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1
D, Rabinowitz Philip, ed. Evolution of the conjugate East African-Madagascan margins and the Western Somali Basin. Boulder, Colo: Geological Society of America, 1988.
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2
Barzgar, M. A. Improving the quality of life through meeting the basic minimum needs of people: Somali experience in (BMN). [Mogadishu]: WHO, 1990.
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3
Terry D, Gill y Tibori-Szabó Kinga. Part 2 The Post-Cold War Era (1990–2000), 40 The Intervention in Somalia—1992–95. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198784357.003.0040.
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This chapter examines the 1992-1995 intervention of the United Nations and the United States in Somalia. It sets out the facts and context of the crisis, the positions of the main protagonists (UN, US and Somalia) as well as the reactions of third states and international organisations. The chapter then discusses several questions regarding the legality of the intervention under the jus ad bellum. It first looks at the legal basis of the intervention under Chapter VII of the UN Charter and the place of peace enforcement operations within that framework. It then analyses the types of mandates and their execution in the Somalian operations and lastly, it draws conclusions on the precedential value of the intervention for future UN collective operations.
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Evolution of the conjugate East African - Madagascan margins and the western Somali Basin. Geological Society of America, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/spe226.
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Rabinowitz, Philip D. y Millard F. Coffin. Evolution of the Conjugate East African-Madagascan Margins and the Western Somali Basin. Geological Society of Amer, 1996.
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6
Williams, Paul D. Security Sector Reform. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198724544.003.0010.
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This chapter analyses how AMISOM tried to cooperate and coordinate with the existing Somali security forces in order to fight an effective war against al-Shabaab and simultaneously help build a new set of ‘national’ security forces that could make the AU mission redundant. After explaining the key challenges involved in security sector reform, it starts with a brief overview of how Somalia’s armed forces evolved since independence, focusing on the period since 2008 when the basis of today’s Somali National Army (SNA) was formed. Throughout the twenty-first century, the Somali armed forces remained fragmented and their institutions and structures largely dysfunctional. The second section then examines seven major challenges that made AMISOM’s mandate to enhance the SNA particularly difficult. The final section reflects on some of the principal lessons that can be identified from AMISOM’s experience.
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Fraleigh, Sondra. Dancing Becomes Walking. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252039409.003.0003.
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This chapter reflects on the author’s personal transformations in developing Shin Somatics through study of several forms of yoga, the Alexander Technique, the Feldenkrais Method of Somatic Education, craniosacral therapy, and Zen mindfulness. In particular, it explains how dancing became a form of walking meditation for the author. The author also talks about finding ways to introduce somatic concepts into her teaching of dance and yoga in university and community settings, including a simple method of mindful meditation that attends to the breath, non-judgment, self-care, and forgiveness through the lens of Shin (Oneness). Finally, the chapter discusses how the author’s travels in Japan and India inspire much of the “East” in the Eastwest name, along with her involvement in butoh and the ways it has taught her about its somatic basis.
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De Wet, Erika. Regional Organizations and Arrangements. Editado por Marc Weller. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780199673049.003.0015.
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This chapter focuses on the African Union’s (AU) military operations since the turn of the century and the legal framework pertaining to its regional security. It examines the AU’s increasing involvement in peace operations since the late 1990s in the context of its relationship with the United Nations Charter. The chapter first clarifies the meaning of the term ‘regional organizations’ based on Article 53(1) of the UN Charter before discussing whether and to what extent regional enforcement action can be taken under regional arrangements or by regional agencies without the authorization of the UN Security Council. It then evaluates the legal basis of the AU’s military operations and their relationship with the UN Security Council, citing the cases of Burundi, Sudan, Somalia, and the Comoros.
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Divan, Aysha y Janice A. Royds. 7. Molecular biology in the clinic. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780198723882.003.0007.
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Environmental agents can cause genetic and epigenetic changes to DNA, the consequences of which lead to deregulation of cellular processes and pathways that cause disease. Genetic variation can either be inherited if acquired through the germline or non-heritable when the DNA changes occur in somatic (body) cells. ‘Molecular biology in the clinic’ discusses two key contemporary areas of clinical research that have benefited from an improved knowledge of their molecular basis: ageing and cancer. It shows that we are now better able to predict disease risk and design drugs that have higher clinical efficacy by targeting specific molecular pathways.
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Grush, Rick y Lisa Damm. Cognition and the Brain. Editado por Eric Margolis, Richard Samuels y Stephen P. Stich. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195309799.013.0012.
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The article explores the relationship between cognition and the brain. Some researches indicate that emotions provide information, anticipate future responses, influence reasoning strategy, index value, and direct attention toward particular objects but few psychologists have attempted to incorporate these results into an integrative general theory of cognition and emotion. Antonio Damasio claims that emotions are primarily representations of somatic states, including visceral and musculoskeletal, at the psychological level. The relationship between the event type and the associated emotional reaction is learned so that when the same type of event is encountered, or the same type of action considered, it can induce the corresponding emotion and the valance of that emotion can influence how the agent behaves in that situation. Damasio argued that somatic markers help facilitate reasoning by providing a rapid processing of potential decision outcomes based on immediate endorsement or rejection, which then helps constrain the decision-making space to a manageable size for which it becomes reasonable to employ more traditional means of evaluation such as cost-benefit analysis on the remaining options. Berthoz argued that the brain is a simulator of action and a generator of hypotheses such that anticipating and predicting the consequences of actions based on the remembered past is one of the basic properties of the brain.
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Pletnikov, Mikhail V., Guo-Li Ming y Christopher A. Ross. Animal and Cellular Models of Psychotic Disorders. Editado por Dennis S. Charney, Eric J. Nestler, Pamela Sklar y Joseph D. Buxbaum. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190681425.003.0015.
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Animal and cell models are experimental systems developed to study particular aspects of a disease, as no model can accurately reflect all features of the disease. In this critical review we mention some of the nongenetic models but focus on genetic mouse models, evaluate their advantages and limitations, and comment on potential new prospects for the field. The ability to reprogram somatic cells from patients and unaffected donors to induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) has the potential to substantially enhance our knowledge of normal cellular development and disease pathogenesis. The use of cell and animal models will help elucidate basic cellular and molecular mechanisms of pathogenesis, which will enable the development of targeted therapeutic approaches.
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Lam, Raymond W. Depression. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198804147.001.0001.
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Depression, Third Edition provides a succinct clinical guide for the recognition, diagnosis, management, and modalities of treatment of depressive disorders. This new edition includes the DSM-5 diagnostic criteria, updates the latest neurobiological and psychological findings, and summarizes the Canadian Network for Mood and Anxiety Treatments (CANMAT) 2016 Clinical Guidelines for the Management of Adults with Major Depressive Disorder. The initial chapters deal with the epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical features, and diagnosis of depression. Basic principles of clinical management are provided, as well as individual chapters dealing with the spectrum of available treatments for depression, including pharmacological, psychological, somatic, and complementary medicine approaches. A final chapter focuses on treatment-resistant depression (TRD) and other special populations including peripartum, elderly and medically ill, and children and adolescents.
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Hermans, Hubert J. M. The Positioning Brain. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190687793.003.0005.
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Recent developments in brain sciences and social psychology lead to a model focused on the communication channels between I-positions, connecting self with other, reason with emotion, and the conscious with the nonconscious as basic polarities of positioning. Emotional and reasoning positions, like conscious and nonconscious positions, are considered as mutually complementing opposites in both self and other. In this model the communication channels are of crucial importance as their features and qualities determine whether the positions are involved in competition or cooperation, conflict or harmony, suppress or support each other, create coalitions or retreat in isolation. A diversity of phenomena are explored, including theory of mind, hemispheric differentiation, empathy, somatic markers, body illusions, racial prejudices, difference between emotion and feeling, and cultural aspects of brain functioning.
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Kearney, Christopher A. y Anne Marie Albano. When Children Refuse School. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med-psych/9780190604059.001.0001.
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Problematic school absenteeism is the primary focus of When Children Refuse School: A Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy Approach, Therapist Guide. Youths who complete high school are more likely to experience greater success at social, academic, occupational, and economic aspects of functioning than youths who do not. Youths with problematic school absenteeism are at risk for lower academic performance and achievement, lower reading and mathematics test scores, fewer literacy skills, internalizing and externalizing behavior problems, grade retention, involvement with the juvenile justice system, and dropout. The treatment program presented here is designed for youths with primary and acute school refusal behavior. The program is based on a functional model of school refusal behavior that classifies youths on the basis of what reinforces absenteeism. For children who refuse school to avoid school-based stimuli that provoke negative affectivity, the treatment uses child-based psychoeducation, somatic control exercises, gradual reintroduction (exposure) to the regular classroom setting, and self-reinforcement. For children who refuse school to escape aversive social and/or evaluative situations, the treatment uses child-based psychoeducation, somatic control exercises, cognitive restructuring, gradual reintroduction (exposure) to the regular classroom setting, and self-reinforcement. For youths who refuse school to pursue attention from significant others, parent-based treatment includes modifying parent commands, establishing regular daily routines, developing rewards, reducing excessive reassurance-seeking behavior, and engaging in forced school attendance. For youths who refuse school to pursue tangible rewards outside of school, family-based treatment includes contingency contracts, communication skills, escorting the child to school and from class to class, and peer refusal skills.
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Chang, Victor T. Visceral pain. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199656097.003.0134.
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Visceral pain is pain that arises from, in, or around internal organs. Common examples include chest pain and functional abdominal pain. In palliative medicine, well-known visceral pain syndromes include pain from pancreatic cancer and bowel obstruction. Recent advances have increased our understanding of the diagnostic challenges and therapeutic possibilities for patients with visceral pain syndromes. Understanding the basis of referred pain is a key component of patient assessment. The complexity of visceral nociception and pain signalling is being unravelled through anatomical, immunohistochemical, and functional studies. On a molecular level, families of receptors and signalling proteins have now been described that will lead to a future with innovative therapies. This knowledge has developed within the paradigms of pain pathways, peripheral activation and peripheral and central sensitization, thereby linking and distinguishing visceral pain from somatic and neuropathic pain. Treatment options for visceral pain in palliative care encompass a wide variety of medical, interventional, and psychological approaches. With appropriate diagnostic measures and careful consideration of therapeutic options, most patients can achieve satisfactory relief.
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Renic, Neil C. Asymmetric Killing. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198851462.001.0001.
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This book offers an engaging and historically informed account of the moral challenge of radically asymmetric violence—warfare conducted by one party in the near-complete absence of physical risk, across the full scope of a conflict zone. What role does physical risk and material threat play in the justifications for killing in war? And crucially, is there a point at which battlefield violence becomes so one-directional as to undermine the moral basis for its use? In order to answers these questions, Asymmetric Killing delves into the morally contested terrain of the warrior ethos and Just War Tradition, locating the historical and contemporary role of reciprocal risk within both. This book also engages two historical episodes of battlefield asymmetry, military sniping and manned aerial bombing. Both modes of violence generated an imbalance of risk between opponents so profound as to call into question their permissibility. These now-resolved controversies will then be contrasted with the UAV-exclusive violence of the United States, robotic killing conducted in the absence of a significant military ground presence in conflict theatres such as Pakistan, Yemen, and Somalia. As will be revealed, the radical asymmetry of this latter case is distinct, undermining reciprocal risk at the structural level of war. Beyond its more resolvable tension with the warrior ethos, UAV-exclusive violence represents a fundamental challenge to the very coherence of the moral justifications for killing in war.
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Martynova, Elena. Ancient Chinese Taoist sacred practices as a way to rehabilitate the human body. Part 1. Triumph Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.29039/978-5-0056-2922-7-444-05-2023.
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The popular science collection examines the philosophy, theory and practice of Taoism for the physical and spiritual self-improvement of a person, for a return to the "Source of everything." In the V-III centuries. BC e. in Chinese Taoism, the practice of transforming a person to change his nature has received the greatest development. Taoism was formalized as a philosophical and religious system.
The presented method opens chakras in the practitioner's body and allows him to connect, as a conductor, to the natural energy of the Primary Source, creates the opportunity to do without water and physical food for an unlimited time, even all his life. On the basis of ancient Chinese practices, which are 2500 years old, a method has been developed for the rehabilitation of the human body, which heals various diseases, including incurable, inflammatory, infectious, somatic and others, prevents cardiovascular diseases, cleansing the body of toxins, stops the mechanism of transmission of hereditary and incurable diseases. diseases and 100% prevent their occurrence.
The ancient Chinese method returns the true consciousness of a person and helps to restore the natural sexual orientation, if it has been artificially changed to the opposite sex and is not associated with a pathological disease, restores health, energy and life, and prolongs youth to old age.
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Zamponi, Raoul y Bernard Comrie. A Grammar of Akabea. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198855798.001.0001.
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This grammar of Akabea is the first published descriptive grammar of a traditional language of the Great Andamanese family and the first grammar of a traditional Great Andamanese language written to current linguistic standards. Akabea died out in the 1920s, but was extensively documented in the late nineteenth century by two British administrators, Edward Horace Man and Maurice Vidal Portman. Although neither was a trained linguist, their material nonetheless provides a sufficient basis for a reliable analysis of Akabea grammar, especially its morphology and phrasal and clausal syntax, although there are inevitable limitations on our understanding of Akabea phonology, clause combining, and discourse structure. The published grammar is accompanied by an online appendix providing a diplomatic edition with commentary and analysis of the single most valuable resource for Akabea grammatical analysis, Portman’s Dialogues. For the first time, linguists will have access to an extensive and reliable grammatical description of a traditional Great Andamanese language, thus enabling Akabea to take its rightful place as an object of scientific study among the languages of the world. This is all the more important in that the language exhibits a number of cross-linguistically rare phenomena, such as a rich system of somatic (body-part) prefixes and the phenomenon of Verb Root Ellipsis, whereby under certain circumstances the root of a verb may be absent, leaving behind a grammatical word consisting solely of affixes. The work will also contribute to a deeper interdisciplinary understanding of the history and prehistory of the indigenous inhabitants of the Andaman Islands.