Artículos de revistas: "Barley Physiology"

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De Castro, James, Robert D. Hill, Claudio Stasolla y Ana Badea. "Waterlogging Stress Physiology in Barley". Agronomy 12, n.º 4 (24 de marzo de 2022): 780. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12040780.

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Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) is the most susceptible cereal species to excess moisture stress. Waterlogging-induced hypoxia causes major morphological, physiological, and metabolic changes, some of which are regulated by the action of plant growth regulators and signal molecules including nitric oxide. Recent studies have evidenced the participation of phytoglobins in attenuating hypoxic stress during conditions of excessive moisture through their ability to scavenge nitric oxide and influence the synthesis and response of growth regulators. This review will highlight major cellular changes linked to plant responses to waterlogging stress with emphasis on phytoglobins.

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Wise, I. L., R. J. Lamb y M. A. H. Smith. "Susceptibility of hulled and hulless barley (Gramineae) to Sitodiplosis mosellana (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae)". Canadian Entomologist 134, n.º 2 (abril de 2002): 193–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/ent134193-2.

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AbstractModern hulless wheats, Triticum aestivum L., are more susceptible to the wheat midge, Sitodiplosis mosellana (Géhin), than the hulled, wild, ancestral species. Hulless cultivars of barley, Hordeum vulgare L., are becoming more widely grown in western Canada than in the past. Hulled and hulless cultivars of two-rowed and six-rowed barleys were tested for their susceptibility to wheat midge, to determine if this midge might become a serious pest of barley and to assess which plant traits might affect host suitability. In the field, larval populations on 10 barley cultivars were much lower than on wheat. In the laboratory, when the flag leaf sheath was peeled back to expose preflowering spikes, female midges readily oviposited on spikes of barley, although less so on younger spikes. Few larvae were able to develop on barley when eggs were laid after spikes had flowered. All barleys completed flowering, or nearly so, before spikes emerged from the flag leaf sheath, with two-rowed cultivars flowering earlier than six-rowed barleys. No differences in larval densities were found between hulless and hulled barleys, and therefore, factors other than the hulled trait must account for reduced susceptibility of barley. Because barley flowers within the flag leaf sheath, its period of susceptibility to infestation is much shorter than for wheat, as evidenced by reduced infestation of earlier-flowering two-rowed cultivars compared with later-flowering six-rowed cultivars. Also, the tight closure of the leaf-like glumes that form the florets of barley probably makes access to young seeds more difficult for newly hatched larvae than is the case for wheat. At comparable crop growth stages, larval densities on all the barleys were < 10% of those on spring wheat. The introduction of hulless barley for production in Canada is unlikely to increase wheat midge damage on barley to an economic level.

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Yakovleva, O. V. "Aluminum resistance of malting barley". Proceedings on applied botany, genetics and breeding 182, n.º 4 (17 de diciembre de 2021): 126–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.30901/2227-8834-2021-4-126-131.

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Background. Barley is the second cereal crop in Russia in terms of its importance and production volume. It is used for food, feed, and industrial purposes. The production of malting barley in Russia exceeds 1.5 million tons; each year the area under this crop increases by 10–15%, reaching 600,000– 800,000 hectares. Barleys suitable for brewing must have certain physicochemical and technological properties. The main requirements for raw materials are presented in GOST 5060-86 (state standard for malting barley). An important condition for obtaining sustainable harvests is the development and utilization of cultivars resistant to a set of edaphic stressors. The purpose of this work was searching for resistant cultivars for use in targeted breeding.Materials and methods. The material for the study included 161 spring barley cultivars for brewing from the collection of plant genetic resources held by VIR. The laboratory assessment of aluminum tolerance in barley accessions was carried out at the initial phases of plant growth and development, using the method of calculating root and shoot length indices. The tested malting barley was classified into five resistance groups.Results and conclusions. Cultivars resistant to Al3+ ions were identified among different ecogeographic groups of malting barleys. The trait had a wide range of variability in terms of both the root length index (0.17–0.95) and shoot length index (0.47–0.99). Accessions with high resistance to ionic (Al3+) stress can be used in barley breeding targeted at the development of high-yielding malting cultivars most adapted to harmful environmental factors.

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Ionescu, Nicolaie. "ASPECTS OF BARLEY PHYSIOLOGY TREATED WITH ALS HERBICIDES". Current Trends in Natural Sciences 9, n.º 18 (31 de diciembre de 2020): 64–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.47068/ctns.2020.v9i18.010.

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5

Stevens, Jim, Matthew Alan Jones y Tracy Lawson. "Diverse Physiological and Physical Responses among Wild, Landrace and Elite Barley Varieties Point to Novel Breeding Opportunities". Agronomy 11, n.º 5 (7 de mayo de 2021): 921. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11050921.

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Climate change from elevated [CO2] may reduce water availability to crops through changes in precipitation and higher temperatures. However, agriculture already accounts for 70% of human consumption of water. Stomata, pores in the leaf surface, mediate exchange of water and CO2 for the plant. In crops including barley, the speed of stomatal response to changing environmental conditions is as important as maximal responses and can thus affect water use efficiency. Wild barleys and landraces which predate modern elite lines offer the breeder the potential to find unexploited genetic diversity. This study aimed to characterize natural variation in stomatal anatomy and leaf physiology and to link these variations to yield. Wild, landrace and elite barleys were grown in a polytunnel and a controlled environment chamber. Physiological responses to changing environments were measured, along with stomatal anatomy and yield. The elite barley lines did not have the fastest or largest physiological responses to light nor always the highest yields. There was variation in stomatal anatomy, but no link between stomatal size and density. The evidence suggests that high photosynthetic capacity does not translate into yield, and that landraces and wild barleys have unexploited physiological responses that should interest breeders.

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McDONNELL, ELIZABETH y JOHN F. FARRAR. "Respiratory Characteristics of Isolated Barley Mitochondria and Intact Barley Roots". Journal of Experimental Botany 44, n.º 9 (1993): 1485–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jxb/44.9.1485.

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Park, Soo-Jin, Jea-Soon Lee, Young-Hoi Hoe, Eun-Young Moon y Myung-Hwa Kang. "Physiology Activity of Barley Leaf Using Different Drying Methods". Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition 37, n.º 12 (31 de diciembre de 2008): 1627–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.3746/jkfn.2008.37.12.1627.

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Kamal, Roop, Quddoos H. Muqaddasi, Yusheng Zhao y Thorsten Schnurbusch. "Spikelet abortion in six-rowed barley is mainly influenced by final spikelet number, with potential spikelet number acting as a suppressor trait". Journal of Experimental Botany 73, n.º 7 (4 de diciembre de 2021): 2005–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erab529.

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Abstract The potential to increase barley grain yield lies in the indeterminate nature of its inflorescence meristem, which produces spikelets, the basic reproductive unit in grasses that are linked to reproductive success. During early reproductive growth, barley spikes pass through the maximum yield potential—a stage after which no new spikelet ridges are produced. Subsequently, spikelet abortion (SA), a phenomenon in which spikelets abort during spike growth, imposes a bottleneck for increasing the grain yield potential. Here, we studied the potential of main culm spikes by counting potential spikelet number (PSN) and final spikelet number (FSN), and computed the corresponding SA (%) in a panel of 417 six-rowed spring barleys. Our phenotypic data analyses showed a significantly large within- and across-years genotypic variation with high broad-sense heritability estimates for all the investigated traits, including SA. Asian accessions displayed the lowest SA, indicating the presence of favourable alleles that may be exploited in breeding programs. A significantly negative Pearson’s product–moment correlation was observed between FSN and SA. Our path analysis revealed that PSN and FSN explain 93% of the observed phenotypic variability for SA, with PSN behaving as a suppressor trait that magnifies the effect of FSN. Based on a large set of diverse barley accessions, our results provide a deeper phenotypic understanding of the quantitative genetic nature of SA, its association with traits of high agronomic importance, and a resource for further genetic analyses.

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Cu, Suong, Helen M. Collins, Natalie S. Betts, Timothy J. March, Agnieszka Janusz, Doug C. Stewart, Birgitte Skadhauge et al. "Water uptake in barley grain: Physiology; genetics and industrial applications". Plant Science 242 (enero de 2016): 260–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.plantsci.2015.08.009.

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Sallam, Ahmed, Ahmad M. Alqudah, Mona F. A. Dawood, P. Stephen Baenziger y Andreas Börner. "Drought Stress Tolerance in Wheat and Barley: Advances in Physiology, Breeding and Genetics Research". International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20, n.º 13 (27 de junio de 2019): 3137. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms20133137.

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Climate change is a major threat to most of the agricultural crops grown in tropical and sub-tropical areas globally. Drought stress is one of the consequences of climate change that has a negative impact on crop growth and yield. In the past, many simulation models were proposed to predict climate change and drought occurrences, and it is extremely important to improve essential crops to meet the challenges of drought stress which limits crop productivity and production. Wheat and barley are among the most common and widely used crops due to their economic and social values. Many parts of the world depend on these two crops for food and feed, and both crops are vulnerable to drought stress. Improving drought stress tolerance is a very challenging task for wheat and barley researchers and more research is needed to better understand this stress. The progress made in understanding drought tolerance is due to advances in three main research areas: physiology, breeding, and genetic research. The physiology research focused on the physiological and biochemical metabolic pathways that plants use when exposed to drought stress. New wheat and barley genotypes having a high degree of drought tolerance are produced through breeding by making crosses from promising drought-tolerant genotypes and selecting among their progeny. Also, identifying genes contributing to drought tolerance is very important. Previous studies showed that drought tolerance is a polygenic trait and genetic constitution will help to dissect the gene network(s) controlling drought tolerance. This review explores the recent advances in these three research areas to improve drought tolerance in wheat and barley.

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Escudero-Martinez, Carmen, Patricia A. Rodriguez, Shan Liu, Pablo A. Santos, Jennifer Stephens y Jorunn I. B. Bos. "An aphid effector promotes barley susceptibility through suppression of defence gene expression". Journal of Experimental Botany 71, n.º 9 (28 de enero de 2020): 2796–807. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jxb/eraa043.

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Abstract Aphids secrete diverse repertoires of effectors into their hosts to promote the infestation process. While ‘omics’ approaches facilitated the identification and comparison of effector repertoires from a number of aphid species, the functional characterization of these proteins has been limited to dicot (model) plants. The bird cherry-oat aphid Rhopalosiphum padi is a pest of cereal crops, including barley. Here, we extend efforts to characterize aphid effectors with regard to their role in promoting susceptibility to the R. padi–barley interaction. We selected three R. padi effectors based on sequence similarity to previously characterized Myzus persicae effectors and assessed their subcellular localization, expression, and role in promoting plant susceptibility. Expression of R. padi effectors RpC002 and Rp1 in transgenic barley lines enhanced plant susceptibility to R. padi but not M. persicae, for which barley is a poor host. Characterization of Rp1 transgenic barley lines revealed reduced gene expression of plant hormone signalling genes relevant to plant–aphid interactions, indicating that this effector enhances susceptibility by suppressing plant defences in barley. Our data suggest that some aphid effectors specifically function when expressed in host species, and feature activities that benefit their corresponding aphid species.

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Zveinek, I. A., R. A. Abdullaev, B. A. Batasheva y E. E. Radchenko. "The effect of responses to vernalization, photoperiodism, and earliness per se of barley accessions from Dagestan on the duration of the period from shooting to heading". Proceedings on applied botany, genetics and breeding 182, n.º 2 (1 de julio de 2021): 24–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.30901/2227-8834-2021-2-24-33.

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Background. Paratypic variability of the development rates of barley accessions from the Republic of Dagestan was analyzed for five years in the Northwe st of Russia (Pushkin, St. Petersburg) and in the North Caucasus (Derbent, Dagestan). Responses to vernalization, photoperiodism and earliness per se were tested in contrasting environments to assess their effect on barley development. Such studies make it possible to identify valuable adaptable plant forms in the barley germplasm collection for further use in breeding practice.Materials and methods. In Dagestan, the duration of the period from shooting to heading was measured for 12 samples of barley accessions in winter and spring sowing trials. Twenty samples sown in spring in both regions were compared. An empirical indicator of plant development rate was used for barley: the criterion “the number of days by which the period from shooting to heading of an accession exceeds the minimum across a sample” (DPSH).Results and conclusions. Early barley accessions with a low norm of responsiveness were identified: k-3772, k-15013, k-15034, k-15036, k-15186, k-15192, k-21803 and k-23785 – they combined weak sensitivity to a short photoperiod and vernalizing temperatures, so they are promising for breeding in regions where the length of the growing season is a limiting factor. The effect of the responses of barley accessions from Dagestan to vernalization and a short photoperiod on the duration of the period from shooting to heading was on average 8 (5.1–10.6) days and on their earliness per se 6 (4.8–8.2) days. Paratypic variability reflects the range of variation for these indicators. In Dagestan, vernalization temperatures and insensitivity to a short day are the main factors determining the earliness of local barleys in their native environment.

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Feng, Xue, Wenxing Liu, Fangbin Cao, Yizhou Wang, Guoping Zhang, Zhong-Hua Chen y Feibo Wu. "Overexpression of HvAKT1 improves drought tolerance in barley by regulating root ion homeostasis and ROS and NO signaling". Journal of Experimental Botany 71, n.º 20 (7 de agosto de 2020): 6587–600. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jxb/eraa354.

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Abstract Potassium (K+) is the major cationic inorganic nutrient utilized for osmotic regulation, cell growth, and enzyme activation in plants. Inwardly rectifying K+ channel 1 (AKT1) is the primary channel for root K+ uptake in plants, but the function of HvAKT1 in barley plants under drought stress has not been fully elucidated. In this study, we conducted evolutionary bioinformatics, biotechnological, electrophysiological, and biochemical assays to explore molecular mechanisms of HvAKT1 in response to drought in barley. The expression of HvAKT1 was significantly up-regulated by drought stress in the roots of XZ5—a drought-tolerant wild barley genotype. We isolated and functionally characterized the plasma membrane-localized HvAKT1 using Agrobacterium-mediated plant transformation and Barley stripe mosaic virus-induced gene silencing of HvAKT1 in barley. Evolutionary bioinformatics indicated that the K+ selective filter in AKT1 originated from streptophyte algae and is evolutionarily conserved in land plants. Silencing of HvAKT1 resulted in significantly decreased biomass and suppressed K+ uptake in root epidermal cells under drought treatment. Disruption of HvAKT1 decreased root H+ efflux, H+-ATPase activity, and nitric oxide (NO) synthesis, but increased hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) production in the roots under drought stress. Furthermore, we observed that overexpression of HvAKT1 improves K+ uptake and increases drought resistance in barley. Our results highlight the importance of HvAKT1 for root K+ uptake and its pleiotropic effects on root H+-ATPase, and H2O2 and NO in response to drought stress, providing new insights into the genetic basis of drought tolerance and K+ nutrition in barley.

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Meng, Yan y Roger P. Wise. "HvWRKY10, HvWRKY19, and HvWRKY28 Regulate Mla-Triggered Immunity and Basal Defense to Barley Powdery Mildew". Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions® 25, n.º 11 (noviembre de 2012): 1492–505. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/mpmi-04-12-0082-r.

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WRKY proteins represent a large family of transcription factors (TF), involved in plant development and defense. In all, 60 unique barley TF have been annotated that contain the WRKY domain; 26 of these are represented on the Barley1 GeneChip. Time-course expression profiles of these 26 HvWRKY TF were analyzed to investigate their role in mildew locus a (Mla)-mediated immunity to Blumeria graminis f. sp. hordei, causal agent of powdery mildew disease. Inoculation-responsive, Mla-specified interactions with B. graminis f. sp. hordei revealed that 12 HvWRKY were differentially expressed: 10 highly upregulated and two significantly downregulated. Barley stripe mosaic virus-induced gene silencing of HvWRKY10, HvWRKY19, and HvWRKY28 compromised resistance-gene-mediated defense to powdery mildew in genotypes harboring both Rar1-dependent and Rar1-independent Mla alleles, indicating that these WRKY TF play key roles in effector-triggered immunity. Comprehensive yeast two-hybrid analyses, however, did not reveal a direct interaction between these three nuclear-localized WRKY TF and MLA. Transient overexpression of all three WRKY TF in single cells expressing Mlo, which encodes a negative regulator of penetration resistance, significantly decreased susceptibility. Taken together, these loss- and gain-of-function studies demonstrate that HvWRKY10, HvWRKY19, and HvWRKY28 positively regulate the barley transcriptome in response to invasion by B. graminis f. sp. hordei.

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Brambilla, Alessandro, Anna Sommer, Andrea Ghirardo, Marion Wenig, Claudia Knappe, Baris Weber, Melissa Amesmaier, Miriam Lenk, Jörg-Peter Schnitzler y A. Corina Vlot. "Immunity-associated volatile emissions of β-ionone and nonanal propagate defence responses in neighbouring barley plants". Journal of Experimental Botany 73, n.º 2 (27 de noviembre de 2021): 615–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erab520.

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Abstract Plants activate biochemical responses to combat stress. (Hemi-)biotrophic pathogens are fended off by systemic acquired resistance (SAR), a primed state allowing plants to respond faster and more strongly upon subsequent infection. Here, we show that SAR-like defences in barley (Hordeum vulgare) are propagated between neighbouring plants, which respond with enhanced resistance to the volatile cues from infected senders. The emissions of the sender plants contained 15 volatile organic compounds (VOCs) associated with infection. Two of these, β-ionone and nonanal, elicited resistance upon plant exposure. Whole-genome transcriptomics analysis confirmed that interplant propagation of defence in barley is established as a form of priming. Although gene expression changes were more pronounced after challenge infection of the receiver plants with Blumeria graminis f. sp. hordei, differential gene expression in response to the volatile cues of the sender plants included an induction of HISTONE DEACETYLASE 2 (HvHDA2) and priming of TETRATRICOPEPTIDE REPEAT-LIKE superfamily protein (HvTPL). Because HvHDA2 and HvTPL transcript accumulation was also enhanced by exposure of barley to β-ionone and nonanal, our data identify both genes as possible defence/priming markers in barley. Our results suggest that VOCs and plant–plant interactions are relevant for possible crop protection strategies priming defence responses in barley.

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Poulle, M. y Berne L. Jones. "A Proteinase from Germinating Barley". Plant Physiology 88, n.º 4 (1 de diciembre de 1988): 1454–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1104/pp.88.4.1454.

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Jones, Berne L. y M. Poulle. "A Proteinase from Germinated Barley". Plant Physiology 94, n.º 3 (1 de noviembre de 1990): 1062–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1104/pp.94.3.1062.

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Chen, Yuguang y Te May Ching. "Induction of Barley Leaf Urease". Plant Physiology 86, n.º 3 (1 de marzo de 1988): 941–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1104/pp.86.3.941.

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Bruun-Rasmussen, Marianne, Christian Toft Madsen, Stine Jessing y Merete Albrechtsen. "Stability of Barley stripe mosaic virus–Induced Gene Silencing in Barley". Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions® 20, n.º 11 (noviembre de 2007): 1323–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/mpmi-20-11-1323.

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Virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) can be used as a powerful tool for functional genomics studies in plants. With this approach, it is possible to target most genes and downregulate the messenger (m)RNA in a sequence-specific manner. Barley stripe mosaic virus (BSMV) is an established VIGS vector for barley and wheat; however, silencing using this vector is generally transient, with efficient silencing often being confined to the first two or three systemically infected leaves. To investigate this further, part of the barley Phytoene desaturase (PDS) gene was inserted into BSMV and the resulting photobleaching in infected barley plants was used as a reporter for silencing. In addition, downregulation of PDS mRNA was measured by quantitative reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Using fragments of PDS ranging from 128 to 584 nucleotides in BSMV, we observed that insert length influenced stability but not efficiency of VIGS. Silencing was transient in most cases; however, the decrease in PDS mRNA levels measured by qRT-PCR began earlier and lasted longer than the photobleaching. Occasionally, silencing persisted and could be transmitted through seed as well as via mechanical inoculation, although large parts of the insert had been lost from the virus vector. The instability of the insert, observed consistently throughout our experiments, offers an explanation for the transient nature of silencing when using BSMV as a VIGS vector.

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Ryan, John, Samir Masri, Salvatore Ceccarelli, Stefania Grando y Hayriye Ibrikci. "Differential Responses of Barley Landraces and Improved Barley Cultivars to Nitrogen-Phosphorus Fertilizer". Journal of Plant Nutrition 31, n.º 2 (11 de febrero de 2008): 381–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01904160801894939.

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Glagoleva, A. Y., L. A. Novokreschenov, O. Y. Shoeva, O. N. Kovaleva y E. K. Khlestkina. "Studying grain color diversity in the barley collection of VIR". Proceedings on applied botany, genetics and breeding 183, n.º 3 (3 de octubre de 2022): 76–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.30901/2227-8834-2022-3-76-84.

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Background. Dark color of barley grain (Hordeum vulgare L.) can be caused by the synthesis and accumulation of two types of polyphenolic pigments – anthocyanins and melanins, which perform important functions in plant life, participating in the regulation of growth and development, and protecting plants from adverse environmental conditions. The aim of this study was to investigate the diversity of barley in the VIR collection in the context of grain color.Materials and methods. To analyze the pigment composition of the grain, 150 barley accessions with colored grains were selected from the VIR collection. Anthocyanins and melanins in grain husk were identified using qualitative reactions.Results and discussion. It was shown that in 60% of the accessions the dark color of their grain was induced by independent accumulation of melanin, while the accessions characterized by accumulation of only anthocyanins, and those with combined accumulation of anthocyanins and melanins, were 14.6% and 14%, respectively. For 11.3% of the accessions the presence of anthocyanins and melanins in grain husk was not found; their pigmentation could presumably be associated with an increased content of other polyphenolic pigments – proanthocyanidins. Accessions with melanin in grain predominated in all identified geographic groups, while other types of pigmentation were most evenly represented in the regions with the widest genetic diversity of barleys – Africa, East Asia, and the Middle East.Conclusion. Dark pigmentation of barley grain was shown to be mainly associated with the accumulation of melanin, and this type of pigmentation prevails in all geographical regions identified. The results obtained made it possible to describe the barley collection more fully and expand the possibilities of its utilization.

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Tetyannikov, N. V. y N. A. Bome. "Analysis of the genotype × environment interactions and assessment of the adaptability potential in barley under the conditions of the Northern Trans-Urals". Proceedings on applied botany, genetics and breeding 182, n.º 3 (9 de octubre de 2021): 63–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.30901/2227-8834-2021-3-63-73.

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Background. Crop yield is a compound and complex character in breeding programs. A stable high yield is determined by the genotype, environmental impacts, and their interaction. A comprehensive assessment of cultivars based on their adaptability, plasticity and stability makes it possible to select among the studied assortment the most promising, potentially high-yielding and environmentally flexible plant forms adaptable to a wide range of environmental conditions.Materials and methods. Evaluation of 146 accessions representing two-row (subsp. distichon L.) and six-row (subsp. vulgare) barleys (Hordeum vulgare L.) was performed in 2015–2017 to measure the adaptability, stability, plasticity and homeostasis of barley yield. Experimental data were statistically processed using the methods of the two-way ANOVA and correlation analysis.Results and conclusion. It was established that barley yield formation was almost equally determined by the genotype (34.3%), environmental conditions (31.9%), and genotype × environment interactions (33,7%), showing that the tested barleys were relatively well adaptable to climate changes in the Northern Trans-Urals. Barley yield was more closely associated with grain weight per plant (r = 0.72) and the number of productive stems per area unit (r = 0.63), and to a lesser extent with seed germination rate in the field (r = 0.39) and 1000 grain weight (r = 0.37). Strong correlations were observed for the yield with the adaptability coefficient (r = 0.94), environmental plasticity index (r = 1.00), and compensatory capacity (r = 0.96). Cvs. ‘Abyssinian 14’ (k-23504, var. pallidum) and ‘Kharkovsky 70’ (k-23683, var. nutans) exhibited a set of adaptive and productive properties.

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Lenk, Miriam, Marion Wenig, Kornelia Bauer, Florian Hug, Claudia Knappe, Birgit Lange, Timsy et al. "Pipecolic Acid Is Induced in Barley upon Infection and Triggers Immune Responses Associated with Elevated Nitric Oxide Accumulation". Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions® 32, n.º 10 (octubre de 2019): 1303–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/mpmi-01-19-0013-r.

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Pipecolic acid (Pip) is an essential component of systemic acquired resistance, priming resistance in Arabidopsis thaliana against (hemi)biotrophic pathogens. Here, we studied the potential role of Pip in bacteria-induced systemic immunity in barley. Exudates of barley leaves infected with the systemic immunity–inducing pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. japonica induced immune responses in A. thaliana. The same leaf exudates contained elevated Pip levels compared with those of mock-treated barley leaves. Exogenous application of Pip induced resistance in barley against the hemibiotrophic bacterial pathogen Xanthomonas translucens pv. cerealis. Furthermore, both a systemic immunity–inducing infection and exogenous application of Pip enhanced the resistance of barley against the biotrophic powdery mildew pathogen Blumeria graminis f. sp. hordei. In contrast to a systemic immunity-inducing infection, Pip application did not influence lesion formation by a systemically applied inoculum of the necrotrophic fungus Pyrenophora teres. Nitric oxide (NO) levels in barley leaves increased after Pip application. Furthermore, X. translucens pv. cerealis induced the accumulation of superoxide anion radicals and this response was stronger in Pip-pretreated compared with mock-pretreated plants. Thus, the data suggest that Pip induces barley innate immune responses by triggering NO and priming reactive oxygen species accumulation.

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AHOKAS, H. "Cytoplasmic male sterility in barley II. Physiology and anther cytology of msml". Hereditas 89, n.º 1 (12 de febrero de 2009): 7–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1601-5223.1978.tb00975.x.

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Kelly, Leo y Dennis E. Briggs. "THE INFLUENCE OF THE GRAIN MICROFLORA ON THE GERMINATIVE PHYSIOLOGY OF BARLEY". Journal of the Institute of Brewing 98, n.º 5 (10 de septiembre de 1992): 395–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.2050-0416.1992.tb01122.x.

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Nottensteiner, Mathias, Bernd Zechmann, Christopher McCollum y Ralph Hückelhoven. "A barley powdery mildew fungus non-autonomous retrotransposon encodes a peptide that supports penetration success on barley". Journal of Experimental Botany 69, n.º 15 (11 de mayo de 2018): 3745–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jxb/ery174.

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Lewandowska, Dominika, Jamie Orr, Miriam Schreiber, Isabelle Colas, Luke Ramsay, Runxuan Zhang y Robbie Waugh. "The proteome of developing barley anthers during meiotic prophase I". Journal of Experimental Botany 73, n.º 5 (10 de noviembre de 2021): 1464–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erab494.

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Abstract Flowering plants reproduce sexually by combining a haploid male and female gametophyte during fertilization. Male gametophytes are localized in the anthers, each containing reproductive (meiocyte) and non-reproductive tissue necessary for anther development and maturation. Meiosis, where chromosomes pair and exchange their genetic material during a process called recombination, is one of the most important and sensitive stages in breeding, ensuring genetic diversity. Most anther development studies have focused on transcript variation, but very few have been correlated with protein abundance. Taking advantage of a recently published barley anther transcriptomic (BAnTr) dataset and a newly developed sensitive mass spectrometry-based approach to analyse the barley anther proteome, we conducted high-resolution mass spectrometry analysis of barley anthers, collected at six time points and representing their development from pre-meiosis to metaphase. Each time point was carefully staged using immunocytology, providing a robust and accurate staging mirroring our previous BAnTr dataset. We identified >6100 non-redundant proteins including 82 known and putative meiotic proteins. Although the protein abundance was relatively stable throughout prophase I, we were able to quantify the dynamic variation of 336 proteins. We present the first quantitative comparative proteomics study of barley anther development during meiotic prophase I when the important process of homologous recombination is taking place.

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28

Shang, Yi, Lu Yuan, Zhaocan Di, Yong Jia, Zhenlan Zhang, Sujuan Li, Liping Xing et al. "A CYC/TB1-type TCP transcription factor controls spikelet meristem identity in barley". Journal of Experimental Botany 71, n.º 22 (11 de septiembre de 2020): 7118–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jxb/eraa416.

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Abstract Barley possesses a branchless, spike-shaped inflorescence where determinate spikelets attach directly to the main axis, but the developmental mechanism of spikelet identity remains largely unknown. Here we report the functional analysis of the barley gene BRANCHED AND INDETERMINATE SPIKELET 1 (BDI1), which encodes a TCP transcription factor and plays a crucial role in determining barley inflorescence architecture and spikelet development. The bdi1 mutant exhibited indeterminate spikelet meristems that continued to grow and differentiate after producing a floret meristem; some spikelet meristems at the base of the spike formed two fully developed seeds or converted to branched spikelets, producing a branched inflorescence. Map-based cloning analysis showed that this mutant has a deletion of ~600 kb on chromosome 5H containing three putative genes. Expression analysis and virus-induced gene silencing confirmed that the causative gene, BDI1, encodes a CYC/TB1-type TCP transcription factor and is highly conserved in both wild and cultivated barley. Transcriptome and regulatory network analysis demonstrated that BDI1 may integrate regulation of gene transcription cell wall modification and known trehalose-6-phosphate homeostasis to control spikelet development. Together, our findings reveal that BDI1 represents a key regulator of inflorescence architecture and meristem determinacy in cereal crop plants.

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29

Leybourne, Daniel J., Tracy A. Valentine, Jean A. H. Robertson, Estefania Pérez-Fernández, Angela M. Main, Alison J. Karley y Jorunn I. B. Bos. "Defence gene expression and phloem quality contribute to mesophyll and phloem resistance to aphids in wild barley". Journal of Experimental Botany 70, n.º 15 (10 de abril de 2019): 4011–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erz163.

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Abstract Aphids, including the bird cherry-oat aphid (Rhopalosiphum padi), are significant agricultural pests. The wild relative of barley, Hordeum spontaneum 5 (Hsp5), has been described to be partially resistant to R. padi, with this resistance proposed to involve higher thionin and lipoxygenase gene expression. However, the specificity of this resistance to aphids and its underlying mechanistic processes are unknown. In this study, we assessed the specificity of Hsp5 resistance to aphids and analysed differences in aphid probing and feeding behaviour on Hsp5 and a susceptible barley cultivar (Concerto). We found that partial resistance in Hsp5 to R. padi extends to two other aphid pests of grasses. Using the electrical penetration graph technique, we show that partial resistance is mediated by phloem- and mesophyll-based resistance factors that limit aphid phloem ingestion. To gain insight into plant traits responsible for partial resistance, we compared non-glandular trichome density, defence gene expression, and phloem composition of Hsp5 with those of the susceptible barley cultivar Concerto. We show that Hsp5 partial resistance involves elevated basal expression of thionin and phytohormone signalling genes, and a reduction in phloem quality. This study highlights plant traits that may contribute to broad-spectrum partial resistance to aphids in barley.

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30

Feng, Xue, Wenxing Liu, Huaxin Dai, Yue Qiu, Guoping Zhang, Zhong-Hua Chen y Feibo Wu. "HvHOX9, a novel homeobox leucine zipper transcription factor, positively regulates aluminum tolerance in Tibetan wild barley". Journal of Experimental Botany 71, n.º 19 (26 de junio de 2020): 6057–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jxb/eraa290.

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Abstract Aluminum (Al) toxicity is the primary limiting factor of crop production on acid soils. Tibetan wild barley germplasm is a valuable source of potential genes for breeding barley with acid and Al tolerance. We performed microRNA and RNA sequencing using wild (XZ16, Al-tolerant; XZ61, Al-sensitive) and cultivated (Dayton, Al-tolerant) barley. A novel homeobox-leucine zipper transcription factor, HvHOX9, was identified as a target gene of miR166b and functionally characterized. HvHOX9 was up-regulated by Al stress in XZ16 (but unchanged in XZ61 and Dayton) and was significantly induced only in root tip. Phylogenetic analysis showed that HvHOX9 is most closely related to wheat TaHOX9 and orthologues of HvHOX9 are present in the closest algal relatives of Zygnematophyceae. Barley stripe mosaic virus-induced gene silencing of HvHOX9 in XZ16 led to significantly increased Al sensitivity but did not affect its sensitivity to other metals and low pH. Disruption of HvHOX9 did not change Al concentration in the root cell sap, but led to more Al accumulation in root cell wall after Al exposure. Silencing of HvHOX9 decreased H+ influx after Al exposure. Our findings suggest that miR166b/HvHOX9 play a critical role in Al tolerance by decreasing root cell wall Al binding and increasing apoplastic pH for Al detoxification in the root.

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31

Jagendorf, André T. y Tetsuko Takabe. "Inducers of Glycinebetaine Synthesis in Barley". Plant Physiology 127, n.º 4 (1 de diciembre de 2001): 1827–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1104/pp.010392.

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32

Horton, Roger F. "Methyl Jasmonate and Transpiration in Barley". Plant Physiology 96, n.º 4 (1 de agosto de 1991): 1376–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1104/pp.96.4.1376.

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33

Mösinger, Egon, Alfred Batschauer, Klaus Apel, Eberhard Schäfer y Winslow R. Briggs. "Phytochrome Regulation of Greening in Barley". Plant Physiology 86, n.º 3 (1 de marzo de 1988): 706–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1104/pp.86.3.706.

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34

Eichmann, Ruth, Holger Schultheiss, Karl-Heinz Kogel y Ralph Hückelhoven. "The Barley Apoptosis Suppressor Homologue Bax Inhibitor-1 Compromises Nonhost Penetration Resistance of Barley to the Inappropriate Pathogen Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici". Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions® 17, n.º 5 (mayo de 2004): 484–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/mpmi.2004.17.5.484.

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BAX inhibitor-1 (BI-1) proteins have been characterized as suppressors of programmed cell death in mammals and plants. The barley BI-1 is a suppressor of nonspecific background resistance and mlo-mediated penetration resistance to the biotrophic fungal pathogen Blumeria graminis f. sp. hordei when overexpressed in epidermal cells of barley. We report here that BI-1 expression is also slightly up-regulated during interaction with the inappropriate wheat pathogen Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici. Significantly, over-expression of BI-1 in single epidermal cells of barley by microprojectile-mediated transformation rendered cells susceptible to penetration by inappropriate B. graminis f. sp. tritici. The degree of transgene-induced accessibility to B. graminis f. sp. tritici was thereby similar to the effect achieved by overexpression of the defense suppressor gene Mlo and could not be further enhanced by double expression of both BI-1 and Mlo. Confocal laser scanning microscopy was used to locate a functional green fluorescing GFP:BI-1 fusion protein in endomembranes and the nuclear envelope of barley epidermal cells. Together, enhanced expression of barley BI-1 suppresses penetration resistance to B. graminis f. sp. tritici, linking barley nonhost resistance with cell death regulation.

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35

Yang, Xinxing, Jie Chen, Yuan Ma, Minhua Huang, Ting Qiu, Hongwu Bian, Ning Han y Junhui Wang. "Function, Mechanism, and Application of Plant Melatonin: An Update with a Focus on the Cereal Crop, Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.)". Antioxidants 11, n.º 4 (25 de marzo de 2022): 634. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antiox11040634.

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Melatonin is a multiple-function molecule that was first identified in animals and later in plants. Plant melatonin regulates versatile processes involved in plant growth and development, including seed germination, root architecture, flowering time, leaf senescence, fruit ripening, and biomass production. Published reviews on plant melatonin have been focused on two model plants: (1) Arabidopsis and (2) rice, in which the natural melatonin contents are quite low. Efforts to integrate the function and the mechanism of plant melatonin and to determine how plant melatonin benefits human health are also lacking. Barley is a unique cereal crop used for food, feed, and malt. In this study, a bioinformatics analysis to identify the genes required for barley melatonin biosynthesis was first performed, after which the effects of exogenous melatonin on barley growth and development were reviewed. Three integrated mechanisms of melatonin on plant cells were found: (1) serving as an antioxidant, (2) modulating plant hormone crosstalk, and (3) signaling through a putative plant melatonin receptor. Reliable approaches for characterizing the function of barley melatonin biosynthetic genes and to modulate the melatonin contents in barley grains are discussed. The present paper should be helpful for the improvement of barley production under hostile environments and for the reduction of pesticide and fungicide usage in barley cultivation. This study is also beneficial for the enhancement of the nutritional values and healthcare functions of barley in the food industry.

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36

Jarosch, Birgit, Karl-Heinz Kogel y Ulrich Schaffrath. "The Ambivalence of the Barley Mlo Locus: Mutations Conferring Resistance Against Powdery Mildew (Blumeria graminis f. sp. hordei) Enhance Susceptibility to the Rice Blast Fungus Magnaporthe grisea". Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions® 12, n.º 6 (junio de 1999): 508–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/mpmi.1999.12.6.508.

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Recessive alleles of the barley Mlo locus confer non-race-specific resistance against the powdery mildew fungus Blumeria graminis f. sp. hordei (Bgh). Recently the Mlo gene has been isolated and it was suggested that the Mlo product is a negative regulator of cell death. Thus, loss of function can precondition cells to a higher responsiveness for the onset of multiple defense functions. Here, we document an enhanced susceptibility of barley mlo mutants to the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe grisea. The disease phenotype is independent of the barley cultivar in which the mlo allele has been introgressed and occurs in equal amounts in barley backcross lines of cv. Ingrid carrying the mlo-1, mlo-3, or mlo-5 allele. Ror genes, which are required for the full expression of mlo resistance in barley against Bgh, do not affect the specific mlo-mediated phenotype observed after M. grisea infection. Formation of an effective papilla restricts blast development in epidermal cells of Mlo plants. In contrast, papillae are mostly penetrated in mlo mutants and, as a consequence, the fungus spreads into adjacent mesophyll cells. Both wild-type plants and mlo mutants did not differ in perception of a purified elicitor derived from M. grisea. Thus, we hypothesize that a functional Mlo protein is a prerequisite for penetration resistance of barley to fungal pathogens like M. grisea. The benefit of mlo alleles for durable resistance in barley and a proposed role of mlo-type-mutations in rice are discussed.

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37

FARRAR, S. C. y J. F. FARRAR. "CARBON FLUXES IN LEAF BLADES OF BARLEY". New Phytologist 100, n.º 3 (julio de 1985): 271–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.1985.tb02778.x.

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38

WATSON, PATRICIA A. y CAROL M. DUFFUS. "Light-Dependent CO2Retrieval in Immature Barley Caryopses". Journal of Experimental Botany 42, n.º 8 (1991): 1013–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jxb/42.8.1013.

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39

Ingvardsen, Christina y Bjarke Veierskov. "Response of young barley plants to CO2enrichment". Journal of Experimental Botany 45, n.º 10 (1994): 1373–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jxb/45.10.1373.

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40

MURRAY, FRANK y SUSAN WILSON. "Growth responses of barley exposed to SO2". New Phytologist 114, n.º 3 (marzo de 1990): 537–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.1990.tb00422.x.

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41

Elliott, Candace, Fasong Zhou, Wolfgang Spielmeyer, Ralph Panstruga y Paul Schulze-Lefert. "Functional Conservation of Wheat and Rice Mlo Orthologs in Defense Modulation to the Powdery Mildew Fungus". Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions® 15, n.º 10 (octubre de 2002): 1069–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/mpmi.2002.15.10.1069.

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Homologs of barley Mlo are found in syntenic positions in all three genomes of hexaploid bread wheat, Triticum aestivum, and in rice, Oryza sativa. Candidate wheat orthologs, designated TaMlo-A1, TaMlo-B1, and TaMlo-D1, encode three distinct but highly related proteins that are 88% identical to barley MLO and appear to originate from the three diploid ancestral genomes of wheat. TaMlo-B1 and the rice ortholog, OsMlo2, are able to complement powdery mildew-resistant barley mlo mutants at the single-cell level. Overexpression of TaMlo-B1 or barley Mlo leads to super-susceptibility to the appropriate powdery mildew formae speciales in both wild-type barley and wheat. Surprisingly, overexpression of either Mlo or TaMlo-B1 also mediates enhanced fungal development to tested inappropriate formae speciales. These results underline a regulatory role for MLO and its wheat and rice orthologs in a basal defense mechanism that can interfere with forma specialis resistance to powdery mildews.

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42

Haas, Matthew, Axel Himmelbach y Martin Mascher. "The contribution of cis- and trans-acting variants to gene regulation in wild and domesticated barley under cold stress and control conditions". Journal of Experimental Botany 71, n.º 9 (28 de enero de 2020): 2573–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jxb/eraa036.

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Abstract Barley, like other crops, has experienced a series of genetic changes that have impacted its architecture and growth habit to suit the needs of humans, termed the domestication syndrome. Domestication also resulted in a concomitant bottleneck that reduced sequence diversity in genes and regulatory regions. Little is known about regulatory changes resulting from domestication in barley. We used RNA sequencing to examine allele-specific expression in hybrids between wild and domesticated barley. Our results show that most genes have conserved regulation. In contrast to studies of allele-specific expression in interspecific hybrids, we find almost a complete absence of trans effects. We also find that cis regulation is largely stable in response to short-term cold stress. Our study has practical implications for crop improvement using wild relatives. Genes regulated in cis are more likely to be expressed in a new genetic background at the same level as in their native background.

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43

Le Fevre, Ruth, Bridget O’Boyle, Matthew J. Moscou y Sebastian Schornack. "Colonization of Barley by the Broad-Host Hemibiotrophic Pathogen Phytophthora palmivora Uncovers a Leaf Development–Dependent Involvement of Mlo". Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions® 29, n.º 5 (mayo de 2016): 385–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/mpmi-12-15-0276-r.

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The discovery of barley Mlo demonstrated that filamentous pathogens rely on plant genes to achieve entry and lifecycle completion in barley leaves. While having a dramatic effect on foliar pathogens, it is unclear whether overlapping or distinct mechanisms affect filamentous pathogen infection of roots. To remove the bias connected with using different pathogens to understand colonization mechanisms in different tissues, we have utilized the aggressive hemibiotrophic oomycete pathogen Phytophthora palmivora. P. palmivora colonizes root as well as leaf tissues of barley (Hordeum vulgare). The infection is characterized by a transient biotrophy phase with formation of haustoria. Barley accessions varied in degree of susceptibility, with some accessions fully resistant to leaf infection. Notably, there was no overall correlation between degree of susceptibility in roots compared with leaves, suggesting that variation in different genes influences host susceptibility above and below ground. In addition, a developmental gradient influenced infection, with more extensive colonization observed in mature leaf sectors. The mlo5 mutation attenuates P. palmivora infection but only in young leaf tissues. The barley–P. palmivora interaction represents a simple system to identify and compare genetic components governing quantitative colonization in diverse barley tissue types. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2016 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY Attribution 4.0 International license .

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44

Lyons, Rebecca, Kim E. Hammond-Kosack y Kostya Kanyuka. "Identification and Characterization of a Novel Efficient Resistance Response to the Furoviruses SBWMV and SBCMV in Barley". Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions® 21, n.º 9 (septiembre de 2008): 1193–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/mpmi-21-9-1193.

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The interaction between the furoviruses Soilborne cereal mosaic virus (SBCMV) and Soilborne wheat mosaic virus (SBWMV) and their main host wheat is well documented; however, to date, only a few reports have addressed the response of other cereal species to these viruses. Here, we show that, in contrast to wheat, barley germplasm is a rich source of resistance to furoviruses. Moreover, we demonstrate that barley genotypes respond differentially to SBCMV and SBWMV, thereby providing an additional biological basis for classification of these viruses as two separate species. Following natural (soil) inoculation, some barley genotypes permitted foliar infection by SBWMV, whereas all 22 genotypes tested were resistant to SBCMV. Resistance is unlikely to be directed toward the virus vector, because Polymyxa graminis DNA was detected in the roots of all tested genotypes. Resistance to SBCMV in some barley genotypes was overcome by artificial virus inoculation onto the leaves, suggesting a block on virus translocation from roots to shoots as in resistant wheat genotypes. However, other genotypes were fully resistant following both inoculation techniques. One barley genotype, ‘Dayton,’ exhibited extreme resistance to both furoviruses. Further molecular analyses suggested that this novel and highly efficient resistance to furoviruses in barley operates by limiting virus spread from the primary inoculated cells.

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45

Jarosch, Birgit, Marcus Jansen y Ulrich Schaffrath. "Acquired Resistance Functions in mlo Barley, Which Is Hypersusceptible to Magnaporthe grisea". Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions® 16, n.º 2 (febrero de 2003): 107–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/mpmi.2003.16.2.107.

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Barley plants carrying a mutation in the Mlo (barley [Hordeum vulgare L.] cultivar Ingrid) locus conferring a durable resistance against powdery mildew are hypersusceptible to the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe grisea. It has been speculated that a functional Mlo gene is required for the expression of basic pathogen resistance and that the loss of Mlo function mediating powdery mildew resistance is an exception for this particular disease. Here, we report that the onset of acquired resistance (AR) after chemical as well as biological treatments is sufficient to overcome the hypersusceptible phenotype of backcross line BCIngridmlo5 (mlo) barley plants against M. grisea. Moreover, even barley plants bearing a functional Mlo gene and thus showing a moderate infection phenotype against rice blast exhibit a further enhanced resistance after induction of AR. Cytological investigations reveal that acquired resistance in mlo genotypes is manifested by the restoration of the ability to form an effective papilla at sites of attempted penetration, similarly to wild-type Mlo plants. In addition, the rate of effective papillae formation in Mlo plants was further enhanced after the onset of AR. These results demonstrate that treatments leading to the AR state in barley function independently of the Mlo/mlo phenotype and suggest that the Mlo protein is not a component of the AR signaling network. Moreover, it seems that only concomitant action of Mlo together with AR permits high level resistance in barley against blast. Higher steady state levels of PR1 and barley chemically induced mRNA correlate with higher disease severity rather than with the degree of resistance observed in this particular interaction.

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46

Müller, Kai, Carlo Pozzi, Judith Müller, Francesco Salamini y Wolfgang Rohde. "Molecular analysis of homeotic genes involved in barley development". Pflügers Archiv - European Journal of Physiology 439, S1 (enero de 2000): r014—r015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004240000073.

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47

Müller, Kai, Carlo Pozzi, Judith Müller, Francesco Salamini y Wolfgang Rohde. "Molecular analysis of homeotic genes involved in barley development". Pflügers Archiv - European Journal of Physiology 439, n.º 7 (julio de 2000): R14—R15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03376506.

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48

Guglielmone, L. y P. Caciagli. "Biological Characterization of an Italian Isolate of Barley Yellow Dwarf Luteovirus from Barley". Journal of Phytopathology 144, n.º 7-8 (octubre de 1996): 383–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0434.1996.tb00310.x.

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49

Ron, M. M. "Acid‐base titration of barley roots". Journal of Plant Nutrition 10, n.º 4 (marzo de 1987): 403–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01904168709363581.

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50

Halperin, Stephen J., Adam Barzilay, Matthew Carson, Cory Roberts, Jonathan Lynch y Sridhar Komarneni. "Germanium accumulation and toxicity in barley". Journal of Plant Nutrition 18, n.º 7 (julio de 1995): 1417–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01904169509364991.

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