Artículos de revistas: "Beam optics"

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S. Kavitha. "An Overview of Free Space Optics Communication System". December 2022 4, n.º 4 (10 de noviembre de 2022): 222–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.36548/jsws.2022.4.001.

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Free space optics is a kind of broadband communication technique that transmits the signals, in the atmosphere through laser beams. In some cases, the laser beams are replaced with infrared and modified beams. Free Space Optics (FSO) is also referred as Free Space Photonics that works same as the principle of fiber optic communication where the source beams are transferred through air medium. In the traditional fiber optic communication, the optical fibers were used for transferring the beam signals. The FSO methodology is widely employed in various ubiquitous applications for their cost and deployment effectiveness. The motive of the work is to explore the concepts and theories behind the operation of different FSO models with their recent progress.

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Yue, Zhen, Jingyu Liu, Jitao Li, Jie Li, Chenglong Zheng, Mingyang Chen, Hang Xu et al. "Vector beam generation based on spin-decoupling metasurface zone plate". Applied Physics Letters 120, n.º 19 (9 de mayo de 2022): 191704. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0093708.

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As singular beams, vector beams with inhomogeneous polarization distribution have found extensive application prospects in many fields, including optical information processing, high-resolution imaging, and quantum optics. Metasurfaces with strong ability to manipulate the polarization and phase of electromagnetic waves have been harnessed to generate vector beams. Among them, the proposal of metasurfaces with different responses to orthogonally polarized waves can undoubtedly enhance the flexibility of optical device design. Here, we introduce the diffractive optics (Fresnel zone plates) into the spin-decoupling metasurfaces, called the metasurface zone plates, utilized to engender desired vector beams. As a demonstration, we design two metasurface zone plates: one can generate a focused vector beam under linearly polarized incidence, and the other is exploited to engender a vector vortex beam. The simulated and measured results simultaneously demonstrate the feasibility and practicability of such a concept. Our work unlocks the potential of optical devices and may further promote the development of metasurface polarizers toward miniaturization and versatility.

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3

Möbus, M. y P. Woizeschke. "Laser beam welding setup for the coaxial combination of two laser beams to vary the intensity distribution". Welding in the World 66, n.º 3 (10 de enero de 2022): 471–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40194-021-01234-9.

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AbstractDeep-penetration laser beam welding is highly dynamic and affected by many parameters. Several investigations using differently sized laser spots, spot-in-spot laser systems, and multi-focus optics show that the intensity distribution is one of the most influential parameters; however, the targeted lateral and axial intensity design remains a major challenge. Therefore, a laser processing optic has been developed that coaxially combines two separate laser sources/beams with different beam characteristics and a measuring beam for optical coherence tomography (OCT). In comparison to current commercial spot-in-spot laser systems, this setup not only makes it possible to independently vary the powers of the two laser beams but also their focal planes, thus facilitating the investigation into the influence of specific energy densities along the beam axis. First investigations show that the weld penetration depth increases with increasing intensities in deeper focal positions until the reduced intensity at the sample surface, due to the deep focal position, is no longer sufficient to form a stable keyhole, causing the penetration depth to drop sharply.

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4

Quintard, L., V. Strelkov, J. Vabek, O. Hort, A. Dubrouil, D. Descamps, F. Burgy et al. "Optics-less focusing of XUV high-order harmonics". Science Advances 5, n.º 4 (abril de 2019): eaau7175. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aau7175.

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By experimentally studying high-order harmonic beams generated in gases, we show how the spatial characteristics of these ultrashort extreme-ultraviolet (XUV) beams can be finely controlled when a single fundamental beam generates harmonics in a thin gas medium. We demonstrate that these XUV beams can be emitted as converging beams and thereby get focused after generation. We study this optics-less focusing using a spatially chirped beam that acts as a probe located inside the harmonic generation medium. We analyze the XUV beam evolution with an analytical model and obtain very good agreement with experimental measurements. The XUV foci sizes and positions vary strongly with the harmonic order, and the XUV waist can be located at arbitrarily large distances from the generating medium. We discuss how intense XUV fields can be obtained with optics-less focusing and how the order-dependent XUV beam characteristics are compatible with broadband XUV irradiation and attosecond science.

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5

Hildén, P., E. Ilina, M. Kaivola y A. Shevchenko. "Multifrequency Bessel beams with adjustable group velocity and longitudinal acceleration in free space". New Journal of Physics 24, n.º 3 (1 de marzo de 2022): 033042. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1367-2630/ac5aef.

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Abstract The group velocity of an optical beam in free space is usually considered to be equal to the speed of light in vacuum. However, it has been recently realized that, by structuring the beam’s angular and temporal spectra, one can achieve well pronounced and controlled subluminal and superluminal propagation. In this work, we consider multifrequency Bessel beams that are known to propagate without divergence and show a variety of possibilities to adjust the group velocity of the beam by means of designed angular dispersion. We present several examples of multifrequency Bessel beams with negative and arbitrary positive group velocities, as well as longitudinally accelerating beams and beams with periodically oscillating local group velocities. The results of these studies can be of interest to scientists working in the fields of optical beam engineering, light amplitude and intensity interferometry, ultrafast optics, and optical tweezers.

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6

Suzuki, Masato, Keisaku Yamane, Takashige Omatsu y Ryuji Morita. "Propagation-invariant vortex Airy beam whose singular point follows its main lobe". New Journal of Physics 23, n.º 11 (1 de noviembre de 2021): 113043. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1367-2630/ac37af.

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Abstract We propose and demonstrate a novel vortex Airy beam which is a superposition of an Airy beam and its laterally sheared beam with a π/2 phase shift. This new-type of vortex Airy beam exhibits stable propagation dynamics, wherein its singular point closely follows its main lobe, unlike conventional vortex Airy beams. Notably, the orbital angular mode purity of this new vortex Airy beam is up to 10% better than that of a conventional vortex Airy beam. We anticipate that this new type of vortex Airy beam, which combines the characteristics of an optical vortex and a diffraction-free Airy beam, will facilitate new directions in applications such as microscopy, material processing and nonlinear optics.

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7

Amoiropoulos, Kostas, Georgia Kioselaki, Nikolaos Kourkoumelis y Aris Ikiades. "Shaping Beam Profiles Using Plastic Optical Fiber Tapers with Application to Ice Sensors". Sensors 20, n.º 9 (28 de abril de 2020): 2503. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20092503.

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Using either bulk or fiber optics the profile of laser beams can be altered from Gaussian to top-hat or hollow beams allowing enhanced performance in applications like laser cooling, optical trapping, and fiber sensing. Here, we report a method based on multimode Plastic Optical Fibers (POF) long-tapers, to tweak the beam profile from near Gaussian to a hollow beam, by generating surface irregularities on the conical sections of the taper with a heat-and-pull technique. Furthermore, a cutback technique applied on long tapers expanded the output beam profile by more than twice the numerical aperture (NA) of the fiber. The enhanced sensitivity and detection efficiency of the extended profile was tested on a fiber optical ice sensor related to aviation safety.

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8

Tashiro, Yuki, Yuta Shimada, Kiyotaka Izumi, Takeshi Tsujimura y Koichi Yoshida. "Optical Axis Identification Technique for Free Space Optics Transmission". International Journal of Advances in Telecommunications, Electrotechnics, Signals and Systems 6, n.º 2 (31 de julio de 2017): 89. http://dx.doi.org/10.11601/ijates.v6i2.213.

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This paper describes optical axis adjustment technique for an active free space optics transmission system. This system precisely controls the direction of a collimated thin laser beam using a motor driven laser emitting mechanism and positioning photodiodes. Before beginning laser beam feedback control, it is required to guide the laser beam within the range of the positioning photodiodes for initial laser beam alignment. This paper proposes an arrival position presumption method of laser beam traveling along the long distance from transmitter. A positioning sensor containing several photodiodes measures laser luminescence distribution, and analytically calculates the optical axis of laser beam according to the modified Gaussian beam optics based on four or five distributed local intensity of laser luminescence. Experiments are conducted to evaluate the accuracy of the presumption, and results reveal that the method is effective in leading the laser beam onto a distant receiver.

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9

Misture, Scott T. "Application of Single and Dual Multilayer Optics for Powder X-Ray Diffraction". X-Ray Optics and Instrumentation 2008 (16 de julio de 2008): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2008/408702.

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The performance of parallel beam multilayer optics, including a parabolic multilayer Osmic MaxFlux GO-13N and a flat custom multilayer, was evaluated experimentally and compared to Bragg-Brentano and traditional ‘‘parallel beam’’ or ‘‘thin film’’ optical geometries. A novel arrangement of a parabolic multilayer in the incident beam with a flat multilayer in the diffracted beam functioning as an analyzer crystal was proven effective for powder diffraction applications. The dual-optic configuration improves resolution while eliminating sample displacement and transparency errors as expected for a configuration with equatorial divergence below 100 arcseconds. Fundamental parameters fitting showed that the parabolic multilayer can be accurately modeled using a constant Gaussian function, while a long parallel-plate soller collimator requires a constant hat function. No additional convolutions are necessary for the diffracted-beam flat multilayer because of the lower acceptance angle.

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10

Pozimski, J. y M. Aslaninejad. "Gabor lenses for capture and energy selection of laser driven ion beams in cancer treatment". Laser and Particle Beams 31, n.º 4 (9 de octubre de 2013): 723–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263034613000761.

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AbstractThe application of laser accelerated ion beams in Hadron therapy requires ion beam optics with unique features. It has been shown that due to the spectral and spatial distribution of laser accelerated protons a lens based focusing system has advantages over aperture collimated beam formation. We present a compact ion optical system with therapy applications, based on Gabor space charge lenses for collecting, focusing and energy filtering the laser produced proton beam. For a full therapy solution, a scenario based on three space charge lenses is presented. In this very compact beam line an aperture is foreseen for energy selection.

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11

Nikolov, Daniel K., Aaron Bauer, Fei Cheng, Hitoshi Kato, A. Nick Vamivakas y Jannick P. Rolland. "Metaform optics: Bridging nanophotonics and freeform optics". Science Advances 7, n.º 18 (abril de 2021): eabe5112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abe5112.

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The demand for high-resolution optical systems with a compact form factor, such as augmented reality displays, sensors, and mobile cameras, requires creating new optical component architectures. Advances in the design and fabrication of freeform optics and metasurfaces make them potential solutions to address the previous needs. Here, we introduce the concept of a metaform—an optical surface that integrates the combined benefits of a freeform optic and a metasurface into a single optical component. We experimentally realized a miniature imager using a metaform mirror. The mirror is fabricated via an enhanced electron beam lithography process on a freeform substrate. The design degrees of freedom enabled by a metaform will support a new generation of optical systems.

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12

Jiang, Licai, Zaid Al-Mosheky y Nick Grupido. "Basic principle and performance characteristics of multilayer beam conditioning optics". Powder Diffraction 17, n.º 2 (junio de 2002): 81–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1154/1.1482366.

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Multilayer optics is one of the widely applied optics for conditioning an X-ray beam in the region of X-ray diffraction. Multilayer optics offers a well-balanced performance. The beam conditioned by a multilayer optic is characterized by low divergence, good spectrum purity, and high intensity. This article will start with a short historical note of the development of X-ray multilayer and a summary on the basic performance characteristics of X-ray multilayer, then move on to the discussion on the design principle of one- and two-dimensional optics. Both parallel beam optics and focusing optics will be addressed. As examples, selected applications of multilayer optics are also briefly discussed. Finally, the main problems associated with the application of multilayer optics are identified and the future developments are discussed.

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13

Gesley, Mark. "Electron beam blanker optics". Journal of Vacuum Science & Technology B: Microelectronics and Nanometer Structures 8, n.º 6 (noviembre de 1990): 1666. http://dx.doi.org/10.1116/1.585136.

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14

Bagmanov, V. Kh, A. Kh Sultanov, A. R. Gizatulin, I. K. Meshkov, I. A. Kuk, E. P. Grakhova, G. I. Abdrakhmanova y I. L. Vinogradova. "Optics-to-THz conversion of vortex beams using nonlinear difference frequency generation". Computer Optics 43, n.º 6 (diciembre de 2019): 983–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.18287/2412-6179-2019-43-6-983-991.

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In this paper, using a modified model of slowly varying amplitudes, a process of optics-to-THZ-conversion of vortex beams based on the nonlinear difference frequency generation in a medium with second-order susceptibility is considered. A theoretical substantiation of the law of topological charge conversion of vortex beams is given – the topological charge of the output THz vortex beam is equal to the difference of the topological charges of the input optical vortex beams. A simulation model of the processes under consideration is implemented.

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15

Singer, Andrej y Ivan A. Vartanyants. "Coherence properties of focused X-ray beams at high-brilliance synchrotron sources". Journal of Synchrotron Radiation 21, n.º 1 (2 de noviembre de 2013): 5–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s1600577513023850.

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An analytical approach describing properties of focused partially coherent X-ray beams is presented. The method is based on the results of statistical optics and gives both the beam size and transverse coherence length at any distance behind an optical element. In particular, here Gaussian Schell-model beams and thin optical elements are considered. Limiting cases of incoherent and fully coherent illumination of the focusing element are discussed. The effect of the beam-defining aperture, typically used in combination with focusing elements at synchrotron sources to improve transverse coherence, is also analyzed in detail. As an example, the coherence properties in the focal region of compound refractive lenses at the PETRA III synchrotron source are analyzed.

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16

Liu, Fang, Zhigang Liu, Liunian Zheng, Hongbiao Huang y Jianqiang Zhu. "Beam positioning stability analysis on large laser facilities". High Power Laser Science and Engineering 1, n.º 1 (10 de marzo de 2013): 29–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/hpl.2013.7.

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AbstractBeam positioning stability in a laser-driven inertial confinement fusion (ICF) facility is a vital problem that needs to be fixed. Each laser beam in the facility is transmitted in lots of optics for hundreds of meters, and then targeted in a micro-sized pellet to realize controllable fusion. Any turbulence in the environment in such long-distance propagation would affect the displacement of optics and further result in beam focusing and positioning errors. This study concluded that the errors on each of the optics contributed to the target, and it presents an efficient method of enhancing the beam stability by eliminating errors on error-sensitive optics. Optimizations of the optical system and mechanical supporting structures are also presented.

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17

Oliveira, Leandro, Warlley Campos y Marcio Rocha. "Optical Trapping and Manipulation of Superparamagnetic Beads Using Annular-Shaped Beams". Methods and Protocols 1, n.º 4 (20 de noviembre de 2018): 44. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mps1040044.

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We propose an optical tweezers setup based on an annular-shaped laser beam that is efficient to trap 2.8 μ m-diameter superparamagnetic particles. The optical trapping of such particles was fully characterized, and a direct absolute comparison with a geometrical optics model was performed. With this comparison, we were able to show that light absorption by the superparamagnetic particles is negligible for our annular beam tweezers, differing from the case of conventional Gaussian beam tweezers, in which laser absorption by the beads makes stable trapping difficult. In addition, the trap stiffness of the annular beam tweezers increases with the laser power and with the bead distance from the coverslip surface. While this first result is expected and similar to that achieved for conventional Gaussian tweezers, which use ordinary dielectric beads, the second result is quite surprising and different from the ordinary case, suggesting that spherical aberration is much less important in our annular beam geometry. The results obtained here provide new insights into the development of hybrid optomagnetic tweezers, which can apply simultaneously optical and magnetic forces on the same particles.

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18

Jang, SungHo, Takemi Asai, Yuki Shimizu y Wei Gao. "Optical Analysis of an Optical Probe for Three-Dimensional Position Detection of Micro-Objects". International Journal of Automation Technology 5, n.º 6 (5 de noviembre de 2011): 862–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/ijat.2011.p0862.

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In this paper, the relationship between the photodetector outputs and the three-dimensional (3D) positioning of a micro-object in an optical probe is first analyzed based on geometric optics. In the optical model established for the analysis, a collimated laser beam is focused by an objective lens to generate a small beam spot at the focal position and a thin and rectangular micro-object is set close to the focal position. The influence of diffraction of the laser beam is investigated based on a model based on wave optics.

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19

Schields, Paul J., David M. Gibson, Walter M. Gibson, Ning Gao, Huapeng Huang y Igor Yu Ponomarev. "Overview of polycapillary X-ray optics". Powder Diffraction 17, n.º 2 (junio de 2002): 70–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1154/1.1482080.

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Polycapillary optics are utilized in a wide variety of applications and are integral components in many state of the art instruments. Polycapillary optics operate by collecting X-rays and efficiently propagating them by total external reflection to form focused and parallel beams. We discuss the general parameters for designing these optics and provide specific examples on balancing the interrelations of beam flux, source size, focal spot-size, and beam divergence. The development of compact X-ray sources with characteristics tailored to match the requirements of polycapillary optics allows substantial reduction in size, weight, and power of complete X-ray systems. These compact systems have enabled the development of portable, remote, and in-line sensors for applications in industry, science and medicine. We present examples of the utility and potential of these optics for enhancing a wide variety of X-ray analyses.

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20

Jia, Qi, Rui Feng, Bojian Shi, Yanxia Zhang, Hang Li, Xiaoxin Li, Fangkui Sun et al. "Universal translation operator for Laguerre–Gaussian mode sorting". Applied Physics Letters 121, n.º 19 (7 de noviembre de 2022): 191104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0123103.

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Laguerre–Gaussian (LG) mode is widely adopted in various applications due to carrying orbital angular momentum (OAM). In practice, it is challenging to sort Laguerre–Gaussian mode according to various features. Traditional fork grating and optical geometric transformations are regarded as convenient methods for sorting LG mode. However, these methods have to destroy the OAM carried by the beam during the sorting process. Here, we demonstrate a nondestructive beam sorting mechanism for LG mode carrying orbital angular momentums based on a translation operator. The numerically solved operator can sort the input beams to pre-defined positions with faithful preservation of all the beam features, which shows good agreement with the experimental results. We believe the proposed translation operator will benefit potential applications in information processing, quantum optics, and optical communications.

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21

Roberts, Lyle E., Robert L. Ward, Craig Smith y Daniel A. Shaddock. "Coherent Beam Combining Using an Internally Sensed Optical Phased Array of Frequency-Offset Phase Locked Lasers". Photonics 7, n.º 4 (28 de noviembre de 2020): 118. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/photonics7040118.

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Coherent beam combining can be used to scale optical power and enable mechanism-free beam steering using an optical phased array. Coherently combining multiple free-running lasers in a leader-follower laser configuration is challenging due to the need to measure and stabilize large and highly dynamic phase differences between them. We present a scalable technique based on frequency-offset phase locking and digitally enhanced interferometry to clone the coherence of multiple lasers without the use of external sampling optics, which has the potential to support both coherent and spectral beam combining, and alleviates issues of voltage wrapping associated with actuating feedback control using electro-optic modulators. This technique was demonstrated experimentally using a tiled-aperture optical phased array in which the relative output phase of three free-running lasers was stabilized with an RMS output phase stability of λ/104.

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22

Hsu, Chung-Yu, Gow-Zin Yiu y You-Chia Chang. "Free-Space Applications of Silicon Photonics: A Review". Micromachines 13, n.º 7 (24 de junio de 2022): 990. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi13070990.

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Silicon photonics has recently expanded its applications to delivering free-space emissions for detecting or manipulating external objects. The most notable example is the silicon optical phased array, which can steer a free-space beam to achieve a chip-scale solid-state LiDAR. Other examples include free-space optical communication, quantum photonics, imaging systems, and optogenetic probes. In contrast to the conventional optical system consisting of bulk optics, silicon photonics miniaturizes an optical system into a photonic chip with many functional waveguiding components. By leveraging the mature and monolithic CMOS process, silicon photonics enables high-volume production, scalability, reconfigurability, and parallelism. In this paper, we review the recent advances in beam steering technologies based on silicon photonics, including optical phased arrays, focal plane arrays, and dispersive grating diffraction. Various beam-shaping technologies for generating collimated, focused, Bessel, and vortex beams are also discussed. We conclude with an outlook of the promises and challenges for the free-space applications of silicon photonics.

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Wu, Jiali, Xizheng Ke, Yaqi Yang, Jingyuan Liang y Mingyu Liu. "Correction of Distorted Wavefront Using Dual Liquid Crystal Spatial Light Modulators". Photonics 9, n.º 6 (17 de junio de 2022): 426. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/photonics9060426.

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In space optical communication, owing to the influence of atmospheric turbulence, optical beams lose focus and become phase-distorted, which reduces the communication quality. Considering the polarization dependence of liquid crystal spatial light modulators and the dispersion effect of liquid crystal materials, the energy utilization rate of liquid crystal adaptive optics systems is low. In this study, a dual liquid crystal spatial light modulator adaptive optics system based on the GS algorithm is used to correct the wavefront distortion of a signal beam under different atmospheric turbulence intensities, and the Strehl ratio (SR) is used as the evaluation index. The simulation results show that the SR of the corrected system can be increased from 0.23, 0.41, and 0.72 to 0.77, 0.89, and 0.95, respectively. The corrected beam spot was more concentrated and the light intensity at the center of the beam spot was stronger. The experimental results show that, after the distortion wavefront is corrected by the dual liquid crystal spatial light modulator, the average gray value of the 10 × 10 pixels in the center of the spot increases from 159.3, 113.1, and 58.4 to 253.4, 247.7, and 198.3, respectively.

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McCarthy, J. J. y D. J. McMillan. "Application of X-Ray Optics to Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy". Microscopy and Microanalysis 4, S2 (julio de 1998): 178–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927600021012.

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The application of x-ray optics for focusing x-rays into high intensity spots or for collimation of x-ray beams has been reported by several authors. Example applications for x-ray optics include microfluorescence, microdiffraction, tomography and lithography, and WDS. Kirkland et al. pointed out that the use of an optic, in a collimating configuration could provide enhanced detection sensitivity in wavelength dispersive spectroscopy. In these proceedings last year, Agnello et al. presented data from a new WDS device specifically designed to use a grazing incidence collimating x-ray optic that confirmed and extended the work of Kirkland.A few studies have appeared reporting the use X-ray optics in applications using EDS. Focusing x-ray optics have been used on both the excitation and detection side of EDS systems. In a series of papers, Carpenter and his collaborators describe an x-ray microprobe which uses capillary optics to provide an intense convergent beam of x-rays from a microfocus x-ray tube to excite the sample for x-ray microfluorescence studies. Wollman et al.

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Chen, Sifei, Chang Liu, Shaohang Xu, Yuanhao Li, Jiale Wang, Yanhui Wang, Ying Liu y Wenhai Jiao. "Beam optics analysis on magnetic-state-selected atomic clocks with optical detection". Journal of Applied Physics 131, n.º 11 (21 de marzo de 2022): 114401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0083473.

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In traditional cesium beam clocks, cesium atoms are deflected by strong inhomogeneous magnetic fields. The distribution of the detectable atoms, which is critical to the short-term frequency stability, is hard to describe with analytical functions. In this paper, we numerically analyze the beam optics performance of cesium beam tubes based on the magnetic-state-selected and fluorescence detection scheme. To accurately model the cesium beam tube, we apply the Monte Carlo sampling directly inside the collimator. The finite element method is also applied to model the magnetic field. Upon the high dimensional distribution space, two key parameters are selected as indicators of the short-term performance of the cesium beam tube, the effective velocity distribution, and the normalized density difference of atoms in [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text]. The influence of the configuration of the collimator is analyzed. Experiments are carried out with two manufactured beam tubes. The results show good agreement with the simulation model. We also discuss limitations of the simulation method when applied to designing cesium beam tubes.

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Moslehi, Behzad, Joel Ng, Ivan Kasimoff y Tomasz Jannson. "Fiber-optic coupling based on nonimaging expanded-beam optics". Optics Letters 14, n.º 23 (1 de diciembre de 1989): 1327. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ol.14.001327.

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27

Braat, Joseph. "Design of beam-shaping optics". Applied Optics 34, n.º 15 (20 de mayo de 1995): 2665. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ao.34.002665.

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28

Osborne, I. S. "APPLIED OPTICS: Laser Beam Profiling". Science 305, n.º 5681 (9 de julio de 2004): 149d—151d. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.305.5681.149d.

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29

Aiba, Masamitsu, Bolko Beutner y Natalia Milas. "Beam-size-free optics determination". Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 753 (julio de 2014): 24–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2014.03.031.

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30

Vermeulen, Arnold C. "The Sensitivity of Focusing, Parallel Beam and Mixed Optics to Alignment Errors in XRD Residual Stress Measurements". Materials Science Forum 490-491 (julio de 2005): 131–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.490-491.131.

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The sensitivity of various combinations of optics to alignment errors is investigated. A large number of tests with varying specimen displacements and incident beam misalignments are performed for both line and point focus residual stress optics combinations. This investigation includes experiments with mixed combinations of typical “focusing beam optics” and “parallel beam optics”. It is verified if the peak positions are either sensitive to height errors like for the focusing beam geometry or insensitive like for the parallel beam geometry. The peak position sensitivity is classified for all combinations of incident beam and diffracted beam optics modules.

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31

NOWAK, S. y A. OREFICE. "Quasi-optical description of reflection, focusing and plasma cut-offs of electron cyclotron Gaussian beams". Journal of Plasma Physics 57, n.º 2 (febrero de 1997): 349–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022377896004850.

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In the analysis of the propagation of electromagnetic waves in the electron cyclotron frequency range, in both isotropic media and magnetoactive plasmas, the role of diffractive effects, which are not accounted for by geometrical optics, may no longer be neglected when highly collimated beams are to be employed. Moreover, when lenses, mirrors, refractive gradients and/or wave cut-offs are placed along the beam trajectory, the very concept of independent optical rays tends to introduce singularities, which do not always correspond to physical features. A quasi-optical approach has previously been shown to present the advantage of allowing a description (at the lowest order of approximation) of the diffractive widening of the beam. The specific aim of this paper is to test, when reflection, refraction or beam focusing indicates the need for particular attention, the solution method employed within such an approach. The results presented here concern the propagation and power deposition profiles, in a number of crucial physical situations, of narrow electron cyclotron beams launched, in Gaussian form, either into isotropic transparent media or through anisotropic toroidal plasmas of fusion interest.

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MacDonald, C. A., S. M. Owens y W. M. Gibson. "Polycapillary X-ray optics for microdiffraction". Journal of Applied Crystallography 32, n.º 2 (1 de abril de 1999): 160–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s0021889898008826.

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Polycapillary optics,i.e.shaped arrays consisting of hundreds of thousands of hollow glass capillary tubes, can be used to redirect, collimate or focus X-ray beams. X-rays emitted over a large angular range from conventional laboratory-based sources can be transformed into a beam with a small angular divergence or focused onto a small sample or sample area. Convergent beams of X-rays, with convergence angles as high as 15°, have been produced using polycapillary X-ray optics. Focused-spot sizes as small as 20 µm have been achieved, with flux densities two orders of magnitude larger than that produced by pinhole collimation. This results in a comparable decrease in data collection times because of the increase in direct-beam intensity and reciprocal-space coverage. In addition, the optics can be employed to reduce background and provide more convenient alignment geometries. The inverse dependence of the critical angle for total external reflection on photon energy results in suppression of high-energy photons. This effect can be employed to allow the use of higher tube potentials to increase the characteristic line emission and has also been employed to increase significantly theKα/Kβ ratio in Cu radiation. Measurements of X-ray diffraction data and crystallographic analyses have been performed for systems ranging from elemental crystals to proteins. Data from a lysozyme protein `standard' with a slightly convergent beam, taken in 3 min per frame with 2° oscillation with a 2.8 kW source, refined to an intensity variance of 5% compared to a standard data set. High-quality data were also obtained with a 0.03 kW fixed-anode source and a 2° convergent lens in 5 min per frame.

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33

Zhou, Peng, Jingduo Cui, Zelin Du, Tao Zhang y Zhiguo Liu. "High-quality quasi-parallel X-ray beam obtained by a parabolic monocapillary X-ray lens with a square beam stop". Journal of X-Ray Science and Technology 30, n.º 2 (15 de marzo de 2022): 261–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/xst-211029.

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Parabolic monocapillary X-ray lens (PMXRL) is an ideal optical device for constraining the point divergent X-ray beams to quasi-parallel beams, but the overlap of direct X-rays and reflected X-rays through PMXRL deteriorates the outgoing beam divergence. Aiming to solve this problem, this study designs and tests a square-shaped lead occluder (SSLO) embedded in PMXRL to block the direct X-rays passing through the PMXRL. Python simulations are employed to determine the geometric parameters of the SSLO as well as the optimal position of the SSLO in the PMXRL according to our proposed model. The PMXRL with a conic parameter p of 0.000939 mm and a length L of 60.8 mm is manufactured and the SSLO with a size of 0.472 mm×0.472 mm×3.4 mm is embedded into it. An optical path system based on this PMXRL is built to measure the divergence of the outgoing X-ray beam. The experimental results show that the quasi-parallel X-ray beam reaches a divergence of 0.36 mrad in the range from 15–45 mm at the PMXRL outlet. This divergence is 10 times lower than the theoretical divergence without SSLO. Our work provides an alternative method for obtaining highly parallel X-ray beam and is beneficial to generate or facilitate new applications of monocapillary optics in X-ray technology.

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34

Bing Dong, Bing Dong y Rui Wang Rui Wang. "Laser beam cleanup using improved model-based wavefront sensorless adaptive optics". Chinese Optics Letters 14, n.º 3 (2016): 031406–31409. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/col201614.031406.

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35

Liu, Bingcai, Dasen Wang, Xueliang Zhu, Hongjun Wang, Ailing Tian y Weiguo Liu. "Wavelength-Tuning Common-Path Digital Holographic Microscopy for Quantitative Phase Imaging of Functional Micro-Optics Components". Applied Sciences 10, n.º 16 (13 de agosto de 2020): 5602. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10165602.

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This study proposes a novel wavelength-tuning common-path digital holographic microscopy technique for quantitative phase imaging of functional micro-optics components. The proposed technique is immune to vibration and can reduce system error. In the proposed configuration, a parallel glass plate was inserted into the light path to create two identical test beams, which passed through a specially designed window filter. In this process, one beam serves as the object beam, while the other is diffracted to produce an ideal spherical wave front (the reference beam). A wavelength tunable laser was used as the light source to generate phase-shifting digital holograms. Structural information for the functional micro-optics components was then extracted using a classical four-step phase-shift algorithm. The viability of the proposed technique was assessed by measuring a micro-optics array.

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36

Wang, Jian, Xuanwen Hua, Changliang Guo, Wenhao Liu y Shu Jia. "Airy-beam tomographic microscopy". Optica 7, n.º 7 (13 de julio de 2020): 790. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/optica.389894.

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37

Bardinal, V., T. Camps, B. Reig, D. Barat, E. Daran y J. B. Doucet. "Collective Micro-Optics Technologies for VCSEL Photonic Integration". Advances in Optical Technologies 2011 (10 de diciembre de 2011): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/609643.

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We describe the main recent technological approaches that associate micro-optical elements to VCSELs in order to control their output beam and to improve their photonic integration. These approaches imply either a hybrid assembly or a direct integration technique. They are compared with regards to their tolerance to alignment errors and to their ease of implementation onto arrays of devices at a wafer level. In particular, we detail the integration techniques we have developed for self-aligned polymer microlens fabrication for beam collimation and short distance beam focusing. Finally, designs to achieve active micro-optics or to exploit novel nanophotonic effects are discussed.

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38

Margousi, David y Hamed Reza Shoorian. "Remote nano-optical beam focusing lens by illusion optics". Applied Physics A 117, n.º 2 (23 de agosto de 2014): 505–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00339-014-8692-9.

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39

Volpp, Joerg, Jennifer Srowig y Frank Vollertsen. "Spatters during Laser Deep Penetration Welding with a Bifocal Optic". Advanced Materials Research 1140 (agosto de 2016): 123–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1140.123.

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The energy efficient, high-speed laser deep penetration welding process is a technology which is increasingly used for industrial applications. In order to guarantee weld seams of high quality a stable process needs to be established. Especially when welding aluminium alloys the weld quality is reduced due to occurring spatters which entails a loss of material. Solidified spatters remain on the surface of the specimen after welding and need to be cleaned for further processing steps. One method to change the process behaviour is beam shaping. In this work, a bifocal optic is used to produce two foci along the beam axis in order to manipulate the energy input into the keyhole. Bead-on-plate welds are produced in aluminium alloy EN AW-6082 and mild steel S235. For comparison, welding is conducted using standard optics. The spatter occurrence is compared when using these different beam shapes. While a reduced number of spatters per time are observed the spatter size increases when using the bifocal optic in this study.

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40

Xiao, Yuzhe, Zhaoning Yu, Raymond A. Wambold, Hongyan Mei, Garrett Hickman, Randall H. Goldsmith, Mark Saffman y Mikhail A. Kats. "Efficient generation of optical bottle beams". Nanophotonics 10, n.º 11 (29 de julio de 2021): 2893–901. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/nanoph-2021-0243.

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Abstract Optical bottle beams can be used to trap atoms and small low-index particles. We introduce a figure of merit (FoM) for optical bottle beams, specifically in the context of optical traps, and use it to compare optical bottle-beam traps obtained by three different methods. Using this FoM and an optimization algorithm, we identified the optical bottle-beam traps based on a Gaussian beam illuminating a metasurface that are superior in terms of power efficiency than existing approaches. We numerically demonstrate a silicon metasurface for creating an optical bottle-beam trap.

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41

Moxham, Thomas E. J., Aaron Parsons, Tunhe Zhou, Lucia Alianelli, Hongchang Wang, David Laundy, Vishal Dhamgaye, Oliver J. L. Fox, Kawal Sawhney y Alexander M. Korsunsky. "Hard X-ray ptychography for optics characterization using a partially coherent synchrotron source". Journal of Synchrotron Radiation 27, n.º 6 (16 de octubre de 2020): 1688–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s1600577520012151.

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Ptychography is a scanning coherent diffraction imaging technique which provides high resolution imaging and complete spatial information of the complex electric field probe and sample transmission function. Its ability to accurately determine the illumination probe has led to its use at modern synchrotrons and free-electron lasers as a wavefront-sensing technique for optics alignment, monitoring and correction. Recent developments in the ptychography reconstruction process now incorporate a modal decomposition of the illuminating probe and relax the restriction of using sources with high spatial coherence. In this article a practical implementation of hard X-ray ptychography from a partially coherent X-ray source with a large number of modes is demonstrated experimentally. A strongly diffracting Siemens star test sample is imaged using the focused beam produced by either a Fresnel zone plate or beryllium compound refractive lens. The recovered probe from each optic is back propagated in order to plot the beam caustic and determine the precise focal size and position. The power distribution of the reconstructed probe modes also allows the quantification of the beams coherence and is compared with the values predicted by a Gaussian–Schell model and the optics exit intensity.

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42

Oponowicz, E., L. Bottura, Y. Dutheil, A. Haziot y A. Gerbershagen. "Study of coil configuration and local optics effects for the GaToroid ion gantry design". Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2420, n.º 1 (1 de enero de 2023): 012100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2420/1/012100.

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Abstract GaToroid, a novel gantry configuration for hadron therapy, is based on superconducting coils that generate a toroidal magnetic field to deliver the beam to the tumour location. Designing the complex GaToroid coils requires careful consideration of the local beam optical effects. We present a Python-based tool for charged particle transport in complex electromagnetic fields. The code implements fast tracking in arbitrary three-dimensional field maps, and it does not require a definition of specific or regular reference trajectories, as is generally the case for accelerator physics codes. The tool was used to characterise the beam behaviour inside the GaToroid system: to automatically determine the reference trajectories in the symmetry plane and analyse three-dimensional beam dynamics around these trajectories. Beam optical parameters in the field region were compared for various magnetic configurations of GaToroid. This paper introduces the new tracker and shows the benchmarking results. Furthermore, first-order beam optics studies for different arrangements demonstrate the main code features and serve for the design optimisation.

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43

Lukin, V. P., N. N. Botygina, P. A. Konyaev, O. V. Kulagin y I. A. Gorbunov. "The combined use of adaptive optics and nonlinear optical wavefront reversal techniques to compensate for turbulent distortions when focusing laser radiation on distant objects". Computer Optics 44, n.º 4 (agosto de 2020): 519–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.18287/2412-6179-co-725.

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Approaches to constructing a mock-up of a system for focusing laser radiation on distant objects using both adaptive optics elements and nonlinear-optical wavefront reversal methods providing compensation for turbulent distortions are considered. Numerical calculations were preliminarily performed, in which the split-step method was used as a numerical method for solving a second-order partial differential wave equation for the complex amplitude of the wave field of a laser beam. This method, combined with methods of spectral-phase Fourier transforms and statistical tests, is the most effective way to obtain reliable quantitative results for solving engineering problems of atmospheric wave optics. Quantitative data are obtained on the effect of turbulent atmospheric distortions along propagation paths on the main parameters of coherent laser beams – focusing, effective average radius, and the proportion of the beam energy in its diffraction spot. The preliminary results obtained of the system mock-up performance confirm the conclusions of the theory.

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44

Yuan, Zheng, Yi Fan Dai, Xu Hui Xie y Lin Zhou. "Ion Beam Figuring System for Ultra-Precise Optics". Key Engineering Materials 516 (junio de 2012): 19–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.516.19.

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Ion beam figuring (IBF) is a novel technology for Ultra-precise optics. Material is removed from optic surface in atomic or molecular form by physical sputtering. Due to non-contact between the tool and the work piece, the problems involved in the conventional process are avoided, such as edge-effect and tool-wear. The ion beam figuring process is of high determinacy and high efficiency. All these properties make ion beam figuring one of the promising methods for producing mirrors of high precision with nm-rms accuracy. In this article, a new ion beam figuring system which contains doubled vacuum chambers is set up. Optics can be exchanged by a transport vehicle shuttling between the two vacuum chambers without opening the primary vacuum chamber and waiting for the ion source to cool completely, which means the efficiency can be increased greatly. A high performance processing robot contains three linear axes and two angular axes of motion, providing 5-axis ion source positioning capability with high accuracy. The angle can be up to 50° to figure very steep spherical and aspherical surfaces. Then, the beam removal function of Gaussian shape is obtained by an experimental method and it is extremely stable for a long time. Finally, two sample mirrors are figured by the ion beam figuring system: one is a fused silica flat mirror with a 100 mm diameter (90% effective aperture) and an ultra-precise flat mirror with a surface error of 0.89 nm rms, 14.7 nm PV is obtained; the other fused silica concave spherical mirror with a 100 mm aperture (90% effective aperture) and 420 mm radius of curvature is figured and a concave spherical mirror with 1 nm rms, 16.9 nm PV is obtained, which prove that the ion beam figuring system is favourable for the figuring process.

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45

Robertson, C. S., P. N. Burrows, M. Dosanjh, A. Latina y A. Gerbershagen. "Beam optics study for a potential VHEE beam delivery system". Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2420, n.º 1 (1 de enero de 2023): 012102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2420/1/012102.

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Abstract VHEE (Very High Energy Electron) therapy can be superior to conventional radiotherapy for the treatment of deep seated tumours, whilst not necessarily requiring the space and cost of proton or heavy ion facilities. Developments in high gradient RF technology have allowed electrons to be accelerated to VHEE energies in a compact space, meaning that treatment could be possible with a shorter linac. A crucial component of VHEE treatment is the transfer of the beam from accelerator to patient. This is required to magnify the beam to cover the transverse extent of the tumour, whilst ensuring a uniform beam distribution. Two principle methodologies for the design of a compact transfer line are presented. The first of these is based upon a quadrupole lattice and optical magnification of beam size. A minimisation algorithm is used to enforce certain criteria on the beam distribution at the patient, defining the lattice through an automated routine. Separately, a dual scattering-foil based system is also presented, which uses similar algorithms for the optimisation of the foil geometry in order to achieve the desired beam shape at the patient location.

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46

Hunter, Boyd V. y Keng H. Leong. "Improving fiber-optic laser beam delivery by incorporating GRADIUM optics". Applied Optics 36, n.º 13 (1 de mayo de 1997): 2763. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ao.36.002763.

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47

Ueda, Ken-Ichi. "Present status and prospect of KrF laser physics and technology–large volume excitation and UV optics". Laser and Particle Beams 7, n.º 3 (agosto de 1989): 375–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263034600007333.

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The physics and technology for e-beam generation, large volume excitation and the ultra-violet optics for high power KrF lasers is presented. The potential, due to the charge deposition, induces a return current in the plasma which balances the e-beam current. The local equilibrium mechanism stabilizes the large volume excitation using intense electron beams. The spatial and temporal characteristics of large aperture diodes are analyzed. Substantial progress in ultra violet optics in Japan has been achieved. The damage threshold of HR dielectric coating increases up to 11 J/cm2 by using low absorption materials.

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48

Dub, P. y O. Litzman. "The Darwin procedure in optics of layered media and the matrix theory". Acta Crystallographica Section A Foundations of Crystallography 55, n.º 4 (1 de julio de 1999): 613–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s010876739801513x.

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The Darwin dynamical theory of diffraction for two beams yields a nonhomogeneous system of linear algebraic equations with a tridiagonal matrix. It is shown that different formulae of the two-beam Darwin theory can be obtained by a uniform view of the basic properties of tridiagonal matrices, their determinants (continuants) and their close relationship to continued fractions and difference equations. Some remarks concerning the relation of the Darwin theory in the three-beam case to tridiagonal block matrices are also presented.

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49

Jiang, Xiao Xiao, Feng Wen Wang, Zhen He Ma, Qiong Chan Gu, Jiang Tao Lv y Guang Yuan Si. "Arbitrary Structures Fabricated by Focused Ion Beam Milling". Advanced Materials Research 661 (febrero de 2013): 66–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.661.66.

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Optical components at the nanoscale are crucial for developing photonics and integrated optics. Device with ultrasmall dimensions is of particular importance for nanoscience and electronic technology. Among all the manufacturing tools, the focused ion beam is a critical candidate for machining and processing optical devices at the nanoscale. Here, we experimentally demonstrate the fabrication of nanodevices with arbitrary shapes and different potential applications using focused ion beam techniques.

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50

Berujon, Sebastien, Ruxandra Cojocaru, Pierre Piault, Rafael Celestre, Thomas Roth, Raymond Barrett y Eric Ziegler. "X-ray optics and beam characterization using random modulation: experiments". Journal of Synchrotron Radiation 27, n.º 2 (20 de febrero de 2020): 293–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s1600577520000508.

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A parallel paper [Berujon, Cojocaru, Piault, Celestre, Roth, Barrett & Ziegler (2020), J. Synchrotron Rad. 27, 284–292] reviewed theoretically some of the available processing schemes for X-ray wavefront sensing based on random modulation. Shown here are experimental applications of the technique for characterizing both refractive and reflective optical components. These fast and accurate X-ray at-wavelength metrology methods can assist the manufacture of X-ray optics that transport X-ray beams with a minimum amount of wavefront distortion. It is also recalled how such methods can facilitate online optimization of active optics.

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