Artículos de revistas: "Barley Genetics"

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Ren, Xifeng, Yonggang Wang, Songxian Yan, Dongfa Sun y Genlou Sun. "Population genetics and phylogenetic analysis of the vrs1 nucleotide sequence in wild and cultivated barley". Genome 57, n.º 4 (abril de 2014): 239–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/gen-2014-0039.

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Spike morphology is a key characteristic in the study of barley genetics, breeding, and domestication. Variation at the six-rowed spike 1 (vrs1) locus is sufficient to control the development and fertility of the lateral spikelet of barley. To study the genetic variation of vrs1 in wild barley (Hordeum vulgare subsp. spontaneum) and cultivated barley (Hordeum vulgare subsp. vulgare), nucleotide sequences of vrs1 were examined in 84 wild barleys (including 10 six-rowed) and 20 cultivated barleys (including 10 six-rowed) from four populations. The length of the vrs1 sequence amplified was 1536 bp. A total of 40 haplotypes were identified in the four populations. The highest nucleotide diversity, haplotype diversity, and per-site nucleotide diversity were observed in the Southwest Asian wild barley population. The nucleotide diversity, number of haplotypes, haplotype diversity, and per-site nucleotide diversity in two-rowed barley were higher than those in six-rowed barley. The phylogenetic analysis of the vrs1 sequences partially separated the six-rowed and the two-rowed barley. The six-rowed barleys were divided into four groups.

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2

Jana, S. y L. N. Pietrzak. "Comparative assessment of genetic diversity in wild and primitive cultivated barley in a center of diversity." Genetics 119, n.º 4 (1 de agosto de 1988): 981–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/119.4.981.

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Abstract Wild barley (Hordeum spontaneum K.) and indigenous primitive varieties of cultivated barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), collected from 43 locations in four eastern Mediterranean countries, Jordan, Syria, Turkey and Greece, were electrophoretically assayed for genetic diversity at 16 isozyme loci. Contrary to a common impression, cultivated barley populations were found to maintain a level of diversity similar to that in its wild progenitor species. Apportionment of overall diversity in the region showed that in cultivated barley within-populations diversity was of higher magnitude than the between-populations component. Neighboring populations of wild and cultivated barleys showed high degree of genetic identity. Groups of 3 or 4 isozyme loci were analyzed to detect associations among loci. Multilocus associations of varying order were detected for all three groups chosen for the analysis. Some of the association terms differed between the two species in the region. Although there was no clear evidence for decrease in diversity attributable to the domestication of barley in the region, there was an indication of different multilocus organizations in the two closely related species.

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Neale, D. B., M. A. Saghai-Maroof, R. W. Allard, Q. Zhang y R. A. Jorgensen. "Chloroplast DNA diversity in populations of wild and cultivated barley." Genetics 120, n.º 4 (1 de diciembre de 1988): 1105–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/120.4.1105.

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Abstract Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) diversity was found within and among populations (245 accessions total) of wild barley, Hordeum vulgare L. ssp. spontaneum Koch from Israel and Iran. Three polymorphic restriction sites (HindIII, EcoRI, BclI) which define three distinct cpDNA lineages were detected. One lineage is common to populations in the Hule Valley and Kinneret of northern Israel, and in Iran. The second lineage is found predominantly in the Lower Jordan Valley and Negev. The distribution of the third lineage is scattered but widespread throughout Israel. Sixty two accessions of cultivated barleys, H. vulgare L., were found, with two exceptions, to belong to just one cpDNA lineage of wild barley, indicating that the cpDNA of cultivated barley is less variable than its wild ancestor. These results demonstrate the need for assessing intraspecific cpDNA variability prior to choosing single accessions for phylogenetic constructions at the species level and higher.

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Tsuchiya, T. "Barley Genetics Newsletter". Hereditas 73, n.º 1 (12 de febrero de 2009): 162. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1601-5223.1973.tb01079.x.

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5

Lukina, K. A., O. N. Kovaleva y I. G. Loskutov. "Naked barley: taxonomy, breeding, and prospects of utilization". Vavilov Journal of Genetics and Breeding 26, n.º 6 (9 de octubre de 2022): 524–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.18699/vjgb-22-64.

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This review surveys the current state of taxonomy, origin, and utilization prospects for naked barley. The cultivated barley Hordeum vulgare L. incorporates the covered and naked barley groups. Naked barleys are divided into six-row naked barley (convar. сoeleste (L.) A. Trof.) and two-row naked barley (convar. nudum (L.) A. Trof.). The groups include botanical varieties differing in the structural features of spikes, awns, floret and spikelet glumes, and the color of kernels. The centers of morphogenesis for naked barley are scrutinized employing archeological and paleoethnobotanical data, and the diversity of its forms. Hypotheses on the centers of its origin are discussed using DNA marker data. The main areas of its cultivation are shown, along with possible reasons for such a predominating or exclusive distribution of naked barley in highland areas. Inheritance of nakedness and mechanisms of its manifestation are considered in the context of new data in genetics. The biochemical composition of barley grain in protein, some essential and nonessential amino acids, β-glucans, vitamins, and antioxidants is described. Naked barley is shown to be a valuable source of unique combinations of soluble and insoluble dietary fibers and polysaccharides. The parameters limiting wider distribution of naked barley over the world are emphasized, and breeding efforts that could mitigate them are proposed. Pathogen-resistant naked barley accessions are identified to serve as promising sources for increasing grain yield and quality. Main stages and trends of naked barley breeding are considered and the importance of the VIR global germplasm collection as the richest repository of genetic material for the development of breeding is shown.

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6

Sreenivasulu, Nese, Andreas Graner y Ulrich Wobus. "Barley Genomics: An Overview". International Journal of Plant Genomics 2008 (13 de marzo de 2008): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2008/486258.

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Barley (Hordeum vulgare), first domesticated in the Near East, is a well-studied crop in terms of genetics, genomics, and breeding and qualifies as a model plant for Triticeae research. Recent advances made in barley genomics mainly include the following: (i) rapid accumulation of EST sequence data, (ii) growing number of studies on transcriptome, proteome, and metabolome, (iii) new modeling techniques, (iv) availability of genome-wide knockout collections as well as efficient transformation techniques, and (v) the recently started genome sequencing effort. These developments pave the way for a comprehensive functional analysis and understanding of gene expression networks linked to agronomically important traits. Here, we selectively review important technological developments in barley genomics and related fields and discuss the relevance for understanding genotype-phenotype relationships by using approaches such as genetical genomics and association studies. High-throughput genotyping platforms that have recently become available will allow the construction of high-density genetic maps that will further promote marker-assisted selection as well as physical map construction. Systems biology approaches will further enhance our knowledge and largely increase our abilities to design refined breeding strategies on the basis of detailed molecular physiological knowledge.

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7

Ramakrishna, Wusirika, Jorge Dubcovsky, Yong-Jin Park, Carlos Busso, John Emberton, Phillip SanMiguel y Jeffrey L. Bennetzen. "Different Types and Rates of Genome Evolution Detected by Comparative Sequence Analysis of Orthologous Segments From Four Cereal Genomes". Genetics 162, n.º 3 (1 de noviembre de 2002): 1389–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/162.3.1389.

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Abstract Orthologous regions in barley, rice, sorghum, and wheat were studied by bacterial artificial chromosome sequence analysis. General microcolinearity was observed for the four shared genes in this region. However, three genic rearrangements were observed. First, the rice region contains a cluster of 48 predicted small nucleolar RNA genes, but the comparable region from sorghum contains no homologous loci. Second, gene 2 was inverted in the barley lineage by an apparent unequal recombination after the ancestors of barley and wheat diverged, 11-15 million years ago (mya). Third, gene 4 underwent direct tandem duplication in a common ancestor of barley and wheat 29-41 mya. All four of the shared genes show the same synonymous substitution rate, but nonsynonymous substitution rates show significant variations between genes 4a and 4b, suggesting that gene 4b was largely released from the strong purifying selection that acts on gene 4a in both barley and wheat. Intergenic retrotransposon blocks, many of them organized as nested insertions, mostly account for the lower gene density of the barley and wheat regions. All but two of the retrotransposons were found in the regions between genes, while all but 2 of the 51 inverted repeat transposable elements were found as insertions in genic regions and outside the retrotransposon blocks.

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8

Künzel, Gottfried, Larissa Korzun y Armin Meister. "Cytologically Integrated Physical Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism Maps for the Barley Genome Based on Translocation Breakpoints". Genetics 154, n.º 1 (1 de enero de 2000): 397–412. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/154.1.397.

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Abstract We have developed a new technique for the physical mapping of barley chromosomes using microdissected translocation chromosomes for PCR with sequence-tagged site primers derived from >300 genetically mapped RFLP probes. The positions of 240 translocation breakpoints were integrated as physical landmarks into linkage maps of the seven barley chromosomes. This strategy proved to be highly efficient in relating physical to genetic distances. A very heterogeneous distribution of recombination rates was found along individual chromosomes. Recombination is mainly confined to a few relatively small areas spaced by large segments in which recombination is severely suppressed. The regions of highest recombination frequency (≤1 Mb/cM) correspond to only 4.9% of the total barley genome and harbor 47.3% of the 429 markers of the studied RFLP map. The results for barley correspond well with those obtained by deletion mapping in wheat. This indicates that chromosomal regions characterized by similar recombination frequencies and marker densities are highly conserved between the genomes of barley and wheat. The findings for barley support the conclusions drawn from deletion mapping in wheat that for all plant genomes, notwithstanding their size, the marker-rich regions are all of similar gene density and recombination activity and, therefore, should be equally accessible to map-based cloning.

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9

Cho, Seungho, David F. Garvin y Gary J. Muehlbauer. "Transcriptome Analysis and Physical Mapping of Barley Genes in Wheat–Barley Chromosome Addition Lines". Genetics 172, n.º 2 (1 de diciembre de 2005): 1277–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1534/genetics.105.049908.

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10

Konishi, T. y S. Matsuura. "Geographic differentiation in isozyme genotypes of Himalayan barley (Hordeum vulgare)". Genome 34, n.º 5 (1 de octubre de 1991): 704–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g91-108.

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Isozyme variation among Himalayan barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) landraces was surveyed at seven loci, using 650 accessions collected from different regions. Large genetic diversities were detected at the Est1, Est2, and Est4 loci for esterase and at the Aat3 locus for aspartate aminotransferase. However, only a few variations were observed at the Pgd1 and Pgd2 loci for phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, and no variation was found at the Aat2 locus. The allelic combinations observed were not randomly distributed in the Himalayas: a geographic trend was closely related to covered and naked types of barley. The covered barleys were frequently distributed in southern regions of the Himalayas and were characterized principally by the Al-Fr-At genotype at the Est1-Est2-Est4 multilocus, combined with the Mo allele at the Aat3 locus. The naked barleys were found mainly in northern regions, and most of them possessed the genotypes Ca-Un-Nz or Pr-Fr-At, together with the Eg allele. Such a nonrandom allelic distribution provides useful information for further analysis aimed at considering the history of cultivated barley in the Himalayas.Key words: Himalayan barley, genetic diversity, isozymes, geographic distribution.

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11

Stockinger, Eric J. "The Breeding of Winter-Hardy Malting Barley". Plants 10, n.º 7 (11 de julio de 2021): 1415. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants10071415.

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In breeding winter malting barley, one recurring strategy is to cross a current preferred spring malting barley to a winter barley. This is because spring malting barleys have the greatest amalgamation of trait qualities desirable for malting and brewing. Spring barley breeding programs can also cycle their material through numerous generations each year—some managing even six—which greatly accelerates combining desirable alleles to generate new lines. In a winter barley breeding program, a single generation per year is the limit when the field environment is used and about two generations per year if vernalization and greenhouse facilities are used. However, crossing the current favored spring malting barley to a winter barley may have its downsides, as winter-hardiness too may be an amalgamation of desirable alleles assembled together that confers the capacity for prolonged cold temperature conditions. In this review I touch on some general criteria that give a variety the distinction of being a malting barley and some of the general trends made in the breeding of spring malting barleys. But the main objective of this review is to pull together different aspects of what we know about winter-hardiness from the seemingly most essential aspect, which is survival in the field, to molecular genetics and gene regulation, and then finish with ideas that might help further our insight for predictability purposes.

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12

Leišová, L., L. Kučera y L. Dotlačil. "Genetic resources of barley and oat characterised by microsatellites". Czech Journal of Genetics and Plant Breeding 43, No. 3 (7 de enero de 2008): 97–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/2070-cjgpb.

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Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) and oat (Avena sativa L.) are important crop species. 1865 accessions of winter barley, 2707 accessions of spring barley and 1998 accessions of oat are maintained in RICP Gene bank. The expert core collection is used to be established as a tool for germplasm study, conservation of genetic variability and for the identification of useful genes. The main aim of this study was to evaluate genetic diversity of barley and oat genotypes within the expert core collections. Genetic variation of 176 barley accessions was analyzed using 26 microsatellite loci, covering all 6 chromosomes. 330 oat accessions were analyzed using 26 microsatellite loci that are mapped only into linkage groups. For 26 barley microsatellite loci, 328 alleles were detected. The average number of alleles per locus was 12.6. In oat, for 26 oat microsatellite loci, 353 alleles were detected. The average number of alleles per locus was 13.6. The average DI (diversity index) was 0.11 in barley and 0.09 in oat. Dendrogram and PCA (Principal Component Analysis) based on microsatellite data showed a different influence of the place of origin, age of variety and pedigree on grouping into clusters. PCA showed that the breeding process had a negative impact on the level of genetic diversity and therefore there is a necessity of barley and oat germplasm conservation.

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13

Zahn, L. M. "GENETICS: Adaptive Differentiation in Barley". Science 321, n.º 5887 (18 de julio de 2008): 319a. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.321.5887.319a.

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14

Casas, A. M., S. Yahiaoui, F. Ciudad y E. Igartua. "Distribution of MWG699 polymorphism in Spanish European barleys". Genome 48, n.º 1 (1 de febrero de 2005): 41–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g04-091.

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The STS marker MWG699/TaqI is closely linked to the vrs1 locus and has been proposed as a marker of domestication in barley. This study included 257 cultivated barleys of both two- and six-rowed varieties, mainly from the western Mediterranean region. These included many landraces from the Spanish barley core collection, Moroccan landraces, and a set of accessions from other European countries. Restriction analysis of amplified DNA revealed three alleles, as previously described. Most of the two-rowed entries had the same allele, type K. Six-rowed entries showed both types A and D. Indeed, type D was widespread among Spanish landraces and commercial varieties from central Europe. It was also found in some two-rowed landraces originating from Spain and Morocco. Barleys with the D haplotype were predominantly winter types, whereas the A haplotype was evenly distributed among spring and winter types. These results support the existence of two different genetic sources among six-rowed Spanish landraces.Key words: barley, origin, SBCC, Spanish barley core collection, haplotype.

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15

Powell, W. "Diallel analysis of barley anther culture response". Genome 30, n.º 2 (1 de abril de 1988): 152–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g88-026.

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The genetics of barley microspore development in culture was examined by means of diallel analysis. The frequency of microspore derived green and albino plant production was shown to be under genetic control. This genotypic limitation to microspore development will limit the application of anther culture techniques to barley breeding programmes. However, significant additive genetic effects were detected for the characters measured and indicate that the frequency of green plant regeneration may be improved by the hybridization of suitable parents. Significant reciprocal differences were also detected and indicate that the direction of the cross is important in determining microspore development. An embryogenic route to green plantlet formation was observed in a number of genotypes in the diallel experiment. The implications of these findings for barley improvement and genetics are discussed.Key words: doubled haploids, barley, anther culture, microspore, embryoid.

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Giménez, Estela, Elena Benavente, Laura Pascual, Andrés García-Sampedro, Matilde López-Fernández, José Francisco Vázquez y Patricia Giraldo. "An F2 Barley Population as a Tool for Teaching Mendelian Genetics". Plants 10, n.º 4 (3 de abril de 2021): 694. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants10040694.

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In the context of a general genetics course, mathematical descriptions of Mendelian inheritance and population genetics are sometimes discouraging and students often have serious misconceptions. Innovative strategies in expositive classes can clearly encourage student’s motivation and participation, but laboratories and practical classes are generally the students’ favourite academic activities. The design of lab practices focused on learning abstract concepts such as genetic interaction, genetic linkage, genetic recombination, gene mapping, or molecular markers is a complex task that requires suitable segregant materials. The optimal population for pedagogical purposes is an F2 population, which is extremely useful not only in explaining different key concepts of genetics (as dominance, epistasis, and linkage) but also in introducing additional curricular tools, particularly concerning statistical analysis. Among various model organisms available, barley possesses several unique features for demonstrating genetic principles. Therefore, we generated a barley F2 population from the parental lines of the Oregon Wolfe Barley collection. The objective of this work is to present this F2 population as a model to teach Mendelian genetics in a medium–high-level genetics course. We provide an exhaustive phenotypic and genotypic description of this plant material that, together with a description of the specific methodologies and practical exercises, can be helpful for transferring our fruitful experience to anyone interested in implementing this educational resource in his/her teaching.

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17

Yakovleva, O. V. "Aluminum resistance of malting barley". Proceedings on applied botany, genetics and breeding 182, n.º 4 (17 de diciembre de 2021): 126–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.30901/2227-8834-2021-4-126-131.

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Background. Barley is the second cereal crop in Russia in terms of its importance and production volume. It is used for food, feed, and industrial purposes. The production of malting barley in Russia exceeds 1.5 million tons; each year the area under this crop increases by 10–15%, reaching 600,000– 800,000 hectares. Barleys suitable for brewing must have certain physicochemical and technological properties. The main requirements for raw materials are presented in GOST 5060-86 (state standard for malting barley). An important condition for obtaining sustainable harvests is the development and utilization of cultivars resistant to a set of edaphic stressors. The purpose of this work was searching for resistant cultivars for use in targeted breeding.Materials and methods. The material for the study included 161 spring barley cultivars for brewing from the collection of plant genetic resources held by VIR. The laboratory assessment of aluminum tolerance in barley accessions was carried out at the initial phases of plant growth and development, using the method of calculating root and shoot length indices. The tested malting barley was classified into five resistance groups.Results and conclusions. Cultivars resistant to Al3+ ions were identified among different ecogeographic groups of malting barleys. The trait had a wide range of variability in terms of both the root length index (0.17–0.95) and shoot length index (0.47–0.99). Accessions with high resistance to ionic (Al3+) stress can be used in barley breeding targeted at the development of high-yielding malting cultivars most adapted to harmful environmental factors.

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18

Ramsay, L., M. Macaulay, S. degli Ivanissevich, K. MacLean, L. Cardle, J. Fuller, K. J. Edwards et al. "A Simple Sequence Repeat-Based Linkage Map of Barley". Genetics 156, n.º 4 (1 de diciembre de 2000): 1997–2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/156.4.1997.

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AbstractA total of 568 new simple sequence repeat (SSR)-based markers for barley have been developed from a combination of database sequences and small insert genomic libraries enriched for a range of short simple sequence repeats. Analysis of the SSRs on 16 barley cultivars revealed variable levels of informativeness but no obvious correlation was found with SSR repeat length, motif type, or map position. Of the 568 SSRs developed, 242 were genetically mapped, 216 with 37 previously published SSRs in a single doubled-haploid population derived from the F1 of an interspecific cross between the cultivar Lina and Hordeum spontaneum Canada Park and 26 SSRs in two other mapping populations. A total of 27 SSRs amplified multiple loci. Centromeric clustering of markers was observed in the main mapping population; however, the clustering severity was reduced in intraspecific crosses, supporting the notion that the observed marker distribution was largely a genetical effect. The mapped SSRs provide a framework for rapidly assigning chromosomal designations and polarity in future mapping programs in barley and a convenient alternative to RFLP for aligning information derived from different populations. A list of the 242 primer pairs that amplify mapped SSRs from total barley genomic DNA is presented.

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Pickering, R., A. Johnston P y B. Ruge. "Importance of the Secondary Genepool in Barley Genetics and Breeding. I. Cytogenetics and Molecular Analysis". Czech Journal of Genetics and Plant Breeding 40, No. 3 (23 de noviembre de 2011): 73–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/3702-cjgpb.

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There have been no plant breeding developments using species from the tertiary genepool of cultivated barley for breeding or genetics since the VIIIth International Barley Genetics Symposium in 2000. Hence, the first part of this review describes progress since 2000 in developing and characterising recombinant lines derived from hybridisations between the sole species in the secondary genepool, Hordeum bulbosum L., and cultivated barley, Hordeum vulgare L. The topics discussed in part I are cytogenetics and molecular analysis of recombinant lines.

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Edwards, Michael. "Genetics and Mapping of Barley Stripe Mosaic Virus Resistance in Barley". Phytopathology 86, n.º 2 (1996): 184. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto-86-184.

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21

Lin, Jing-Zhong, Peter L. Morrell y Michael T. Clegg. "The Influence of Linkage and Inbreeding on Patterns of Nucleotide Sequence Diversity at Duplicate Alcohol Dehydrogenase Loci in Wild Barley (Hordeum vulgaressp. spontaneum)". Genetics 162, n.º 4 (1 de diciembre de 2002): 2007–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/162.4.2007.

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AbstractPatterns of nucleotide sequence diversity are analyzed for three duplicate alcohol dehydrogenase loci (adh1-adh3) within a species-wide sample of 25 accessions of wild barley (Hordeum vulgare ssp. spontaneum). The adh1 and adh2 loci are tightly linked (recombination fraction <0.01) while the adh3 locus is inherited independently. Wild barley is predominantly self-fertilizing (∼98%), and as a consequence, effective recombination is restricted by the extreme reduction in heterozygosity. Large reductions in effective recombination, in turn, widen the conditions for linkage to influence nucleotide sequence diversity through the action of selective sweeps or background selection. These considerations would appear to predict (1) homogeneity in patterns of nucleotide sequence diversity, especially between closely linked loci, and (2) extensive linkage disequilibrium relative to random-mating species. In contrast to these expectations, the wild barley data reveal heterogeneity in patterns of nucleotide sequence diversity and levels of linkage disequilibrium that are indistinguishable from those observed at adh1 in maize, an outbreeding grass species.

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Žáková, M. y M. Benková. "Genetic Diversity of Genetic Resources of Winter Barley Maintained in the Genebank in Slovakia". Czech Journal of Genetics and Plant Breeding 40, No. 4 (23 de noviembre de 2011): 118–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/3709-cjgpb.

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A set of 140 winter barley genetic resources of foreign and domestic origins was tested on experimental basis of RIPP in 1997–1999 to characterise the variability of the accessions based on agronomic data using multivariate methods. In the set tested, variability was studied of selected traits and characteristics such as: plant height (PH), weight of 1000 grains (W), grain number per a spike (SNG), grain uniformity – ratio of front seeds over 2.5  m sieve (GU), vegetation period – sowing/full maturity (VM) and seed yield (Y). Agronomic characters show great variability between cultivars. The study of matrix interrelationships between different variables showed that the yield is greatly correlated with traits:  vegetation period – sowing/full maturity, grain uniformity and grain number per a spike. High positive correlation was obtained between the grain uniformity and the weight of 1000 grains. Negative correlation was found between the grain number per a spike and weight of 1000 grains in six-row barley. Correlations between agronomic traits differed between two- and six-row barley sets. The study revealed the existence of genetic differences among accessions as well as differences between two- and six-row winter barley and between the genotypes of domestic and foreign country origin, respectively. Results of this study provided information about diversity which should be of particular interest for the further collecting of genetic resources.  

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Komatsudaa, T., Y. Manoa, Y. Turuspekovb, I. Hondab, N. Kawadab y Y. Watanabe. "Inheritance and genetic diversity of flowering types in barley". Czech Journal of Genetics and Plant Breeding 41, Special Issue (31 de julio de 2012): 194. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/6167-cjgpb.

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TEDIN, OLOF. "CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE GENETICS OF BARLEY". Hereditas 7, n.º 2 (9 de julio de 2010): 151–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1601-5223.1926.tb03151.x.

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Tedin, Hans y Olof Tedin. "Contributions to the Genetics of Barley". Hereditas 9, n.º 1-3 (9 de julio de 2010): 303–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1601-5223.1927.tb03531.x.

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TEDIN, OLOF. "CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE GENETICS OF BARLEY". Hereditas 12, n.º 3 (9 de julio de 2010): 352–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1601-5223.1929.tb02512.x.

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Bilgic, Hatice, Seungho Cho, David F. Garvin y Gary J. Muehlbauer. "Mapping barley genes to chromosome arms by transcript profiling of wheat–barley ditelosomic chromosome addition lines". Genome 50, n.º 10 (octubre de 2007): 898–906. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g07-059.

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Wheat–barley disomic and ditelosomic chromosome addition lines have been used as genetic tools for a range of applications since their development in the 1980s. In the present study, we used the Affymetrix Barley1 GeneChip for comparative transcript analysis of the barley cultivar Betzes, the wheat cultivar Chinese Spring, and Chinese Spring – Betzes ditelosomic chromosome addition lines to physically map barley genes to their respective chromosome arm locations. We mapped 1257 barley genes to chromosome arms 1HS, 2HS, 2HL, 3HS, 3HL, 4HS, 4HL, 5HS, 5HL, 7HS, and 7HL based on their transcript levels in the ditelosomic addition lines. The number of genes assigned to individual chromosome arms ranged from 24 to 197. We validated the physical locations of the genes through comparison with our previous chromosome-based physical mapping, comparative in silico mapping with rice and wheat, and single feature polymorphism (SFP) analysis. We found our physical mapping of barley genes to chromosome arms to be consistent with our previous physical mapping to whole chromosomes. In silico comparative mapping of barley genes assigned to chromosome arms revealed that the average genomic synteny to wheat and rice chromosome arms was 63.2% and 65.5%, respectively. In the 1257 mapped genes, we identified SFPs in 924 genes between the appropriate ditelosomic line and Chinese Spring that supported physical map placements. We also identified a single small rearrangement event between rice chromosome 9 and barley chromosome 4H that accounts for the loss of synteny for several genes.

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Luckett, D. J. y K. J. R. Edwards. "ESTERASE GENES IN PARALLEL COMPOSITE CROSS BARLEY POPULATIONS". Genetics 114, n.º 1 (1 de septiembre de 1986): 289–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/114.1.289.

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ABSTRACT The California population of Composite Cross V of barley was used as the source of three subpopulations that were started from generations 10, 20 and 30, respectively, and were grown in parallel environmental conditions in Cambridge for eight generations. Outcrossing rates (0.2%) were even lower than in the California material, and heterozygotes were correspondingly rare, so that the populations were essentially mixtures of homozygous lines. Four esterase loci that were polymorphic in the base Composite Cross V remained so in all the derived populations, but showed considerable changes in allelic frequency over time, particularly at two of the genes. Multilocus analysis showed that strong directional changes occurred in all three populations, but they were not consistent. One particular genotype became predominant in the population derived from generation 10, whereas in the other two populations it was a genotype with different alleles at the Est1 and Est3 loci that rose to frequencies of more than 50%. Strong directional selection undoubtedly occurred in these populations, but did not cause parallel changes in esterase gene frequencies. These data do not facilitate a discrimination between the alternative explanations of hitchhiking or multilocus selection at these loci.

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29

Williams, K. J. "The molecular genetics of disease resistance in barley". Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 54, n.º 12 (2003): 1065. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar02219.

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The molecular genetics of disease resistance of barley and its wild relatives is reviewed, and the implications of recent findings for resistance breeding and the potential for disease control using gene technologies are discussed. As a resource for barley researchers and breeders, a chromosome map and list of mapped resistance genes, their source, and associated molecular markers are presented, updated to ultimo 2002. Genetic mapping of major genes and quantitative trait loci for many major diseases is revealing a heterogeneous distribution of resistance loci on chromosomes, with more than half of mapped loci occurring in clusters. Relatively few resistance loci have been identified in the cultivated barley germplasm. Studies have shown that wild Hordeum species contain resistance genes for the major diseases, although their allelic relationship to previously mapped genes is unknown. The structure of genes involved in race-specific and race-non-specific barley powdery mildew resistance has been determined. Isolation of resistance genes for other major diseases is essential and may be accelerated via genomics techniques such as EST sequencing, subtractive hybridisation, or expression profiling. Current strategies for molecular manipulation of barley disease resistance are based on the over-expression of defence-related or disease-signalling genes from other species.

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30

Dubcovsky, Jorge, Ming-Cheng Luo, Gan-Yuan Zhong, Ronda Bransteitter, Amrita Desai, Andrzej Kilian, Andris Kleinhofs y Jan Dvořák. "Genetic Map of Diploid Wheat, Triticum monococcum L., and Its Comparison With Maps of Hordeum vulgare L." Genetics 143, n.º 2 (1 de junio de 1996): 983–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/143.2.983.

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Abstract A genetic map of diploid wheat, Triticum monococcum L., involving 335 markers, including RFLP DNA markers, isozymes, seed storage proteins, rRNA, and morphological loci, is reported. T. monococcum and barley linkage groups are remarkably conserved. They differ by a reciprocal translocation involving the long arms of chromosomes 4 and 5, and paracentric inversions in the long arm of chromosomes 1 and 4; the latter is in a segment of chromosome arm 4L translocated to 5L in T. monococcum. The order of the markers in the inverted segments in the T. monococcum genome is the same as in the B and D genomes of T. aestivum L. The T. monococcum map differs from the barley maps in the distribution of recombination within chromosomes. The major 5s rRNA loci were mapped on the short arms of T. monococcum chromosomes 1 and 5 and the long arms of barley chromosomes 2 and 3. Since these chromosome arms are colinear, the major 5s rRNA loci must be subjected to positional changes in the evolving Triticeae genome that do not perturb chromosome colinearity. The positional changes of the major 5s rRNA loci in Triticeae genomes are analogous to those of the 18S5.8S26S rRNA loci.

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31

Dunford, Roy P., Masahiro Yano, Nori Kurata, Takuji Sasaki, Gordon Huestis, Torbert Rocheford y David A. Laurie. "Comparative Mapping of the Barley Ppd-H1 Photoperiod Response Gene Region, Which Lies Close to a Junction Between Two Rice Linkage Segments". Genetics 161, n.º 2 (1 de junio de 2002): 825–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/161.2.825.

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Abstract Comparative mapping of cereals has shown that chromosomes of barley, wheat, and maize can be described in terms of rice “linkage segments.” However, little is known about marker order in the junctions between linkage blocks or whether this will impair comparative analysis of major genes that lie in such regions. We used genetic and physical mapping to investigate the relationship between the distal part of rice chromosome 7L, which contains the Hd2 heading date gene, and the region of barley chromosome 2HS containing the Ppd-H1 photoperiod response gene, which lies near the junction between rice 7 and rice 4 linkage segments. RFLP markers were mapped in maize to identify regions that might contain Hd2 or Ppd-H1 orthologs. Rice provided useful markers for the Ppd-H1 region but comparative mapping was complicated by loss of colinearity and sequence duplications that predated the divergence of rice, maize, and barley. The sequences of cDNA markers were used to search for homologs in the Arabidopsis genome. Homologous sequences were found for 13 out of 16 markers but they were dispersed in Arabidopsis and did not identify any candidate equivalent region. The implications of the results for comparative trait mapping in junction regions are discussed.

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32

Dreissig, Steven, Martin Mascher y Stefan Heckmann. "Variation in Recombination Rate Is Shaped by Domestication and Environmental Conditions in Barley". Molecular Biology and Evolution 36, n.º 9 (18 de junio de 2019): 2029–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msz141.

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Abstract Meiotic recombination generates genetic diversity upon which selection can act. Recombination rates are highly variable between species, populations, individuals, sexes, chromosomes, and chromosomal regions. The underlying mechanisms are controlled at the genetic and epigenetic level and show plasticity toward the environment. Environmental plasticity may be divided into short- and long-term responses. We estimated recombination rates in natural populations of wild barley and domesticated landraces using a population genetics approach. We analyzed recombination landscapes in wild barley and domesticated landraces at high resolution. In wild barley, high recombination rates are found in more interstitial chromosome regions in contrast to distal chromosome regions in domesticated barley. Among subpopulations of wild barley, natural variation in effective recombination rate is correlated with temperature, isothermality, and solar radiation in a nonlinear manner. A positive linear correlation was found between effective recombination rate and annual precipitation. We discuss our findings with respect to how the environment might shape effective recombination rates in natural populations. Higher recombination rates in wild barley populations subjected to specific environmental conditions could be a means to maintain fitness in a strictly inbreeding species.

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33

Huang, Biguang, Weiren Wu y Zonglie Hong. "Genetic Loci Underlying Awn Morphology in Barley". Genes 12, n.º 10 (14 de octubre de 2021): 1613. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes12101613.

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Barley awns are highly active in photosynthesis and account for 30–50% of grain weight in barley. They are diverse in length, ranging from long to awnless, and in shape from straight to hooded or crooked. Their diversity and importance have intrigued geneticists for several decades. A large collection of awnness mutants are available—over a dozen of them have been mapped on chromosomes and a few recently cloned. Different awnness genes interact with each other to produce diverse awn phenotypes. With the availability of the sequenced barley genome and application of new mapping and gene cloning strategies, it will now be possible to identify and clone more awnness genes. A better understanding of the genetic basis of awn diversity will greatly facilitate development of new barley cultivars with improved yield, adaptability and sustainability.

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34

Huang, Biguang, Weiren Wu y Zonglie Hong. "Genetic Loci Underlying Awn Morphology in Barley". Genes 12, n.º 10 (14 de octubre de 2021): 1613. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes12101613.

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Barley awns are highly active in photosynthesis and account for 30–50% of grain weight in barley. They are diverse in length, ranging from long to awnless, and in shape from straight to hooded or crooked. Their diversity and importance have intrigued geneticists for several decades. A large collection of awnness mutants are available—over a dozen of them have been mapped on chromosomes and a few recently cloned. Different awnness genes interact with each other to produce diverse awn phenotypes. With the availability of the sequenced barley genome and application of new mapping and gene cloning strategies, it will now be possible to identify and clone more awnness genes. A better understanding of the genetic basis of awn diversity will greatly facilitate development of new barley cultivars with improved yield, adaptability and sustainability.

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35

Allard, R. W., M. A. Saghai Maroof, Q. Zhang y R. A. Jorgensen. "Genetic and molecular organization of ribosomal DNA (rDNA) variants in wild and cultivated barley." Genetics 126, n.º 3 (1 de noviembre de 1990): 743–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/126.3.743.

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Abstract Twenty rDNA spacer-length variants (slvs) have been identified in barley. These slvs form a ladder in which each variant (with one exception) differs from its immediate neighbors by a 115-bp subrepeat. The 20 slvs are organized in two families, one forming an eight-step ladder (slvs 100-107) in the nucleolus organizer region (NOR) of chromosome 7 and the other a 12-step ladder (slvs 108a-118) in the NOR of chromosome 6. The eight shorter slvs (100-107) segregate and serve as markers of eight alleles of Mendelian locus Rrn2 and the 12 longer slvs (108a-118) segregate and serve as markers of 12 alleles of Mendelian locus Rrn1. Most barley plants (90%) are homozygous for two alleles, including one from each the 100-107 and the 108a-118 series. Two types of departures from this typical pattern of molecular and genetic organization were identified, one featuring compound alleles marked by two slvs of Rrn1 or of Rrn2, and the other featuring presence in Rrn1 of alleles normally found in Rrn2, and vice versa. The individual and joint effects on adaptedness of the rDNA alleles are discussed. It was concluded that selection acting on specific genotypes plays a major role in molding the strikingly different allelic and genotypic frequency distributions seen in populations of wild and cultivated barley from different ecogeographical regions.

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36

Li, Wanlong y Bikram S. Gill. "The Colinearity of the Sh2/A1 Orthologous Region in Rice, Sorghum and Maize Is Interrupted and Accompanied by Genome Expansion in the Triticeae". Genetics 160, n.º 3 (1 de marzo de 2002): 1153–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/160.3.1153.

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Abstract The Sh2/A1 orthologous region of maize, rice, and sorghum contains five genes in the order Sh2, X1, X2, and two A1 homologs in tandem duplication. The Sh2 and A1 homologs are separated by ~20 kb in rice and sorghum and by ~140 kb in maize. We analyzed the fate of the Sh2/A1 region in large-genome species of the Triticeae (wheat, barley, and rye). In the Triticeae, synteny in the Sh2/A1 region was interrupted by a break between the X1 and X2 genes. The A1 and X2 genes remained colinear in homeologous chromosomes as in other grasses. The Sh2 and X1 orthologs also remained colinear but were translocated to a nonhomeologous chromosome. Gene X1 was duplicated on two nonhomeologous chromosomes, and surprisingly, a paralog shared homology much higher than that of the orthologous copy to the X1 gene of other grasses. No tandem duplication of A1 homologs was detected but duplication of A1 on a nonhomeologous barley chromosome 6H was observed. Intergenic distances expanded greatly in wheat compared to rice. Wheat and barley diverged from each other 12 million years ago and both show similar changes in the Sh2/A1 region, suggesting that the break in colinearity as well as X1 duplications and genome expansion occurred in a common ancestor of the Triticeae species.

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37

Wu, Xiao-Tong, Zhu-Pei Xiong, Kun-Xiang Chen, Guo-Rong Zhao, Ke-Ru Feng, Xiu-Hua Li, Xi-Ran Li et al. "Genome-Wide Identification and Transcriptional Expression Profiles of PP2C in the Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) Pan-Genome". Genes 13, n.º 5 (7 de mayo de 2022): 834. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes13050834.

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The gene family protein phosphatase 2C (PP2C) is related to developmental processes and stress responses in plants. Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) is a popular cereal crop that is primarily utilized for human consumption and nutrition. However, there is little knowledge regarding the PP2C gene family in barley. In this study, a total of 1635 PP2C genes were identified in 20 barley pan-genome accessions. Then, chromosome localization, physical and chemical feature predictions and subcellular localization were systematically analyzed. One wild barley accession (B1K-04-12) and one cultivated barley (Morex) were chosen as representatives to further analyze and compare the differences in HvPP2Cs between wild and cultivated barley. Phylogenetic analysis showed that these HvPP2Cs were divided into 12 subgroups. Additionally, gene structure, conserved domain and motif, gene duplication event detection, interaction networks and gene expression profiles were analyzed in accessions Morex and B1K-04-12. In addition, qRT-PCR experiments in Morex indicated that seven HvMorexPP2C genes were involved in the response to aluminum and low pH stresses. Finally, a series of positively selected homologous genes were identified between wild accession B1K-04-12 and another 14 cultivated materials, indicating that these genes are important during barley domestication. This work provides a global overview of the putative physiological and biological functions of PP2C genes in barley. We provide a broad framework for understanding the domestication- and evolutionary-induced changes in PP2C genes between wild and cultivated barley.

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38

Kanazin, Vladimir, Evgeny Ananiev y Tom Blake. "The genetics of 5S rRNA encoding multigene families in barley". Genome 36, n.º 6 (1 de diciembre de 1993): 1023–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g93-136.

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Two loci containing genes encoding 5S rRNA were mapped on the second and third chromosomes of barley. The two gene clusters located on different chromosomes differed in the length of the nontranscribed spacer separating the 5S rRNA genes. All nontranscribed spacers contained a variable number of trinucleotide tandem repeats. The distribution of 5S genes between these two clusters and their copy number varied widely between cultivars and doubled haploids derived from a cross between two barley cultivars. However, this variation had no obvious effect on plant phenotype.Key words: 5S rRNA genes, multigene families, nontranscribed spacers, trinucleotide tandem repeats, barley, phenotype.

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39

Zhang, Qifa, G. P. Yang, Xiankai Dai y J. Z. Sun. "A comparative analysis of genetic polymorphism in wild and cultivated barley from Tibet using isozyme and ribosomal DNA markers". Genome 37, n.º 4 (1 de agosto de 1994): 631–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g94-090.

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This study was conducted to address some of the issues concerning the possible significance of Tibet in the origin and evolution of cultivated barley. A total of 1757 barley accessions from Tibet, including 1496 entries of Hordeum vulgare ssp. vulgare (HV), 229 entries of the six-rowed wild barley H. vulgare ssp. agriocrithon (HA), and 32 entries of the two-rowed wild barley H. vulgare ssp. spontaneum (HS), were assayed for allozymes at four esterase loci. A subsample of 491 accessions was surveyed for spacer-length polymorphism at two ribosomal DNA loci. Genetic variation is extensive in these barley groups, and the amount of genetic diversity in cultivated barley of this region is comparable with that of cultivated barley worldwide. The level of genetic variation of HA is significantly lower than the other two barley groups, and there is also substantial heterogeneity in the level of polymorphism among different agrigeographical subregions. However, little genetic differentiation was detected among the three barley groups (HV, HA, and HS), as well as among different agrigeographical subregions. Comparison of the results from this and previous studies indicated a strong differentiation between Oriental and Occidental barley, thus favoring the hypothesis of a diphyletic origin of cultivated barley.Key words: Hordeum, allozyme, rDNA spacer-length variation, centre of diversity, phylogeny.

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40

Shaaf, Salar, Gianluca Bretani, Abhisek Biswas, Irene Maria Fontana y Laura Rossini. "Genetics of barley tiller and leaf development". Journal of Integrative Plant Biology 61, n.º 3 (18 de febrero de 2019): 226–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jipb.12757.

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41

Christensen, Neil W. y Patrick M. Hayes. "Genetics of Chloride Deficiency Expression in Barley". Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis 40, n.º 1-6 (marzo de 2009): 407–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00103620802646886.

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42

Jørgensen, J. Helms y Martin Wolfe. "Genetics of Powdery Mildew Resistance in Barley". Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences 13, n.º 1 (enero de 1994): 97–119. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07352689409701910.

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43

Joergensen, J. H. "Genetics of Powdery Mildew Resistance in Barley". Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences 13, n.º 1 (1994): 97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/713608055.

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44

Vasil, Indra K. "Barley: Genetics, biochemistry, molecular biology and biotechnology". Plant Science 85, n.º 1 (enero de 1992): 122. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0168-9452(92)90102-r.

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45

Vapa, Ljiljana y Dragana Radović. "Genetics and Molecular Biology of Barley Hordeins". Cereal Research Communications 26, n.º 1 (marzo de 1998): 31–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03543465.

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46

Huang, Biguang, Weiren Wu y Zonglie Hong. "Genetic Interactions of Awnness Genes in Barley". Genes 12, n.º 4 (20 de abril de 2021): 606. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes12040606.

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Awns are extending structures from lemmas in grasses and are very active in photosynthesis, contributing directly to the filling of the developing grain. Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) awns are highly diverse in shape and length and are known to be controlled by multiple awn-related genes. The genetic effects of these genes on awn diversity and development in barley are multiplexed and include complementary effect, cumulative effect, duplicate effect, recessive epistasis, dominant epistasis, and inhibiting effect, each giving a unique modified Mendelian ratio of segregation. The complexity of gene interactions contributes to the awn diversity in barley. Excessive gene interactions create a challenging task for genetic mapping and specific strategies have to be developed for mapping genes with specific interactive effects. Awn gene interactions can occur at different levels of gene expression, from the transcription factor-mediated gene transcription to the regulation of enzymes and metabolic pathways. A better understanding of gene interactions will greatly facilitate deciphering the genetic mechanisms underlying barley awn diversity and development.

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47

Ye, Zhaoshun, Zhen Yuan, Huan Xu, Leiwen Pan, Jingsi Chen, Anicet Gatera, Muhammad Uzair y Dawei Xu. "Genome-Wide Identification and Expression Analysis of Kinesin Family in Barley (Hordeum vulgare)". Genes 13, n.º 12 (16 de diciembre de 2022): 2376. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes13122376.

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Kinesin, as a member of the molecular motor protein superfamily, plays an essential function in various plants’ developmental processes. Especially at the early stages of plant growth, including influences on plants’ growth rate, yield, and quality. In this study, we did a genome-wide identification and expression profile analysis of the kinesin family in barley. Forty-two HvKINs were identified and screened from the barley genome, and a generated phylogenetic tree was used to compare the evolutionary relationships between Rice and Arabidopsis. The protein structure prediction, physicochemical properties, and bioinformatics of the HvKINs were also dissected. Our results reveal the important regulatory roles of HvKIN genes in barley growth. We found many cis- elements related to GA3 and ABA in homeopathic elements of the HvKIN gene and verified them by QRT-PCR, indicating their potential role in the barley kinesin family. The current study revealed the biological functions of barley kinesin genes in barley and will aid in further investigating the kinesin in other plant species.

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48

Dreiseitl, Antonín. "Specific Resistance of Barley to Powdery Mildew, Its Use and Beyond: A Concise Critical Review". Genes 11, n.º 9 (21 de agosto de 2020): 971. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes11090971.

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Powdery mildew caused by the airborne ascomycete fungus Blumeria graminis f. sp. hordei (Bgh) is one of most common diseases of barley (Hordeum vulgare). This, as with many other plant pathogens, can be efficiently controlled by inexpensive and environmentally-friendly genetic resistance. General requirements for resistance to the pathogens are effectiveness and durability. Resistance of barley to Bgh has been studied intensively, and this review describes recent research and summarizes the specific resistance genes found in barley varieties since the last conspectus. Bgh is extraordinarily adaptable, and some commonly recommended strategies for using genetic resistance, including pyramiding of specific genes, may not be effective because they can only contribute to a limited extent to obtain sufficient resistance durability of widely-grown cultivars. In spring barley, breeding the nonspecific mlo gene is a valuable source of durable resistance. Pyramiding of nonspecific quantitative resistance genes or using introgressions derived from bulbous barley (Hordeum bulbosum) are promising ways for breeding future winter barley cultivars. The utilization of a wide spectrum of nonhost resistances can also be adopted once practical methods have been developed.

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49

Dreiseitl, Antonín. "Powdery Mildew Resistance Genes in European Barley Cultivars Registered in the Czech Republic from 2016 to 2020". Genes 13, n.º 7 (18 de julio de 2022): 1274. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes13071274.

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Barley is an important crop grown annually on about 55 Mha and intensively cultivated in Europe. In central and north-western Europe, spring and winter barley can be grown in similar environments which creates suitable conditions for the development of barley pathogens, including Blumeria graminis f. sp. hordei, the causal agent of powdery mildew. Apart from pesticide application, it can be controlled by inexpensive and environmentally-friendly genetic resistance. In this contribution, results of the resistance gene identification in 58 barley cultivars to powdery mildew are presented. In 56 of them their resistances were postulated and in two hybrid cultivars a recently developed method of gene identification was used. In total, 18 known resistance genes were found and several unknown genes were detected. In spring barley, a gene of durable resistance mlo is still predominant. MlVe found in winter SU Celly was the only new resistance gene recorded in barley cultivars registered in the Czech Republic in this time span. Since 2001 eight new genes of specific resistance have been identified in cultivars registered in the country and their response under field conditions is discussed, including the corresponding responses of the pathogen population due to directional selection. Different strategies for breeding spring and winter barley are recommended.

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50

Piepho, Hans-Peter. "A Mixed-Model Approach to Mapping Quantitative Trait Loci in Barley on the Basis of Multiple Environment Data". Genetics 156, n.º 4 (1 de diciembre de 2000): 2043–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/156.4.2043.

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AbstractIn this article, I propose a mixed-model method to detect QTL with significant mean effect across environments and to characterize the stability of effects across multiple environments. I demonstrate the method using the barley dataset by the North American Barley Genome Mapping Project. The analysis raises the need for mixed modeling in two different ways. First, it is reasonable to regard environments as a random sample from a population of target environments. Thus, environmental main effects and QTL-by-environment interaction effects are regarded as random. Second, I expect a genetic correlation among pairs of environments caused by undetected QTL. I show how random QTL-by-environment effects as well as genetic correlations are straightforwardly handled in a mixed-model framework. The main advantage of this method is the ability to assess the stability of QTL effects. Moreover, the method allows valid statistical inferences regarding average QTL effects.

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