als que s'enfronta el sector. El propòsit d'aquesta tesi es concretar una proposta tècnica a mesura per al sector de l'aigua espanyol, que fomente la voluntat de l'administració i les parts interessades per a donar el pas de reformar el sector. Així, es parteix de l'estudi dels diversos mètodes reguladors i ferramentes existents, amb la fi d'avaluar la seua aplicació en els distints marcs reguladors internacionals i analitzar quines serien d'aplicabilitat al cas espanyol. Després d'aquest anàlisi, es conclou que es requereixen noves ferramentes per a regular el sector amb èxit. Per això, s'han dissenyat una serie de metodologies basades en l'avaluació del rendiment dels serveis d'aigua. Aquestes permeten una adequada comparació e interpretació dels resultats obtinguts pels operadors amb la fi de possibilitar una regulació econòmica i de la qualitat del servei, que siga justa per a totes les parts implicades. A més, fomenten la transparència, l'eficiència, la millora continua del sector i la seua sostenibilitat. Per a finalitzar, es detallen una serie de directrius tècniques que tracten els diversos aspectes a considerar a l'implementar un regulador en Espanya, com són: les característiques que deuria reunir i els aspectes a regular, l'articulació de la regulació de la qualitat del servei i la regulació econòmica, o seu finançament i implementació. La principal novetat d'aquestes propostes reguladores és que estan enfocades de forma tècnica, evitant la perspectiva econòmica amb la que generalment es dissenyen els marcs reguladors. D'aquesta forma, es garantisca que els usuaris reben un servei de qualitat al millor preu, preservant el dret humà a l'aigua.
[EN] Access to Water services and sanitation are considered a human right by the United Nations. However, simultaneously, they are a natural monopoly which means that users cannot choose the utility. They will receive the services from the utility operating in that particular area, regardless its cost and quality of the services provided. Therefore, regulatory frameworks emerge with the aim of protecting customers from the possible monopolistic practices, supervising the quality of the service provided and the cost of the services. The Spanish water sector is very fragmented, with responsibilities dispersed among different agencies and administrative levels. In fact, the regulatory framework does not count with a law that regulates the urban water cycle, provides legal security to utilities and homogenizes the level of the service provided at a national level. The direct consequence is a complex regulatory framework without a clear authority to guide the steps of the sector. For that reason, the different stakeholders in the water sector request a reform in the regulatory framework that encompasses their needs and allows them to successfully overcome the challenges the sector is facing. The purpose of this thesis is to specify a series of technical proposals designed for the Spanish water sector in order to promote the determination of the government and the stakeholders to take a step forward and reform the sector. This work starts studying the existing regulatory methods and tools with the aim of evaluating their application in the different international regulatory frameworks and analyse their applicability into the Spanish case. This study concludes that new tools are required to regulate the sector successfully. Therefore, a series of methodologies have been designed, based on the performance assessment of utilities and enabling an adequate comparison and interpretation of the utilities' results. They have been created with the aim to allow for an economic and quality of the service regulation fair for all stakeholders. These methods are based in transparency and promote efficiency, continuous improvement of the sector and its sustainability. Finally, a series of technical guidelines are detailed with the aim to address the aspects to take into account when implementing a new regulatory framework in Spain, such as: the characteristics it should meet, the aspects to regulate, the articulation of the quality of the service and economic regulation, or how to finance and implement said body. The main novelty of his work is that it approaches regulation with a technical focus, avoiding the economic perspective with which regulatory frameworks are generally designed. In this way, it guarantees that users receive an appropriate quality of the service at the best price, preserving the human right to water.
Estruch Juan, ME. (2021). Diseño de una propuesta para la regulación técnica de los servicios de agua en España [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/172222
TESIS

Cette enquête prend pour point de départ l'adoption en 2000 d'indicateurs et de cibles chiffrées par l'Union Européenne pour comparer et stimuler les performances des systèmes éducatifs de ses États-membres. Elle suit, étape par étape, la chaîne de fabrication et de diffusion de cette information statistique. Ces outils de gouvernement se développent au sein d'institutions internationales créées après la Seconde Guerre Mondiale (UNESCO et OCDE) et visent à concilier harmonie sociale et prospérité matérielle par une plus grande adaptation de l'école aux exigences du monde industriel. Cette politique par les chiffres repose désormais sur un vaste appareillage qui s'étend sous l'effet de la multiplication des données qu'il génère. Son essor connaît une accélération avec le développement des technologies numériques qui facilitent la saisie de nouvelles informations quantifiables directement auprès des écoles et dans les classes. Assurant une plus grande traçabilité des trajectoires scolaires et une évaluation plus régulière des établissements et des individus, elles sont utilisées à la fois par les administrations et par les experts en sciences humaines, pour améliorer l'éducation et sa gestion. Promues comme instruments pédagogiques, elles doivent rendre la pratique des enseignants plus efficace en leur permettant d'évaluer, classer et hiérarchiser leurs élèves et leurs difficultés. Entendue comme activité de mise en chiffres de réalités qui ne l'étaient pas auparavant, la quantification est ici appréhendée dans sa triple dimension administrative, scientifique et industrielle, afin de comprendre les origines de cette avalanche de nombres et ses effets sur nos démocraties
The starting point of this study is the adoption by the European Union in 2000 of numerical indicators and benchmarks to compare and stimulate the performance of the education systems of Member States. It looks closely at the processing of this statistical information during both fabrication and diffusion. These tools for government have been developed within the international institutions created after the Second World War (UNESCO, OECD) in an attempt to combine material well being and social harmony by shaping education to meet the challenges of the industrial world. This policy of reliance on numbers has created an increasingly voluminous structure, in permanent expansion as it generates new data. Its growth has been fuelled by digital technologies that facilitate the direct collection of data in schools and classrooms. Because they increase the traceability of school careers and allow for more regular evaluation of schools and students, these tools are used by both management and social science researchers to improve education and administration. Presented as teaching aids, they are designed to improve teachers' performance by allowing them to evaluate, classify and grade both their students and their difficulties. The phenomenon of quantification, by which we mean the activity of giving numerical expression to realities not previously expressed in this way, is considered here from three points of view - administrative, scientific and industrial - in order to provide an understanding of the origins of the avalanche of numbers and its effects on the vitality of our democracies and their inhabitants

Cette thèse a pour objectif de saisir les modalités d’intervention de Pôle emploi sur le marché du travail, depuis sa naissance en 2009. Au sein de l’opérateur public de placement, les interactions entre le travail des gestionnaires et celui des conseillers constituent le cœur de cette recherche. Testant l’hypothèse selon laquelle les réformes successives des administrations auraient modifié le statut du chiffre dans l’action publique, l’auteur étudie les mécanismes par lesquels l’Etat s’autorise à objectiver les résultats de son intervention sur le marché du travail. Fondé sur une observation du travail d’accompagnement et sur des entretiens avec les cadres de Pôle Emploi, ce travail éclaire les pratiques quotidiennes de mesure de l’efficacité de l’Etat. Deux pressions s’exercent sur les agents de Pôle emploi : l’une provient des objectifs imposés par les tutelles et l’autre de l’augmentation du nombre de demandeurs d’emploi. L’enquête analyse les bricolages élaborés par les agents pour résoudre ces tensions. L’activité des conseillers à l’emploi apparaît, sous cet angle, comme un travail de catégorisation visant à valoriser chacun des 5,5 millions d’inscrits dans trois langages distincts : celui du marché, celui des prestations d’aide à la recherche d’emploi et celui du droit du travail. Les conseillers éprouvent alors la contradiction entre l’individualisation des politiques d’activation des dépenses de chômage et le caractère collectif du sous-emploi actuel. Cette thèse rend ainsi intelligible le décalage entre le volontarisme politique en matière de lutte contre le chômage et le sentiment d’impuissance des agents de l’Etat mandatés pour mener cette lutte
This thesis deals with unemployment policies and focuses on the mutual influence of management accountants and counselors in the French one stop shop for job seekers, “Pôle emploi”. Our work tests the hypothesis that administration reforms have changed the role of statistics and accounting in policies. Based on observation of the counselors’ work and on interviews with executives of Pôle Emploi, this work sheds light on the mechanisms through which the central State measures its results on the labor market. Counselors undergo two different pressures: one derived from performance targets set by the State and the other from the increasing number of job seekers. The thesis analyzes the Arts and crafts developed by counselors to solve these tensions. From this perspective, the counselors’ work looks like a categorization activity enabling them to sort the 5.5 million unemployed in accordance with three separate scales: the labor law, the labor market, and the institutional solutions to improve employability. Counselors then experience contradictions between individualized activation policies and the macro-economic nature of the current number of unemployed. Thus, our work dissects the gap between great politicians’ addresses and civil servants’ feeling of powerlessness

L'éco-conception est, depuis peu, une nouvelle problématique, que l'entreprise pourrait bien prendre en compte pour en tirer, à terme, un avantage concurrentiel. C'est concevoir des produits en ayant considéré, dès leur phase de conception, tous les impacts environnementaux qu'ils pourront engendrer sur l'ensemble de leur cycle de vie. Les équipes projet ont besoin de s'organiser pour s'approprier le paramètre environnement nécessitant de nouvelles connaissances liées à de nombreuses incertitudes.
L'objectif principal de ces travaux était donc d'aider à construire la cohérence entre un processus de
conception et des outils à disposition des équipes. Il s'est agi de : comprendre les diverses acceptions
possibles de cette nouvelle forme de conception, identifier les principaux enjeux qu'elle représente pour une entreprise, observer les modes d'organisation au sein de sociétés pionnières dans ce domaine et
rechercher les outils disponibles. Après proposition d'un modèle de processus d'éco-conception où il importe d'insérer les questions d'environnement dans une démarche de conception "classique", nous nous sommes attelés à la classification, la description et la critique de divers outils du panel actuellement à disposition des équipes. Nous avons ainsi identifié deux grandes catégories : certains, dits d'évaluation environnementale(qualitative ou quantitative), et d'autres, dits d'amélioration, permettant aux équipes d'avancer dans la recherche de nouvelles solutions d'éco-conception. D'autres outils encore existent en matière de sensibilisation, de communication et de choix de stratégies. Chacun d'eux devra être employé par un utilisateur approprié, disposant des connaissances requises, des moyens d'exploiter les résultats obtenus, et ce, durant certaines phases pertinentes du processus de conception. Une étude de terrain chez Philips a permis de constater que la mise à l'épreuve d'un outil d'évaluation environnementale est compromise si les enjeux demeurent incompris et les résultats inexploitables par l'équipe projet. A partir d'un engagement fort de la direction, les équipes ont besoin d'apprendre progressivement pour s'approprier une nouvelle démarche ; au cours de celle-ci, elles pourront utiliser des outils simples, pragmatiques, qu'elles sauront exploiter pour progresser et s'améliorer.

碩士
國立清華大學
工業工程與工程管理學系
100
Water is essential to sustain life and livelihoods of the global economy. Enhancing the operational and financial performance of water utilities will provide the basis necessary for expanding access and improving quality of service. The need for Taiwan‘s water utilities to improve performance are under increasing pressure to perform.The purpose of the study was to develop a core set of performance indicators commonly used among international water utilities or organizations from Taiwan,China,American Water Works Association, Japan Water Works Association, Singapore, UK ,European Benchmarking Co-operation, International Water Association, and the International Benchmarking Network for Water and Satination Utilities compare performance with similar utilities in the country or with comparable firms in other countries by metric benchmarking . Taiwan’s water utilities can learn standards of international good practice and how well a utility is performing, identify areas for improvement, and help indicate a plan of action for benchmarking. The set of core indicators that commonly used among international water utilities are four key areas of performance as follows：1)water operation indicators:distribution system water loss, drinking water compliance rate, CMD water delivered per employee, water distribution system integrity, mains rehabilitation, 2)customer service indicator:customer accounts per employee, 3)financial control indicators:revenue on water sales per employee, unit cost of water supply,unit tariff of water supply, operating ratio and 4) financial performance indicator:return on assets. The international performance comparisons suggest that Taiwan’s water utilities outperformed others in the indicators of CMD water delivered per employee, customer accounts per employee,and unit cost of water supply. However, in the indicators of distribution system water loss , water distribution system integrity , revenue on water sales per employee and unit tariff of water supply appear to be the urgent need to be improved for Taiwan’s water utilities. Comparisons of operating ratio and return on assets suggest that Taipei Water Department performe better than other utilities, but the performance for Taiwan Water Corporation were poor. The recommendations for Taiwan water utilities to learn international good practice for improving their performance will be preferred from Japanese water utilities, then Singapore's national water agency PUB .

South Africa is a water scarce country. As pressure on available water resources increases, irrigation, the largest consumer of water, has to find ways of improving water use efficiency. Benchmarking in the irrigation sector has been identified as a suitable technique to implement this improvement. Benchmarking can be broadly defined as the identification and application of organisation specific best practices with the goal of improving competitiveness, performance and efficiency. A South African sugarcane irrigation scheme was identified to investigate a proposed benchmarking methodology. The scheme was unique in that electromagnetic flow meters were utilised and monitored on a daily basis. This facilitated an in depth study into irrigation water use at the scheme. The project focused on three different objectives. The first objective was to determine the losses, and consequently the efficiency, with which the irrigation scheme was able to deliver irrigation water from the water source to the farm boundary during the years 2004 and 2005. This was achieved by completing the water balance for the scheme with specified geographic and temporal boundaries. Results indicated that the scheme was very efficient with a delivery efficiency of 83.4 and 94.0 % for 2004 and 2005 respectively. These efficiencies were above the accepted South African Department of Water Affairs and Forestry (DWAF) standard of 80 %. The temporal distribution of the delivery efficiency was also investigated to identify periods within each year when inefficiencies occurred, and to better understand the nature of potential losses. It was concluded that the investigations into the temporal distributions be utilised together with the water balance approach in future studies into the performance of irrigation water delivery infrastructure at other South African irrigation schemes. The second objective was to calculate a set of internationally applied external irrigation benchmarking indicators. External indicators from the International Water Management Institute (1WMI), the International Program for Training and Research in Irrigation and Drainage (IPTRID) and the Irrigation Training and Research Center (ITRC) were reviewed for application in a South African context. The external indicator analysis highlighted that at a scheme level, insufficient irrigation was occurring to effectively meet the irrigation demand. It was also found that the scheme infrastructure was not the limiting cause of this observation. The external indicator results highlighted the need for additional schemes for comparison purposes. The results from this component of the study also emphasized the importance of stakeholder confidentiality concerns when attempting to implement a benchmarking initiative. The third objective was to rank individual farm performance of all the farms in the scheme, in terms of total farm sugarcane yield and seasonal irrigation water use. Farm yield and irrigated area were obtained to investigate the relationships between yield and irrigation water application. There were substantial variations in total farm yield and water use for both the 2004 and 2005 seasons, indicating much potential for improvement by many farmers relative to each other. The individual seasonal farm water use was also compared to a simulated irrigation demand, as determined with the SAsched irrigation systems and crop yield model. Simulation results with the SAsched model, using representative soils and climate data for the scheme, showed that the majority of farms were under irrigating relative to the simulated demands, especially in the late spring/early summer period. From on-farm irrigation system evaluations that were performed, it was found that irrigation system capacity constraints were not limiting irrigation applications in the majority of farms. Further research in the form of selected soil water monitoring is required to investigate these observations further.
Thesis (M.Sc.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, 2007.

碩士
國立成功大學
教育研究所
91
The purpose of this research is to investigate the correlation between the development of the current technological and vocational education in Taiwan, the education indicators, and the cost-effectiveness indicators in order to establish the appropriate cost-effectiveness indicators, analyze the benchmarking system, and compare the development of four technological and vocational colleges. In the conclusion, the suggestions will be provided based upon the results of the research. The main methodology in this research is Case Study. The research objects are four technological and vocational colleges. There are three steps in this research process. The first step is to establish the cost-effectiveness indicators by Experts’Opinion. The second step is to know the conditions of the cost-effectiveness indicators development of these four colleges by Questionnaire Survey. The final step is to analyze the result in reference to the second step by Interview Survey. In accordance with the result of the research steps, five points can be summarized. And these five points are the conclusion of this research. First, we discover that the cost-effectiveness indicators can be classify into four aptitudes-context, input, process, and output. The most crucial one is input aptitude. Second, D college has greater cost-effectiveness indicators more than the other three. Third,National colleges has greater cost-effectiveness indicators more than private ones in reference to the contrast among these four colleges. Then, by contrast horizontally, D college has greater cost-effectiveness indicators more than the other three. The final point is that C college has greater cost-effectiveness indicators more than the other three by contrast vertically. According to the conclusion, four suggestions can be made and they are vital for us to ponder. First, we have to explore the problems of school management according to the contrast to the benchmarking systems among technological and vocational colleges. Second, each technological and vocational college can develop its own benchmarking system based upon the cost-effectiveness indicators. Third, each technological and vocational college can make the plan for its development based upon its own benchmarking system. Eventually, the evaluation system of technological and vocational colleges has to be embraced in the assessment of school development indicators.

Dissertação de Mestrado Integrado em Engenharia do Ambiente apresentada à Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia da Universidade de Coimbra.
A energia assegura uma vasta gama de atividades humanas e é o principal motor do desenvolvimento económico. No entanto, uma análise recente da Agência Internacional de Energia confirma uma mensagem vital que está agora a ser transmitida por várias fontes: apesar de alguns avanços positivos na forma como as pessoas consomem energia, os padrões atuais de consumo encaminham-nos para um futuro energético insustentável. Com a crise económica atual, os pacotes de resgate fiscais usados para financiar programas de eficiência energética e investimentos em áreas prioritárias, com a sua relação custo-eficácia inerente e capacidade de redução de despesa futura, poderão fazer da eficiência energética um dos melhores estímulos para revigorar as economias nacionais. Com o potencial de melhorias na eficiência energética existente na indústria da União Europeia (cerca de 30%), esta torna-se uma estratégia essencial na diminuição dos consumos energéticos das empresas e das emissões de gases com efeito de estufa (GEE), de modo a atingir as metas acordadas. Estudos realizados no âmbito da eficiência energética na indústria demonstram existirem hoje as ferramentas de medição, controlo e gestão necessárias à melhoria do desempenho energético neste setor. Contudo, verifica-se igualmente a existência de uma lacuna entre as soluções disponíveis, nomeadamente as medidas de utilização racional de energia (URE), e a sua implementação prática. As vantagens são extensas, tanto em termos de crescimento económico como de criação de empregos. Os potenciais empregos consequentes desta melhoria serão criados tanto nas áreas rurais como nas urbanas, frequentemente no seio das pequenas e médias empresas (PME) e serão empregos locais, que não podem ser deslocalizados. Além do reforço da competitividade das empresas, da redução da sua fatura e dependência energéticas, da melhoria da eficiência energética advém uma minimização da intensidade energética da sociedade e das emissões de poluentes, incluindo os gases de efeito de estufa. Portugal possui mecanismos de avaliação de desempenho energético de grandes empresas, através da instituição de auditorias energéticas obrigatórias a empresas com consumos superiores a 500 toneladas equivalentes de petróleo (tep) por ano. Embora estas perfaçam a maioria do consumo energético na indústria portuguesa, as PME, na sua maioria não abrangidas pelo Sistema de Gestão dos Consumos Intensivos de Energia, têm um consumo significativo, não individualmente, mas em conjunto. Como já comprovado, empresas de menor dimensão não têm consumos específicos de energia necessariamente menores, devido também à falta de regulação dos seus consumos de energia. Assim, o potencial de poupança que poderá resultar da melhoria da eficiência energética no conjunto destas PME poderá ser significativo. Com a falta de indicadores energéticos padrão para as empresas se basearem de acordo com o seu tipo de indústria e consumo, torna-se essencial adquirir informação que defina o perfil energético setorial existente, para que assim se possa averiguar o potencial de melhoria da eficiência energética e implementar medidas concretas para aumento da sua eficiência energética através do benchmarking.
Energy plays an important role in human activities, and is the main motor for economic growth. However, recent studies of the International Energy Agency confirm a vital message that is now being transmitted by several sources: despite some positive advances in the way people consume energy, the current consumption patterns are leading us to an unsustainable future. With the existing economics crisis, the finance rescue packages used to finance energy efficiency programs and investments in proprietary areas, with their inherent cost-effectiveness relation and ability to reduce future expense, may make energy efficiency one of the best stimulus to reinvigorate national economies. Assuming that the potential for energy efficiency improvements in the Europe Union are about 30%, this strategy becomes a key-factor in the reduction of energy consumption of the companies and in the emission of greenhouse gases, so that the established goals can be achieved. Studies have shown the existence of tools for measuring, controlling and managing necessary for the improvement of the energetic performance of the industrial sector. Still, there is a gap between the available solutions, namely the measures for Rational Energy Use, and its practical implementation. The benefits are extensive, both in terms of economic growth and job creation. The potential jobs resulting from this improvement will be created in the rural and urban areas, often within the SMEs, and will be local jobs that cannot be outsourced. In addition to strengthening the competitiveness of companies, reducing their bill and energy dependence, improving their energy efficiency minimizes the energy intensity from society and pollutants emission, including greenhouse gases. Portugal has mechanism for assessing energetic performance of big companies, through the institution of mandatory energy audits for companies that consume more than 500 toe per year. Although these energy intensive companies make up the majority of the energetic consumption of the Portuguese industry, the SME, not covered by the SCGIE, have a significant energy consumption as a whole. As already proven, smaller companies don’t have a necessarily lower specific energy consumption, due also to the inexistence of regulation of their energy consumption. Thus, the potential savings that can result from the improvement of energy efficiency in these companies can be quite significant. With the lack of standard energy indicators available for the companies to use for the benchmarking process of their industry type and energy consumption, acquiring new data that defines the energetic profile of the existent industry sector becomes essential, so that practical measures can be implemented and the potential improvement of energy efficiency can be calculated.

The intensive exploitation of natural resources and the increased awareness regarding the impact of their consumption on the environment suggests the need to be more efficient and to encourage a sustainable use of these resources. This is also a major goal for all industrial companies that are currently facing high costs related to energy, water, and material resources for production while aiming to remain competitive in the market. This dissertation introduces the development of a model, which through data input proceeding from resource’s consumption in manufacturing companies generates an output of resource efficiency indicators in six different categories (materials, energy, water, wastewater, solid-waste; air-emissions) which are in turn used for benchmarking company resource usage and then provide a solid basis for decision-making regarding the implementation of resource efficiency measures, that shall lead companies to improve their overall efficiency and profitability. In order to further assess the companies’ performance in terms of resource efficiency, it is applied a ranking system using fuzzy logic due to its ability to model complex realities and use subjective information based on human knowledge and experience.

博士
國立高雄師範大學
教育學系
97
The main purposes of this study are to construct the school competitiveness indicators and weights system for private high schools by benchmarking. By reviewing related literature, 3 domains, 9 dimensions, 28 items and 92 indicators are postulated. Then, the writer personally on the spot interviewed 3 principals about school competitiveness. Total of the experts are recommended to help developing school competitiveness indicators, including 6 professors of teachers’ development institution, 6 administrative members of local education office, 8 school personnel, and 3 parents. The main tasks of these experts are to judge the availability of school competitiveness indicators and ratio of weights. After two rounds of questionnaire, the proper degree of school competitiveness indicators comes out. Finally, the writer uses relative weight questionnaire to construct the system of weight. The conclusions of this study are listed as follows: 1. The benchmarking can be used as a theoretical foundation for constructing private high schools competitiveness indicators. It includes three domains as follows: benchmarking supportive function, benchmarking school operation and benchmarking school effectiveness. Nine dimensions as follows: principal leadership, teacher effectiveness, student quality, human resources, benchmarking process , administrative operation, administrative effectiveness, financial resources and physical resources. 2. The propriety of private high schools competitiveness indicators can be used as a reference tool for evaluating school competitiveness. It includes “ the most prior selected items and indicators ”as follows: 9 school competitiveness items and 19 school competitiveness indicators. “ Prior selected items and indicators ”as follows: 19 school competitiveness items and 61 school competitiveness indicators. 3. The importance of private high schools competitiveness indicators can be used as a reference tool for strengthening school competitiveness. “ School operation（40%） ”and “ school effectiveness ”（40%）are the most important domains; “ principal leadership ”（19.60%）is the most important dimension; “ student character ”（9.42%）is the most important item; “ the teacher implements the remedial teaching ”（4.70%）is the most important indicator. The suggestions of this study are listed as follows: 1.Suggestions to private high schools: （1）Private high schools can use benchmarking to promote school effectiveness and service qualities. （2）Private high schools can provide the related curriculum of benchmarking and school competitiveness in teachers’ research and study activities. （3）Private high schools can depend on the needs to select “ the most prior selected items and indicators ” of this study to promote school competitiveness. （4）Private high schools can cultivate students’ moral characters to stable school cornerstone. （5）Private high schools can benchmarking process to complete the school resources integration. （6）Private high schools can fulfill the school execution to enhance the school management performance. （7）The principal displays the professional leadership by building school characteristic effectively. （8）The teacher stressed that the teaching effectiveness by promoting the teaching quality unceasingly. （9）The teacher can develop the spirit of the service and contribution to bring up each of the students. 2.Suggestions to educational administration: （1）Establish the research center of school competitive indicators. （2）Relieve or relax the education regulation of high quality private high schools. （3）Help the low school competitive of private high schools. （4）Set up the system of licensure and certification for principals. （5）Reward the private high schools which set up communities of teaching practice. （6）Add the social service to the student graduate credit. 3. Suggestions to further research: （1）Apply the different enterprise theories. （2）Adopt various research techniques. （3）Increase each kind of study object. （4）Expend the school range of study. （5）Carry on the practical research confirmation.