Artículos de revistas: "Batterie Nickel-Zinc"

1

McBreen, James. "Nickel/zinc batteries". Journal of Power Sources 51, n.º 1-2 (agosto de 1994): 37–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-7753(94)01954-1.

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2

Yao, Shouguang, Xin Kan, Rui Zhou, Xi Ding, Min Xiao y Jie Cheng. "Simulation of dendritic growth of a zinc anode in a zinc–nickel single flow battery using the phase field-lattice Boltzmann method". New Journal of Chemistry 45, n.º 4 (2021): 1838–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0nj05528j.

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3

Chang, H. y C. Lim. "Zinc deposition during charging nickel/zinc batteries". Journal of Power Sources 66, n.º 1-2 (mayo de 1997): 115–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0378-7753(96)02536-0.

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4

Nazri, M. A., Anis Nurashikin Nordin, L. M. Lim, M. Y. Tura Ali, Muhammad Irsyad Suhaimi, I. Mansor, R. Othman, S. R. Meskon y Z. Samsudin. "Fabrication and characterization of printed zinc batteries". Bulletin of Electrical Engineering and Informatics 10, n.º 3 (1 de junio de 2021): 1173–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/eei.v10i3.2858.

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Zinc batteries are a more sustainable alternative to lithium-ion batteries due to its components being highly recyclable. With the improvements in the screen printing technology, high quality devices can be printed with at high throughput and precision at a lower cost compared to those manufactured using lithographic techniques. In this paper we describe the fabrication and characterization of printed zinc batteries. Different binder materials such as polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP) and polyvinyl butyral (PVB), were used to fabricate the electrodes. The electrodes were first evaluated using three-electrode cyclic voltammetry, x-ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy before being fully assembled and tested using charge-discharge test and two-electrode cyclic voltammetry. The results show that the printed ZnO electrode with PVB as binder performed better than PVP-based ZnO. The XRD data prove that the electro-active materials were successfully transferred to the sample. However, based on the evaluation, the results show that the cathode electrode was dominated by the silver instead of Ni(OH)2, which leads the sample to behave like a silver-zinc battery instead of a nickel-zinc battery. Nevertheless, the printed zinc battery electrodes were successfully evaluated, and more current collector materials for cathode should be explored for printed nickel-zinc batteries.

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5

Hu, Hang, Anqiang He, Douglas Ivey, Drew Aasen, Sheida Arfania y Shantanu Shukla. "Failure Analysis of Nickel-Coated Anodes in Zinc-Air Hybrid Flow Batteries". ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-01, n.º 1 (7 de julio de 2022): 26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-01126mtgabs.

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A zinc-air flow battery system pumps "fuel” (a zinc particle/KOH slurry) from a fuel tank to a fuel cell stack, where the zinc particles are combined with oxygen from the air to form zincate ions and produce electricity. The zincate-rich electrolyte is then returned to the fuel tank. During the charging cycle, the electrolyte is passed to the zinc regenerator, where electricity (from renewable sources such as solar or wind) is utilized to convert the zincate ions to zinc particles. The regenerated fuel is pumped back into the fuel tank for the discharge process. Nickel is considered for use as the anode during zinc regeneration as it has been shown to be an active catalyst for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER). However, nickel electrodes pose manufacturing challenges due to machinability issues. Alternatively, nickel can be coated on a machinable metal substrate to improve scalability. These electrodes are subjected to open circuit voltage (OCV), OER, and the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) during operation of zinc-air flow batteries. The electrodes have been observed to fail during prolonged voltage cycling due to nickel coating delamination, which manifests itself as blistering, flaking, and discoloration. It is hypothesized that this may be due to electrolyte penetration into the pores of the nickel coating during operation. The present work is aimed at analyzing and mitigating the coating delamination process through characterization of various Ni coating recipes. As-fabricated and cycled electrodes are characterized using various microstructural techniques, including optical microscopy, x-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning and transmission electron microscopy (SEM and TEM), and x-ray tomography. Coated electrodes are also evaluated electrochemically and the results are correlated with the microstructural analysis. The overall goal of the work is to understand the failure mechanisms and apply the knowledge to fabricate improved coatings for OER electrodes.

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Vahdattalab, Aydin, Ali Khani y Sajad Pirsa. "Study Nickel recycling and leaching of metals from Eco-Friendly Nickel-metal hydride battery by response surface method". Latin American Applied Research - An international journal 54, n.º 2 (11 de marzo de 2024): 201–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.52292/j.laar.2024.1235.

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In this research, nickel metal hydride batteries were designed in certain sizes and components. In order to evaluate the quality and quantity of the designed batteries, the metal mold was cut lengthwise from the inner layers of the battery. The active materials of the electrode used in this work were black powder and nickel alloy, which were manually separated from the batteries. Battery black powder was investigated by X-ray diffraction analyzes and the presence of nickel as the main constituent of black powder was confirmed. The results of atomic absorption showed that more than 99 % of the alloy were a nickel. In this study, black powder was leached with sulfuric acid. The influence of parameters such as temperature, sulfuric acid concentration and liquid to solid ratio (L/S) on nickel extraction in a discontinuous system at two-phase constant contact time were studied. According to the results, the parameters of sulfuric acid concentration, temperature, liquid to solid ratio and the interaction of acid concentration with itself were important in nickel extraction. Optimal leaching conditions included a temperature of 60 °C, an acid concentration of 1.42 mol/L and a liquid to solid ratio of 10 mL. Under optimal conditions, the leaching efficiency was 81.25%, which was better compared to the batteries with other models and brands. In the next step, the purification of the leaching solution was investigated by sodium carbonate and a combination of sodium carbonate and sodium hydroxide. The results of atomic absorption showed that more than 83% of cobalt, manganese and zinc were removed and more than 98% of nickel ions were recycled, which was better than commercial batteries of various brands. Because the return of cobalt, manganese and zinc to nature by other batteries is higher than the designed battery and the recycling percentage of nickel ions is lower, these results are very important in terms of environmental safety.

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7

Long, Jeffrey W., Ryan H. DeBlock, Christopher N. Chervin, Joseph F. Parker y Debra R. Rolison. "(Invited) Architected Zinc Anodes Enable Next-Generation Aqueous Rechargeable Batteries". ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2023-01, n.º 5 (28 de agosto de 2023): 900. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2023-015900mtgabs.

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Zinc-based batteries offer the compelling benefits of a high-capacity, abundant anode material and the use of aqueous electrolytes for ease of assembly and safe operation. To solve the standing roadblock to rechargeable zinc-based batteries—shape change and dendrite formation under demanding cycling conditions—we adapt lessons of 3D electrode design from our prior breakthroughs with energy-storing nanoarchitectures. Zinc “sponge” form factors are fabricated by fusing 50–100 mm zinc particles into a porous, monolithic structure. Electrochemical reaction fronts are distributed throughout these 3D-wired zinc architectures, effectively thwarting dendrite formation and homogeneously distributing reaction products, even at high current density [1,2]. Over the development course of the NRL Zn sponge anode, each successive generation has been further optimized with manufacturability as a foremost consideration, such that the current sponge formulation is readily and simply processed at increasing scale to sizes necessary for relevant energy-storage applications. Zinc sponges are evaluated in multiple battery configurations including zinc–air, nickel–zinc, and silver–zinc to validate such performance characteristics as cycle life and specific power. We are also expanding 3D architecture concepts to other metals of relevance for battery applications. [1] J.F. Parker, C.N. Chervin, E.S. Nelson, D.R. Rolison, J.W. Long, “Wiring zinc in three dimensions re-writes battery performance―Dendrite-free cycling.” Energy Environ. Sci., 7, 1117–1124 (2014). [2] J.F. Parker, C.N. Chervin, I.R. Pala, M. Machler, M.F. Burz, J.W. Long, and D.R. Rolison, “Rechargeable nickel–3D zinc batteries: An energy-dense, safer alternative to lithium-ion.” Science, 356, 415–418 (2017).

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8

Illoul, Aboubaker Essedik, Vincent Caldeira, Marian Chatenet y Laetitia Dubau. "Approaches Towards Improving Zinc-Nickel Batteries Performance". ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-01, n.º 1 (7 de julio de 2022): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-01121mtgabs.

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The zinc/nickel electrochemical system has long been proposed as a good candidate of secondary alkaline batteries due to its excellent performance versus other aqueous batteries, such as high practical specific energy, excellent specific power, high open circuit voltage, low cost and low toxicity [1,2]. These advantages make it suitable for replacing lead-acid and nickel-cadmium batteries [3]. However, the high solubility of zinc in concentrated alkaline electrolytes is still a significant problem that induces two main failure mechanisms: a shape-change of the zinc electrode and a redistribution of the zinc active material due to its dissolution/redeposition during cycling. Dendritic growth can occur as a consequence of zinc dissolution/redeposition, and if severe, may lead to separators’ perforation and internal electrical short-circuits [4]. These drawbacks reduce the cell's capacity and lifetime, especially compared to traditional competing systems [5]. In addition, since the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) is thermodynamically possible (especially during charging), the coulombic efficiency of the zinc electrode can be lowered by this parasite reaction [6]. The undesirable HER consumes water and some of the active material, yielding zinc hydroxide which in turn can generate a passivation layer that lowers the usability of the zinc anode materials [7]. There are different approaches to overcome these problems, such as the integration of additives in the active material formulation and/or in the electrolyte. In this contribution, we will show how regeneration of the active material can be obtained via appropriate steps of rest submitted to the active material and without the need for additional energy input. The so-called “self-healing” of the active material allows to recover a substantial part of the electrochemical performance. The concept was deeply studied and monitored by scanning electron microscopy coupled with elemental mapping by X-ray energy dispersive spectrometry, and operando tomography. An increase in the coulombic efficiency has been demonstrated making this discovery very promising for the future of zinc-based alkaline batteries. Keywords: Zinc-nickel batteries, additives, self-healing References: [1] M. Ma et al., “Electrochemical performance of ZnO nanoplates as anode materials for Ni/Zn secondary batteries,” J. Power Sources, vol. 179, no. 1, pp. 395–400, 2008, doi: 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2008.01.026. [2] S. H. Lee, C. W. Yi, and K. Kim, “Characteristics and electrochemical performance of the TiO 2-coated ZnO anode for Ni-Zn secondary batteries,” J. Phys. Chem. C, vol. 115, no. 5, pp. 2572–2577, 2011, doi: 10.1021/jp110308b. [3] B. Yang, Z. Yang, R. Wang, and Z. Feng, “Silver nanoparticle deposited layered double hydroxide nanosheets as a novel and high-performing anode material for enhanced Ni-Zn secondary batteries,” J. Mater. Chem. A, vol. 2, no. 3, pp. 785–791, 2014, doi: 10.1039/c3ta14237j. [4] Q. Zhang, J. Luan, Y. Tang, X. Ji, and H. Wang, “Interfacial Design of Dendrite-Free Zinc Anodes for Aqueous Zinc-Ion Batteries,” Angew. Chemie - Int. Ed., vol. 59, no. 32, pp. 13180–13191, 2020, doi: 10.1002/anie.202000162. [5] C. Chemist and B. Hill, “Introduction,” pp. 191–192, 1800. [6] S. Bin Lai et al., “A promising energy storage system: rechargeable Ni–Zn battery,” Rare Met., vol. 36, no. 5, pp. 381–396, 2017, doi: 10.1007/s12598-017-0905-x. [7] H. Kim, G. Jeong, Y. U. Kim, J. H. Kim, C. M. Park, and H. J. Sohn, “Metallic anodes for next generation secondary batteries,” Chem. Soc. Rev., vol. 42, no. 23, pp. 9011–9034, 2013, doi: 10.1039/c3cs60177c. Figure 1

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9

Shi, Xiangze, Xiao Li, Zijian He y Hui Jiang. "Dynamic Evolution of the Zinc-Nickel Battery Industry and Evidence from China". Discrete Dynamics in Nature and Society 2021 (7 de agosto de 2021): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/1992845.

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This paper analyzes the development prospects of zinc-nickel battery industry, further investigates the industry competition in existing markets by mathematical modeling, calculates the equilibrium price and profit of the oligarch competition by using the method of Stackelberg equilibrium and Nash equilibrium, and makes a comparison between them. Then, we study and model the case of renting and selling simultaneously. In addition, we also study the impact of futures prices on the zinc-nickel battery companies and carry out numerical simulation. At the end of this paper, we analyze the location of zinc-nickel battery enterprises and the industry development under the COVID-19 pandemic. The finding show that the reduction of raw material cost is of great help to the development of the zinc-nickel battery industry.

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10

Opitz, Martin y Seniz Sörgel. "Zinc Slurry Electrodes for Double Flow Zinc-Nickel Batteries". ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2023-02, n.º 4 (22 de diciembre de 2023): 709. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2023-024709mtgabs.

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Lithium-based systems are still the major storage technology especially in mobile applications like electromobility and consumer electronics. However, in the field of stationary energy storage devices, redox-flow batteries exhibit significant advantages because energy and power can be scaled independently and the device can be discharged up to 20 h, in contrast to lithium-ion batteries.[1] In the field of redox-flow batteries, the main focus is placed on vanadium-based systems. However, vanadium-based systems have some drawbacks due to the low gravimetric energy densities, the toxicity [2] and the high price of vanadium [3], as well as the short life span of the membrane separating the half-cells.[4] In our research project NiZi-Flow², a new concept of flow cells based on nickel and zinc is investigated, in which slurries of zinc and nickel-hydroxide particles are pumped through the flow battery, respectively. Our part in the project is the examination of the electrodeposition and dissolution of zinc under idealized conditions to obtain the influence of flow and current density parameters on the zinc surface morphology. To study the zinc half-cell, a stirred electrochemical cell was designed and cycling experiments with the zinc slurry were performed. M. Skyllas-Kazacos, M.H. Chakrabarti, S.A. Hajimolana, F.S. Mjalli, M. Saleem, J. Electrochem. Soc., 158 (2011) R55. A. Ciotola, M. Fuss, S. Colombo, W.-R. Poganietz, J. Energy Storage, 33 (2021) 102094. T. Nguyen, R.F. Savinell, Electrochem. Soc. Interface, 19 (2010) 54–56. A.Z. Weber, M.M. Mench, J.P. Meyers, P.N. Ross, J.T. Gostick, Q. Liu, J. Appl. Electrochem., 41 (2011) 1137–1164.

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11

Zhou, Lijun, Xiyue Zhang, Dezhou Zheng, Wei Xu, Jie Liu y Xihong Lu. "Ni3S2@PANI core–shell nanosheets as a durable and high-energy binder-free cathode for aqueous rechargeable nickel–zinc batteries". Journal of Materials Chemistry A 7, n.º 17 (2019): 10629–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9ta00681h.

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To meet the ever-increasing demand of multifarious electronics and electrified vehicles, developing stable and high-performance electrodes for aqueous rechargeable nickel–zinc (Ni//Zn) batteries is highly attractive.

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12

J. Shamkhi, Hibatallah y Tamara K. Hussein. "HEAVY METALS (Pb+2, Ni+2, Zn+2) REMOVAL FROM WASTEWATER USING LOW COST ADSORBENTS: A REVIEW". Journal of Engineering and Sustainable Development 25, Special (20 de septiembre de 2021): 3–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.31272/jeasd.conf.2.3.8.

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Pollution with heavy metal ions lead, zinc and nickel resulting from industrial wastewater for various industries such as electroplating industry, batteries, metal refining mines and other factories which discharge into the environment causing damage and pollution to the environment, living organisms, and the majority of heavy metals carcinogenic due to its high toxicity and its containment of dangerous chemicals. Potential danger to human health in all forms by ingestion, inhalation, or skin contact pose by heavy metals ions such as lead, nickel, zinc, and others. To prevent hazards, they must be removed before disposal by different methods such as ion- exchange, chemical separation, filtration, membrane separation, and adsorption. The purpose of this research is to review different low cost adsorbent materials to remove heavy metal ions lead, zinc and nickel from wastewater.

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13

Lin, Song Zhu, Xiao Qing Zhou y Ruo Kun Jia. "The Study on the Properties of Zinc-Nickel Battery". Advanced Materials Research 608-609 (diciembre de 2012): 1017–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.608-609.1017.

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A novel method was showed to the preparation of zinc electrodes with step heat. The process is not only simple for the preparation of electrodes, but also better for the performance. Zinc nitrate and calcium nitrate were selected as raw materials for preparing calcium zincate electrodes. Preparation of zinc electrodes under different conditions were studied and compared. The results shows that the performance of a battery which is composed of electrodes with step heat can meet the requirements for high power zinc-nickel batteries.

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14

Kimmel, Samuel W., Ryan H. DeBlock, Jaret A. Manley, Benjamin M. Gibson, Cory M. Silguero, Debra R. Rolison y Christopher P. Rhodes. "Designing Architected Nickel Hydroxide Cathodes for Rechargeable Alkaline Nickel–Zinc Batteries". ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2023-02, n.º 4 (22 de diciembre de 2023): 693. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2023-024693mtgabs.

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Now that dendrite-suppressing Zn sponge anodes developed at the U.S. Naval Research Laboratory [1] offer a safer route to aqueous batteries that can power a wide range of end uses including electric vehicles, portable electronic devices, and backup energy storage, we need better cathodes. With high rate capability and deep theoretical utilization of the zinc (DOD ≥ 40%) now routine in alkaline electrolytes, storing and delivering more than one electron per metal-centered active material in the cathode is next. We focus on moving the Ni cathode past the 0.8–0.9 electrons per Ni characteristic of fabricating the cathode using β-Ni(OH)2 to tap the extra capacity inherent to α-Ni(OH)2 (theoretical: 1.67 electrons/Ni). Substituting Al3+ into α-Ni(OH)2 stabilizes the alpha phase from conversion to beta phase upon contact with and cycling in aqueous KOH and shifts positive the cell voltage for oxygen evolution (OER), the parasitic charging reaction that affects coulombic efficiency and limits cycle life [2]. We have now redesigned a classic powder composite Ni cathode (carbon black + Ni(OH)2 + binder) into an architected Ni electrode to improve charging efficacy. Using microwave-assisted deposition of Al-substituted α-Ni(OH)2 nanosheets onto a freestanding carbon nanofiber paper electrode wires the active material in 3D to the current-collecting carbon throughout the volume of the electrode. The architected Ni cathodes are tested in alkaline cells versus zinc sponge anodes and demonstrate that architected electron-wiring improves the capacity, rate, and cycle stability of Ni cathodes relative to conventional powder-composite electrodes. Varying the synthetic conditions achieves mass loadings that approach technologically relevant values. The enhanced electrochemical performance of architected Ni cathodes and architected Zn anodes provides a pathway to energy dense, safe, rechargeable Ni–Zn batteries. [1] Parker, J.F.; Chervin, C.N.; Pala, I.R.; Machler, M.; Burz, M.F.; Long, J.W.; Rolison, D.R. Rechargeable Nickel–3D Zinc Batteries: An Energy-Dense, Safer Alternative to Lithium-Ion. Science 2017, 356, 415–418 (10.1126/science.aak9991). [2] Kimmel, S.W.; Hopkins,B.J.; Chervin, C.N.; Skeele, N.L.; Ko, J.S.; DeBlock, R.H.; Long, J.W.; Parker, J.F.; Hudak, B.M.; Stroud, R.M.; Rolison, D.R.;Rhodes, C.P.Capacity and Phase Stability of Metal-Substituted α-Ni(OH)₂ Nanosheets in Aqueous Ni–Zn Batteries. Mater. Adv. 2021, 2, 3060–3074 (10.1039/D1MA00080B).

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15

Pavlov, Alexandre P., Ljudmila K. Grigorieva, Semen P. Chizhik y Vitaly Kh Stankov. "Nickel-zinc batteries with long cycle life". Journal of Power Sources 62, n.º 1 (septiembre de 1996): 113–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0378-7753(96)02421-4.

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16

Lu, Zhiyi, Xiaochao Wu, Xiaodong Lei, Yaping Li y Xiaoming Sun. "Hierarchical nanoarray materials for advanced nickel–zinc batteries". Inorganic Chemistry Frontiers 2, n.º 2 (2015): 184–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4qi00143e.

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17

Chen, Qing, Liangyu Li y Yilin Ma. "Fulfilling the High Capacity of Zn Anodes in Rechargeable Alkaline Zn Batteries". ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2023-01, n.º 5 (28 de agosto de 2023): 902. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2023-015902mtgabs.

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A Zn anode in an alkaline electrolyte is often discharged to a shallow depth for an adequate cycle life. It limits the overall cell energy density and undermines its competitiveness against ever-improving lithium-ion cells. Our lab has been pushing the capacity limit of the alkaline Zn anode by understanding its failure mechanism and designing electrode microstructures and electrolyte alkalinity. I will discuss how we can revamp the paths of phase transition between Zn and ZnO by building a bi-continuous porous Zn anode and how a super-alkaline electrolyte can stabilize the anode at 60% depth of discharge. The mechanisms underlying the designs, including the interface-controlled structural evolution and the structural diffusion of alkaline electrolytes, will be explained to shed light on the future development of rechargeable Zn batteries. References: 1. Li, L.; Tsang, Y. C. A.; Xiao, D.; Zhu, G.; Zhi, C.; Chen, Q. Phase-Transition Tailored Nanoporous Zinc Metal Electrodes for Rechargeable Alkaline Zinc-Nickel Oxide Hydroxide and Zinc-Air Batteries. Nat Commun 2022, 13, 2870. 2. Zhu, G.; Xiao, D.; Chen, Q. Spontaneous Formation of Porous Zinc in Rechargeable Zinc Batteries. J. Electrochem. Soc. 2021, 168, 110524.

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18

Zhang, Ruizhi. "Comprehensive Evaluation and Analysis of New Batteries". MATEC Web of Conferences 386 (2023): 03007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202338603007.

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New batteries are the mainstream of battery development, and many industries cannot live without new batteries. Most of the new batteries do not pollute the environment and exceed traditional batteries in terms of energy efficiency and charge and discharge times. This paper mainly introduces solid battery, metal battery, sodium ion battery, lithium sulfur battery, fuel cell and nickel-metal hydride battery. In addition, the new battery is compared with the traditional batteries represented by lead-acid batteries, zinc-manganese batteries, zinc-air batteries, zinc-silver batteries, zinc-mercury batteries and Mg-manganese batteries, so as to analyze that the new battery has higher energy under the same volume, and the service life of the new battery is far longer than that of the traditional battery while charging and discharging more times. And in the production and use or waste treatment process will not produce a large number of heavy metals or harmful gases harmful to the human body or the environment, more friendly to the human body and the environment. However, the new battery also inevitably has many shortcomings, most of the new battery production and processing cost is high, raw material acquisition difficulty is high, waste utilization rate is low, manufacturing difficulty is high, the process flow line is complex, and so on, and in the study of the new battery in electric vehicles, aerospace, solar panels and daily life after the application of the new battery speculated that the future development prospects of the new battery is very broad. Although there are many problems with new batteries that can not be solved, the future will slowly replace the status of traditional batteries, and finally understand that new batteries will have a positive effect on the development of human beings.

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19

Payer, Gizem y Özgenç Ebil. "Zinc Electrode Morphology Evolution in High Energy Density Nickel-Zinc Batteries". Journal of Nanomaterials 2016 (2016): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/1280236.

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Prismatic Nickel-Zinc (NiZn) batteries with energy densities higher than 100 Wh kg−1were prepared using Zn electrodes with different initial morphologies. The effect of initial morphology of zinc electrode on battery capacity was investigated. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) reveal that initial morphology of zinc electrode changes drastically after a few charge/discharge cycles regardless of initial ZnO powder used. ZnO electrodes prepared using ZnO powders synthesized from ZnCl2and Zn(NO3)2lead to average battery energy densities ranging between 92 Wh kg−1and 109 Wh kg−1while using conventional ZnO powder leads to a higher energy density, 118 Wh kg−1. Average discharge capacities of zinc electrodes vary between 270 and 345 mA g−1, much lower than reported values for nano ZnO powders in literature. Higher electrode surface area or higher electrode discharge capacity does not necessarily translate to higher battery energy density.

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20

Ayetor, Godwin K., Emmanuel Duodu y John Abban. "Effects of Energy Storage Systems on Fuel Economy of Hybrid-Electric Vehicles". International Journal of Technology and Management Research 1, n.º 5 (12 de marzo de 2020): 14–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.47127/ijtmr.v1i5.39.

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Three energy storage systems, namely Nickel Zinc, Nickel Metal Hydride and Lithium ion batteries were simulated on ADVISOR (Advanced vehicle simulator) to determine their impact on fuel economy. ADVISOR, a drivetrain analysis tool developed in MATLAB/Simulink for comparing fuel economy and emissions performance and designed by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory by Ford, GM, and Chrysler was used for the simulations. In choosing the batteries for simulations, only the latest technological advanced batteries of NiZn, Li ion and NiMH were used. The results showed that NiZn battery influence in fuel economy and system efficiency far exceeds the other batteries especially for the combined Powertrain. While a lithium ion battery is seen to be well suited for Parallel and Series powertrains at higher speeds, average values for all drive cycle singles out NiZn as a better performing battery. NiMH showed the worst performance. This confirms NiMH, which is the predominant energy storage system today in the HEV industry, is deficient in advancing the growth of HEV’s.Keywords: power trains; hybrid energy storage; hybrid electric vehicle; combined hybrid; parallel hybrid

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21

Sobianowska-Turek, Agnieszka y Weronika Urbańska. "Future Portable Li-Ion Cells’ Recycling Challenges in Poland". Batteries 5, n.º 4 (12 de diciembre de 2019): 75. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/batteries5040075.

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The paper presents the market of portable lithium-ion batteries in the European Union (EU) with particular emphasis on the stream of used Li-ion cells in Poland by 2030. In addition, the article draws attention to the fact that, despite a decade of efforts in Poland, it has not been possible to create an effective management system for waste batteries and accumulators that would include waste management (collection and selective sorting), waste disposal (a properly selected mechanical method) and component recovery technology for reuse (pyrometallurgical and/or hydrometallurgical methods). This paper also brings attention to the fact that this EU country with 38 million people does not have in its area a recycling process for used cells of the first type of zinc-carbon, zinc-manganese or zinc-air, as well as the secondary type of nickel-hydride and lithium-ion, which in the stream of chemical waste energy sources will be growing from year to year.

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22

Wang, Fuxin, Yongzhuang Lu, Siqi Zeng, Yin Song, Dezhou Zheng, Wei Xu y Xihong Lu. "Nickel@Nickel Oxide Dendritic Architectures with Boosted Electrochemical Reactivity for Aqueous Nickel–Zinc Batteries". ChemElectroChem 7, n.º 22 (14 de octubre de 2020): 4572–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/celc.202001112.

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23

Morimitsu, Masatsugu, Takuya Okumura y Mayu Yasuda. "Cycling Performance of Zinc-Nickel Rechargeable Battery Using Segmentation of Electrolyte". ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2023-01, n.º 5 (28 de agosto de 2023): 889. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2023-015889mtgabs.

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An aqueous rechargeable battery (ARB) shows a high safety and a potential of high cycleability, which have been demonstrated with nickel-hydrogen batteries (NHB) used in electrified vehicles such as HEV and PHEV and electronic devices. A zinc-nickel secondary battery (ZNB) is one of the promising candidates of next-generation ARB which could have higher energy density and power density than NHB, although the zinc anode for secondary uses is still suffering from the issues on dendrite growth and non-uniform redistribution of zinc and zinc oxide, because they result in an internal short circuit and a poor capacity retention. In this paper, we introduce a novel zinc anode with segmentation of electrolyte (SoE) developed in our recent works. The concept of SoE is to segment the space of the electrolyte between the anode and the cathode. The electrolyte is KOH solutions containing zincate ions that are the intermediate of redox reaction between zinc and zinc oxide, and SoE gives the limited space for zincate ions, within which they can move free but the concentration change is suppressed in the limited space so that the non-uniform reaction distribution during charge and discharge is also inhibited. Our ZNB using SoE technology presented the excellent cycling performance at 1 C of charge-discharge rate for 5,500 cycles, in which the charge and discharge voltages hardly changed and the discharge capacity was 90% or more of the initial one during the cycles [1]. Comparison to ZNB using non-woven separator further indicated that SoE technology is beneficial to improve the cycling performance on cell voltage and capacity retention and ZNB with SoE is unnecessary to use non-woven separator. SoE is expected to solve the zinc anode problems of ZNB, i.e., both zinc dendrite and non-uniform distribution of zinc/zinc oxide, and may be applied to other zinc rechargeable battery such as zinc-air battery. This work was financially supported by DOWA Holdings, Co. Ltd. Ref. [1] M. Morimitsu, Patent No. WO-A1-2021/049609. Figure 1

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Qin, Xin, Zao Wang, Jingrui Han, Yonglan Luo, Fengyu Xie, Guangwei Cui, Xiaodong Guo y Xuping Sun. "Fe-doped CoP nanosheet arrays: an efficient bifunctional catalyst for zinc–air batteries". Chemical Communications 54, n.º 55 (2018): 7693–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8cc03902j.

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Fe-doped CoP nanoarrays on nickel foam (Fe_0.33–CoP/NF) act as a superior bifunctional electrocatalyst to CoP/NF for both the OER and ORR in alkaline media. In concentrated alkaline media, zinc–air batteries based on Fe_0.33–CoP/NF exhibit a power density of 63 mW cm⁻² with a long cycle life (up to 200 h).

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Cihanoğlu, Gizem y Özgenç Ebil. "Binder Effect on Electrochemical Performance of Zinc Electrodes For Nickel-Zinc Batteries". Journal of the Turkish Chemical Society, Section A: Chemistry 5, sp.is.1 (25 de diciembre de 2017): 65–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.18596/jotcsa.370774.

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Ito, Yasumasa, Michael Nyce, Robert Plivelich, Martin Klein, Daniel Steingart y Sanjoy Banerjee. "Zinc morphology in zinc–nickel flow assisted batteries and impact on performance". Journal of Power Sources 196, n.º 4 (febrero de 2011): 2340–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2010.09.065.

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27

Li, Yuanshun, Brian Washington, Gabriel Goenaga y Thomas A. Zawodzinski. "Improve the Zinc Slurry-Air Battery Performance: New Operational Mode to Separate Effects". ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-02, n.º 2 (9 de octubre de 2022): 156. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-022156mtgabs.

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In recent years, zinc air batteries received substantial interest as a viable next generation of batteries based on their merits of high energy densities, high performance, environmentally friendly, inexpensive, and abundant electrode material. Traditional secondary zinc air flow batteries use zinc metal as an anode. Severe dendrite growth and passivation limits the cycling behavior, which hinders commercialization in the industry. By substituting the zinc plate with a zinc slurry (zinc particles suspended in the alkaline media, typically with a high concentration of potassium hydroxide), the battery can in principle achieve higher energy density and attain more cycles but with very limited performance. Important questions related to such systems include the accessible percentage of Zn capacity, controlled by the formation of passivating layers on the particle and the intrinsic resistance of the slurry. Here, we present a new operational mode to investigate the performance of zinc slurry air battery. The anode of the test battery system consists of 5 cm2 nickel plate as current collector for 5 cm3 zinc slurry. The cathode consists of air electrode, bipolar plate, and current collector. Zinc particles (Spectrum) were suspended in 4M KOH stabilized by polyacrylic acid (PAA). In our testing, the polarization loss was measured and is separated from that associated with the air electrode using a reference electrode. The conductivity of the slurry was measured by the simply modified configuration of the cell. The utilization of zinc is measured by chronopotentiometry. The battery can work at 1.1 V with 200mA/cm2, and the slurry can achieve 48.7% utilization. Acknowledgements The authors gratefully acknowledge the support of the US Department of Energy Office of Electricity Storage Systems Program directed by Dr. Imre Gyuk and the University of Tennessee Governor’s Chair Fund for support of this work. Figure 1

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Malviya, Ashwani Kumar, Mehdi Zarehparast Malekzadeh, Francisco Enrique Santarremigia, Gemma Dolores Molero, Ignacio Villalba-Sanchis y Victor Yepes. "A Formulation Model for Computations to Estimate the Lifecycle Cost of NiZn Batteries". Sustainability 16, n.º 5 (27 de febrero de 2024): 1965. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su16051965.

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The increasing demand for electricity and the electrification of various sectors require more efficient and sustainable energy storage solutions. This paper focuses on the novel rechargeable nickel–zinc battery (RNZB) technology, which has the potential to replace the conventional nickel–cadmium battery (NiCd), in terms of safety, performance, environmental impact, and cost. The paper aims to provide a comprehensive and systematic analysis of RNZBs by modeling their lifecycle cost (LCC) from cradle to grave. This paper also applies this LCC model to estimate costs along the RNZB’s lifecycle in both cases: per kilogram of battery mass and per kilowatt hour of energy released. This model is shown to be reliable by comparing its results with costs provided by recognized software used for LCC analysis. A comparison of LCCs for three widely used battery technologies: lead–acid, Li-ion LFP, and NMC batteries, which can be market competitors of NiZn, is also provided. The study concludes that the NiZn battery was found to be the cheapest throughout its entire lifecycle, with NiZn Formulation 1 being the cheapest option. The cost per unit of energy released was also found to be the lowest for NiZn batteries. The current research pain points are the availability of data for nickel–zinc batteries, which are in the research and development phase, while other battery types are already widely used in energy storage. This paper recommends taking into account the location factor of infrastructures, cost of machinery, storage, number of suppliers of raw materials, amount of materials transported in each shipment, and the value of materials recovered after the battery recycling process to further reduce costs throughout the battery’s lifecycle. This LCC model can be also used for other energy storage technologies and serve as objective functions for optimization in further developments.

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DeBlock, Ryan H., Brandon J. Hopkins, Jesse S. Ko, Joseph F. Parker, Christopher N. Chervin, Nathaniel L. Skeele, Jeffrey W. Long y Debra R. Rolison. "(Invited) Sustainability, Safety, Scalability, Rechargeability, and Manufacturability Courtesy of Architected Zinc Anodes". ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-01, n.º 3 (7 de julio de 2022): 456. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-013456mtgabs.

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Towards the goal of decarbonizing electrification, concerns remain over the sustainability of the requisite Li and Co, as well as the stringent transportation limits on the amount and operational state of Li allowed in airfreight. Rechargeable zinc-based batteries using aqueous electrolyte offer a compelling alternative to lithium-based batteries with the added benefit of a two-electron anode that augments the energy density, helping to compensate for lower cell voltage inherent to aqueous electrolytes. To solve the standing caveat with rechargeable zinc-based batteries — that they form separator-piercing dendrites — we built on our understanding of the importance of 3D co-continuous wiring of electrons, ion, and molecules in energy-storing nanoarchitectures. Sponge form factors fabricated by fusing ~50 µm zinc particles into a monolithic pore–solid architecture physically prevents formation of dendrites even at high charging current density [1,2]. Throughout the story of the NRL Zn sponge anode, each successive generation of the electrode has been fabricated with manufacturability as a foremost consideration, such that the current sponge formulation (Gen 5) is processed quickly, at scale, to sizes necessary for decarbonizing electrification. I will present the performance of these “big and strong” zinc sponges versus a variety of cathodes and the potential paths forward for the development and transition of this safer energy-storage technology. [1] J.F. Parker, C.N. Chervin, E.S. Nelson, D.R. Rolison, J.W. Long, “Wiring zinc in three dimensions re-writes battery performance―Dendrite-free cycling.” Energy Environ. Sci., 7, 1117–1124 (2014). [2] J.F. Parker, C.N. Chervin, I.R. Pala, M. Machler, M.F. Burz, J.W. Long, and D.R. Rolison, “Rechargeable nickel–3D zinc batteries: An energy-dense, safer alternative to lithium-ion.” Science, 356, 415–418 (2017).

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30

Humble, Paul H., John N. Harb y Rodney LaFollette. "Microscopic Nickel-Zinc Batteries for Use in Autonomous Microsystems". Journal of The Electrochemical Society 148, n.º 12 (2001): A1357. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/1.1417975.

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31

Zhang, Li, Jie Cheng, Yu-sheng Yang, Yue-hua Wen, Xin-dong Wang y Gao-ping Cao. "Study of zinc electrodes for single flow zinc/nickel battery application". Journal of Power Sources 179, n.º 1 (abril de 2008): 381–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2007.12.088.

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32

Meng, Lingyi, Dun Lin, Jing Wang, Yinxiang Zeng, Yi Liu y Xihong Lu. "Electrochemically Activated Nickel–Carbon Composite as Ultrastable Cathodes for Rechargeable Nickel–Zinc Batteries". ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 11, n.º 16 (2 de abril de 2019): 14854–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsami.9b04006.

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33

Corrigan, Dennis A. "Pulse power tests on nickel oxide electrodes for nickel—zinc electric vehicle batteries". Journal of Power Sources 21, n.º 1 (agosto de 1987): 33–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-7753(87)80075-7.

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34

Landgraf, Niklas, Pranav Mandava, Joshua Cox, Pablo Skaggs, David Cornelison y Daniel Moreno. "Gas Evolution Characterization of NiZn Batteries with Residual Gas Analysis". ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2023-01, n.º 55 (28 de agosto de 2023): 2662. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2023-01552662mtgabs.

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As humanity strives to reduce its impact on the environment, the need for safe, recyclable, and efficient batteries increases. Nickel-Zinc batteries offer a solution to some of the world’s needs with its materials being abundant and recyclable, its ability to discharge at high currents, and its safe and nontoxic materials providing low risk with applications. Nickel-Zinc batteries are rechargeable, have a ZnO anode, a NiOOH cathode, and an aqueous KOH solution as the electrolyte. During cycling, Ni-Zn cells produce and consume H2 and O2 gas. This gassing behavior has not previously been characterized. The goal of this research was to analyze this gassing behavior by measuring the partial pressure vs. time of a cell’s headspace gas during cycling. The headspace gas was leaked into a vacuum chamber and analyzed with an RGA quadrupole mass spectrometer. The primary trend of the H2 gassing was that the cell produced hydrogen during charging and was rapidly consumed at the end of charging, which indicated recombination with oxygen at an internal catalyst coil. The consumption stopped about midway through discharging and began to produce the H2 gas again. The O2 gassing peaked as H2 was consumed and slowly tapered off during the rest of the discharge and charge. The curvature of these partial pressure plots was dependent of the cycle number and charge rate. The eventual goal of this research is to use the gassing data to indicate the different phases of the electrode materials present throughout cycling. Figure 1

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35

Cheng, Jie, Li Zhang, Yu-Sheng Yang, Yue-Hua Wen, Gao-Ping Cao y Xin-Dong Wang. "Preliminary study of single flow zinc–nickel battery". Electrochemistry Communications 9, n.º 11 (noviembre de 2007): 2639–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.elecom.2007.08.016.

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36

Opra, Denis P., Sergey V. Gnedenkov, Sergey L. Sinebryukhov, Andrey V. Gerasimenko, Albert M. Ziatdinov, Alexander A. Sokolov, Anatoly B. Podgorbunsky et al. "Enhancing Lithium and Sodium Storage Properties of TiO2(B) Nanobelts by Doping with Nickel and Zinc". Nanomaterials 11, n.º 7 (28 de junio de 2021): 1703. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano11071703.

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Nickel- and zinc-doped TiO2(B) nanobelts were synthesized using a hydrothermal technique. It was found that the incorporation of 5 at.% Ni into bronze TiO2 expanded the unit cell by 4%. Furthermore, Ni dopant induced the 3d energy levels within TiO2(B) band structure and oxygen defects, narrowing the band gap from 3.28 eV (undoped) to 2.70 eV. Oppositely, Zn entered restrictedly into TiO2(B), but nonetheless, improves its electronic properties (Eg is narrowed to 3.21 eV). The conductivity of nickel- (2.24 × 10−8 S·cm−1) and zinc-containing (3.29 × 10−9 S·cm−1) TiO2(B) exceeds that of unmodified TiO2(B) (1.05 × 10−10 S·cm−1). When tested for electrochemical storage, nickel-doped mesoporous TiO2(B) nanobelts exhibited improved electrochemical performance. For lithium batteries, a reversible capacity of 173 mAh·g−1 was reached after 100 cycles at the current load of 50 mA·g−1, whereas, for unmodified and Zn-doped samples, around 140 and 151 mAh·g−1 was obtained. Moreover, Ni doping enhanced the rate capability of TiO2(B) nanobelts (104 mAh·g−1 at a current density of 1.8 A·g−1). In terms of sodium storage, nickel-doped TiO2(B) nanobelts exhibited improved cycling with a stabilized reversible capacity of 97 mAh·g−1 over 50 cycles at the current load of 35 mA·g−1.

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37

Cheng, Yafei, Dezhou Zheng, Wei Xu, Hongbo Geng y Xihong Lu. "The ultrasonic-assisted growth of porous cobalt/nickel composite hydroxides as a super high-energy and stable cathode for aqueous zinc batteries". Journal of Materials Chemistry A 8, n.º 34 (2020): 17741–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0ta05941b.

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Porous cobalt/nickel composite hydroxides are facilely formed on Co–Ni foam via a facile and cost-effective ultrasonication strategy, exhibiting excellent rate performance and superb cycling stability as aqueous zinc battery cathode.

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38

Bahfie, Fathan, Azwar Manaf, Widi Astuti, Fajar Nurjaman, Erik Prastyo y Ulin Herlina. "Development of laterite ore processing and its applications". Indonesian Mining Journal 25, n.º 2 (diciembre de 2022): 89–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.30556/imj.vol25.no2.2022.1261.

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Nickel ore is found in two types sulfide and laterite. The sulfide is a nickel ore that has high nickel content and low reserves of natural resources than of the zinc laterite. In contrast, the laterite is a rock mineral that contains the iron-nickel oxide compounds. There are two methods of processing nickel laterite, namely hydrometallurgy and pyrometallurgy. The former is a method that uses leaching by a chemical solution or solid such as acid, as a reducing agent. The alkaline leaching (ammonia) is the most optimal method to obtain a nickel grade with the highest recovery but it needs more modification. Pyrometallurgical method uses high heat up to 1800°C, so it requires a lot of energy and needs improvement to decrease the carbon usage. The rotary kiln-electric furnace method is the optimal method for developing the nickel laterite. These methods generate products that can be applied to various fields. For example, the pyrometallurgy method produces nickel pig iron and ferronickel as raw materials for stainless steel and steel alloys. The hydrometallurgy method produces nickel sulfate and nickel oxide with a purity of 99% by weight as raw materials for magnets, sensors, and batteries. Hence, the hydrometallurgy method still needs improvements for the environmentally friendly reagent. Therefore, bioleaching will be a nickel laterite leaching process in the future by using bacteria as the reducing agent.

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Zhang, Emma Qingnan y Luping Tang. "Rechargeable Concrete Battery". Buildings 11, n.º 3 (9 de marzo de 2021): 103. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings11030103.

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A rechargeable cement-based battery was developed, with an average energy density of 7 Wh/m2 (or 0.8 Wh/L) during six charge/discharge cycles. Iron (Fe) and zinc (Zn) were selected as anodes, and nickel-based (Ni) oxides as cathodes. The conductivity of cement-based electrolytes was modified by adding short carbon fibers (CF). The cement-based electrodes were produced by two methods: powder-mixing and metal-coating. Different combinations of cells were tested. The results showed that the best performance of the rechargeable battery was the Ni–Fe battery, produced by the metal-coating method.

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40

Ebin, Burçak, Martina Petranikova, Britt-Marie Steenari y Christian Ekberg. "Recovery of industrial valuable metals from household battery waste". Waste Management & Research: The Journal for a Sustainable Circular Economy 37, n.º 2 (11 de enero de 2019): 168–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0734242x18815966.

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The modern community is dependent on electronic devices such as remote controls, alarm clocks, electric shavers, phones and computers, all of which are powered by household batteries. Alkaline, zinc–carbon (Zn-C), nickel metal hydride, lithium and lithium-ion batteries are the most common types of household energy storage technologies in the primary and secondary battery markets. Primary batteries, especially alkaline and Zn-C batteries, are the main constituents of the collected spent battery stream due to their short lifetimes. In this research, the recycling of main battery components, which are steel shells, zinc (Zn) and manganese oxides, was investigated. Household batteries were collected in Gothenburg, Sweden and mechanically pretreated by a company, Renova AB. The steel shells from spent batteries were industrially separated from the batteries themselves and the battery black mass obtained. A laboratory-scale pyrolysis method was applied to recover the Zn content via carbothermic reduction. First, the carbothermic reaction of the battery black mass was theoretically studied by HSC Chemistry 9.2 software. The effect of the amount of carbon on the Zn recovery was then examined by the designed process at 950°C. The recovery efficiency of Zn from battery black mass was over 99%, and the metal was collected as metallic Zn particles in a submicron particle size range. The pyrolysis residue was composed of mainly MnO2with some minor impurities such as iron and potassium. The suggested recycling process is a promising route not only for the effective extraction of secondary resources, but also for the utilization of recovered products in advanced technology applications.

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41

Yasuda, Mayu, Takuya Okumura y Masatsugu Morimitsu. "High Rate Performance of Zinc-Nickel Secondary Battery Using Robust Zinc Electrode". ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2020-02, n.º 68 (23 de noviembre de 2020): 3490. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2020-02683490mtgabs.

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42

Chowdhury, Anuradha, Kuan-Ching Lee, Mitchell Shyan Wei Lim, Kuan-Lun Pan, Jyy Ning Chen, Siewhui Chong, Chao-Ming Huang, Guan-Ting Pan y Thomas Chung-Kuang Yang. "The Zinc-Air Battery Performance with Ni-Doped MnO2 Electrodes". Processes 9, n.º 7 (23 de junio de 2021): 1087. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr9071087.

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A rechargeable zinc-air battery shows great promise because of its high energy density, low cost, greater safety, and its environment-friendly properties. However, rechargeable zinc-air battery development has been hindered by the lack of a satisfactory bi-functional electrode. In this research, we report on a solution which uses electro-deposition to dope nickel into manganese on the stainless-steel mesh. The result shows the hydroxyl group on the prepared samples improving its oxygen reduction reaction and oxygen evolution reaction performance, as well as boosting the ion diffusion rate and stabilizing the zinc-air battery charge-discharge performance (overall potential gap dropped from 0.84 V to 0.82 V after 1000 cycles). This study contributes to our understanding of a new method for the improvement of bi-functional electrodes.

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43

Ruismäki, Ronja, Anna Dańczak, Lassi Klemettinen, Pekka Taskinen, Daniel Lindberg y Ari Jokilaakso. "Integrated Battery Scrap Recycling and Nickel Slag Cleaning with Methane Reduction". Minerals 10, n.º 5 (13 de mayo de 2020): 435. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min10050435.

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Innovative recycling routes are needed to fulfill the increasing demand for battery raw materials to ensure sufficiency in the future. The integration of battery scrap recycling and nickel slag cleaning by reduction with methane was experimentally researched for the first time in this study. Industrial nickel slag from the direct Outotec nickel flash smelting (DON) process was mixed with both synthetic and industrial battery scrap. The end products of the slag-scrap mixtures after reduction at 1400 °C in a CH4 (5 vol %)-N2 atmosphere were an Ni–Co–Cu–Fe metal alloy and FeOx–SiO2 slag. It was noted that a higher initial amount of cobalt in the feed mixture increased the recovery of cobalt to the metal alloy. Increasing the reduction time decreased the fraction of sulfur in the metal alloy and magnetite in the slag. After reduction, manganese was deported in the slag and most of the zinc volatilized. This study confirmed the possibility of replacing coke with methane as a non-fossil reductant in nickel slag cleaning on a laboratory scale, and the recovery of battery metals cobalt and nickel in the slag cleaning process with good yields.

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Pang, Yajun, Lanze Li, Yanan Wang, Xinqiang Zhu, Jiujiu Ge, Hongxuan Tang, Yu Zheng et al. "Zinc-induced phase reconstruction of cobalt–nickel double hydroxide cathodes for high-stability and high-rate nickel–zinc batteries". Chemical Engineering Journal 436 (mayo de 2022): 135202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2022.135202.

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45

Cheng, Jie, Yue-Hua Wen, Gao-Ping Cao y Yu-Sheng Yang. "Influence of zinc ions in electrolytes on the stability of nickel oxide electrodes for single flow zinc–nickel batteries". Journal of Power Sources 196, n.º 3 (febrero de 2011): 1589–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2010.08.009.

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46

Weshahy, Ahmed R., Ayman A. Gouda, Bahig M. Atia, Ahmed K. Sakr, Jamelah S. Al-Otaibi, Aljawhara Almuqrin, Mohamed Y. Hanfi et al. "Efficient Recovery of Rare Earth Elements and Zinc from Spent Ni–Metal Hydride Batteries: Statistical Studies". Nanomaterials 12, n.º 13 (5 de julio de 2022): 2305. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano12132305.

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Considering how important rare earth elements (REEs) are for many different industries, it is important to separate them from other elements. An extractant that binds to REEs inexpensively and selectively even in the presence of interfering ions can be used to develop a useful separation method. This work was designed to recover REEs from spent nickel–metal hydride batteries using ammonium sulfate. The chemical composition of the Ni–MH batteries was examined. The operating leaching conditions of REE extraction from black powder were experimentally optimized. The optimal conditions for the dissolution of approximately 99.98% of REEs and almost all zinc were attained through use of a 300 g/L (NH4)2SO4 concentration after 180 min of leaching time and a 1:3 solid/liquid phase ratio at 120 °C. The kinetic data fit the chemical control model. The separation of total REEs and zinc was conducted under traditional conditions to produce both metal values in marketable forms. The work then shifted to separate cerium as an individual REE through acid baking with HCl, thus leaving pure cerium behind.

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47

Liang, Zhe, Chenmeng Lv, Luyao Wang, Xiran Li, Shiwen Cheng y Yuqiu Huo. "Design of Hollow Porous P-NiCo2O4@Co3O4 Nanoarray and Its Alkaline Aqueous Zinc-Ion Battery Performance". International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, n.º 21 (25 de octubre de 2023): 15548. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms242115548.

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Alkaline aqueous zinc-ion batteries possess a wider potential window than those in mildly acidic systems; they can achieve high energy density and are expected to become the next generation of energy storage devices. In this paper, a hollow porous P-NiCo2O4@Co3O4 nanoarray is obtained by ion etching and the calcination and phosphating of ZiF-67, which is directly grown on foam nickel substrate, as a precursor. It exhibits excellent performance as a cathode material for alkaline aqueous zinc-ion batteries. A high discharge specific capacity of 225.3 mAh g−1 is obtained at 1 A g−1 current density, and it remains 81.9% when the current density is increased to 10 A g−1. After one thousand cycles of charging and discharging at 3 A g−1 current density, the capacity retention rate is 88.8%. Even at an excellent power density of 25.5 kW kg−1, it maintains a high energy density of 304.5 Wh kg−1. It is a vital, promising high-power energy storage device for large-scale applications.

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48

Coates, Dwaine, Elio Ferreira y Allen Charkey. "An improved nickel/zinc battery for ventricular assist systems". Journal of Power Sources 65, n.º 1-2 (marzo de 1997): 109–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0378-7753(96)02614-6.

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Khezri, Ramin, Kridsada Jirasattayaporn, Ali Abbasi, Thandavarayan Maiyalagan, Ahmad Azmin Mohamad y Soorathep Kheawhom. "Three-Dimensional Fibrous Iron as Anode Current Collector for Rechargeable Zinc–Air Batteries". Energies 13, n.º 6 (19 de marzo de 2020): 1429. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13061429.

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A three-dimensional (3D) fibrous structure with a high active surface and conductive pathway proved to be an excellent anode current collector for rechargeable zinc–air batteries (ZABs). Herein, a cost-effective and highly stable zinc (Zn) electrode, based on Zn electrodeposited on iron fibers (Zn/IF), is duly examined. Electrochemical characteristics of the proposed electrode are seen to compete with a conventional zinc/nickel foam (Zn/NF) electrode, implying that it can be a suitable alternative for use in ZABs. Results show that the Zn/IF electrode exhibits an almost similar trend as Zn/NF in cyclic voltammetry (CV). Moreover, by using a Zn/IF electrode, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) demonstrates lower charge transfer resistance. In the application of a rechargeable ZAB, the fibrous Zn/IF electrode exhibits a high coulombic efficiency (CE) of 78%, close to the conventional Zn/NF (80%), with almost similar capacity and lower charge transfer resistance, after 200 charge/discharge cycles. It is evident that all the positive features of Zn/IF, especially its low cost, shows that it can be a valuable anode for ZABs.

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50

Oman, Henry. "Advances in Lithium and Nickel-Metal Hydride Battery Performance". MRS Bulletin 24, n.º 11 (noviembre de 1999): 33–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/s0883769400053434.

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Traditional batteries stored energy in thick plates made from heavy metals like lead, nickel, and zinc. They delivered from 15 to 20 Wh/kg. Lighter-weight lithium anodes were used in some military batteries. Then came the need for lightweight batteries for powering cellular telephones and laptop computers. Lithiumion batteries were developed, and the worldwide demand, just for use in laptop computers, has grown to 150 million units per year.The need to reduce air pollution in downtown areas has created a market for battery-powered electric vehicles. Clara Ford chose to drive an electric car, even though her husband, Henry Ford, was making gasoline-powered cars. However, the cost of replacing worn-out leadacid batteries soon ended the electric-car age of the early 1900s. The need for lightweight, long-life batteries for zero-emission cars has produced unprecedented investments in battery technology. The lithium-battery technology used in laptop-computer batteries did not support the requirements of high power and long life for the charge/discharge cycling needed in electric cars. An executive of a lithium-battery manufacturer was asked what he was doing about the cycle life of his batteries. His answer: “The life of a laptop computer is nine months. Then a newer model makes it obsolete. We meet this requirement!”

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