Artículos de revistas: "Behavioral task"

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Benders, L. P. M. y M. P. J. Stevens. "Task level behavioral hardware description". Microprocessing and Microprogramming 32, n.º 1-5 (agosto de 1991): 323–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0165-6074(91)90365-z.

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Allen, M. Todd. "A computer-based avatar task designed to assess behavioral inhibition extends to behavioral avoidance but not cognitive avoidance". PeerJ 6 (31 de julio de 2018): e5330. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.5330.

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Avoidance is a common feature of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) as well as anxiety and depressive disorders. Avoidance can be expressed behaviorally as well as cognitively. Most personality assessments for avoidance involve self-report inventories which are susceptible to biased responding. The avatar task (Myers et al., 2016a) was developed as an objective measure of behavioral inhibition (BI) which is defined as a tendency for avoidance of unfamiliar people and situations. The avatar task has been demonstrated to screen avoidant behaviors related to BI, PTSD, as well as harm avoidance (HA) as measured by the Tridimensional Personality Questionnaire (TPQ). In the current work, the avatar task was tested with cognitive as well as behavioral avoidance as measured by the cognitive-behavioral avoidance scale (CBAS; Ottenbreit & Dobson, 2004). The CBAS includes four subscales which measure behavioral social (BS) avoidance, behavioral non-social (BN) avoidance, cognitive social (CS) avoidance, and cognitive non-social (CN) avoidance. It was hypothesized that avatar scores would be significantly positively related to behavioral, but not cognitive, avoidance. In addition, it was also hypothesized that performance on the avatar task would be more related to social than non-social behavioral avoidance. Participants completed the avatar task, the HA scale of the TPQ and the CBAS. Pearson’s product moment correlations revealed that avatar scores were significantly related to CBAS total scores as well as BS and BN scores, but not CS and CN scores. In addition, BS has a stronger relationship with avatar scores than BN avoidance which fits with the social aspects of the scenarios in the avatar task. A median split of the avatar scores produced a significant difference in scores on the behavioral but not the cognitive subscales. Overall, the current results supported the idea that the avatar task is measuring behavioral avoidance, specifically in social situations, rather than cognitive avoidance. Future work could adapt the avatar task to include scenarios similar to the cognitive items on the CBAS to create an objective measure of cognitive avoidance which may be relevant in measuring avoidance in depression and behavioral avoidance associated with PTSD as well as anxiety disorders.

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Houtkamp, Roos y Jochen Braun. "Cortical Response to Task-relevant Stimuli Presented outside the Primary Focus of Attention". Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 22, n.º 9 (septiembre de 2010): 1980–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn.2009.21327.

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Visual attention selectively enhances the neural response to a task-relevant item. But what happens when an item outside the primary focus of attention is also relevant to the task at hand? In a dual-task fMRI experiment, we studied the responses in retinotopically organized visual cortex in such a situation. Observers performed an attention-demanding task in the fovea while another, unmasked stimulus appeared in the visual periphery. With respect to this latter stimulus, observers attempted to perform either a less or a more attentionally demanding task. Both tasks increased the BOLD response to the peripheral stimulus. Behaviorally, however, only the less demanding task was performed well, whereas the demanding task was carried out near chance. What could explain the discrepancy between BOLD response and behavioral performance? A control experiment revealed that the report of the less demanding feature was severely disturbed by a mask. Moreover, the visual attributes queried by the demanding task had a significantly shorter iconic memory persistence. We conclude that, in the dual-task situation, the focus of attention initially remains with the foveal task, but subsequently shifts to the former location of the peripheral stimulus. Such a belated shift to a peripheral iconic memory (futile in one case, informative in the other) would reconcile the similar BOLD response with the disparate behavioral performance. In summary, our results show that an enhanced BOLD response is consistently associated with attentional modulation, but not with behavioral performance.

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Khaksari, Kosar, Emma Condy, John Millerhagen, Afrouz Anderson, Hadis Dashtestani y Amir Gandjbakhche. "Effects of Performance and Task Duration on Mental Workload during Working Memory Task". Photonics 6, n.º 3 (28 de agosto de 2019): 94. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/photonics6030094.

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N-back is a working memory (WM) task to study mental workload on the prefrontal cortex (PFC). We assume that the subject’s performance and changes in mental workload over time depends on the length of the experiment. The performance of the participant can change positively due to the participant’s learning process or negatively because of objective mental fatigue and/or sleepiness. In this pilot study, we examined the PFC activation of 23 healthy subjects while they performed an N-back task with two different levels of task difficulty (2-, and 3-back). The hemodynamic responses were analyzed along with the behavioral data (correct answers). A comparison was done between the hemodynamic activation and behavioral data between the two different task levels and between the beginning and end of the 3-back task. Our results show that there is a significant difference between the two task levels, which is due to the difference in task complication. In addition, a significant difference was seen between the beginning and end of the 3-back task in both behavioral data and hemodynamics due to the subject’s learning process throughout the experiment.

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McCloskey, Kathy. "Evaluating a Spatial Task: Behavioral, Subjective, and Physiological Correlates". Proceedings of the Human Factors Society Annual Meeting 31, n.º 7 (septiembre de 1987): 774–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193128703100719.

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A spatial task, taken from the Criterion Task Set (CTS) battery, was used to examine task load effects on a variety of physiological indices. This task had been shown with earlier validation data (reaction time and subjective ratings) to possess three different levels of task load (Shingledecker, 1984). Task event-related evoked potentials (EPs), heart rate and heart rate variability, and eyeblink measures were obtained while ten subjects performed the three levels of the spatial task. The amplitudes of the P2, N2, and P3 of the EPs differentiated between the low task level, and the medium and high. Medium and high did not differentiate. The latencies of the N1, N2, and P3 were shorter for the low task level than for the medium and high. Again, medium and high did not differentiate. The amplitude and latency of the EP components suggest that this task possesses only two levels of information processing complexity. Heart rate and heart rate variability did not differentiate between task levels, only between a no-task baseline and all other levels of the task. Both heart rate indices did show a time-on-task effect, suggesting that these measures are good indicators of overall bodily arousal. None of the eyeblink measures showed sensitivity to any levels of the task.

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Veilleux, Jennifer C., Garrett A. Pollert, Melissa J. Zielinski, Jennifer A. Shaver y Morgan A. Hill. "Behavioral Assessment of the Negative Emotion Aspect of Distress Tolerance: Tolerance to Emotional Images". Assessment 26, n.º 3 (30 de enero de 2017): 386–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1073191116689819.

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The current behavioral tasks assessing distress tolerance measure tolerance to frustration and tolerance to physical discomfort, but do not explicitly assess tolerance to negative emotion. We closely evaluated the conceptual distinctions between current behavioral tasks and self-report tasks assessing distress tolerance, and then developed a new behavioral distress tolerance task called the Emotional Image Tolerance (EIT) task. The EIT task retains elements of existing behavioral tasks (e.g., indices of persistence) while augmenting the reliability and content sufficiency of existing measures by including multiple trials, including a variety of negative affect stimuli, and separating overall task persistence from task persistence after onset of distress. In a series of three studies, we found that the EIT correlated with extant behavioral measures of distress tolerance, the computerized mirror-tracing task and a physical cold pressor task. Across all of the studies, we also evaluated whether the EIT correlated with self-report measures of distress tolerance and measures of psychopathology (e.g., depression, anxiety, and binge eating). Implications for the refinement of the distress tolerance construct are discussed.

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Deater-Deckard, Kirby, Stephen A. Petrill, Lee A. Thompson y Laura S. DeThorne. "A longitudinal behavioral genetic analysis of task persistence". Developmental Science 9, n.º 5 (septiembre de 2006): 498–504. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-7687.2006.00517.x.

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Vogels, Rufin, Gyula Sáry y Guy A. Orban. "How task-related are the responses of inferior temporal neurons?" Visual Neuroscience 12, n.º 2 (marzo de 1995): 207–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0952523800007884.

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AbstractThe responses of inferior temporal (IT) neurons may depend on the behavioral context of the stimuli; e.g. in Konorski tasks responses to two successively presented physically identical stimuli can be markedly different. This effect has been interpreted as being linked to the behavioral task, and to be involved in short-term memory and/or the temporal comparison of successively presented stimuli. We tested whether this behavioral context effect also occurs when the monkey is not executing a Konorski task, i.e. no temporal comparison of stimuli is being performed. Responses of the same IT neurons under two behavioral conditions were compared using the same temporal stimulus sequence (but different stimuli): a Konorski task and a Fixation task. We found that the occurrence of the behavioral context effect did not depend on the execution of the short-term memory task. The observed decline in the level of responses to repeated presentation of similar stimuli is interpreted as being a passive mechanism involved in recency detection, which occurs even if the recency information is not useful for the task. The importance of these results in the interpretation of “task-related” neuronal responses is discussed.

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Hwang, Yoori y Se-Hoon Jeong. "Multitasking and task performance: Roles of task hierarchy, sensory interference, and behavioral response". Computers in Human Behavior 81 (abril de 2018): 161–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2017.12.008.

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Wogalter, Michael S., Gail A. Fontenelle y Kenneth R. Laughery. "Behavioral Effectiveness of Warnings". Proceedings of the Human Factors Society Annual Meeting 29, n.º 7 (octubre de 1985): 679–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193128502900711.

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A paradigm was developed to examine the effectiveness of warnings in a laboratory task. A task was presented to subjects as one examining how people perform a basic chemistry demonstration. Experiment 1 examined the effects of two locations of the warning (before and after instructions) and two different signal word presentations (WARNING and Note). An additional condition with no warning or signal word served as a control. No effects were found on time or accuracy. However, compliance (use of mask and gloves) was affected by the inclusion of the warning as well as by its location. Greatest compliance occurred when the warning was placed prior to the instructions. Experiment 2 replicated the effect of location. The addition of a printed statement placed before the instructions (with warning at the end) to read through the instructions before beginning produced intermediate compliance that was not significantly different from the warning beginning and end conditions. Observation revealed that when the warning message was at the end of the instructions subjects complied only when they saw the warning message before starting the task. These results indicate that if warnings are placed in front of instructions the consumer is more likely to read and comply.

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Reynolds, Kim D., Stephen G. West, Rock L. Clapper y Deborah Suter. "Arousal as a Mediator of Behavioral Confirmation". Imagination, Cognition and Personality 7, n.º 2 (octubre de 1987): 129–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/t1m6-aye3-p6rw-9wwt.

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When people imagine and explain hypothetical future performance, this imagination can influence their actual performance on a task. We proposed that physiological arousal might be generated by the imagination process, which would lead to a change in actual performance on a task. Subjects ( N = 147) were asked to explain either success or failure on the Stroop color-word task or to explain a neutral event. Each subject then completed either an easy or a difficult Stroop color-word task. An interaction was obtained between the difficulty of list and type of explanation variables. In the difficult list condition, subjects who imagined and explained success or failure committed significantly more errors than subjects who explained a neutral event. It was concluded that arousal might be produced by the imagination process and lead to changes in task performance when success and failure are used as standards of performance.

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Oberlin, Brandon G., Nolan E. Ramer, Sage M. Bates, Yitong I. Shen, Jeremy S. Myslinski, David A. Kareken y Melissa A. Cyders. "Quantifying Behavioral Sensation Seeking With the Aroma Choice Task". Assessment 27, n.º 5 (27 de julio de 2019): 873–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1073191119864659.

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Our goal was to develop a behavioral measure of sensation seeking (SS). The Aroma Choice Task (ACT) assesses preference for an intense, novel, varied, and risky (exciting) option versus a mild, safe (boring) option using real-time odorant delivery. A total of 147 healthy young adults completed 40 binary choice trials. We examined (1) intensity and pleasantness of odorants, (2) stability of responding, (3) association with SS self-report, and (4) association with self-reported illicit drug use. Participants’ preference for the “exciting” option versus the safe option was significantly associated with self-reported SS ( p < .001) and illicit drug use ( p = .041). Odorant ratings comported with their intended intensity. The ACT showed good internal, convergent, and criterion validity. We propose that the ACT might permit more objective SS assessment for investigating the biological bases of psychiatric conditions marked by high SS, particularly addiction. The ACT measures SS behaviorally, mitigating some self-report challenges and enabling real-time assessment, for example, for functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI).

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Brang, David, Zack Taich, Steven A. Hillyard y Vilayanur S. Ramachandran. "Task dependent anatomical connections underlie multisensory processing". Seeing and Perceiving 25 (2012): 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187847612x646316.

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Our senses interact in daily life through multisensory integration, facilitating perceptual processes and behavioral responses. Numerous multisensory regions have been identified in humans and animals, raising the question of whether a single mechanism can support the dynamic range of experiences and behaviors multisensory processing engenders. The most common neural mechanisms proposed to underlie multisensory processing include anatomical connections directly linking early sensory areas, indirect connections to higher-order multisensory regions, and functional connectivity between cortical areas. Here we examine the relationship between white matter connectivity, as assessed with diffusion tensor imaging and individual differences in two divergent forms of multisensory processing: the redundant-target effect (RTE), in which subjects’ behavior is facilitated by congruent multisensory information, and the sound-induced illusory flash (SIIF) paradigm, in which incongruent multisensory information elicits a novel percept. Behavioral results demonstrated strong intra-subject reliability of the RTE and SIIF paradigms, but no correlation in performance between the two tasks. Consistent with this behavioral finding, we identified distinct anatomical networks underlying these two forms of multisensory processing. Using a whole-brain analysis and contrasting anatomical models of multisensory processing, increased behavioral performance on the RTE was associated with increased connectivity between the superior parietal lobe and early sensory regions. Conversely, increased incidence of illusion on the SIIF paradigm was associated with increased connectivity directly between early auditory and visual areas. These results implicate a broad network of anatomical connections involved in task-dependent multisensory processes.

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Kuc, Alexander K., Semen A. Kurkin, Vladimir A. Maksimenko, Alexander N. Pisarchik y Alexander E. Hramov. "Monitoring Brain State and Behavioral Performance during Repetitive Visual Stimulation". Applied Sciences 11, n.º 23 (6 de diciembre de 2021): 11544. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app112311544.

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We tested whether changes in prestimulus neural activity predict behavioral performance (decision time and errors) during a prolonged visual task. The task was to classify ambiguous stimuli—Necker cubes; manipulating the degree of ambiguity from low ambiguity (LA) to high ambiguity (HA) changed the task difficulty. First, we assumed that the observer’s state changes over time, which leads to a change in the prestimulus brain activity. Second, we supposed that the prestimulus state produces a different effect on behavioral performance depending on the task demands. Monitoring behavioral responses, we revealed that the observer’s decision time decreased for both LA and HA stimuli during the task performance. The number of perceptual errors lowered for HA, but not for LA stimuli. EEG analysis revealed an increase in the prestimulus 9–11 Hz EEG power with task time. Finally, we found associations between the behavioral and neural estimates. The prestimulus EEG power negatively correlated with the decision time for LA stimuli and the erroneous responses rate for HA stimuli. The obtained results confirm that monitoring prestimulus EEG power enables predicting perceptual performance on the behavioral level. The observed different time-on-task effects on the LA and HA stimuli processing may shed light on the features of ambiguous perception.

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Bellini, Carlo Gabriel Porto, Rita de Cássia de Faria Pereira y Rony Rodrigues Correia. "The Environment of Task Procrastination". Information Resources Management Journal 35, n.º 1 (enero de 2022): 1–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/irmj.298974.

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Procrastination is an important source of losses in organizational productivity. It is also an interpersonal concern in work teams, and often the cause of personal frustration. Rich accounts exist in the scholarly literature about an individual’s personality and behavioral traits able to explain procrastinatory attitudes, but the environmental factors that moderate procrastination are less understood, and especially not so in information technology (IT) research. Our study is a systematic review of the literature in four behavioral sciences. It seeks to organize procrastination-related factors that are external to the individual, and to present implications for the IT workplace. Broadly, we conclude that the IT workplace is a rich tapestry of positive and negative sources of procrastination influences weaved into the timely fulfillment of tasks. We also reach at a surprisingly new understanding of Leavitt’s system model (a model that has been in use for decades in the study of IT phenomena), i.e., the existence of forces that act in opposite directions regarding procrastination.

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Chun, Ho-Yan Yvonne, Alan J. Carson, Athanasios Tsanas, Martin S. Dennis, Gillian E. Mead, Clementina Calabria y William N. Whiteley. "Telemedicine Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Anxiety After Stroke". Stroke 51, n.º 8 (agosto de 2020): 2297–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/strokeaha.120.029042.

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Background and Purpose: Disabling anxiety affects a quarter of stroke survivors but access to treatment is poor. We developed a telemedicine model for delivering guided self-help cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) for anxiety after stroke (TASK-CBT). We aimed to evaluate the feasibility of TASK-CBT in a randomized controlled trial workflow that enabled all trial procedures to be carried out remotely. In addition, we explored the feasibility of wrist-worn actigraphy sensor as a way of measuring objective outcomes in this clinical trial. Methods: We recruited adult community-based stroke patients (n=27) and randomly allocated them to TASK-CBT (n=14) or relaxation therapy (TASK-Relax), an active comparator (n=13). Results: In our sample (mean age 65 [±10]; 56% men; 63% stroke, 37% transient ischemic attacks), remote self-enrolment, electronic signature, intervention delivery, and automated follow-up were feasible. All participants completed all TASK-CBT sessions (14/14). Lower levels of anxiety were observed in TASK-CBT when compared with TASK-Relax at both weeks 6 and 20. Mean actigraphy sensor wearing-time was 33 days (±15). Conclusions: Our preliminary feasibility data from the current study support a larger definitive clinical trial and the use of wrist-worn actigraphy sensor in anxious stroke survivors. Registration: URL: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov . Unique identifier: NCT03439813.

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Gaál, Zsófia Anna y István Czigler. "Task-Switching Training and Transfer". Journal of Psychophysiology 32, n.º 3 (1 de julio de 2018): 106–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/0269-8803/a000189.

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Abstract. We used task-switching (TS) paradigms to study how cognitive training can compensate age-related cognitive decline. Thirty-nine young (age span: 18–25 years) and 40 older (age span: 60–75 years) women were assigned to training and control groups. The training group received 8 one-hour long cognitive training sessions in which the difficulty level of TS was individually adjusted. The other half of the sample did not receive any intervention. The reference task was an informatively cued TS paradigm with nogo stimuli. Performance was measured on reference, near-transfer, and far-transfer tasks by behavioral indicators and event-related potentials (ERPs) before training, 1 month after pretraining, and in case of older adults, 1 year later. The results showed that young adults had better pretraining performance. The reference task was too difficult for older adults to form appropriate representations as indicated by the behavioral data and the lack of P3b components. But after training older adults reached the level of performance of young participants, and accordingly, P3b emerged after both the cue and the target. Training gain was observed also in near-transfer tasks, and partly in far-transfer tasks; working memory and executive functions did not improve, but we found improvement in alerting and orienting networks, and in the execution of variants of TS paradigms. Behavioral and ERP changes remained preserved even after 1 year. These findings suggest that with an appropriate training procedure older adults can reach the level of performance seen in young adults and these changes persist for a long period. The training also affects the unpracticed tasks, but the transfer depends on the extent of task similarities.

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Spitzer, H., R. Desimone y J. Moran. "Increased attention enhances both behavioral and neuronal performance". Science 240, n.º 4850 (15 de abril de 1988): 338–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.3353728.

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Single cells were recorded from cortical area V4 of two rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) trained on a visual discrimination task with two levels of difficulty. Behavioral evidence indicated that the monkeys' discriminative abilities improved when the task was made more difficult. Correspondingly, neuronal responses to stimuli became larger and more selective in the difficult task. A control experiment demonstrated that changes in general arousal could not account for the effects of task difficulty on neuronal responses. It is concluded that increasing the amount of attention directed toward a stimulus can enhance the responsiveness and selectivity of the neurons that process it.

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Mangi, Riaz Ahmed, Asad Raza Abidi, Hasan Jawad Soomro, Ikhtiar Ali Ghumro y Amanat Ali Jalbani. "LEADERSHIP BEHAVIORAL TAXONOMIES IN UNIVERSITIES". Australian Journal of Business and Management Research 01, n.º 07 (10 de febrero de 2012): 145–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.52283/nswrca.ajbmr.20110107a15.

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The study was intended to recognize and replicate the Yukl’s (1989-2004) behavioral taxonomies in the university settings in Sindh. A comprehensive questionnaire based on the items in taxonomies was developed, face validity of the questionnaire was test and found suitable. A total of 90 university Deans and head of Departments were randomly selected from public and private universities of Sindh. Categorical reliability of the data was checked and found highly reliable. The majority of the respondents were male, post graduate, above 50 years of age, married and had more than 15 years of experience. The statistical analysis describes the typical Sindhi culture among the respondents. A large number of university leadership focused on the relation as compared to task and change at the universities. This research also supports partial replication of three dimensions i.e., Relation, Task and Change as Yukl’s behavioral taxonomies with first order factor analysis. Relation factor was replicated completely, while other two were replicated in two different facets each i.e., Change was replicated in two facets – Improvement and Process and Task was also replicated in two facets – Improvement and Process. Making a second order factor analysis assured these two factors were replicated completely.

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Depaepe, Paris A., Richard E. Shores, Susan L. Jack y R. Kenton Denny. "Effects of Task Difficulty on the Disruptive and On-Task Behavior of Students with Severe Behavior Disorders". Behavioral Disorders 21, n.º 3 (mayo de 1996): 216–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/019874299602100301.

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It has been proposed that academic materials presented to students with emotional and behavioral disorders may serve in some situations as aversive stimuli that increase escape and/or avoidance responses. The results from two single subject studies using ABAB designs that were conducted to examine the effects of the difficulty level of academic tasks (i.e., easy versus difficult) on both the disruptive and on-task behaviors of students with severe behavior disorders are presented. Results indicated that difficult tasks were generally associated with lower percentages of time on-task and higher percentages of time engaged in disruptive behavior than were easy task conditions. Implications for teachers of students with severe behavioral disorders are discussed.

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Caras, Melissa L. y Dan H. Sanes. "Top-down modulation of sensory cortex gates perceptual learning". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 114, n.º 37 (28 de agosto de 2017): 9972–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1712305114.

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Practice sharpens our perceptual judgments, a process known as perceptual learning. Although several brain regions and neural mechanisms have been proposed to support perceptual learning, formal tests of causality are lacking. Furthermore, the temporal relationship between neural and behavioral plasticity remains uncertain. To address these issues, we recorded the activity of auditory cortical neurons as gerbils trained on a sound detection task. Training led to improvements in cortical and behavioral sensitivity that were closely matched in terms of magnitude and time course. Surprisingly, the degree of neural improvement was behaviorally gated. During task performance, cortical improvements were large and predicted behavioral outcomes. In contrast, during nontask listening sessions, cortical improvements were weak and uncorrelated with perceptual performance. Targeted reduction of auditory cortical activity during training diminished perceptual learning while leaving psychometric performance largely unaffected. Collectively, our findings suggest that training facilitates perceptual learning by strengthening both bottom-up sensory encoding and top-down modulation of auditory cortex.

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Zech, Hilmar G., Mark Rotteveel, Wilco W. van Dijk y Lotte F. van Dillen. "A mobile approach-avoidance task". Behavior Research Methods 52, n.º 5 (16 de marzo de 2020): 2085–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/s13428-020-01379-3.

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Abstract Approach and avoidance tendencies have helped explain phenomena as diverse as addiction (Mogg, Field, & Bradley, 2005), phobia (Rinck & Becker, 2007), and intergroup discrimination (Bianchi, Carnaghi, & Shamloo, 2018; Degner, Essien, & Reichardt, 2016). When the original approach-avoidance task (AAT; Solarz, 1960) that measures these tendencies was redesigned to run on regular desktop computers, it made the task much more flexible but also sacrificed some important behavioral properties of the original task—most notably its reliance on physical distance change (Chen & Bargh, 1999). Here, we present a new, mobile version of the AAT that runs entirely on smartphones and combines the flexibility of modern tasks with the behavioral properties of the original AAT. In addition, it can easily be deployed in the field and, next to traditional reaction time measurements, includes the novel measurement of response force. In two studies, we demonstrate that the mobile AAT can reliably measure known approach-avoidance tendencies toward happy and angry faces both in the laboratory and in the field.

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Mückschel, Moritz, Elena Eggert, Astrid Prochnow y Christian Beste. "Learning Experience Reverses Catecholaminergic Effects on Adaptive Behavior". International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology 23, n.º 1 (8 de noviembre de 2019): 12–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ijnp/pyz058.

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Abstract Background Catecholamines are important for cognitive control and the ability to adapt behavior (e.g., after response errors). A prominent drug that modulates the catecholaminergic system is methylphenidate. On the basis of theoretical consideration, we propose that the effects of methylphenidate on behavioral adaptation depend on prior learning experience. Methods In a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled crossover study design, we examined the effect of methylphenidate (0.25 mg/kg) on post error behavioral adaptation processes in a group of n = 43 healthy young adults. Behavioral adaptation processes were examined in a working memory, modulated response selection task. The focus of the analysis was on order effects within the crossover study design to evaluate effects of prior learning/task experience. Results The effect of methylphenidate/placebo on post-error behavioral adaptation processes reverses depending on prior task experience. When there was no prior experience with the task, methylphenidate increased post-error slowing and thus intensified behavioral adaptation processes. However, when there was prior task experience, (i.e., when the placebo session was conducted first in the crossover design), methylphenidate even decreased post-error slowing and behavioral adaptation. Effect sizes were large and the power of the observed effects was higher than 95%. Conclusions The data suggest that catecholaminergic effects on cognitive control functions vary as a function of prior learning/task experience. The data establish a close link between learning/task familiarization and catecholaminergic effects for executive functions, which has not yet been studied, to our knowledge, but is of considerable clinical relevance. Theoretical implications are discussed.

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Endo, Toshihiro, Fumihiko Maekawa, Vootele Võikar, Asahi Haijima, Yukari Uemura, Yan Zhang, Wataru Miyazaki et al. "Automated test of behavioral flexibility in mice using a behavioral sequencing task in IntelliCage". Behavioural Brain Research 221, n.º 1 (agosto de 2011): 172–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbr.2011.02.037.

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Duncan, G. H., M. C. Bushnell, R. Bates y R. Dubner. "Task-related responses of monkey medullary dorsal horn neurons". Journal of Neurophysiology 57, n.º 1 (1 de enero de 1987): 289–310. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1987.57.1.289.

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Medullary dorsal horn neurons with trigeminal sensory properties have been previously shown to have additional responses associated with cues relevant to the successful execution of a behavioral task. These “task-related” responses were evoked by environmental cues but were independent of the specific stimulus parameters. We have examined further the characteristics of task-related responses in medullary dorsal horn neurons of three monkeys. Single-unit activity was recorded while the monkeys were performing behavioral tasks that required them to discriminate thermal or visual stimuli for a liquid reward. Forty-five percent (34/75) of the medullary dorsal horn neurons studied exhibited task-related activity that was significantly correlated with the stereotypical behavioral events that occurred during the tasks. Similar events occurring outside of the task produced no response. In addition to the task-related activity of these medullary dorsal horn neurons, responses to mechanical and/or thermal stimuli presented within the neuron's receptive field were demonstrated in 28 of 34 cases. These sensory responses also were evoked by the same stimuli presented outside of the behavioral task. Fifteen of the neurons with task-related responses could be activated antidromically from thalamic stimulating electrodes. Task-related responses were categorized according to their relationship to the three phases of the behavioral trial: trial initiation, trial continuation, and trial termination. Although an individual task-related response was associated with a single behavioral event, most medullary dorsal horn neurons (30/34) exhibited a reproducible pattern of task-related responses that occurred during more than one phase of the trial. Trial-initiation task-related responses were subdivided depending on their correlation with specific events that occurred within that phase of the trial. One-third of the 18 excitatory trial-initiation responses were associated with the visual stimulus that cued the monkey to begin the trial; the remaining two-thirds were associated with the monkey's press of the button that actually initiated the trial. Trial-continuation task-related responses (observed while the monkey waited for a thermal stimulus that triggered a rewarded motor response) were shown to be independent of the actual temperature of the thermal stimulus. In addition these trial-continuation task-related responses were also noted during trials without a thermal stimulus, in which the trigger cue was the onset of a light (in a visual task).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

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Klein, Gary. "The Value Added by Cognitive Task Analysis". Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 39, n.º 9 (octubre de 1995): 530–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193129503900920.

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Cognitive Task Analysis (CTA) attempts to describe how people perform tasks: the cues and patterns they use, their inferences and strategies, mental models, and other related topics. It differs from behavioral task analyses that seek to enumerate the steps that must be followed without examining the expertise needed to perform critical steps. Therefore, CTA provides a more in-depth picture, which complements the broader and more comprehensive behavioral task analysis. A CTA usually consists of five steps: Preparation, Knowledge Elicitation, Data Analysis, Knowledge Representation, and Application. The applications of CTA can take a number of forms, such as training, system design, personnel selection, and market research.

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Xie, Hongtao, Yun Song, Chaoxun Cai y Junwei Zheng. "The Impact of Cognitive Heterogeneity on the Behavioral Integration of the R&D Team: The Perspective of Conflict Management". Discrete Dynamics in Nature and Society 2022 (22 de septiembre de 2022): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/1126772.

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The impact of team heterogeneity on team effectiveness has received extensive attention. The paper aims to explore the mechanism of the effect of cognitive heterogeneity on behavioral integration in R&D teams. Based on the IPO theory, this study proposed six hypotheses about how cognitive heterogeneity directly and indirectly (via team conflict and conflict management) affect behavioral integration in R&D teams. Using data collected from 383 R&D teams in 326 high-tech enterprises in China, we investigated whether the dimensions of team conflict mediate the relationship between cognitive heterogeneity and behavioral integration and whether the dimensions of conflict management regulate the impact of cognitive heterogeneity on behavioral integration. The results show the following: (1) cognitive heterogeneity has a significant negative impact on the behavioral integration of R&D teams. Task conflict and relationship conflict fully mediate the relationship between cognitive heterogeneity and behavioral integration. (2) Cooperative conflict management positively moderates the impact of cognitive heterogeneity on task conflict and the impact of task conflict on team behavioral integration. (3) Avoidance conflict management reversely adjusts the positive impact of cognitive heterogeneity on task conflict and relationship conflict and the negative impact of relationship conflict on team behavioral integration. The research results can provide theoretical guidance to improve the process management of cognitive heterogeneity R&D teams.

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Yin, Pingbo, Mortimer Mishkin, Mitchell Sutter y Jonathan B. Fritz. "Early Stages of Melody Processing: Stimulus-Sequence and Task-Dependent Neuronal Activity in Monkey Auditory Cortical Fields A1 and R". Journal of Neurophysiology 100, n.º 6 (diciembre de 2008): 3009–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00828.2007.

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To explore the effects of acoustic and behavioral context on neuronal responses in the core of auditory cortex (fields A1 and R), two monkeys were trained on a go/no-go discrimination task in which they learned to respond selectively to a four-note target (S+) melody and withhold response to a variety of other nontarget (S−) sounds. We analyzed evoked activity from 683 units in A1/R of the trained monkeys during task performance and from 125 units in A1/R of two naive monkeys. We characterized two broad classes of neural activity that were modulated by task performance. Class I consisted of tone-sequence–sensitive enhancement and suppression responses. Enhanced or suppressed responses to specific tonal components of the S+ melody were frequently observed in trained monkeys, but enhanced responses were rarely seen in naive monkeys. Both facilitatory and suppressive responses in the trained monkeys showed a temporal pattern different from that observed in naive monkeys. Class II consisted of nonacoustic activity, characterized by a task-related component that correlated with bar release, the behavioral response leading to reward. We observed a significantly higher percentage of both Class I and Class II neurons in field R than in A1. Class I responses may help encode a long-term representation of the behaviorally salient target melody. Class II activity may reflect a variety of nonacoustic influences, such as attention, reward expectancy, somatosensory inputs, and/or motor set and may help link auditory perception and behavioral response. Both types of neuronal activity are likely to contribute to the performance of the auditory task.

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Lucas, J. W. "Behavioral and Emotional Outcomes of Leadership in Task Groups". Social Forces 78, n.º 2 (1 de diciembre de 1999): 747–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sf/78.2.747.

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Harms, R. y L. Renninger. "Effect of task and behavioral demands on saccadic targeting". Journal of Vision 11, n.º 11 (23 de septiembre de 2011): 556. http://dx.doi.org/10.1167/11.11.556.

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Knowles, Christen, Paul Meng y Wendy Machalicek. "Task Sequencing for Students With Emotional and Behavioral Disorders". Behavior Modification 39, n.º 1 (2 de diciembre de 2014): 136–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0145445514559927.

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Takahashi, Hiromi, Jorge M. Andreau y Shintaro Funahashi. "Behavioral analysis of monkeys performing visual pair-association task". Neuroscience Research 71 (septiembre de 2011): e382. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neures.2011.07.1679.

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Iwata, Brian A. "Task Force on The Right to Effective Behavioral Treatment". Behavior Analyst 11, n.º 2 (octubre de 1988): 110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03392463.

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Mushiake, Hajime, Y. Sato, Ishikawa T, N. Saito, K. Sakamoto y J. Tanji. "Behavioral analysis of a maze task performed by monkeys". Neuroscience Research 31 (enero de 1998): S155. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0168-0102(98)82588-1.

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Daglarli, Evren, Hakan Temeltas y Murat Yesiloglu. "Behavioral task processing for cognitive robots using artificial emotions". Neurocomputing 72, n.º 13-15 (agosto de 2009): 2835–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neucom.2008.07.018.

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Winingsih, Evi. "Direct Behavioral Consultation (DBC) Untuk Mengurangi Perilaku Off Task". Jurnal Pendidikan (Teori dan Praktik) 1, n.º 2 (15 de enero de 2017): 124. http://dx.doi.org/10.26740/jp.v1n2.p124-132.

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Lucas, Jeffrey W. "Behavioral and Emotional Outcomes of Leadership in Task Groups". Social Forces 78, n.º 2 (diciembre de 1999): 747. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3005574.

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Zizzo, Daniel John. "Verbal and Behavioral Learning in a Probability Compounding Task". Theory and Decision 54, n.º 4 (junio de 2003): 287–314. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/b:theo.0000004350.81892.1b.

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Coco, Moreno I., Leonardo Badino, Pietro Cipresso, Alice Chirico, Elisabetta Ferrari, Giuseppe Riva, Andrea Gaggioli y Alessandro D'Ausilio. "Multilevel Behavioral Synchronization in a Joint Tower-Building Task". IEEE Transactions on Cognitive and Developmental Systems 9, n.º 3 (septiembre de 2017): 223–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tcds.2016.2545739.

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Hall, Rosalie J., Judd W. Workman y Christopher A. Marchioro. "Sex, Task, and Behavioral Flexibility Effects on Leadership Perceptions". Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes 74, n.º 1 (abril de 1998): 1–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/obhd.1998.2754.

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Albrecht, Daniel S., David A. Kareken, Bradley T. Christian, Mario Dzemidzic y Karmen K. Yoder. "Cortical dopamine release during a behavioral response inhibition task". Synapse 68, n.º 6 (28 de febrero de 2014): 266–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/syn.21736.

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Radostova, Dominika, Daniela Kuncicka, Branislav Krajcovic, Lukas Hejtmanek, Tomas Petrasek, Jan Svoboda, Ales Stuchlik y Hana Brozka. "Incidental temporal binding in rats: A novel behavioral task". PLOS ONE 18, n.º 6 (22 de junio de 2023): e0274437. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0274437.

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We designed a behavioral task called One-Trial Trace Escape Reaction (OTTER), in which rats incidentally associate two temporally discontinuous stimuli: a neutral acoustic cue (CS) with an aversive stimulus (US) which occurs two seconds later (CS-2s-US sequence). Rats are first habituated to two similar environmental contexts (A and B), each consisting of an interconnected dark and light chamber. Next, rats experience the CS-2s-US sequence in the dark chamber of one of the contexts (either A or B); the US is terminated immediately after a rat escapes into the light chamber. The CS-2s-US sequence is presented only once to ensure the incidental acquisition of the association. The recall is tested 24 h later when rats are presented with only the CS in the alternate context (B or A), and their behavioral response is observed. Our results show that 59% of the rats responded to the CS by escaping to the light chamber, although they experienced only one CS-2s-US pairing. The OTTER task offers a flexible high throughput tool to study memory acquired incidentally after a single experience. Incidental one-trial acquisition of association between temporally discontinuous events may be one of the essential components of episodic memory formation.

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Gwizdka, Jacek. "Revisiting search task difficulty: Behavioral and individual difference measures". Proceedings of the American Society for Information Science and Technology 45, n.º 1 (2008): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/meet.2008.1450450249.

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Maffei, Antonio, Jennifer Goertzen, Fern Jaspers-Fayer, Killian Kleffner, Paola Sessa y Mario Liotti. "Spatiotemporal Dynamics of Covert Versus Overt Processing of Happy, Fearful and Sad Facial Expressions". Brain Sciences 11, n.º 7 (17 de julio de 2021): 942. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci11070942.

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Behavioral and electrophysiological correlates of the influence of task demands on the processing of happy, sad, and fearful expressions were investigated in a within-subjects study that compared a perceptual distraction condition with task-irrelevant faces (e.g., covert emotion task) to an emotion task-relevant categorization condition (e.g., overt emotion task). A state-of-the-art non-parametric mass univariate analysis method was used to address the limitations of previous studies. Behaviorally, participants responded faster to overtly categorized happy faces and were slower and less accurate to categorize sad and fearful faces; there were no behavioral differences in the covert task. Event-related potential (ERP) responses to the emotional expressions included the N170 (140–180 ms), which was enhanced by emotion irrespective of task, with happy and sad expressions eliciting greater amplitudes than neutral expressions. EPN (200–400 ms) amplitude was modulated by task, with greater voltages in the overt condition, and by emotion, however, there was no interaction of emotion and task. ERP activity was modulated by emotion as a function of task only at a late processing stage, which included the LPP (500–800 ms), with fearful and sad faces showing greater amplitude enhancements than happy faces. This study reveals that affective content does not necessarily require attention in the early stages of face processing, supporting recent evidence that the core and extended parts of the face processing system act in parallel, rather than serially. The role of voluntary attention starts at an intermediate stage, and fully modulates the response to emotional content in the final stage of processing.

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Linhartová, P., M. Kuhn, A. Damborská, M. Lamoš, M. Mikl, R. Barteček, P. Theiner, T. Kašpárek y M. Bareš. "Neural correlates of behavioral inhibition in healthy people and in patients with borderline personality disorder and ADHD". European Psychiatry 41, S1 (abril de 2017): S346—S347. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2017.02.316.

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IntroductionDeficits in behavioral inhibition leading to impulsivity occur frequently in many otherwise different psychiatric diseases, mainly ADHD and borderline personality disorder (BPD). However, the research is complicated by using of different tests and their parameters. Further, the role of frontoparietal network in behavioral inhibition has been questioned recently.ObjectivesThe aims of our studies were:– to present the influence of differences in inhibition tasks parameters;– to describe neural correlates of behavioral inhibition in healthy people;– to compare them with BPD and ADHD patients.MethodsWe implemented two different variants of Go/NoGo Task, one designed for behavioral research and the second for neuroimaging. Thirty healthy participants (37% of women, age range 15 to 33 years) underwent behavioral and fMRI measurement. Further, groups of patients with BPD, ADHD and their healthy controls underwent the Go/NoGo Task under both fMRI and EEG.ResultsThe results show differences in behavioral performance based on different task parameters. The fMRI results in healthy people show specific activation patterns within the frontoparietal network associated with inhibition trials (mainly inferior frontal gyrus, insula, cingulate gyrus, SMA, inferior parietal lobule). Further, we present differences between patients with BPD, ADHD and controls in BOLD signal and ERPs.ConclusionsGo/NoGo Task design substantially influences the subjects’ behavioral performance. Our results with methodologically upgraded Go/NoGo Task design provide support for the inhibition frontoparietal brain network and its different activations in BPD and ADHD patients. The research was supported by Ministry of Health of the Czech Republic, grant nr. 15-30062A.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

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Marchena Giráldez, Carlos, María Xesús Froxán Parga y Ana Calero Elvira. "Homework assignment and compliance review from a behavioural perspective: the verbal sequences between therapist and client". Behavioral Psychology/Psicología Conductual 31, n.º 1 (10 de abril de 2023): 111–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.51668/bp.8323107n.

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Therapeutic (homework) tasks are a characteristic strategy in behavioral psychology to achieve clinical change. The aim of the present study is to determine how behavioural therapists assign therapeutic tasks and review their compliance. Observational methodology was used to analyse the verbal interaction of therapists and clients in 211 recorded sessions (19 complete successful cases) using a validated coding system (SIST-INTER-INSTR). The values for inter- and intra-judge reliability were from good to excellent. The study shows that behavioural psychologists offer motivating verbalisations when assigning therapeutic tasks. During the review of task compliance, therapists frequently provide positive reinforcement when clients report complete compliance with the assigned task but stop the review of tasks when clients report non-compliance or only partial compliance with the task. These sequences provide information about how behavioural therapists provide instructions for therapeutic tasks and review their compliance. This is a first step to study how these verbal sequences favour the establishment of TC and the effectiveness of treatment.

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Zhang, Xiaodan, Yanping Gong y Luluo Peng. "The impact of interdependence on behavioral engagement in online communities". Marketing Intelligence & Planning 38, n.º 4 (12 de marzo de 2020): 417–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/mip-05-2019-0285.

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PurposeOnline communities are increasingly important for organizations and marketers. However, the issue of how structural features of online communities affect consumers' behavioral engagement remains relatively unexplored. The purpose of this study is to examine how and why different types of interdependence within online communities (i.e. task/outcome interdependence) influence individual engagement in group activities, thereby providing insights regarding online community design.Design/methodology/approachTwo surveys were conducted with two online groups in China. One is a task-interdependent group from Douban Forum, and the other is an outcome-interdependent group from Sina Forum. A total of 159 valid responses from the task-interdependent group and 162 valid responses from the outcome-interdependent group were received. We analyzed the data using multivariate regression with Smart PLS and SPSS.FindingsThe results reveal that both task and outcome interdependence are positively related to individual behavioral engagement in online group behavior, and collective efficacy mediates the aforementioned effects. In addition, task complexity moderates the relationship between task interdependence and individual behavioral engagement; communication within group moderates the relationship between outcome interdependence and behavioral engagement, and the effect is mediated by collective efficacy.Originality/valueThis study is the first to investigate the role of an important factor of group structure, namely, interdependence, in fueling individual behavioral engagement in online communities. The results shed light on companies' design strategies to develop and retain online community members and also provide important insights for researchers interested in social network marketing.

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Fontana, Barbara D., Nancy Alnassar y Matthew O. Parker. "The zebrafish (Danio rerio) anxiety test battery: comparison of behavioral responses in the novel tank diving and light–dark tasks following exposure to anxiogenic and anxiolytic compounds". Psychopharmacology 239, n.º 1 (15 de octubre de 2021): 287–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00213-021-05990-w.

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Abstract Rationale Triangulation of approaches (i.e., using several tests of the same construct) can be extremely useful for increasing the robustness of the findings being widely used when working with behavioral testing, especially when using rodents as a translational model. Although zebrafish are widely used in neuropharmacology research due to their high-throughput screening potential for new therapeutic drugs, behavioral test battery effects following pharmacological manipulations are still unknown. Methods Here, we tested the effects of an anxiety test battery and test time following pharmacological manipulations in zebrafish by using two behavioral tasks: the novel tank diving task (NTT) and the light–dark test (LDT). Fluoxetine and conspecific alarm substance (CAS) were chosen to induce anxiolytic and anxiogenic-like behavior, respectively. Results For non-drug-treated animals, no differences were observed for testing order (NTT → LDT or LDT → NTT) and there was a strong correlation between performances on the two behavioral tasks. However, we found that during drug treatment, NTT/LDT responses are affected by the tested order depending on the test time being fluoxetine effects higher at the second behavioral task (6 min later) and CAS effects lower across time. Conclusions Overall, our data supports the use of baseline behavior assessment using this anxiety test battery. However, when working with drug exposure, data analysis must carefully consider time-drug-response and data variability across behavioral tasks.

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van Hagen, B. T. J., N. P. van Goethem, D. C. Lagatta y J. Prickaerts. "The object pattern separation (OPS) task: A behavioral paradigm derived from the object recognition task". Behavioural Brain Research 285 (mayo de 2015): 44–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbr.2014.10.041.

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Frerking, M. y P. Ohliger-Frerking. "Functional Consequences of Presynaptic Inhibition During Behaviorally Relevant Activity". Journal of Neurophysiology 96, n.º 4 (octubre de 2006): 2139–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00243.2006.

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Presynaptic inhibition is a widespread mechanism for regulating transmitter release in the CNS. Presynaptic inhibitors act as a high-pass filter, but the functional consequence of this filtering during the synaptic processing of behaviorally relevant activity remains unknown. Here we use analytical approaches to examine the effects of presynaptic inhibition on synaptic output in response to activity patterns from CA3 pyramidal cells during the performance of a complex behavioral task. We calculate that presynaptic inhibition enhances the contrast between background activity and responses to environmental cues and that neuronal responses to location are subject to stronger contrast enhancement than neuronal responses to olfactory information. Our analysis suggests that presynaptic inhibition also enhances the importance of integrative inputs that respond to many behavioral cues during the task at the expense of specific inputs that respond to only a few of these cues.

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